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States of Mattes

The document discusses the particulate nature of matter and the different states of matter. It explains that matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant random motion. The motion of the particles depends on whether the substance is a solid, liquid, or gas. Solids have particles that vibrate in fixed positions. Liquids have particles with weaker forces that can move freely past each other. Gas particles have even weaker forces and move rapidly in any direction. The document also discusses how matter changes states through processes like melting, boiling, and sublimation which depend on temperature and pressure. It introduces the concepts of diffusion, heating curves, and cooling curves.

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45 views

States of Mattes

The document discusses the particulate nature of matter and the different states of matter. It explains that matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant random motion. The motion of the particles depends on whether the substance is a solid, liquid, or gas. Solids have particles that vibrate in fixed positions. Liquids have particles with weaker forces that can move freely past each other. Gas particles have even weaker forces and move rapidly in any direction. The document also discusses how matter changes states through processes like melting, boiling, and sublimation which depend on temperature and pressure. It introduces the concepts of diffusion, heating curves, and cooling curves.

Uploaded by

yashmiganegoda13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chap 2: The Particulate Nature of Matter

I). States of Matter:


A matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space. There are three states of matter:
solid, liquid and gas. Most of the matters can exist in all three states. Matter can change from one
state to another due to changes in temperature or pressure. A common example is water: on room
temperature it is liquid, on freezing it becomes solid (ice), and on boiling it becomes gas (water
vapour).

Property Solid Liquid Gas


Shape Fixed Not fixed Not fixed
Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed
Compressibility Cannot be Cannot be Can be compressed
compressed compressed
Table 2.1. Properties of solids, liquids and gases.

II). Kinetic Particle Theory:


The kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles, and that these
particles are in constant, random motion. However, the movement of these particles varies
according to the state of matter.

The Solid State:


The forces of attraction between the particles of solid are very strong, so they are held very close
together and cannot move about freely. They have very less kinetic energy, enough to enable
them to vibrate about their fixed positions. This is why a solid has a fixed shape.
As these particles are already very closely packed, a solid cannot be further compressed, which is
why it has a fixed volume.

The Liquid State:


The forces of attraction between the particles of a liquid are weaker than those in a solid. These
particles are not held in fixed positions, but instead arranged in a disorderly manner, and, due to
higher kinetic energy as compared to solid, can move freely by sliding over each other. This is
why a liquid does not have a fixed shape.
The particles of a liquid are further away from each other as compared to those in a solid, but are
still packed quite closely together. Thus a liquid cannot be compressed and has a fixed volume.

The Gaseous State:


The particles of a gas have high kinetic energy and very low forces of attraction, therefore they
are not held in fixed positions. They can move about rapidly in any direction, therefore a gas has
no fixed shape.
A gas takes up as much free space as provided to it, which is why there are large distances
between particles. These spaces make it possible for the gas to be compressed, or forced into
coming closer. Therefore, a gas has no fixed volume.

III). Changes in State:


Solid to Liquid: Melting
Liquid to Solid: Freezing

Liquid to Gas: Evaporation or Boiling


Gas to Liquid: Condensation

Solid to Gas: Sublimation


Gas to Solid: deposition

Melting and boiling points are important in identifying a substance and testing its purity. Pure
substances have definite melting and boiling points. The presence of impurities will cause
boiling points to rise and melting points to fall.
● The constant temperature at which a pure solid changes into a liquid is called its melting
point.
● The constant temperature at which a pure liquid changes into a gas is called its boiling
point.

Heating curve of a pure substance:

Cooling curve of a pure substance:


Note: the parts in both graphs that do not show any temperature change are the parts in which the
state changes occur. In them, both states occur together.

IV). Diffusion:
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration. As it involves a movement of particles, it is only possible in liquids and gases.
Gases diffuse faster than liquids as they are generally lighter.

Gases take up whatever space is available to them. This is because of diffusion. This
phenomenon is shown in the figure below.

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