22.1 Setting up equations to solve problems ‘© Youtcan setup your own equations and use them to solve problems that have a umber as an answer ‘© the first step in seting up an equation isto work out what needs tobe calculated, Represent this amount using a variable (usually 3). You then construct an equation using the information you ae given and solve itto find the answer. ‘© For some problems you might need to set up two equations (using x and y and solve them simultaneously to find the solutions. ‘© Some problems might involve squared values and you may need to derive and solve quadratic equations to find the solutions. Bear in mind that fr some real if situations you cannot have a negative solution. = Exercise 22.1 A Tip When you nae to give 1A rectangle is dem longer than it is wide, Ifthe rectangle fs xem Tong, write down: 2 formula, you should ‘athe width (in terms of x) a formula for calculating the perimeter (P) ofthe rectangle. ‘¢ a formsla for finding the area (A) ofthe rectangle in simplest terms, 2. Taree numbers are represented by x, 3x and x + 2. 42 Writea formula for finding the sum (S) ofthe three numbers. b Write a formula for Gnding the mean () of the three numbers. 3 The smallest of three consecutive numbers is x ‘a Express the other two numbers in terms of x Write a formula for nding the sum (S) of the numbers. 4 Sammy is two years older than Max. Tayo is three years younger than Max. f Max is years write dow: Tip Secs age in tein of & Tse isusualyone ward b Taye agen term of or short statement inthe formula for finding the combined ages of the three boy. Problem that means qual {6 Examples are: tol Exercise 22.1 B fives, the answer is, the Festi producti and. | 4. there re 12 mote ils than boy in also 40 sade, How many boys ae there 2. Arectangle has an area of 36cm! and the breadth is 4.em. Find the length of the rectangle. Unit 6: Algebran B “There are ten times as many silver cars than red cars in a parking area, If there 88 silver and red cars altogether, find the number of cars of each colour. ‘Nadir is 25 years younger than her father. Nadas mother is two years younger than her father. Together Nadia, her mother and father have a combined age of 78. Work out their ages. “The perimeter of a parallelogram is 104m. Ifthe length is three times the breadth, calculate the dimensions ofthe parallelogram. “Three items, X, ¥ and Z are such that the price of ¥ is 90c more than the price of X and the price of Zs 60c cheaper than the price of X, Two of item X plus three of tem ¥ plus six of item Z.cost $9. What isthe price ofeach item? Rushdi’s father is presently five times his age. In three years’ time, he will be four times Rushdi age. How old is Rushdi now? A concert ticket costs $25. Pensioners and students pay $15. For one performance, 32 more discount tickets than regular priced tickets were sold atthe door. IF $4360 was collected, hhow many regular priced tickets were sold? “The sum of two numbers is 112 and their difference is 22. Write two equations and solve them to find the two numbers. A gardener has 60 metres of fencing which she uses to mark the boundaries ofa rectangular plot of land with its width Sim shorter than its length. ‘Write an equation in terms of x, and solve itt find the length and width of the plot. “The dilference between two numbers, x and y, is 11, The sum of four times x and three limes y is 58, Find the values of x and y “The sum ofthe squares of two consecutive integers is 145. What could the two integers be? Determine algebraically where the following graphs would intersect. I necessary, give your answer to 3 significant figures. a yoxtlandy=- 3x44 b y=2eandy- © yadoxand 2 +2xy=2 22.2 Using and transforming formulae © Tochange the subject ofa formula ~ expand to get rid of any brackets = use inverse operations to isolate the variable you require ‘© When a formula contains squared terms or square roots, remember that a squared number has both a negative and a positive root. (© The variable that isto be made the subject may occur more than once inthe formila, If this is the case, gather the like terms and factorise before you express the formula in terms of the subject variable. Unit 6: AlgebraCambridge IGCSE® Mathematics co Exercise 22.2 Yau have met his topic in chapler 6 This exercise uses 1 The variable that needs tobe the subject isin brackets the seme pncpes to transform Change the subject of each formula to that variable Sigty me camps a UsteVew w formas baviw-u-r « ® 4 © . @ f @ 8 @ h ® i ® i © k @ 2 Ohm laws formula that inks voltage (V), current (0) and resistance (). Given that V= RI: a change the subject of the formula to 1 find the current (in amps) fora voltage of $0 vols and a resistance of 25 ohms 3 The ares ofa circle canbe found using the formula A = n 4 Change the subject ofthe formal or Fin the length ofthe radius ofa circle wth an area of 100mn®. Give your answer correct to thre sigaiigat gues 4 “The formula for finding degrees Celsius from degrees Fahrenheit is C= 3(F—32) 4 Make Fthe subject ofthe formule bb Find the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit when itis 27°C «©The temperstare in Kevin canbe found wsing the formola, K C4273, where Kis the temperature in Kelvin and Cis the temperature in degrees Celsius. Use this information together with the previous formila, as necessary, to find the Kelvin equivalent of 12°F, 22.3 Functions and function notation ‘© A function isa rue (or set of instructions) for changing an input value into an output value © The symbol f(x) i used to denote a function of x. This is called function notation. For example: f(x) © Tofind the value ofa function, such as (3), you substitute the given number for x and calculate the value ofthe expression, ‘© A composite function is a combination of two or more functions. The order in which the functions are written is important: gf means fist apply fand then apply g ‘© The notation for the inverse of a function of fis f. This s read as inverse. You can think of the inverse of a function as its reverse. Applying the inverse means working backwards and undoing (doing the inverse) ofeach operation, Unit 6: Algebra