EE 240 Circuits I

Dr. Zubair Khalid

Department of Electrical Engineering

School of Science and Engineering
Lahore University of Management Sciences

https://www.zubairkhalid.org/ee240_2021.html

- Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem

- Equivalent Circuit
Thevenin’s Theorem
Overview
Circuit with A Circuit
Thevenin theorem is used to change a complicated multiple
circuit into a simple equivalent circuit consisting of
(complicated
resistances,
a single voltage source, referred to as Thevenin voltage sources
network or as
voltage Vth in series with a single resistance, and current
simple as a
referred to as Thevenin Resistance Rth. B
single element)
sources

Thevenin Theorem Statement: Thevenin

Equivalent
Any circuit containing only resistances, voltage
sources, and current sources be replaced at the
terminals A-B by an equivalent combination of a
voltage source Vth in a series connection with a A Circuit
resistance Rth. (complicated
network or as
simple as a
B
single element)
Thevenin’s Theorem
How to Obtain Thevenin Equivalent
Circuit with A
multiple
Key Idea: Use the concept of equivalence: same current
and voltage characteristics across terminals A-B. resistances,
voltage sources
and current
Only keep the circuit for which we want to find the
sources B
equivalent circuit; disconnect the rest of the circuit.

Thevenin
Equivalent

We will learn different methods to obtain Thevenin

Resistance.
B
Thevenin’s Theorem
How to Obtain Thevenin Equivalent
Circuit with A
multiple
Method 1: resistances,
voltage sources
- Switch off the independent sources and determine and current
the equivalent resistance across terminals A and B. sources B

Method 2: Thevenin
Equivalent
- Short-circuit terminals A and B and determine the
current flowing from A to B, referred to as ISC.
A
- Using this current, we can determine Rth as

B
Thevenin’s Theorem
How to Obtain Thevenin Equivalent

Method 3:

- Switch off the independent sources

A
- Connect a test source across terminals A-B Circuit with multiple
resistances, voltage
sources and current
- If 1V (known) voltage test-source is connected: sources
(Independent sources
switched off)
B

- If 1A (known) current test-source is connected: Circuit with multiple

resistances, voltage
A
sources and current
sources
(Independent sources
switched off)

B
Thevenin’s Theorem
How to Obtain Thevenin Equivalent

Which method to use?

Independent Dependent Method - can be used Justification

sources sources

✓  Methods 1, 2 and 3

✓ ✓ Methods 2 and 3 Method 1 cannot be used due to the presence of

dependent sources

 ✓ Method 3 No independent source driving Vth or ISC

  Methods 1 and 3 No independent source driving Vth or ISC

Note: Equivalent circuit does not have the voltage source if there is no
independent source in the circuit.
Norton’s Theorem
Norton theorem is used to change a complicated
circuit into a simple equivalent circuit consisting of Circuit with A Circuit
a single current source, referred to as Norton multiple
current voltage IN in parallel with a single (complicated
resistances,
resistance (the same as Thevenin Resistance Rth , voltage sources
network or as
explained below). and current
simple as a
B
single element)
sources
- The value of the Norton current is one that flows
from terminal A to B when the two terminals
are shorted together. This is in fact Isc, that is Norton
short-circuit current. Equivalent

- The resistance represents the resistance looking

back into the terminals when source is switched
A
off. This is in fact Thevenin Resistance. Circuit
(complicated
Connection with the Thevenin’s Theorem network or as
The source transformation of Thevenin’s equivalent simple as a
yields Norton’s equivalent and vice versa. single element)
B
Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 1: Find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
for the following circuit across terminals a-b.
Thevenin’s Theorem 3 2 4
a
Example 2: Find Vo using Thevenin’s theorem.

We will use Thevenin’s theorem twice here. 6 8

Obtaining Thevenin equivalent across terminals a-b: 2
b

Obtaining Thevenin equivalent across terminals a’-b’:

 and Norton's Theorems
Problems In class

Example 3: Find Io

3 4

6A
2
6

1
EE240 Circuits I
 and Norton's Theorems
Problems In class

2
EE240 Circuits I
 and Norton's Theorems
Problems In class
Example 4: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the following circuit with respect
to the terminals AB (Irwin Example 5.8)

1
2 1

1 2

EE240 Circuits I 3
 and Norton's Theorems
Problems In class
Example 5: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the following circuit with respect
to the terminals AB (Irwin E 5.13)

2 2

EE240 Circuits I 4
 and Norton's Theorems
Problems In class

Example 6: Find Io

EE240 Circuits I 5
 and Norton's Theorems
Problems In class

Determine Voc first:

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 and Norton's Theorems
Problems In class

Determine Isc

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 and Norton's Theorems
Problems In class

Using equivalent circuits to determine Io

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 and Norton's Theorems
Problems In class
Example 7: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the following circuit with respect
to the terminals a,b

EE240 Circuits I 9
 and Norton's Theorems
Problems In class

Example 8: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the following circuit with respect
to the terminals a,b

10
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EE240 Circuits I