Chapter.

3 Vector Spaces
3.1 Definition and Examples

1. Euclidean Vector Spaces

2. The Vector Space ���
3. Vector Space Axioms
4. The Vector Space �[�, �]
5. The Vector Space ��
6. Theorem 3.1.1

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 Vector Spaces
Background
The operations of addition and scalar multiplication are used in many diverse contexts in
mathematics. Regardless of the context, however, these operations usually obey the same set of
algebraic rules. Thus, a general theory of mathematical systems involving addition and scalar
multiplication will be applicable to many areas in mathematics. Mathematical systems of this
form are called vector spaces or linear spaces. In this chapter, the definition of a vector space
is given and some of the general theory of vector spaces is developed.

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 Vector Spaces
Closure properties
A set V is said to be a closed and can be considered as a vector space if the following properties
are satisfied

i. Scalar multiplication:
If � ∈ � and c is any scalar ⇒ �� ∈ �
ii. Vector addition:
If �, � ∈ � ⇒ � + � ∈ �

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 Vector Spaces
Example.1: Real number
Let’s check that real number � is a vector space
i. Scalar multiplication: Let 2 ∈ � and 3 is any scalar then
(3)(2)=6 ∈ �

ii. Vector addition: let 20 and (-15) ∈ �

20+(-15)=5 ∈ �
Therefore R is closed and can be consider as a vector space.

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 Vector Spaces
Example.1: Real number, to generalize
Let’s check that real number � is a vector space
�1
i. Scalar multiplication: Let � = �2 ∈ � and c is any scalar then
�3
�1 ��1
c� = � �2 = ��2 ∈ �
�3 ��3
�1 �1
ii. Vector addition: Let � = �2 and � = �2 ∈ � then
�3 �3
�1 �1 �1 + �1
� + � = �2 + �2 = �2 + �2 ∈ �
�3 �3 �3 + �3
Therefore R is closed and can be consider as a vector space.
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 Vector Spaces
Example.2: Matrices
Let’s check that the matrix �3×1 is a vector space
i. Scalar multiplication: Let A ∈ �3×1 , and a is any scalar, then
�1 ��1
�� = � �2 = ��2 ∈ �3×1 , it means dimension of the resultant matrix is the same as
�3 ��3 3×1
�3×1 .
ii. Vector addition: Let A and � ∈ �3×1 , then
�1 �1 �1 + �1
A + B = �2 + �2 = �2 + �2 ∈ �3×1 , it means dimension of the resultant matrix
�3 �3 �3 + �3 3×1
is the same as �3×1 . Therefore �3×1 is closed and can be consider as a vector space.
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 Vector Spaces
Example.3: Polynomial Note:
Equation:
Let’s the set of all polynomials of any degree (here degree one) "�x + �"
Having equal sign
is a vector space. e.g: �x = �
An expression:
Without equal sign
e.g: �x + �
i. Scalar multiplication: Let c is any scalar then
=> c(�x + �)=(c�)x + (��) = (��������)x + (��������) ∈ �x + �.

ii. Vector addition: Let �1 x + �1 and �2 x + �2 ∈ �x + �

(�1 x + �1 ) + (�2 x + �2 ) = (�1 + �2 )x + (�1 + �2 ) = (��������)x + (��������) ∈ �x + �.

Therefore �x + � is closed and can be consider as a vector space.

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 Vector Spaces
Example.4: Function
Let’s check that the function � = �(�) � �� ���������� �� � is a vector space.

i. Scalar multiplication: Let �(�) is a continuous function, and let c is any scalar then
��(�) is also continuous.

ii. Vector addition: Let �(�) and �(�) are two continuous functions then
�(�) + �(�) is also continuous function.

Therefore�(�) is closed and can be consider as a vector space.

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 1. Euclidean Vector Spaces
Definition
An Euclidean vector space �� is a finite-dimensional inner product space over the real numbers.
Explanation:
�1 If we equate line segments that
Given a nonzero vector � = � , have the same length and direction
2
� can be represented by any line (Figure.2), then X can be
represented by any line segment
segment for (0,0) to (�1 , �2 ).
from (a, b) to ( a + �1 , b + �2 ).

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 1. Euclidean Vector Spaces
Explanation: (continued)

First vector
(0,0) to (2,1)
Which mean tail is (0,0) and head is (2,1)
Second vector
(2,2) to (4,3)
which mean tail is (2,2) and head is (4,3)
How this change? See below
For tial with the first vector
0+2=2
0+2=2, so tail of the 2nd vector is (2,2)
For head with the first vector
2+2=4
1+2=3, so head of the 2nd vector is (4,3)
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A similar way can change 3rd vector
 1. Euclidean Vector Spaces
Scalar multiplication ∝ �:

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 1. Euclidean Vector Spaces
Vector addition � + �:

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 1. Euclidean Vector Spaces
�
Q. Is � = � ; �, � ≥ 0 a vector space? �
�

i. Scalar multiplication: Given -1 is a scalar

� −�
-1 � = −� ∉ �, because here �, � ≱ 0
As we see the graph, that –V is not in the given space −�
Therefore V is not a vector space. −�

ii. Vector addition:

No need to check the second part of the closure property because first part is not satisfied.

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 1. Euclidean Vector Spaces
�
Q. Is � = � ; �� ≥ 0 a vector space? �
�

i. Scalar multiplication: Given -1 is any scalar/real number

� −�
-1 � = −� ∈ �, because here (−�)(−�)= + ��
First part is satisfied, lets check 2nd part. −� Note:
ii. Vector addition: −�
(+)(+)=+
3 −5 −2 (-1)(-1)=+
�+�= + = ∉ �, because here (-2)(1)= -2, this mean �� ≱ 0
2 −1 1
Second part is not satisfied, Therefore V is not a vector space.

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 1. Euclidean Vector Spaces
Conclusion of an Euclidean vector space:
a. The set/collection of vectors
b. Two properties/operation
i. Scalar multiplication
ii. Vectors addition
c. After the above two
operation resultant vectors
should be in the same space.

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 ��
2. The Vector Space �
Let ��×� denote the set of all � × � matrices with real entries.
1. Given a scalar ∝, we can define ∝ � to be the � × � matrix whose (i,j) entry is ∝ ��� .
2. If � = (��� ) and � = (��� ), then the sum of � + � is define to be the � × � matrix � =
(��� ), where ��� = ��� + ���

Note: See “example.2: matrices” page.6, in this ppt.

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 3. Vector Space Axioms
Mathematically, the set V together with the operations of addition and scalar
multiplication is said to form a vector space if the following axioms are satisfied:

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 4. The Vector Space �[�, �]
Let �[�, �] denote the set of all real-valued functions that are defined and continuous on the
closed interval [a, b].
Closure Property:

Thus we have defined the operations of addition and scalar multiplication on �[�, �] .
Note: Please verify the remaining axioms of the vector space.

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 5. The Vector Space ��
Let �� denote the set of all polynomials of degree less than n.
Closure property:
i. (∝ �)(�) =∝ �(�) ∈ ��
ii. (� + �)(�) = �(�) + �(�) ∈ ��
Thus �� with the standard addition and scalar multiplication of function is a vector space

Note: (i) here in �� , n represents the order of polynomial.

(i). See “Example.3: Polynomial” page.7 in this ppt.

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 6. Theorem 3.1.1
Theorem 3.1.1
If � is a vector space and x is any element of �, then
(i). Ox=O
(ii). � + � = � ⇒ � =− � (i.e., the additive inverse of x is unique).
(iii). (-1)� =− �.
Proof:
(i). It follows from axioms A6 and A8 that
∵ � = 1� = (1 + 0)� = 1� + 0� = � + 0�
Using axioms (A2)
−� + � =− � + (� + 0�) = (−� + �) + 0�
0 = � + 0� = 0� (A1, A3, and A4)
=> 0� = � Proved
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 5. The Vector Space ��
Theorem 3.1.1 (continued)
Proof:
(ii). Let �+�=0
∵ −� =− � + 0 =− � + (� + �)
⇒ −� = (−� + �) + � (A1, A2, A3, and A4)
⇒ −� = 0 + �
⇒ � =− � Proved
(iii). ∵ 0 = � = 1 + (−1) � = � + (−1)� [(i) and A6]
∴ � + (−1)�=0 (A8)
and it follows from part (ii) that
(−1)� =− � Proved
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