Bitancor, Joshua Rich G.

EE114-1/E16

Homework #3
1. It is required to produce an illumination of 100 lux in a factory hall 30 m by 15 m.
Assume that the maintenance factor is 0.8, coefficient of utilization is 0.4 and efficiency
of lamp is 14 lm/W. Suggest the suitable rating and the number of lamps to be used. The
sizes of the lamps available are 100, 250, 400 and 500 W.
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EE114-1/E16

2. It is required to provide an illumination of 100 lux in a workshop hall 40 m x 10 m and

efficiency of lamp is 14 lm/W for 750 W lamp. Calculate the number and rating of lamps
when trusses are provided at mutual distance of 5 m. Take coefficient of utilization as 0.4
and maintenance factor as 0.8.
Bitancor, Joshua Rich G.
EE114-1/E16

3. A drawing hall 30 m by 15 m with a ceiling height of 5 m is to be provided with general

illumination of 120 lux. Taking a coefficient of utilization of 0.5 and depreciation factor of
1.4, determine (a) the number of fluorescent tubes required, and (b) total wattage.
Taking luminous efficiency of fluorescent tube as 40 lm/W for 80 W tubes.
Bitancor, Joshua Rich G.
EE114-1/E16

4. A factory space of 33 m x 13 m is to be illuminated with an average illumination of 72 lux

by 200-W lamps. The coefficient of utilization is 0.4 and the depreciation factor is 1.4.
Calculate the number of lamps required. The lumen output of a 200-W lamp is 2,730 lm.

5. A room 40 m x 15 m is to be illuminated by 1.5 m 80-W fluorescent tubes mounted 3.5 m

above the working plane on which an average illumination of 180 lux is required. Using
maintenance factor of 0.8 and the utilization factor of 0.5, calculate the number of tubes
required. The 80-W fluorescent tube has an output of 4,500 lm.
Bitancor, Joshua Rich G.
EE114-1/E16

6. A hall is to be provided with a lighting installation. The hall is 30- m x 20 m x 8 m (high).

The mounting height is 5 m and the required level of illumination is 110 lux. Using metal
filament lamps, determine (a) the rating of suitable lamp and (b) number of single lamp
luminaries. Assume maintenance factor = 0.8, utilization coefficient = 0.6 and
space/height ratio = 1.
Watt: 200 300 500
Lumen/Watt: 10 12 12.3
Bitancor, Joshua Rich G.
EE114-1/E16

7. A workshop 100 m x 50 m is to be illuminated with intensity of illumination being 50 lux.

Determine the number of lamps required if coefficient of utilization = 0.9; maintenance
factor = 0.7 and efficiency of lamps = 80 lm/W. Use 100-W lamps.
Bitancor, Joshua Rich G.
EE114-1/E16

Homework 4
1. Describe the function of a fiber optic system.
a. Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place
to another by sending pulses of infrared light through an optical fiber. Optical fiber
is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals,
Internet communication, and cable television signals. The purpose of a fiber
optic network is to reach longer distances and provide a higher performance than
that of wired cables. Wired cables do not have the capability to have a large
bandwidth and cannot transmit data over long distances.
2. Describe types of wireless communications used in buildings.
a. Satellite Communication
i. Satellite communication is a crucial form of wireless communication. By
means of satellites, people all over the earth can communicate with each
other. It may not be possible to send a signal to another country because,
well, the curvature of the earth is in the way. This is one reason why
satellites are orbiting the earth because they can send a signal amongst
themselves and eventually to the distant country. All of this at an
incredibly fast speed. NASA and other space agencies make regular use of
this type of technology. Of course, sending a satellite into the atmosphere
is not cheap. Therefore, the technology involved must be subjected to
significant testing before launch.
b. Infrared Communication
i. Infrared communication is present in most homes in the form of a
television remote control. IR transmits information by means of invisible
light. This means that on the electromagnetic spectrum it lies between
microwaves and visible light. Infrared communication requires a
transmitter and a photoreceiver to receive the light beam. Since any
disruption to the light will result in the photoreceiver not receiving it, IR
will only function when there is a line-of-sight visibility. That means that if
you stand between the transmitter and receiver, it will probably not work.
c. Broadcast Radio
i. The most famous form of wireless transmission on our list, broadcast
radio, was probably the first kind of wireless communication. Radio
transmitters send out data in the form of radio waves to receiving
antennae. Radio waves are forms of electromagnetic signals. Signals are
relatively narrow, and waves can be sent across various frequencies.
Therefore, your car radio is able to receive signals from many different
radio stations. There are many types of users of radio communication.
Radio stations that send out informative and entertaining programs.
Maritime radio channels allow ships to communicate with each other and
the shore. Ham radio enthusiasts can communicate and use radio
communication for personal use.
d. Wi-Fi
i. Wi-Fi internet is a low powered wireless electronic network. These are
available in almost every shopping mall and cafe in the world. Essentially a
physical wired network is connected to a router. This creates a highly
localized and low power wireless network. From this, it is possible to
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connect a range of devices to the local network. However, public wireless

internet access is known to be a target for thieves and hackers. Therefore,
it is essential that both users who connect to these networks and the
providers use password protection defense methods.
e. Mobile Communication Systems
i. The burgeoning mobile phone industry uses similar technology to Wi-Fi but
on a much grander and safer scale. Mobile phone companies provide
coverage to customers nationwide or even international scale. They do this
by means of a complex blend of local networks and transmitters together
with satellite support.
f. Bluetooth Technology
i. Bluetooth is a relatively new technology but is becoming more and more
prevalent. It is essentially a simple method to send information across a
short distance. However, this information can include either messages or
even files. Bluetooth technology was originally designed to be a
replacement for physical cables. However, it does have its downsides. It
has a maximum reach of 30 feet. This can be reduced further, but not
entirely blocked by walls and other solid items.
3. How does electrical equipment (e.g., motors, generators, and so on) affect
telecommunication signals?
a. Any unwanted signal that is combined with the desired signal is called noise. In
any circuit, noise can come from anywhere; from external systems as well as from
the within a circuit itself. External sources include several sources such as power
lines, RF transmitters, nearby conductors, ignition systems, or motors that turn on
and off drawing sudden large currents. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the
noise caused by current in other, nearby conductors or cables. Radio frequency
interference (RFI) is also a source of external noise caused by radiating signals
from wireless systems. Something called cross talk is also external and is caused
by nearby conductors or cables that are physically close enough to induce current
in the affected cable. Electrical noise is the result of random electrical signals
getting coupled into circuits where they are unwanted, i.e., where they disrupt
information-carrying signals. Noise occurs on both power and signal circuits, but it
becomes a problem when it gets on signal circuits. Signal and data circuits are
particularly vulnerable to noise because they operate at fast speeds and with low
voltage levels. The lower the signal voltage, the less the amplitude of the noise
voltage that can be tolerated. The signal-to-noise ratio describes how much noise
a circuit can tolerate before the valid information, the signal, becomes corrupted.
External noise by applying physical shielding to wiring and ICs; shielding can
prevent external electromagnetic radiation from inducing current in the shielded
circuit. Recall that electromagnetic radiation refers to the relationship between
magnetism and electrical current flow; they are interdependent. Motors and
generators are in effect electromagnetic converters. When in a high-noise
environment, an IC with a high degree of noise immunity can mitigate the need
for special handling and care taken for the proper operation of a circuit. Other
sources of external noise can be caused by lightning, which can cause
catastrophic overvoltage to electronics, also known as voltage spikes.
Bitancor, Joshua Rich G.
EE114-1/E16

4. How does fluorescent and HID lighting affect telecommunication signals?

a. Like all lamps, fluorescent lamps emit not only visible light, but also a variable
amount of infrared (IR) emission. Modulated in a high frequency, this infrared
emission may disturb infrared remote controls as used for television sets, audio
and video transmission systems and data communication. A fluorescent lighting
system that includes an electronic ballast can generate electromagnetic waves in
four different ways each of which can be a source of EMI in another device:
i. Fluorescent lamps operated by an electronic ballast radiate
electromagnetic waves at frequencies from 10 Kilohertz (KHz) to 100
megahertz (MHz).
ii. 2) The wires that connect the electronic ballast to the lamps generate
magnetic fields at frequencies from 10 KHz to 100 MHz.
iii. 3) The switch mode power supply within the electronic ballast also radiates
electromagnetic waves at frequencies from 10KHz to 100 MHz.
iv. 4) The wires from the electronic ballast to the main power system conduct
current to the power system at frequencies from 10 KHz to 100 MHz
5. Make a research of a residence with an advanced home wiring system. Make a sketch of
the system and identify chief components of and their locations in the system.

a. Residential electrical wiring system starts with the utility’s power lines &
equipment that provide power to the home, known collectively as the service
entrance. The power is run through an electric meter which records how much
energy is used in the home & is the basis for the monthly electric bill. In general,
the utility company’s jurisdiction stops with the meter. After that point, all the
electrical equipment is the homeowner’s responsibility.
b. Service Entrance
i. The service entrance is the equipment that brings electrical power to the
home, most residential services include three wires, two cables carrying
120 volts each (for a total of 240 volts) & one grounded neutral wire. If
the cables are hung overhead, they are collectively called a service drop.
c. Electric meter
Bitancor, Joshua Rich G.
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i. Once the power reached the house via the service drop or service lateral
cables, it passes through the electric meter, which may be mounted on the
exterior wall or may be located inside the home’s breaker box.
d. Main service panel
i. The main service panel, commonly known as the breaker box or circuit
breaker panel, distributes power to all circuits throughout the building.
Each circuit has a breaker that can shut itself off in the event of a sheet
circuit or overload to cut the power to the circuit. Old homes may have
fuses instead of breaker, fuses are just as effective as breakers, but most
new panels today use breakers instead of fuses.
e. Electric box
i. An electric box is a plastic box, or a metal box used to connect wires &
install devices such as switches, receptacles, and fixtures.
f. Neutral wires
i. Each electrical circuit contains at least one “hot” wire that carries the
electric current from the service panel to the circuit devices & a neutral
wire that carries current back to the service panel.
g. Ground
i. An electrical ground is a safety system that provides a safe path for
electricity to follow in the event of a short circuit, electrical surge, or other
safety or fire hazard.