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Cycle 2 Second Half

The document describes an experiment to design and realize active second order Butterworth low pass and high pass filters. The aim is to use op-amps, resistors and capacitors to build these filters. For the low pass filter, the cutoff frequency is designed to be 10 kHz. For the high pass filter, the cutoff frequency is 5 kHz. The procedures describe testing components, connecting the circuit, observing output voltage and gain vs. frequency, and determining cutoff frequency and bandwidth. Design equations and applications of these filters are also provided. The result is the successful design and realization of the second order Butterworth low pass and high pass filters.

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Nithyashree M
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33 views8 pages

Cycle 2 Second Half

The document describes an experiment to design and realize active second order Butterworth low pass and high pass filters. The aim is to use op-amps, resistors and capacitors to build these filters. For the low pass filter, the cutoff frequency is designed to be 10 kHz. For the high pass filter, the cutoff frequency is 5 kHz. The procedures describe testing components, connecting the circuit, observing output voltage and gain vs. frequency, and determining cutoff frequency and bandwidth. Design equations and applications of these filters are also provided. The result is the successful design and realization of the second order Butterworth low pass and high pass filters.

Uploaded by

Nithyashree M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No.

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Active second order Butterworth low pass and high pass filters.
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To design and realize active second order Butterworth low pass
and high pass filters.
COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENTS: Op-amp µA741, Resistors, Capacitors, Connecting Wires.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (i) : Second order Butterworth Low Pass Filter

R2 = R3 = 1.59K, C1 = C2 = 0.01µf

DESIGN: For a cut off frequency, fc = 10 KHz


1
1. f c = , Assume C=0.01f, R = 1.59K
2 πRC

Choose R=1.5K ∴ For R=1.5K  and C=0.01F, fc =10.6K Hz


Rf
2. Gain of Noninverting amplifier Av = 1+ 1
R
For second order butter worth filter, Gain =1.586

Choosing R1= 10K, Rf = 5.86K


Note:

Gain of the filter,Av

Vo Av 1
= and fC =
Vi √ 1+ ( f /fc )2 2 π √ R 2 R 3 C 1C 2
R2=R3=R, C1=C2=C
PROCEDURE:

1. Test the correctness of each component.


2. Connect the Components as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Set Vp-p >1 or 2V.
4. Observe a graph of Gain Vs Frequency and output voltage vs frequency.
5. Determine the cutoff frequency & Bandwidth .

TABULAR COLUMN:

Vin = ____ V

Frequency Vout Gain (Av)=Vout/Vin Gain(dB)=20logAv

Theoretical Practical

Cutoff Frequency

Pass band Gain


About Low Pass Filter

LPF is a circuit which passes all the frequency components below a particular frequency (called
cutoff frequency fc) and attenuates all higher frequency components. The rate at which it attenuates
frequencies higher than fc depends on the order of the filter. In general roll off rate is 20xn dB.
Where n is the order of the filter. Order of any filter indicates the number of poles present in the
transfer function of that filter. Hence second order filter has two poles in its transfer function.
Frequency response of an idle LPF is as shown.
Gain

PB SB
Frequency

f<fc f=fc f>fc

Roll off rate for an ideal filter is Infinite it is not practically possible to implement such a filter as
such a system is non causal (i.e., inverse Fourier transform of such a response is a sync function,
which is non causal and hence cannot be realized practically). An active filter is the one which uses
active components like transistors, op-amps etc. Whereas passive filters are implemented only using
passive components i.e., R, L& C.
Applications:

LPF are widely used in communication i.e., during demodulation of signals, it is used for anti-
aliasing in A/D converters; it is used in PCM to band limit the voice signal.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (ii) : Second order butterworth High Pass Filter

DESIGN:
For a cut off frequency of fC = 5 KHz

1. fc = 1/2πRC
Assume C=0.01F

R=3.18K

Choose R=3.3K

∴ For R=3.3K and C=0.01F, fc =4.8 KHz

Rf
2, Gain of Noninverting amplifier Av=1+ R 1
For second order filter, Gain =1.586
Choosing R1= 10K, Rf = 5.86K

Vo Av 1
=¿ and fc =
Vi √1+ ( fc/f )2 2 π √ R 2 R 3 C 1C 2

R2=R3=R, C1=C2=C
TABULAR COLUMN: Vin= ________V

Frequency Vout Gain (Av)=Vout/Vin Gain(dB)=20logAv

Theoretical Practical

Cutoff Frequency

Pass band Gain

About High Pass Filter

HPF is a circuit which passes all the frequency components above a particular frequency (called
cutoff frequency fc) and attenuates all low frequency components. The rate at which it attenuates
frequencies lower than fc depends on the order of the filter. In general roll off rate is 10xn
dB/Decade or 3xn dB/Octave where n is the order of the filter. Order of any filter indicates the
number of poles present in the transfer function of that filter. Hence second order filter has two poles
in its transfer function Frequency response of an idle HPF is as shown.

Gain

SB PB
Frequency

f<fc f=fc f>fc

Roll off rate for an ideal filter is Infinite it is not practically possible to implement such a filter as
such a system is non causal (i.e., inverse Fourier transform of such a response is a sync function,
which is non causal and hence cannot be realized practically). An active filter is the one which uses
active components like transistors, op-amps etc. Whereas passive filters are implemented only using
passive components i.e., R, L & C.

Application: HPF is used in communication systems to remove low frequency noise and dc
components. They are extensively used in Bio-medical signal processing.

RESULT: Designed and realized Second order Butterworth Low Pass and High
Pass Filter.
Simulation of Active second order Butterworth low pass and high pass filters:/* for your
reference*/
1. Gain vs frequency plot
2. Output voltage Vo vs frequency plot

Follow same procedure for high pass filter:

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