History of DBMS

Here, are the important landmarks from the history:

· 1960 - Charles Bachman designed first DBMS system
· 1970 - Codd introduced IBM'S Information Management System (IMS)
· 1976- Peter Chen coined and defined the Entity-relationship model also know as the ER model
· 1980 - Relational Model becomes a widely accepted database component
· 1985- Object-oriented DBMS develops.
· 1990s- Incorporation of object-orientation in relational DBMS.

· 1991- Microsoft ships MS access, a personal DBMS and that displaces all other personal DBMS
products.
· 1995: First Internet database applications
· 1997: XML applied to database processing. Many vendors begin to integrate XML into DBMS products.
Popular DBMS Software

Here, is the list of some popular DBMS system:

· MySQL
· Microsoft Access
· Oracle
· PostgreSQL
· dBASE
· FoxPro
· SQLite
· IBM DB2
· LibreOffice Base
· MariaDB
· Microsoft SQL Server etc.
Application of DBMS

Sector Use of DBMS

Banking For customer information, account activities, payments,

deposits, loans, etc.

Airlines For reservations and schedule information.

Universities For student information, course registrations, colleges and

grades.

Telecommunication It helps to keep call records, monthly bills, maintaining

balances, etc.

Finance For storing information about stock, sales, and purchases

of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.

Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales information.

Manufacturing It is used for the management of supply chain and for
tracking production of items. Inventories status in
warehouses.

HR Management For information about employees, salaries, payroll,

deduction, generation of paychecks, etc.

Types of DBMS

Four Types of DBMS systems are:

· Hierarchical, Network, Relational & Object-Oriented DBMS

Hierarchical DBMS

In a Hierarchical database, model data is organized in a tree-like structure. Data is Stored Hierarchically (top down or
bottom up) format. Data is represented using a parent-child relationship. In Hierarchical DBMS parent may have
many children, but children have only one parent.
Network Model

The network database model allows each child to have multiple parents. It helps you to address the need to model
more complex relationships like as the orders/parts many-to-many relationship. In this model, entities are organized
in a graph which can be accessed through several paths.
Relational model

Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the easiest. This model is based on
normalizing data in the rows and columns of the tables. Relational model stored in fixed structures and manipulated
using SQL.
Object-Oriented Model

In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects. The structure which is called classes which display data
within it. It defines a database as a collection of objects which stores both data members values and operations.
Advantages of DBMS

· DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data

· DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications using the same data
· Uniform administration procedures for data
· Application programmers never exposed to details of data representation and storage.
· A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data efficiently.
· Offers Data Integrity and Security
· The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection against prohibited access to
data.
· A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that only one user can access the
same data at a time
· Reduced Application Development Time

Disadvantage of DBMS
DBMS may offer plenty of advantages but, it has certain flaws-
· Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the budget of your
organization.

· Most database management systems are often complex systems, so the training for users to use the
DBMS is required.

· In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single database which can be damaged because of
electric failure or database is corrupted on the storage media
· Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes lead to the loss of some data.
· DBMS can't perform sophisticated calculations
When not to use a DBMS system?

Although, DBMS system is useful. It is still not suited for specific task mentioned below:

Not recommended when you do not have the budget or the expertise to operate a DBMS. In such cases,
Excel/CSV/Flat Files could do just fine.

The problem arises because of incompatibility between data structures of programming language and
database management structures is called. Structural dependency problem

The type of function which allows performing additional operations and sending messages to other
tables in database program is considered as trigger

The users that maintain databases with the help of readymade program packages are considered as
standalone users

The same class objects are arranged and organized in a way called hierarchies acyclic graphs

The files used for speedy disk search by providing the specialized structures of data are classified as
indexes

The person who implements the specifications of the database programs is considered as software
engineer’s application programmer’s software developers

The DBMS in which the systems involved are coupled together while having local autonomy is classified
as federated DBMS

Atomicity − this property states that a transaction must be treated as an atomic unit, that is, either all of
its operations are executed or none.

This property is called program-data independence. The characteristic that allows program-data
independence and program-orientation independence is called data abstraction.

The specification given to database management system regarding the data whether it is string, integers
or special characters is classified as Type of data stored