This book offers more than 300 questions to support successful preparation for

Proof
the new A Levels in Mathematics. Grouped according to topic, the chapters
follow the content of MEI A Level Mathematics Year 2. Each chapterstarts with 1 Find counter-examplesto disprove the following statements, where a and b
short questions to supportretrieval of content and straightforward application are real numbers.
ofskills learned during the course. The demand gradually builds through each
(i) Ifa < b,then a’ < 8? [1 mark]
chapter, with thelater questions requiring significant mathematical thinking
and including connections to othertopics. This reflects the likely range of
(ii) fFa > 6, then 4 < i [1 mark}
styles of question in the live papers. Answers are providedin this book, and
workedsolutions and mark schemestoall questions can be found onlineat 2 For the statements, (i)-Gii), about A and B, choose the most appropriate
www.hoddereducation.co.uk/MEIMathsExamPractice. option [a], [b] or [c].
fa] A> B
Thedata set referred to in some of the questionsonstatistics can be found fb] ASB
at www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/as-a-level-gce-mathematics-b-mei-h630-
{c] neither [a] nor[b]
h640-from-2017/assessment/
In eachcase,justify your response.
(i) A: x = 0; B: |x| =x {2 marks]
(ii) A: Johnis a pilot; B: John has good eyesight (2 marks]
(iii) A: a quadratic equation has twodistinct roots; B: the
discriminant of the quadratic equation is non-negative (2 marks]
3 Commentonthe correctness of the steps in the following
argument.
x-2=05 x(x-2)=0>5x=O00rx =2; :
but this is a contradiction of x - 2 = 0, as0-2 #0. [4 marks]

4 Prove,or disprove, the following statement.

“9 876 543 210 is a multiple of 6” (3 marks]
5 Prove that thereis no positive integer, n, such that
nm= n+571 423. [7 marks]
6 Derive the quadratic formula for the roots of the equation
ax? + bx + c= 0, by completing the square (a # 0). 4 [4 marks}
7 Prove that cos’@ + sin’@ = 1 when 0 < @ < 90°. [4 marks]
8 Prove, or disprove, the following statement.
‘If N is a positive integer, then N(N + 2) is never a perfect square’ [3 marks]

9 Provethat there is just one pair.of positive integers that

satisfy the equation (x — 2)(y + 3) = 6. (5 marks]
10 (i) Show that, if A = B,then B' => A!‘ (where A' means
‘A is not true’). (3 marks]
(ii) Show that, if B' => A',then A => B. [3 marks]
(iti) Deduce that, to prove A < B, we can prove that A > B
and A' => B'. [4 marks]
 (i) In thefirst picture, the vertex of the triangle passes through the
Trigonometry ie ae
N

Calculate the area of the circle that is above the horizon and is not
covered bythetriangle. [2 marks]

1 Solve the equation sin@ = 0.25 for 0° < 8 < 90°. [1 mark] (ii) In the secondpicture, exactly half the circle is above the horizon. iw)
zs
2 Convert Calculate the area of the circle that is above the horizon andis not ow
mo]
(i) 315° to radians [1 mark] covered by the triangle. [2 marks] >
i)
bal
(ii) 2 é 7 radians to degrees. [1 mark] (iii) In thethird picture, the vertex of the triangle touches the Ls)

circumferenceof the circle.

3 A sector ofa circle has are length 20cm and area 160.cm?. | Calculate the area of the circle that is above the horizon andis not
Find the radius ofthe circle. [3 marks] coveredby thetriangle. [3 marks}
. 5 ° Oo

4 Write down the exact value of V8 x sin 315° x cos30°. [2 marks} 13 (i) A circle of radius rcm is drawn with the largest possible regular
5 Asector ofa circle of radius 8cm has arc length 6cm. | hexagon that can be drawninside the circle, and the smallest possible
Calculate the area ofthe sector. (3 marks] regular hexagon that can be drawn outside the circle, as shown.
6 triangle has twosides of lengths 14cm and 10cm with an
angle of 0.5 rad between them.
Calculate the area ofthe triangle. [2 marks] |

7 Accircle has radius 10cm.

A segmentofthecircle is formed by a chord of length 12cm.
Calculate the area of the segment. [4 marks}

8 Solve the equation cos@ = 0.43 for —90° < @< 360°. [3 marks] |

9 @) Show that x= t is a solution of the equation

The region between the two hexagonsis shaded.
sin x X cos x= 5
Calculate the exact area of the shaded region. [6 marks]
(ii) Write down anothersolution ofthis equation for
which -4#< x = @. [1 mark] (it) Use theareas of the hexagons to’deduce upper and lower bounds
for 7, giving your answers in surd form. [2 marks] -
10 A sector ofa circle of radius rem has perimeter 12cm.
(i) Find an expression for the area ofthe sector in terms of r. [2 marks] 14 A crescent shape is made using twocircles, as shown.
(ii) Find the angle of the sector when the area is maximised. (3 marks]
11 Show that, for small positive angles, 8, in radians
. - 1
(i) oe =| [3 marks]

12 A series of photographs showsthe Sunsetting behind a pyramid. The

bottom of each photograph is the horizon. Each picture is symmetrical
abouta verticalaxis. i
The smallercircle passes through the centreofthelargercircle.
In each picture, the pyramid is shownas anisosceles triangle of base 6cm
and perpendicular height 4cm. Thelarger circle has radius 10cm.
The Sunis shown as thepart ofa circle ofradius 5cm thatis above the horizon. The length ofthe shorter arc that formsthe crescentis 15cm,
The horizontal width of the crescentis 4cm at its widest point.
Calculate, for the crescent shape,

(i) the perimeter [7 marks]

(ii) the area. [3 marks}
 12 Thepicture shows a decreasing sequence of squares within squares that
continuesindefinitely.
Sequences and series Theside length of each unshaded squareis half the side length ofthe
o

previous unshaded square.

1 Write down thefirst five terms ofthe sequence u, = 4 -—7n. [1 mark]
oO
=>
2 Write down an expression for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence @
ao]
that starts with —2 and has a commondifference of 1.5. {1 mark] a
ne
my
3 Write downthefirst five terms of the sequence uy, = 20.5". [1 mark] w

4 A geometric sequence has 2 and 4 asits third and fourth terms respectively.
Find an expression for the nth term. [2 marks]

5 Show that the sum ofthe first one hundred counting numbers
is 5050. (2 marks]

6 Whatis the condition for the geometric series u, = ar a

to converge? [1 mark]
7 Derive the formulafor the infinite sum of a convergent geometricseries.
You may assumethe formula for the sum ofthefirst # terms of a (i) Show that the area ofthe largest shaded squareis 3 of the area of
geometric series. [3 marks] the largest square. [3 marks]
8 Determine the minimum numberoftermsofthe series u, = 3 x 1.5" (ii) Whatfraction ofthe largest square is shaded altogether? [3 marks]
for the sumto be greater than 100. [4 marks] 13 Thefirst, sixth and twenty-sixth termsof an arithmetic sequence
9 A geometric series with commonratio , and an arithmetic series with (d # 0) are three consecutive terms of a geometric sequence.
common difference d, both start with 1. Whatis the commonratio of the geometric sequence? {7 marks]
The sums oftheirfirst ten terms are equal.
14 The sum ofthefirst and third terms of a geometric sequenceis six times
the second term ofthe geometric sequence.
(i) Show that d = — 2). [4 marks]
9| 5(r - 1)
Find, in exact form, the possible values of the commonratio r. [5 marks]
(ii) Find d when r= 2. [2 marks]
10 Joan shares a cake betweenthree people.
She cuts the cake into four equal pieces and gives each persona piece.
She divides the remainingpiece into four equal pieces and gives each
person a piece.
She continuesthis process indefinitely.

(i) Show that, assumingthere are no crumbs, this process would give
each person a third ofthe cake. [4 marks}
(ii) Joan wants to share a cake between n people.
Using the same process as before, how manypieces should Joan
cut the cake into? Justify your answer. (3 marks]

11 The sum ofan arithmetic series whose termsare all integers, is zero.
(i) Express thefirst term a, in terms of the commondifference d and the
numberofterms n. [3 marks]
(ii) Which of the following statements could betrue in this context?
Justify your answers.
(a) aand dare both positive. [1 mark]
(b) ais negative and d is a positive multiple of 2. [1 mark]
(c) ais positive, d is negative and 1 is odd. [1 mark]
(d) is negative, d is positive and # is even. [1 mark]
 (ii) (a) Explain why the curve y = x2(2x — 3) does not have
an inverse, [1 mark]
Functions
a

(b) Givea suitable domain on which y = x?(2x ~ 3) does

have an inverse. [1 mark]
1 Describe each of the following mappings, A, B and C,as either one-to-one,
one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many, and state whetherit 10 The graph of a continuousfunction y = f(x) passes through the cw)
7s
(3 marks] points (0,3), (2,1) and (5,—2). ey
represents a function. mol
=
B Cc ci}
A (i) What coordinates are known on eachofthe graphsof each ofthe s
following functions? cS

(a) y= f(x — 2) [1 mark]

(b) y= 3f(x) (1 mark]

() y=fx) -1 [1 mark]

(d) y= f2x) {1 mark]

2 Find the range of the function f(x) = x? — 5. [1 mark] + (ii) What can be deduced about y = f-!(x) if the graph of y = f(x) also
3 This graph shows a function y = f(x). passes througheach ofthe following points?
(a) (3,3) [1 mark]

(b) (3,-1) [2 marks]

11 Given that f(x) = 5x + 2, g(x) = 3x2+ 1 and h(x) = 2* for x > 0,
(i) (a) calculate the value offgh(1) [1 mark]
(b) find the range ofthe function fgh(x). [2 marks]
(ii) (a) find and simplify algebraic expressions for
fg(x) and gf(x) [3 marks]
Sketch the function y = f(x + 1), indicating the coordinates of any
[3 marks] (b) hencesolve the equation fg(x) = gf(x). [2 marks]
points that you know.

The functions f and g are defined by f(x) = 3x — and g(x) = x?+1. 12 The graph shows y = f(x) wheref(x) = =a for somepositive
Find gf(x) as a quadratic function of x. {2 marks] constants a and k, where k > 1.

The functions f and g are defined by f(x) = 3x — 7 and g(x) = x2 +1.

Solve the equation fg(x) = 14. [3 marks]

Write the inequality, 2 < x <5, in the form |x — | < 6, where a and b

~~
are numbersto be found. [2 marks]

Sketch the graph of y = |2x-1|. [2 marks]

~
(i) Find the rangeofthe function f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 —5 defined on the

@
domain x 2 0. [2 marks]
(ii) Find the range of the function g(x) = 2(x — 2)? + 5 defined on the
domain x > 0. [2 marks] (i) Where doesthe graph cross the axes? {2 marks]
(ili) For what values of x is g(x) > f(x)? [3 marks] (ii) Find an expression for f-1(x). ‘ (2 marks]
The curve y = x2(2x — 3) has a minimum turningpointat (1,1). (iii) In the case when a = 2 and k = 2, solve the equation

(i) (a) The curveis translated so that the minimum turningpointis at f(x) = Fay: (3 marks]
the origin.
13 (i) Sketch the graphs of y= |x +2] and y= |2x—4| on the
Find the equation ofthe translated curve. {2 marks] sameaxes. [3 marks]
(b) Thetranslated curveis then reflected in the x-axis so that the (ii) Solve the inequality |x+2| > |2x—-4]. [4 marks]
minimum turning point becomes a maximum turningpoint.
Find the equation ofthis reflected curve. [2.marks]
 14 Airis escaping from a spherical balloon at a rate of 2cm3s-!.
Whentheradius of the balloon is 10cm,find the rate of decrease of
Differentiation (i) the radius [3 marks]

1 Whatis the condition for a pointofinflection on the function (ii) the surface area. [4 marks]
y = f(x)? [1 mark] 15 Prove that, on any cubic curve, the x coordinate of the point of
a’
inflection is midway between the x coordinates of the two
2 It is given that a < Q ata stationary point.
stationary points. : (7 marks]
Describe the natureof the stationary point. {1 mark]
16 (i) Given the function y = x + 2- — 7» Prove that y increases
3 Under what circumstancesis a point of inflection a stationary as x increases. [3 marks]
point? [1 mark] (ii) Find the coordinates of the two points on the curve where the
4 For what values of x is the function f(x) = x° — 12x — 4 not gradientis 2. [4 marks]
increasing? [3 marks] (iii) The tangents at these points cut the x-axis at P and Q.

5 Use the chain rule to differentiate y = 3x + i. [3 marks] . Find the length PQ. (3 marks]

6 Use the productrule to differentiate y = xVx — 5. {4 marks]

7 Use the quotientrule to differentiate y = = . [3 marks]

x” + 3x - 2
8 Find the points of inflection ofthe curve
yx! — 2x? — 12x? + 2x -1. [5 marks]

9 A graph is drawnofthe function f(x) = x3 — x + 10.

(i) For whatvalues of x will the curve be concave downwards? [3 marks]
(ii) Find the coordinates of the point ofinflection. (2 marks]

10 A pond is modelled as a cone with its radius and height in the ratio 2:3.
Snow meleisfilling the pond at a rate of 7.5cmper second.
(i) Determine the rate at which the depth of wateris increasing at
the point whentheradius of the pond is 50cm. [5 marks]

(ii) Suggest a way in which the model may have to change as the pond
P
g ets deeper. 1 mark
3
11 The curve x = y + dye is shownhere.

Find the gradient of the curve whereit crosses the y-axis. [6 marks}
12 Water is being poured into a cylindrical tank of radius 2m at
the rate of 6m? min-!,
Find the rate at which the depth ofthe water, h, in the tank
is rising. [5 marks]
13 The function y = 2x* + ax? + 2x +b has a pointofinflection at (4.1)
Find the coordinatesofits other pointofinflection. [7 marks]
 13 (i) Show that tend = secO(tan@ — 1), provided
Trigonometric functions
°)

cos@ + sin@ # 0. [3 marks]

(ii) Hence solve the equation
1 A triangle has sides of lengths 3cm, 5cm and 7cm.
_sec’@ [5 marks] 2)
Calculate, to the nearest 0.1 rad, the smallest angle in the cosO + sin ~ nO — sec’ @ for0 < @ < 2x. =
a
triangle. [2 marks] ao]
14 (i) Show, algebraically, that if cosec? x = 2cotx, then cotx=1. [2 marks] >
oy
+)!
2 Solve the equation tan2x = 1 for 90° < x < 180°. [2 marks] (ii) Hencesolve the equation cosec2 (4@ + 2) = 2cot (408+ m) for ce)

3 By considering appropriate graphs, find the number ofsolutions -5 <0< 5. [4 marks]

of the equation
(iti) Deduce the numberofsolutions ofthe equation
2x = tan x in the interval -2” < x < 22. [3 marks]
cosec? (58) tan (50) = 2 in the intervalO < @ <= 5. [2 marks]
4 Write downthe exactvalue of cosec Z. [2 marks]
6
5 Find the roots of the quadratic equation
2cos’ x — 13cosx +6 = 0
for which -t# S x SM. [3 marks]

6 Ifcosx = i where x is an acute angle, find the exact value

of tanx. (2 marks]
7 Solve the equation cot x = 2 cos x in the range -%@< x < 7. [4 marks]

8 Solve the equation 2cos’ x — 3cosx +1 = 0 for0 <x < g. [3 marks]

9 Solve the equation sin(3x — 2) =1, inthe range-a <x <A. [4 marks
4 6
10 (i) Sketch the graphs y = arcsinx and y = arctanx on the sameaxes,
where the angles are measuredin radians. [2 marks]

(ii) (a) Write down the exact values, in radians, of arcsin(1) and
arctan(1). (2 marks]

(b) Show that at is not the same asarccos(1). [2 marks]

11 Find thepossible value, or values, of cosecx if cotx = sec x, giving

youranswers in the form at
vb where a,b and care integers. [6 marks]
c

12 A pyramid has perpendicular height hm andis built on a square base of

edge length 2xm.
A person whoseeye levelis at a height of 1.60 stands at a point C at the
midpointof an edge of the base. They walk away from the pyramid in a
direction that is perpendicular to the edgeofthe base.
Whenthe person has walked 50m, they reach a pointB,
The person then turnsand looks upat E, the vertex of the pyramid.
The angle ofelevation of E above the person’s eye level is 40°.
The person walks a further 50m away from the pyramid,along the same
line as before, to reach a point A that is 100m from C.
The person again turns and looks upat E. Theangle of elevation of E
above the person’seye level is now 30°.

(i) By using the sine rule on the triangle ABE,calculate the

length BE. (3 marks]
(ii) Calculate
(a) the height of the pyramid (2 marks]

(b) the edge length of the squarebase. [2 marks]

10 11
Further algebra Trigonometric identities
1 For whatvalues of x is the binomial expansion of 1 Use the result for sin(A + B) to provethat sin29 = 2sin@cos@. [2 marks]
(1 + 3x)-1(1 — 5x)-2 valid? [2 marks] 2 Use theresult for cos(A + B) to prove that cos2@ = 2cos*@—1. [3 marks]
2 Show that wee = 5(1 + az)" (3 marks] 3 Find the coordinates of the maximum value of y = Rcos(x — a@),
where 0 = @ = 180°. {2 marks]
3 Write the fraction tdx in the form
x 4 Describe the transformations that map the graph of y = cosx onto
D the graph of y = Rcos(x ~ a). [3 marks]
Ax? + Be + C+ [2 marks]
x-1T
Solve tan3@ = tan@ for0 SO <a. [4 marks]
4 Write the first four terms of the binomial expansion of(1 + x)?

no
in ascending powers of x. [3 marks] ! Determinethe exactvalue of sin75° — sin 15°. [4 marks]
3 2
a [3 marks]

~~
5 Simplify the algebraic fraction Show that cos4@ = 8cos‘@ — 8cos’@ + 1. [3 marks]
2x" +2x°-x-1
1

oO
1 1 12 (i) Express cosx — sinx in the form Rcos(x + @) where
6 Bysubstituting x = 56 in the expansion (1 - x)? = 1- Bx gx , 0S a = 180°. [4 marks]
find a rational approximation to V2. [3 marks] (ii) Determine the minimum value ofcosx — sin x. (1 mark]
7 Find the expansion of(1 + 3x)(1 + x)? as far as the term in x3. (iii) Solve cosx — sinx = 0.1 for 0 = x = 360°. (4 marks]
For whatvalues of x is this expansion valid? [4 marks]
2x+5 . A B c 9 (i) Express 2sinx — 3cosx in the form Rsin(x — @),
8 Express Gaaxnarar nh form at 545 Ga Ru
where 0 < x < and is given in exact form. [4 marks]
2
where A, Band C are constants to be found. [5 marks] _ . _ 1
. . . . (ii) A function, f (x) = 2Qsinx , is defined on the
9 (i) Write the first three terms of the binomial expansion
interval 0 < x < 27.
of (1+ 2x)3 in ascending powersof x. [4 marks] Find the coordinates of the minimum value in 0 < x < 27,
(ii) For what values of x is this expansion valid? [1 mark] in termsof k. [3 marks]
3
10 Let f(x) = =x +6 | (iii) The minimum valueis 1
2x" +x—-1 Cc D
Showthat f(x) can be written in the form Ax + B+ —=— + —=—
Find k. 2 [2 marks}
mxtn px+q
where A, B, C, D and m, n, p, q are constants to be found. {5 marks] 10 The value of tan@ = é

11 Find the binomial expansion of (8 — xy3 as far as the term in x2. [5 marks] Find the value of acos 20 — bsin 20. [6 marks]

12 (i) Write the expression

3x +1 4 as a single fraction in its 11 Derive an exactvalue for tan15° from the exact value of tan 30°. [6 marks]
x -1) xi (2 marks]
simplest form. 12 Solve cos2@ - sin@—-1=0, for 0 = @ = 2z, [6 marks]
(ii) Given that (1 — x2)-!= 14224244... , find a cubic 13 (i) Express V3 cosx + sinx in the form Rcos(x — a). [4 marks]
approximation to 3xt1, 4 for small values of |x|. [2 marks]
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, solve
x?-40 x-1
(iii) Calculate the absolute percentage error in your approximation V3cosx + sinx = ¥2,0° = x < 360°. [3 marks]
from part (ii) when x = 0.1. [2 marks]
(6 — x)(1 + 2x) [2 marks} 14 Solve con(6 + z) = 2sin(6 + ), —HSOET. [9 marks]
13 (i) Find a quadratic approximation for
1+x .
(ii) State the values of x for which the approximationis valid. [1 mark]
(iii) For what positive values of x is the absolute error in the
approximation smaller than i = x? [4 marks]
4x +5
14 (i) Write as a sum ofpartial fractions with
(1+ 5x)(1 - x)
constant numerators. [3 marks]
4x +5
Gi) Find the binomial expansion of up to and
(1+ 5x)(1 - x)
including the term in x. [5 marks]
(iii) For what rangeof values is the expansion in part(ii) valid? [1 mark]
 12 A circle has equation x” + y? =r’.
Further differentiation (i) Find the equation of the normal to thecircle at the point on the
oO

circle (a,b). [6 marks]

1 Provethat the derivative of the function y = Inx is 1. [3 marks] (ii) Show that the normal passes throughthe centre ofthe circle. [1 mark]
x
2 The function y = sinkx has a local maximum when x = 7. 13 The function y = x7 In(x + 1) describes the path of a particle.

Rho
Determinethe value ofk. [3 marks] At time ¢, the x coordinate ofthe position ofthe particle is x = t? — 2t.
Find the rate of changeof the y coordinate of the position of the
Chapter 9

3 Find the gradientof the curve y = In 2xat the pointit cuts

particle, with respect to time, when t = 3. [6 marks]
the x-axis. (3 marks]

4 Show that the x coordinatesofthe stationary points of the function 14 The path ofa pointis described by the function y = e* sin 3x.
y = xcosx mustsatisfy the equation x = cotx. [4 marks] Attime t, the y coordinateis given by y = cos2tr.
Show that x is stationary with respect to time when ¢ = 27. [6 marks]
5 Find an expression for the gradient function of the hyperbola
ax? — by? =c. [3 marks]

6 Thefunction f(x) = ke'-*” has a maximum valueof1.

Determinethevalue ofk. (3 marks]
7 Find the derivative of y = tan‘3x. {4 marks]
8 Find the derivative of y = sin™'x. [4 marks]
9 (i) Show that the function f(x) = sinx — ktanx only has
stationary values when [k| = 1. [3 marks]
(ii) When k = * find all the stationary values for 0 = x < 27. [2 marks]
10 This graph showsthe function y = xInx.
y

Find the minimum valueofthe function. [6 marks]

11 This graph showstheellipse 3x? + 4y” = 12.

yi

(i) Find the equations of the tangents to theellipse when x = 1. {6 marks]

(ii) Show that these tangents meet on the x-axis. (2 marks]

15
 . 13 Findthetotal area of the shaded regions in the graph below, between the
Integration curve y = 4x — x°Jx, the x-axis and the line x = 4.
f=)

Give your answerin the form p + qV2, where p and q arerational.

[7 marks]
Forall the definite integrals, use your calculator to check your Ya yok —x? Vr
: : : l= 7)
answers. You must show all your working to gain full credit.
a
0 a=]
-~
1 o
1 Find an exact value for J, 5e%dx . [3 marks] mm}
ry
o
u
7

2 Find Jos 3x + 2sin3x) dx. [3 marks] x

x
3 Evaluate J: sec’ 2tdt, giving your answerin terms of v3. (3 marks]
2
4 Find [2r-3°dr. [3 marks]

5 Find Jee dt. [3 marks]

6 Use integration byparts to show that finx dx =xInx—x+c. [3 marks] 14 Find Je + 2) 2 dx. [4 marks}

7 Itis given that f(x) = x(3 + x?)’. 15 Use a trigonometrical identity to find Josin? 2x dx. [4 marks]
Given that f(0) = 24, find an expression for f(x). [5 marks] 2
16 (i) Find the exact value of j Sxe™ dx. (5 marks]
8 Find J
3t+6 dt , giving your answer in the form In(f(#)). [6 marks] °2
t(t + 3) (ii) Find the exact value of J, 5xe* dx. [5 marks]
9 Using a suitable substitution, or otherwise, show that
x
s 52.283
S [5 marks] 17 Evaluate Pr 12sin x cos x dx. [5 marks]
[6x 43) dx =o.
10 Find thearea of the shaded region in the graph below, whichis g fy .
boundedbythe curves y = x3 + 2x? - 3x+ 1 and 18 Show that Je cotx dx = (i) du, where u = sinx.
2
y=2xttet+. [6 marks] Evaluate the integral, giving your answerin the form kln2. [6 marks]

Vy =P + 2x? 3x41

11 Find [tinxdx. [3 marks] .

12 Using a suitable substitution, or otherwise, show that
©
e 2an3n* = 4in(3). [6 marks]

17
 19 Below is the graph of y = 6xV1 — 2x.

y
Parametric equations
2
1 A curve has the parametric equations x = 3t°,2 y = 6t.
Find the cartesian equationofthe curve. [2 marks]
2 Accurve has parametric equations x = 3t°, y = 61.
4 d .
Find i. (3 marks]

3 Convert the parametric equations x = 21, y = 2 into cartesian form.

[2 marks]
4 Write down the parametric equationsfora circle, with its centre at
the origin and a radiusof2. (2 marks]

. (i) Show that the substitution # = 1— 2x transforms the integral 5 State parametric equations for a circle with its centre at (1,2) and
a radius of 1. [2 marks]
3
foxvi — 2x dx into 3] ue w du [3 marks]
6 Acircle has parametric equations x = cos@, y = sin@.
(ii) Hencefind the exactarea of the region bounded by the curve Write downthe values of @ that correspondto the points on
and the x-axis. [5 marks] the y-axis. {2 marks]
3x2 — x 7 A circle has parametric equations x = cos@, y = sin@. .
i
20 Find OR
le dx.
+)fasy [8 marks]
Find the value(s) of @ for which dy =1. [4 marks]
21 (i) Use the substitution # = In x to find Jan dx, [4 marks] dx
2
8 Accurvehas parametric equations x = 1’, y= 0? +1.
(ii) Hence find an exact value in its simplest form for
2 Whyis it not correct to say that the curveis the straight line
J 1 dx. [3 marks] y=xtl?
« xInx {1 mark]
22 Below is part of the graph of y = x*sinx.
9 The curve below has parametric equations x = f° + 1, y = 2t.
IN

Find the exactarea of the shaded region. {8 marks]

¥ . -
y

[=]
aod .
ow
wo
—_
(i) Determinethe cartesian equation of the curve, such thatall its
[oi coefficients are the smallest possible integers. [2 marks]
0
<=
oO
(ii) Use the cartesian form to find the points at which oy =1. [5 marks]
oss dy
(iii) Determine = in termsoft. (2 marks]
dx
(iv) Hencefind the values of t for which dy =1. {3 marks
dx
10 A spot movesover the screen of an oscilloscope such that, at timef,its
position is given by x = cos3¢ and y = sin2t.
(i) Find an expression for the square ofits speed. [4 marks]
(ii) Show that this is a minimum when ¢ = 27. [6 marks]

18 19
 11 A curve is defined by the parametric equations x = tan@, y = cos@.
(i) Find the cartesian equation of the curve. {2 marks] Vectors
(ii) Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the curve,
for0 S<O< 2. [10 marks] 1 Find the magnitude anddirection of the vector a = 101+ 24j. {4 marks]

12 A particle moves such that, at time f, x = cos2t+ sint and y =e”. 2 force,F, acts at an angle of 30° above the negative x-axis, and has
Findtherate of changeof y, with respect to x, when t = 7. [6 marks] magnitude 10 N.
Express F in component form. (3 marks]
13 A curveis defined by the parametric equations
x = 3cos@, y = 2sin@ (0 = @ < 2z) . -1
y 3 Determine the magnitude of the vector b =| 2 |. [2 marks]
-2
4 Find the distance between the points with position vectors
3 -5
. -l Jand} 6 |. [2 marks]
4 3
a
5 Find a unit vector parallel to the line joining (1,-2,3) and (-3,1,-2).
(3 marks]
(i) Find the cartesian equation of the curve. [2 marks] 6 Use vectors to show that the midpoints of the sides of the quadrilateral
ABCDform thevertices of the parallelogram PQRS. [8 marks]
(ii) The normals to the curve, at certain points, pass through the
point(1,0). A P B

Find the coordinates of those points. [12 marks]

14 A curveis defined by the parametric equations x = t +

Find thecartesian equationof the curve. [3 marks]

15 A curve is defined by the parametric equations x 31° Y "3a c

Find thecartesian equationof the curve, in the form y = f(x). {5 marks] 7 Twoforces act on an object, as shown in the diagram.

20N

as
to
a 45°
poy
[-3
i 10N
=
oO Find the magnitude and direction oftheresultantforce. [8 marks]
a 2 1
8 It is given that the resultant of the three vectors, , d ;
3)’ (oJ \4
has magnitude 5V2, andis in a direction of 45° to the positive x-axis.
Find a and 6. [8 marks]

20 21
 9 This diagram shows a regular hexagon.
b
Differential equations
1 Givebrief definitions of the following terms.
(i) First order differential equation. [1 mark]
(ii) General solution ofa differential equation. [1 mark]
(iii)’Particular solutionofa differential equation. {1 mark]
Express c and d in terms of a and b. [5 marks} 2 Show that y = 1 is a solution ofthe differential equation
d 4-x
10 The points A and B have coordinates (—2,4) and (1,2) respectively. oy _ y> where y = 1 when x = 3. (3 marks]
dx
Thepoint C divides AB in the ratio 1:4.
3 Find the general solution ofthe differential equation
Use a vector method to determine the coordinates of C. [4 marks] :
d=
dy _ 2x —-1. [2 marks]

“4 Find the general solutionofthedifferential equation 2 = xy. [4 marks]

5 Find the particular solution ofthe differential equation
x = 2x — 1 thatsatisfies x = 1, y= 1. [2 marks}
6 Find the equation ofthe curve thatsatisfies the differential equation
o = xy and passes through the point(2,1). (3 marks]

7 Solve the differential equation ou = 2y — 1, given that y = 3

when x =0. [6 marks]
8 The acceleration ofa car is knowntobeinversely proportional to
its velocity.
(i) Write down a differential equation to modelthis situation. {2 marks]
(ii) Refine this model, given that it is known that the
acceleration is 2ms~ whenthe velocity is 10ms™!. [2 marks]
(iii) Find the general solution ofthe differential equation. [5 marks]
(iv) Find the particular solution ofthe differential equation,given
thatthe caris initially stationary. [1 mark]
(v) At whattimewill the car be travelling at 20 ms"'? {2 marks]
9 Foodin an oven heats upata rate that is proportional to the difference
ts
-~ between the temperature of the oven and the temperature ofthe food.
to
7)
~
The oven is at a constant temperature of 175°C.
Qa
0 Food at 15°C is placed in the oven.
=
oO Thefood initially heats up at a rate of 0.5°Cs-1.
Find a differential equation to modelthis situation. [4 marks}

10 The world’s population is modelled by the differential equation oP =kP,

dt
where P is the numberofpeoplein billions and is the time in years.
Given that P was estimated to be 7.5 at the end of 2017, and thatitis
estimated to be 12 at the end of 2100, use the model to predict the world’s
populationat the end of 2200 (to the nearestbillion). (9 marks]

11 Solve the differential equation xa.

dy = y(2—y), for x > O and 0 < y < 2,
given that x = 1 when y= 1. [10 marks]
22
 7 The equation x°+x*—4=0 has solution in theinterval[1,2].
Numerical methods (i) Show that x = 4/4-x? isa rearrangementof the equation. _[1 mark] |
F

(ii) This spreadsheet showsthefirst steps in solving the equation using

1 Show that the equation x5 — x2 — 3 = 0 has a root between x = 1 the rearrangementin part (i) as an iterative formula.
and x = 2. [2 marks]
A B
2 . .
2 The curves y = e* and y = 4 — x? intersect at the points where

x
gh)
x=aandx=b. 1.245731
Show that the x coordinates of one of these points lies between 1.245731] 1.196101
Chapter 14

1.196101] 1.207715
0.9 and 1.1.
1.207715} 1.205079
State the accuracy of the answer estimated atthis stage. [3 marks] 1.205079] 1.205681
1.205681 1.205544
1 a crosses the x-axis between
3. The function f(x) = e* - a 1.205544| 1.205575
x=1.6and x=1.7. 1.205575] 1.205568

IW—l[alm[slololnlola
Explain why a decimal search method mightfail to findic. [1 mark]
. (a) Whatstarting s value is used? 1 mark
4 Thetrapezium ruleis used to estimate the shadedareain this graph.
(b) What formula is used in cell A3? {1 mark}
(c) From the information on the spreadsheet, give the root
to an accuracy of 4 decimal places and check that
this is valid. (2 marks]
8 This spreadsheetis used to calculate the value ofan integral using the
trapezium rule with six strips.

A B ¢ dD
Wa=i

os| * 0 0
0.5 2.125] 0.53125
| x
1 3.4] 1.38125
3.825| 1.80625
wn

Is the estimate an underestimate or overestimate? 2 3.4] 1.80625

Justify your answer. [1 mark] 25 2.125] 1.38125 .
4 3 of 0.53125
mol siinlotn jola

5 The value of J, vx? + 5x +1 is to be estimated. 7.4375

Calculate an upper and lower boundfor theintegral, using (i) Whatis the width of each strip? [1 mark]
four rectangularstrips. (3 marks] (ii) State the formulain cell D5. [1 mark]
6 The graph showsthe function f(x). (iii) Write down the estimated valueofthe integral. [1 mark]

y 9 Sam is using the iterative formula

4
_ 2x, -4x,?-2 :
x
ml 3x,? — 8x, +2
to find a rootof the equation x3 — 4x2 + 2x+2=0.
Sam uses a spreadsheet and declaxes, after the iterations shown, that the root
must be 1.3111 to 4 decimal places.

Mh A B

1 |x
2 1.333333
Explain why the Newton-Raphson method mayfail to findall
3 1.333333 1.311111
of the roots off(x) = 0. [1 mark]
4 1.311111 1.311108

Is Sam correct?
Is Sam justified in making that assertion?
Justify your answers. (3 marks] - 25
 10 The equation In(x? + 1) — x’ — 0.01 = 0 hasthree distinct roots. 13 The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = x5 - 3x +1.

y (i) Show that the equation f(x) = 0 has a root in the

i

interval [—1,—2]. [2 marks]

(ii) Use the Newton-Raphson formula to show that an iteration formula
to find the roots off(x) = 0 may be written as iv)
7
Ey
_ 4x,>-1 c
x mi [3 marks] >
Be
3" i)
3
=
GiiyFind all of the roots to the equation f(x) = 0 accurate to S
2 decimalplaces. [6 marks]
14 The heightof the cross section of a tunnel at intervals of 2m are
shownin the table.
You may assumethat the walls of the tunnel are vertical for 3m
(i) Show that oneofthe roots lies between x = 0.1 and at eitherside.
x= 0.2. (2 marks]

(ii) Using a changeofsign method, determinethis root to an 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

accuracy of3 decimal places, verifying that it is accurate to
3 decimalplaces. [3 marks]
3 7.8 9.6 10.4 10.7] 10.4) 9.6 7.8 3
(iii) For each of the otherroots, determineintervals of length 0.1,
in whichtheylie. (2 marks]
(i) Use the trapezium rule with three ordinates to estimate the
(iv) Explain clearly why a decimal search method may not succeed area ofthe cross-section of the tunnel. (2 marks]
in finding all of the roots of this equation. [2 marks}
(ii) Use the trapezium rule with nine ordinates to estimate the
11 Thefunctionf(x) is defined by f(x) = xe* - 1. area ofthe cross-section of the tunnel. (2 marks]
(i) Show that thereis a root in the interval [0,1]. (2 marks] (iii) Whichis the better estimate? Justify your answer. [1 mark]
(ii) Show that the equation x = e-* has the samesolution 1
as f(x) = 0. (2 marks] 15 The curve y = e? — 2x intersects the x-axis at two points.
=xq
(iii) Using the iterative formulae x,,, = ¢ and x, =0, determine (i) Show that oneofthese points is in the interval [0,1] and find the
the root to an accuracy of 2 decimalplaces. [4 marks] interval with consecutive integer endpoints that contains the other
point ofintersection. [3 marks]
(iv) Sketch the functionsf(x) = x and g{x) = e-* and showthefirst
four iterations on your graph. [3 marks} . ay
(ii) Show that the equation e? — 2x = 0 can be rearranged into the
(v) Explain why the formulaein part (iii) took many iterations following forms.
to convergesufficiently to write down theroot to 2 decimal @ x= her
places. [1 mark]
Q x = 2In2x ‘ {2 marks]
a (vi) If you started with x, = 1, would you have‘got to the answerin part
Cd .
a (iii) more quickly? (iii) Use these rearrangements to perform iterationsto find the
a
~~ Justify your answer. [1 mark]
a two roots to an accuracy of 1 decimal place. (4 marks]
0
= 12 (i) Use the trapezium rule with three strips to estimate the (iv) Show, on a diagram, the successiveiterations thatfind the
oO
5 rootin the interval [0,1]. ° [2 marks]
value of oxo’
(v) Explain, in detail, why bothiterative formulae are needed. [4 marks]
You should show details of your method. (3 marks]
16 Use the Newton-Raphson formula to find the solution to
(ii) Establish, using a graph, whether yourestimateis an the equation x7e™* — 0.5 = 0 to 2 decimal places. [7 marks]
overestimate or an underestimate. [2 marks]

26 27
 17 Thevelocity ofa particle, at time #, is given by v = 3tcos’ 0.51.
(i) Using four rectangles in each case, find a lower bound and
Probability
an upper bound for the distance travelled, in metres, by the
particle in thefirst 7 seconds. (3 marks] Twofair, six-sided dice are thrown together.
Dis the event that both dice show the same number.
(ii) Usethe trapezium rule with five ordinates to estimate the
distance travelled, in metres, in the first # seconds. [2 marks] S is the event that the total of the two scoresis seven.

(iii) How could the estimate in part (ii) be improved? [1 mark] Show that S and D are mutually exclusive. [2 marks]
.

18 The equation x4 — 3x2 — x + 2 = 0 hastworoots. The events A and B are independent.

(i) Show that the equation can be rearrangedto give the iterative
P(A) = 0.6 and P(B) = 0.7.
formula Find P(A U B). [3 marks]
Xaet (2 marks] Three children play a game in which they takeit in turns to throw
a ring over a peg.
ii) Find the root between 0 and 1, to an accuracy of2 decimal
Xenagoesfirst and hasa probability of success of 0.5,Yolanda goes second
places, using this formula. (2 marks]
with a probability of success of 0.4, and Zac goes last with a probability of
(iii) Show, using a diagram, how this formulafails to find the success ofp.
otherrootthatis in [1,2]. [2 marks] Calculate the value ofp, given that the probability Zac is the first
to win, onhisfirst attempt,is 0.195. [3 marks]
3x, +x, —2 .
(iv) Use the iterative formula x,,, = + to determine
x Two events, A and B, have probabilities p and 2p respectively. -
the other root to an accuracy of 2 decimal places. {2 marks] The conditional probability P(A|B) = E.
Find an expression in termsofp for the probabilities
(i) P(A B) (2 marks]
(ii) P(A UB). : [2 marks]
This Venn diagram showsthe probabilities for two events, A and B,
andtheir intersections.

A . on

3
12

Determine whetherthe events are independent,mutually exclusive

J or neither. [4 marks]
=-
i
0 Thetree diagram shows the probability of meeting a red light at two sets of
-
a traffic lights on the sameroad.
0
ts green
Lo)
not green

reen
not 8
green
not green

The probability of the first set being green is 0.4.

Whenthefirst set is green, the probability of the second set not being
greenis 0.3.
Whenthefirst set is not green, the secondsetis equally likely to be
green ornot.
Complete the tree diagram andcalculate the probability of meeting a
28 green light at the second set. (4 marks] * 29