JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

THE PREMIER UNIVERSITY IN ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE

Principles of Reinforced / Prestressed

Concrete

ENGR. ROGER A. ROPEROS

 A Learning Package for
CE 322– Principles of reinforced / Pre-stressed concrete

by
Engr. Roger A. Roperos
and
Jose Rizal Memorial State University
All rights reserved. No part of this course module may be reproduced or used in any manner
whatsoever without the express written permission of the author except for the use of brief
quotations in a book review.

Page and cover designed by Engr. Roger A. Roperos

ISBN: XXX-X-XXXXXX-X
First Edition, 2021.

Published by:

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Gov. Guarding Adaza St. Sta Cruz, Dapitan City, 7101
Tel. No.(065)908-8294
[email protected]
 Course Introduction

Principles of Reinforced / Prestressed concrete is common to all

students who are taking Bachelor of Science in Civil engineering to provide
fundamental insights, concepts, principles, and theories in the structural
strength analysis and design of plain, reinforced, and pre-stressed concrete
elements in a structure.
This material designed for the students to help them prepare and drive
themselves to become professionals someday. This course is divided into two
category which are the lecture part and the laboratory part, but the laboratory
is more on computation and problem solving.
In this learning package, significant documents are included such as
course introduction, course syllabus, learning guide, learning contract,
formative and summative assessments are included that will provide insights
to the students as to what the course is all about, the course requirements,
and what are the activities and assessments to be accomplished.
The use Google Classroom will be utilized. Composed of 3 units, the
flexible learning module is especially designed in enhancing students’
knowledge, skills, analysis in problem solving. It provides outcomes-based
education model being implemented in both basic and higher education
institutes.
 UNIT 1 – PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit the learner be able to;
✓ Know the materials and mechanical properties of concrete and steel
✓ Identify systems, elements, and load of structures

CONTENT

CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held
together in a rocklike mass with a paste cement and Water. Sometimes one or
more admixtures are added to change certain characteristics of concrete such as its
workability, durability and time of hardening.

The influence of cement content on workability and strength is an important one to

remember and can be summarized as follows:

Figure 1.1
REDUCING WATER WILL …
➢ Increase compressive and flexural strengths
➢ Lower permeability and increase water tightness
➢ Increase durability and resistance to weather including chemical attack and
freezing-thawing cycles including surface scaling
➢ Reduce concrete drying shrinkage and potential for cracking

As with most rocklike substance, concrete has a

high compressive strength a very low tensile
strength.

REINFORCED CONCRETE is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel

reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel
reinforcing is also capable of resisting compression forces and is used in columns as
well as in other situations.

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

Reinforced concrete may be the most important material available for
construction. it is used in one form or another for almost all structures, great or
small-buildings, bridges, pavements, dams, retaining wall, tunnels, drainage and
irrigation facilities, and tanks.
The tremendous of this universal construction material can be understood quite
easily if its numerous advantages are considered. These include the following:
1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with the
most other materials.
2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to actions of fire and water and, in
fact, is the best structural material available for situations where water is
present.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-maintenance material
 5. As compared to other materials, it has a very long service life. Reinforced
concrete structures can be used indefinitely without reduction of their load
carrying abilities. The strength of concrete does not decrease with time.
6. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs,
basement walls, piers, and similar applications.
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into extraordinary variety
of shapes from simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and shells.
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local material (sand,
gravel, and water) and requires relatively small amounts of cement and
reinforcing steel, which may have to be shipped from other parts of the
country.
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared with other
materials such as structural steel.

DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

To use concrete successfully, the designer must be completely familiar with its
weak points as well as its strong ones. Among its disadvantages are the following;

1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile
reinforcing.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy members.
4. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its
proportioning and mixing.
COMPARISON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR
BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES

“should reinforced concrete or structural steel be used?”

With the proponents of reinforced concrete referring to steel as that material that
rusts and those favoring structural steel referring to concrete as the material that,
when overstressed, tends to return its natural state-that is, sand and gravel.

There is no simple answer to this question, inasmuch as both of these materials

have many excellent characteristics that can be utilized successfully for so many
types of structures.
In fact, they are used together in the same structures with wonderful results.
The selection of material be used for a particular building depends on the height
and span of the structures, the material market, foundation conditions, local
building codes, and architectural considerations.

For buildings of less than 4-storeys, reinforced concrete, structural steel and wall
bearing construction are competitive.
From 4 to about 20-storeys, reinforced concrete and structural steel are
economically competitive, with steel having been used in most of the jobs above
20-storeys in the past.

Today, however, reinforced concrete is becoming increasingly competitive above

20-storeys and there are number of reinforced concrete buildings of greater height
around the world.

COMPATIBILITY OF CONCRETE AND STEEL

Concrete and steel reinforcing work together beautifully in reinforced concrete
structures.
The advantages of each material seem to compensate for the disadvantages of the
other.
For instance, the great shortcoming of concrete is its lack of tensile strength, but
tensile strength is one of the great advantages of steel. Reinforcing bars have
tensile strengths equal to approximately 100 times that of the usual concrete used.

The two materials bond together very well so there is little chance of slippage
between the two; thus, they will act together as a unit in resisting forces.
DESIGN CODES
The NSCP 7th is referred from the following:
a. Uniform Building Code UBC-1997
b. International Building Code IBC-2009
c. American Society of Civil Engineers
ASCE/ SEI 7-10
d. American Concrete Institute ACI318-14M
e. American Institute for Steel Construction
AISC-O5 with Supplementary Seismic
Provisions
f. American Iron and Steel Institute AISI
S 100-2007
g. Reinforce Masonry engineering Handbook
of America
h. Concrete Masonry Handbook, 6th edition
i. American National Standard Institute Figure 1.2
ANSI EIA/TIA-222-G-I-2007
j. American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) Standards

MATERIALS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AND STEEL

A thorough knowledge of the properties of concrete is necessary for the student
before he or she begins to design reinforced concrete structures.

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
A. Compressive Strength, f’c
Is the capacity of material or structure to withstand pushing forces that are axially
directed.
It is the maximum stress a material can sustain under crushing load.
The compressive strength of concrete, f’c , is determined by testing to failure 28-
day-old 6-in
by 12-in concrete cylinders.
Testing for concrete …
7 days
14 days
28 days -maximum strength (ultimate strength from 2500-psi up to as high as
10,000-psi to 20,000-psi but most concrete fall into the 3000-psi to 7000-psi range)

For ordinary applications…

3000-psi to 4000-psi.

For prestressed concrete…

5000-psi to 6000-psi are commonly used.

Most countries use cube test specimens that are 200mm each side.
for the same batches of concrete, the testing of 6-in by 12-in. cylinders provides
compressive strengths only equal to about 80% of the values in psi determined with
the cubes.

It is quite feasible to move from 3000-psi concrete to 5000-psi concrete without

requiring excessive amounts of labor or cement. the approximate increase in
material cost is 15% to 20%. to move above 5000-psi or 6000-psi concrete, however,
requires very careful mix designs and considerable attention to such details as
mixing, placing, and curing. these requirements cause relatively larger increase in
cost.
Figure 1.3

Common f’ c
21 Mpa=3ksi 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
28 Mpa=4ksi
∈= 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎ⅈ𝑛
34 Mpa=5ksi

Conversion:
1 𝑘𝑠ⅈ = 6.895 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Minimum= 17Mpa (NSCP 2015)
𝜎
Slope= modulus of elasticity,
𝜖
 B. Static Modulus of Elasticity(Young’s Modulus), E
Is defined as the ratio of the axial stress to axial strain for a material subjected
to uniaxial load.
𝜎
E=
𝜖
Modulus of Elasticity of concrete, Ec
Normal weight of Concrete (NWC):
Ec=4700 λ √ƒ ’c (NSCP 419.2.2.1)

Other weight of concrete:

Ec= Wc 1.5 0.043 λ √ƒ ’c (NSCP 419.2.2.1)

With Wc varying from 1500 to 2500 kg/m3 and ƒ ’c N/mm2 or MPa

λ values:
λ = 1.0 for NWC
λ = 0.75 for Light WC

Weight of concrete
𝑘𝑁
𝝲c= 24
𝑚3
𝝲c= s 𝝲w , s = 2.4
𝝲c= 2.4(9.81)
𝑘𝑁
𝝲c= 23.54
𝑚3

C. Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity

Is the ratio of stress to strain under vibratory conditions

D. Creep
The creep of concrete originates from the calcium silicate hydrates in the hardened
Portland cement paste. It occurs at all stress level and within the service stress
range, is linearly dependent in the stress if the pore water content is constant. If the
concrete is fully dried, it does not creep.
E. Shrinkage
Is changing of pore water content due to drying or wetting processes causing
changes of concrete in load-free specimens. Due to change in temperature.
F. Tensile Strength
Is the maximum amount of tensile stress that a material can be subjected to before
failure.
Determined via modulus of rupture test.
Modulus of rupture, ƒr (MPa)

ƒr=0.62 λ √ƒ ’c

𝑀𝑐
ƒr =
𝐼

For normal-weight concrete and for concrete having normal-weight fine aggregate
and a blend of lightweight and normal-weight coarse aggregate, λ = 1.0.

G. Shear Strength
Material's ability to resist forces that can cause the internal structure of the material
to slide against itself.

PROPERTIES OF STEEL

A. Strength
Yield strength is the most common property of which the designer will need as it is
the basis used for most of the rules given in design codes.

Sizes of Steel cars (reinforcing bars, commercial):

Diameter, d
RESIDENTIAL HIGH-RISE
10 mm 25 mm
12 mm 28 mm
16 mm 32 mm
Length, L: 20 mm 36 mm
6m
7.5 m
9m
10.5 m
12 m

Local Hardware offer + 1.5m starting from 6m.

B. Toughness
It is in the nature of all materials to contain some imperfections.
In steel, these imperfections take the form of very small cracks. If the steel is
insufficiently tough, the "crack" can propagate rapidly, without plastic deformation
and result in a "brittle fracture".

C. Ductility
Is a measure of the degree to which a material can strain or elongate between the
onset yield and eventual fracture under tensile loading.
D. Weldability
All structural stresses are essentially weldable. However, welding involves locally
melting the steel, which subsequently cools.

E. Durability
A further important property is that of corrosion prevention. Although special
corrosion resistant steels are available, these are not normally used in building
construction. The exception to this is weathering steel.
 Figure 1.4

Yield Point is the point on the on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of
elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a
material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the
applied stress is removed.

Commercial Yield Strength, fy

Grade 280: fy = 280 MPa = 40 ksi
Grade 420: fy = 420 MPa = 60 ksi

Grade 230: fy = 230 MPa = 33 ksi

There are 3 Types of Steel Reinforcement

• Hot rolled steel bars
• Longitudinal bars
• Prestressed cables
SYSTEM, ELEMENTS AND LOAD OF STRUCTURES

SLAB
Flat, horizontal panel that support the floor; can be supported by beams/ girders on
edges or directly by columns.

Type of SLAB according to method of construction

➢ Precast slab - has beforehand been cast with or without reinforcement in
manufacturing works conditions, and then carried and assembled on site.
➢ Cast-in-place slab — casted on site.
➢ Monolithic slab — the slab and beams are constructed as one single concrete
pour.
➢ Non-monolithic slab — slab and beam are constructed independently

Loads carried by Floor include:

l. Dead Loads — weight of all material permanently attached
• Superimposed dead loads — floor and ceiling finishes, mechanical
duct, allowance, utilities, partition
• Self-weight
2. Live Loads — weight are nonpermanent and will inhabit within a short time.
Expressed in Pa or kPa. (Surface loads per surface area)

Among the many other types of live loads are:

Traffic loads for bridges—Bridges are subjected to series of concentrated loads of

varying magnitude caused by groups of truck or train wheels.

Impact loads—Impact loads are caused by the vibration of moving or movable

loads. Impact loads are equal to the difference between the magnitude of the loads
actually caused and the magnitude of the loads had they been dead loads.

Longitudinal loads—Longitudinal loads also need to be considered in designing

some structures. Stopping a train on a railroad bridge or a truck on a highway bridge
causes longitudinal forces to be applied.
Miscellaneous loads—Among the other types of live loads with which the
structural designer will have to contend are soil pressures (such as the exertion of
lateral earth pressures on walls or upward pressures on foundations), hydrostatic
pressures (such as water pressure on dams, inertia forces of large bodies of water
during earthquakes, and uplift pressures on tanks and basement structures), blast
loads (caused by explosions, sonic booms, and military weapons), and centrifugal
forces (such as those caused on curved bridges by trucks and trains or similar effects
on roller coasters).
*Live load reductions are permitted, according to Section 4.8 of ASCE 7, because is
it unlikely that the entire structure will be subjected to its full design live load over
its entire floor area all at one time. This reduction can significantly reduce the total
design live load on a structure, resulting in much lower column loads at lower floors
and footing loads.

Learning Activities

Activity 1. Essay
Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. Is adding more reinforcing bars to reinforced concrete structure is enough to

assure that the structural element will perform better than before the
addition happen? Why?

2. Name several of the admixtures that are used in concrete mixes. What is the
purpose of each?

3. Why do the surfaces of reinforcing bars have rolled-on deformations?

4. What is the difference between beam and girder?

5. In your own understanding, Explain Figure 1.1?

Activity 2. Review Problems in Mechanics of Materials
Directions: Answer the following questions. Show your solution.

1. What is 300 GPa in psi?

2. How many kilogram(s) in 5000N?
3. An elastic homogeneous beam, with dimensions shown below and of
material capable of carrying both tension and compression, is simply
supported over a span of 6m center to center supports. It carries a uniformly
distributive load of 30kN in addition to a concentrated load of 44kN located
at 1.5m from the right end of the span.
(a) Compute Independently the maximum flexural tensile and compressive
on the section shown, using basic statics involving internal forces and
internal couple, that is, using C = T and M = (C or T) times (moment arm
between points of action of C and T). (b) Check the correctness by computing
𝑀𝑐
both extreme fiber stresses using flexure formula, 𝑓 = .
𝐼

ℎ = 750 𝑚𝑚
𝑏1 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑡1 = 50 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑤 = 25 𝑚𝑚
𝑏2= 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑡2 = 50 𝑚𝑚