11

DISASTER READINESS
AND RISK REDUCTION
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Geological Maps and Mitigation Strategies
Quarter 2- Week 2
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction – Grade 11/12
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Geological Maps and Mitigation Strategies
Quarter 2- Week 2

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Guided Learning Activity Kit Development Team

Writer: Edison Villa
Editor: Christian Dolojan
Reviewer: Lorrine I. Asada
Graphic Artist: Marc Joel P. Reyes

Management Team: Leonardo D. Zapanta EdD, CESO V

Michelle Ablian-Mejica EdD
Manolito B. Basilio EdD
Evelyn D. Tarrayo EdD
Garry M. Achacoso
Rachelle C. Diviva

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education

Region III
Schools Division of Zambales
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Website: www.depedzambales.gov.ph
 GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND
MITIGATION STRATEGIES

Introduction

Have you ever seen a map in your community or in the Barangay hall? What
do you think is the purpose of a map?

This time, we will discuss the lessons on how to interpret geological maps and
how to apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and properties. Basically,
the term “map” is a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place,
usually drawn on a flat surface; while the term “mitigation”, on the other hand, is
the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something. In
planning for the disaster preparedness and risk reduction, we need to secure a copy
of geological map to identify the subject or the target zone.

Learning Competencies

• Interpret geological maps. DRR11/12-IIa-b-30

• Apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and properties.
DRR11/12-IIa-b-30

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. identify the different elements of a geohazard map;
2. interpret geohazard maps provided by the mines and Geosciences
Bureau to identify areas prone to landslide and flooding;
4. identify possible safe evacuation routes in case of landslide and floods;
5. define mitigation strategies;
6. enumerate the different types of mitigation strategies; and
7. apply mitigation strategies.

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 Review

Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answer on
your answer sheet.
1. Geological hazards are events that involve the energy transformation of masses of
soil, rocks, the lithosphere and water in various combinations and conditions.
2. Landslides occur when masses of rock, soil, or debris move up a slope under the
force of gravity.
3. Heavy rainfall and/or rapid snowmelt can decrease driving force.
4. Building retaining walls can increase resisting forces.
5. Cover-collapse sinkholes may be developed abruptly (over a period of hours) and
can cause catastrophic damages.

Discussion

GEOHAZARD MAP
A geological hazard map (or geohazard map) is a map which indicates the
areas vulnerable to hazards caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
landslides. It is a tool used by scientists and local government authorities to predict
any hazard that a geological event may bring. It also helps the public be informed
and prepared for the geological hazard.

Elements of Geohazard Map

I. Title - The map title indicates what type of information is being presented by the
map. For example, the title “tsunami-prone areas” indicates that the map presents
the places along the coastal areas that are prone to tsunami hazards.
II. Orientation Compass - A map represents the real world. By orienting a map, you
are positioning it, so its North is actually pointing north. When you orient a map and
know where you are on the map, you can look in a certain direction and see a real
landmark and find it on the map.
III. Legend - This tells you specifically what the symbols found on a map mean.
IV. Map Ruler – This allows you to easily measure the distance and the area
between selected points on a map.

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V. Coordinates – These are linear and/or angular quantities that designate the
position of a point in relation to a given reference frame. In a two-dimensional plane,
x and y are commonly used to designate coordinates of a
point. Latitude and longitude are used together to specify the coordinates of a
precise location on the Earth. GIS and GPS are useful tools in finding the
longitude/latitude coordinates of locations on the Earth.
Below is an example of geohazard map of Zambales with legend.

Legend:
High susceptibility to landslide
Areas with high landslide susceptibility rating have active/recent
landslides and tension cracks that would directly affect the community. Those with
steep slopes and drainages that are prone to landslide damming are also highly
susceptible to landslide.

Moderate susceptibility to landslide

Areas with moderate landslide susceptibility rating have inactive/old
landslide and tension cracks which are located away from the community. These
areas usually have moderate slopes.

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 Low susceptibility to landslide
Areas with low to gentle slopes and lacking tension cracks have low
landslide susceptibility rating.

High susceptibility to flooding

Areas with greater than 1.0 meter flood height. These areas are
immediately flooded during heavy rains of several hours. Landforms of
topographic lows such as active river channels, abandoned river channels and areas
along river banks are also prone to flashfloods.

Moderate susceptibility to flooding

Areas with 0.5 to 1.0 meter flood height which are subjected to
widespread inundation during prolonged and extensive heavy rainfall or extreme
weather condition. Fluvial terraces, alluvial fans, and infilled valleys are areas
moderately subjected to flooding.

Low susceptibility to flooding

Areas with 0 to 0.5 meter flood height such as low hills and gentle slopes.
They also have sparse to moderate drainage density.

Hazard maps are produced by government agencies like PHIVOLCS

(Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology), DOST (Department of Science
and Technology), and DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources).
Private research institutes like the Manila Observatory also generate maps. With the
use of the Internet, these maps can be viewed online on their websites.

Areas Generally Prone to Landslide Hazards

• On existing old landslides.
• On or at the base of slopes.
• In or at the base of minor drainage hollows.
• At the base or top of an old fill slope.
• At the base or top of a steep cut slope.
• Developed hillsides where leach field septic systems are used.

Areas Typically Considered Safe from Landslides

• On hard, non-jointed bedrock that has not moved in the past.
• On relatively flat-lying areas away from sudden changes in slope angle.
• At the top or along the nose of ridges, set back from the tops of slopes.

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MITIGATION STRATEGY
This refers to the strategy to reduce the risk (the severity of the impact and/or
probability of the occurrence).

Mitigation Actions
A mitigation action is a specific action, project, activity, or process taken to
reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from hazards and their
impacts. Implementing mitigation actions helps achieve the plan’s mission and
goals. The actions to reduce vulnerability to threats and hazards form the core of the
plan and are a key outcome of the planning process.

The primary types of mitigation actions to reduce long-term vulnerability are:

1. Local Plans and Regulations. The plan should identify current development
patterns and trends as well as areas where future development should and should
not occur. The plan should include policies and ordinances that steer development
away from hazard-prone areas, such as floodplains, to avoid putting people and
property at risk.

Examples include comprehensive plans, land use ordinances, subdivision

regulations, development review, building codes and enforcement, NFIP community
rating system, capital improvement programs, open space preservation, and
stormwater management regulations and master plans.

2. Structure and Infrastructure Projects. These actions involve modifying existing

structures and infrastructure to protect them from a hazard or remove them from a
hazard area. This could apply to public or private structures as well as critical
facilities and infrastructure. This type of action also involves projects to construct
manmade structures to reduce the impact of hazards.

Examples include acquisitions and elevations of structures in flood prone areas,

utility undergrounding, structural retrofits, floodwalls and retaining walls, detention
and retention structures, culverts, and safe rooms.

3. Natural Systems Protection. These are actions that minimize damage and losses
and that also preserve or restore the functions of natural systems.

Examples include sediment and erosion control, stream corridor restoration,

forest management, conservation easements, and wetland restoration and
preservation.

4. Education and Awareness Programs. These are actions to inform and educate
citizens, elected officials, and property owners about hazards and potential ways to
mitigate them.

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 Examples include radio or television spots, websites with maps and information,
real estate disclosure, presentations to school groups or neighborhood organizations,
and mailings to residents in hazard prone areas.

5. Preparedness and Response Actions. When analyzing risks and identifying

mitigation actions, the planning team may also identify emergency response or
operational preparedness actions.

Examples include creating mutual aid agreements with neighboring

communities to meet emergency response needs, purchasing radio communications
equipment for the fire department, and developing procedures for notifying citizens
of available shelter locations during and following an event.

Activities

Guided Practice 1

Element of Geological Hazard Map

Directions: Identify what is described by each statement below. Choose the letter of
your answer inside the box and write it on your answer sheet.

1. This allows you to easily measure the distance and the area between selected
points on a map.

2. Indicates what type of information is being presented by the map.

3. Tells you specifically what the symbols found on a map mean.

4. An element of a geohazard map that points the actual geographical North and is
used to see your location, look in a certain direction and see a real landmark.

5. Linear and/or angular quantities that designate the position of a point in relation
to a given reference frame.

a. Title b. Orientation compass c. Legend

d. Map ruler e. Coordinates

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Guided Practice 2
Interpreting Geohazard Maps
Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write your answer on your answer
sheet.

Column A Column B
a.
1. Areas with low to gentle slopes and lacking tension cracks
have low landslide susceptibility rating.

2. Areas with 0.5 to 1.0 meter flood height which are subjected
b.
to widespread inundation during prolonged and extensive
heavy rainfall or extreme weather condition.

3. Areas with high landslide susceptibility rating have

c.
active/recent landslides and tension cracks that would directly
affect the community.

4. Areas with greater than 1 meter flood height. These areas are
d.
immediately flooded during heavy rains of several hours.

5. Areas with 0 to 0.5 meter flood height such as low hills and
gentle slopes. They also have sparse to moderate drainage e.
density.

6. Areas with moderate landslide susceptibility rating have

inactive/old landslide and tension cracks which are located f.
away from the community.

Independent Practice
Directions: Given the Figures 1 and 2 below, answer the following questions. Write
your answers on your answer sheet.

For Figure No. 1

1. Which municipality is the most susceptible to ground shaking hazard?

2. Which municipality is the least susceptible to ground shaking hazard?

3. Which side of the province of Zambales is more susceptible to ground shaking

hazard? (choose between Western and Eastern parts)

4. What is the title of the map in Figure No. 1?

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5. What are the tools and equipments used to generate an earthquake/ground
shaking hazard?

For Figure No. 2

1. What are the top 3 municipalities that are more susceptible to rain-induced
landslide?
2. Which side of Palauig has low susceptibility in rain-induced landslide? (choose
between Eastern and Western parts)
3. What are the 2 municipalities that have moderate susceptibility to rain-induced
landslide?
4. Which municipality has low susceptibility to rain-induced landslide?
5. What are the common causes of areas with high landslide susceptibility rating?

Figure No. 1 Figure No. 2

Figure No. 2

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 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on your answer sheet.

1. What is a geological hazard map?

A. A map that shows the potential mining areas in different regions of the country.
B. A map that shows the areas prone to hazards brought by geological events.
C. A map that shows the number of geologists based on specific areas.
D. A map that shows the geographic features of an area.

2. Which of the following Philippine agencies and institutes produce(s) geological

hazard maps?
I. Department of Agriculture
II. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
III. Department of Trade and Industry
IV. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
A. I only B. II only C. I and II D. II and IV

3. What area is safe for landslide?

A. On existing old landslide
B. On relative flat lying areas away from sudden changes in slope angle
C. At the base or top of an old fill slope
D. On or at the base of slopes

4. What is the goal of applying mitigation strategy in the community or any

institution?
A. To eradicate danger C. To reduce the risk
B. To eliminate hazards D. To save money

5. Building floodwalls and retaining walls are examples of what type of mitigation
action/Strategy?
A. Local plans and regulations C. Education and awareness programs
B. Natural systems protection D. Structure and infrastructure projects

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Directions: Identify the following types of mitigation actions/strategies. Write your
answer on your answer sheet.
6. These are actions that minimize damage and losses.
7. Also known as emergency response or operational preparedness action.
8. Actions to inform and educate citizens, elected officials, and property owners
about hazards and potential ways to mitigate them.
9. Actions of making a plan that include policies and ordinances.
10. Actions that involve modifying existing structures and infrastructure.

Reflection

Directions: Locate your municipality from Figures 1 and 2 found at the Independent
Practice part of this Guided Learning Activity Kit. Make an assessment based on the
ground shaking hazard map and the rain-induced landslide hazard map of
Zambales. After making an assessment, make your own plan for the disaster
preparedness or readiness in your community by applying five (5) mitigation/actions
strategies that we have just discussed. Note: Your plan must be Specific,
Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Timebound (SMART).

Rubrics/Scoring
Scoring

Criteria
Excellent Very Satisfactory Satisfactory

(5 pts.) (3-4 pts.) (1-2 pts.)

Local Plans and Regulations

Structure and Infrastructure Projects

Natural Systems Protection

Education and Awareness Programs

Preparedness and Response Actions

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 References

"Alyansa Tigil Mina". 2020. Web.Facebook.Com.

https://web.facebook.com/alyansatigilmina/posts/this-landslide-and-
flood-susceptibility-map-of-sta-cruz-quadrangle-and-masinloc-
/1603370826428242/?_rdc=1&_rdr.

"Beyond the Basics | Types Of Mitigation Actions". 2020. Mitigationguide.Org.

http://mitigationguide.org/task-6/mitigation-actions/.

"HYDN Publishing - Maps, Charts, Educational Materials".

2020. Hydnpublishing.Com. http://www.hydnpublishing.com/.

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Review: Independent Practice
1. T 1. Botolan
2. F 2. Subic or Cabangan
3. F 3. Eastern
4. T 4. Ground shaking map of Zambales
5. T 5. Seismological software, available
topographic maps, earthquake and geologic
Guided Practice 1: information and results of surveys conducted
1. d in the study area
2. a 6. Cabangan, Palauig, Masinloc
3. c 7. Western
4. b 8. Subic and Sta Cruz
5. e 9. Botolan
10. Active/recent landslide and tension
Guided Practice 2: tracks
1. c
2. e Assessment
3. a 1. B
4. f 2. D
5. d 3. B
6. b 4. C
5. D
6. Natural systems protection
7. Preparedness and response action
8. Election and awareness programs
9. Local plans and regulations
10. Structure and infrastructure projects
Key to Corrections
 Acknowledgment

The Schools Division of Zambales would like to express its heartfelt gratitude
to the following, who in one way or the other, have contributed to the successful
preparation, development, quality assurance, printing, and distribution of the
Quarter 2 Guided Learning Activity Kits (GLAKs) in all learning areas across grade
levels as a response to providing the learners with developmentally-appropriate,
contextualized and simplified learning resources with most essential learning
competencies (MELCs)-based activities anchored on the principles of guided learning
and explicit instruction:

First, the Learning Resources (LR) Development Team composed of the writers
and graphic artists for devoting much of their time and exhausting their best efforts
to produce these indispensable learning kits used for the implementation of learning
delivery modalities.

Second, the content editors, language reviewers, and layout evaluators

making up the Division Quality Assurance Team (DQAT) for having carefully
evaluated all GLAKs to ensure quality and compliance to DepEd standards.

Third, the Provincial Government of Zambales, for unceasingly extending its

financial assistance to augment the funds for the printing of these learning resources
for use by learners and parents at home.

Fourth, the teacher-advisers and subject teachers, in close coordination with

the school heads, for their weekly distribution and retrieval of the GLAKs and for
their frequent monitoring of the learners’ progress through various means; and

Finally, the parents and other home learning facilitators for giving the learners
the needed guidance and support for them to possibly accomplish the tasks and for
gradually helping them become independent learners.

To deliver learning continuity in this challenging circumstance would not be

possible without your collective effort and strong commitment to serving our
Zambaleño learners.

Again, our sincerest thanks!

The Management Team

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III - Schools Division of Zambales

Learning Resources Management Section (LRMS)
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391