See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/267970881

Family planning service utilization in Mojo town, Ethiopia: A population based

study

Article · January 2011

CITATIONS READS

70 15,152

2 authors, including:

Nigatu Regassa Geda

University of Saskatchewan
77 PUBLICATIONS 1,459 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Nigatu Regassa Geda on 15 December 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Vol. 4(6), pp. 355-363, June 2011
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JGRP
ISSN 2070-1845 ©2011 Academic Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Family planning service utilization in Mojo town,

Ethiopia: A population based study
Abebe Gizaw1 and Nigatu Regassa2*
1
Addis Ababa University, Institute of Population Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2
Hawassa University, Institute of Environment, Gender and Development, P. O. Box 679, Hawassa, SNNPR, Ethiopia.
Accepted 29 April, 2011

This cross-sectional study aims at identifying the demographic and socio economic barriers to family
planning services utilization in Mojo town, Oromiya region of Ethiopia. The study used data collected
from 551 women respondents (age 15 to 49) selected through systematic random sampling techniques.
Data were analyzed using both univariate and multi-variate (logistic regression) statistical techniques.
The findings of the study revealed that the level of knowledge and approval of family planning were
high, 91.5 and 82.2% respectively. However, the actual practice of family planning methods was found
to be low where only 38.3 were using any family planning method at the time of the survey. The most
common methods for both ever and current users were injectable, pills and condom, whereas the most
common source of family planning information was reported to be clinics. The logistic regression
model showed that the likelihood of family planning service utilization is higher for those with higher
parity, literate, approved use of family planning methods, discussed with husband/partners and those
exposed to mass media. Fertility related, opposition, methods related, and access to
sources/knowledge were reported reasons by non-users. Finally, based on the key findings of the
study, some plausible recommendations were given which includes: educating potential users about
the benefits of family planning, intensive male-targeted information, improving accessibility and
availability of contraceptives and building the capacity of service providers at the institutional level.

Key words: Barriers, contraceptive, service utilization, determinants, Mojo town.

INTRODUCTION

Family planning (FP) could prevent as many as one in during the last few decades. The country began family
every three maternal deaths by allowing women to delay planning services through Family Guidance Association
motherhood, space birth, avoid unintended pregnancies of Ethio-pia, established in 1966. However, the fertility
and abortion and stop childbearing when they reached regulation efforts made so far in Ethiopia through Family
their desired family size (Carl et al., 2008). Evidence Guidance Association and other organizations are
suggests that more than half of all couples in the minimal (UN, 1998). Ethiopian Demographic and Health
developing world are using family planning to delay, Survey of 2005 revealed that knowledge of contraception
space or limit future pregnancies, yet the need for FP has remained consistently high in Ethiopia over the past
keeps increasing as the number of women of repro- five years with 88% of currently married women having
ductive age continues to grow. An estimated 137 million heard of at least one method of contraception. However,
women worldwide have unmet need for FP, that is, they actual contraceptive practice among women of
are not using any method and report that they wan to reproductive age group remained very low (CSA and
avoid pregnancy (Rhoda et al., 2009). Macro, 2006). This high knowledge with low utilization
Ethiopia is one of the developing countries where rate is mainly because of different barriers to decision on
population issue has become a major area of concern use of contraceptives.
During the last few years, studies have documented
that FP service is influenced by various factors which
includes demographic characteristics, psychological,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 251- knowledge and attitudinal factors and the like (Ibnouf,
046-2203801. 2007; Nidiaye, 2003; Tawiah, 1997; Agyei and Migadde,
356 J. Geogr. Reg. Plann.

1995). Others are social factors such as the organization Log [P / 1-P] = b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + … + bkXk…..
of contraceptive health care, the quality of the information
where X1, X2… X k are set of independent variables; 0 is a
given by professionals and the influence of the mass
constant while b’s are regression coefficients; P is the probability of
media, which all play significant role in contraceptive utilizing family planning services.
choices (Speizer 2004; Islam et al., 2004; Ozlem, 2006).
Despite the fact that FP services are made accessible Current family planning methods utilization takes a value of one if
nearly at all major urban areas in Ethiopia (including the the respondents reported currently using and zero otherwise. The
study area, Mojo town) and in most instances at lower or reference category of each independent variable has a value of 1,
and the values for other categories are compared to that of the
no cost, the decision that lead women to use the services reference category. A value less than one implies that individuals in
seems to occur within the context of their marriage, that category have a lower probability of utilization of family
household and family setting. It is thus important to planning service than individuals in the reference category.
examine the extent to which women are making use of Likewise, a value greater than 1 indicates increased likelihood of
the services and answer why large majority of women do reporting current utilization of family planning services (Table 4).
Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual framework of the study.
not use the services. The present study therefore aims at
examining both the level and barriers to utilization of FP
services in one of the fast growing town of Ethiopia, Mojo
town. The study answers three major questions: RESULTS

(a) Does spousal communication positively affects FP Characteristic of the respondents

service utilization?
(b) Are older and high parity women likely to use FP Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the
compared to women with low parity (c) Does exposure to respondents. With regards to the age distribution, it is
mass media make differences for FP service utilization seen that about 28.9% of them were between age 15 to
among women in Mojo town? 24, 37.7% (25 to 34) while the rest of respondents
(33.4%) were 35 and above years old. Most of the
respondents (35.4%) reported to have got married at age
DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 19 and above, .21.9% got married in the ages between
15 to 18, 22.1% at the age less than fifteen years while
The study was conducted in Mojo town- Oromiya region, Ethiopia. It the remaining 20.5% of respondents were never married
is located in the central part of Ethiopia with a population of about during the survey.
29,272.The majority of the inhabitants belongs to Oromo ethnic A larger proportion of the women had more than five
group, with small proportions of other ethnic origins. The major children (31.9%) and 21.6% had 1 to 2 children, 22.1%
occupations range from trading to civil service. The town has one
government health station and five private clinics. Most of the
had 3 to 4 children and the remaining 24.3% had no living
health institutions provide modern family planning services. children at the time of the study. The majorities (50.1%)
The main data for this study has come from primary data of the women reported having the desire to have 3 to 4
collected from 551 women aged 15 to 49. The study employed children in their lifetime and 32.1% desired 1 to 2
cross-sectional study design where the data were collected at a children while the remaining 17.8% wish to have five
specific point in time. The sample size was estimated using
children and above.
Cochran’s (1977) sample size formula given in the annex.
The sampling techniques used to draw the 551 subjects were Table 1 also shows the sex preference of the
simple random and systematic sampling techniques to ensure that respondents. As can be seen from the table, the majority
the sample is representative of the entire population of the study (51.9%) of respondents had sex preference for male
area. Mojo town has two Kebeles (smallest administrative villages): instead of female and 42.1% of women believed that sex
Kebele 01 with 1418 households and Kebele 02 with 1622 total does not matter and another 6% of respondents believed
households. Taking the list of households from the Kebele
administrations, 256 (from Kebele 01) and 295 households (from
that sex of children is determined by the will of God.
Kebele 02) were selected using systematic random sampling About 12% of the respondents had no formal education,
technique. Eligibility was based on age of women, and one 27.4% had primary level education, 27.2% had
respondent was randomly selected for the interview from each of secondary level education and 32.8% were in college and
the randomly selected households. In a situation where there were above education level.
more than one eligible female respondent in the randomized
household, lottery method was used to pick a respondent for
interview. However, if there was no eligible respondent in the
selected household the next household to the right was selected Ever-use, current use and future intention of use of
from the same Kebele. family planning methods
The collected data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using
SPSS software. Both univariate and multivariate analysis were The respondents were asked whether they have ever
used. In order to assess the relative importance of each predictor to
used family planning methods or not (Table 2). Nearly
the dependent variable (FP service utilization), by controlling for the
effects of other variables, a binary logistic regression analysis was 34% of them have ever practiced one form of family
done. The result of the binary logistic regression models is planning methods and 66.4% have never practiced family
presented as odds ratio, which is given by the form: planning methods during their life. The most frequently
 Gizaw and Regassa 357

Dependent Variables
Independent Variables Mediating Variables

Demographic Variables
• Age
• Age at first marriage
• Marital status
• Total Living children

Family
- • Knowledge of contraception
• Access to services

planning service Utilization

• Women’s approval of FP
• husband’s approval of FP
• Spousal communication
Socio –economic and
Psychological variables
• Migration status
• Ethnicity
• Religion
• Education of respondents
• Education of Husbands
• Occupation
• Income
• Exposure to mass media
• Fear of side effects
• Providers approach
• Sex of service providers

Figure 1. Conceptual framework showing the determinants of contraceptive service utilization. Note: Arrows indicate hypothesized
relationships.

ever-used contraceptive method being injectable (37.9%) to use family planning methods.
followed by pills (28.9%) whereas the least ever used
family planning method was male sterilization (0.36%).
Only 38.3% of the respondents were using family Reasons for non-utilization of family planning
planning methods at the time of the survey and the methods
majorities (61.7%) were non-users. Among the list of For non-users, reasons were asked for non-utilization
family planning methods, injectable was the most (Table 3). The reasons for the non-utilization of family
frequently used (55.45%) followed by pills (26.06%), planning methods among women are summarized under
condom (7.1%), IUD (5.21%) and Norplant (0.95%) while the following four headings.
the remaining 5.21% of respondents used other type of
family planning methods. Fertility related reasons: Fertility related reasons were
Women were also asked whether they have any the most reported reasons that affected the family
intention to use family planning services in the future. planning services utilization among participants. Among
About 68% of respondents reported having the intention fertility related reasons, abstinence was the highest
358 J. Geogr. Reg. Plann.

Table 1. Percentage distribution of respondents by selected husbands/partners. Religious opposition has also
demographic characteristics (n = 551). appeared to be important barrier to non-use of family
planning methods which accounted for 7.6% of the non-
Demographic characteristic Percentage users.
Age
15 - 24 28.9 Method related reasons: Sometimes potential family
25 - 34 37.7 planning users prefer not to use more reliable methods
35+ 33.4 due to misperceptions and concerns about their health.
Method related reasons like health concerns, fear of side
Age at first marriage effects, and lack of access/too far, too much costs and
Never married 20.5 health care provider bias accounted for 32.4% of non-
<15 22.1 utilizations of family planning services. The method
15-18 21.9
related reasons were mainly health (17.9%) followed by
fear of side effects (6.7%), lack of access (3.5%), health
19 and above 35.4
provider bias (2.4) and cost of contraceptives (1.8%).
Marital status Knowledge of method and source: The knowledge and
Ever married 79.5 sources of family planning methods were other important
Never married 20.5 factors for non-utilization of family planning. This was
mainly due to respondents lack of knowledge on the type
Total living children of method or they did not know the source of family
No Children 24.3 planning methods. Lack of knowledge of family planning
1-2 Children 21.6 methods accounted 6.5% while lack of sources of family
3-4 Children 22.1 planning method was also reported by 4.4% of non-users
5+ Children 31.9 (Table 3).

Ideal number of children desired

Multivariate analyses: Results of binary logistic
1-2 Children desire 32.1
regression
3-4 Children desire 50.1
5+ Children desire 17.8 A number of factors may influence respondent’s decision
of family planning services utilization. The result of
Sex preference logistic regression revealed the significant effects of
Have sex preferences 51.9 some independent variables such as total number of
Sex does not matter 42.1 living children, literacy status of respondent, women’s
God knows 6.0 approval of FP, spousal communication and media
exposure. On the contrary, logistic regression result did
Education of women not show significant relationship between the dependent
No education 12.5 variable and some independent variables such as age
Primary education 27.4 and FP approval of husband/partners. Variables such as
Secondary education 27.2 age at first marriage, marital status, income, occupation
College/university 32.8
of women and occupation of husbands were not entered
into the regression model due to multi-colliniarity effects.
The logistic regression result has indicated that women
who had 1to 2 living children were 4.613 times more
reported reason (23.2%) followed by infrequent sex likely to use family planning services than women who
(4.7%), sub fecund (3.2%) and breast-feeding (1.72 %). had no living children. In similar fashion, the probability of
utilizing family planning services was high among women
Oppositions of husbands and others: Opposition is who had 3 to 4 and 5 and above children. The women
also another reason reported by women for non- who had 3 to 4 children were 3.638 times more likely to
utilization. This reason includes respondents’ opposition, utilize family planning services than women who had no
husband’s opposition, and religious opposition, which children while women who had five and more children
accounted for 24.4% of reported reasons to family were 7.382 times more likely to utilize family planning
planning service utilization. Women who did not want to services than women who had no child.
use family planning methods due to their own personal The results of the study also showed that women's
opposition contributed only 2.4% of non users and 10.9% literacy status significantly affected the chance of FP
had reported that they have faced oppositions from service utilization: literate women are 1.903 times more
 Gizaw and Regassa 359

finding has revealed that the actual level of family

Table 2. Percentage distribution of respondents by ever-use,
current-use and future intention of use of family planning planning service utilization is low (38.3%), being a town
methods, Mojo town. located within short range of other big cities and towns
(such as Addis Ababa, Adama and Bishoftu) which have
Characteristic Percentage relatively higher utilization rate.
Ever used FP methods The study has documented that there are many
Yes 33.6 reasons and barriers reported by women for not utilizing
FP services. The most important reasons reported are
No 66.4
fertility reasons, opposition of husbands, method related
Types of methods ever used reasons and poor knowledge of method and sources.
Further to these reasons, there were also the problem of
Condom 9.6
availability and accessibility of family planning services.
Injectable 37.9
In connection with this, key informants have reported that
IUD 4.2 they did not have sufficient discussion with the clients
Norplant 2.4 mainly because of shortage of appropriate time and
Female sterilization 1.1 counseling center/room. The limited time and place for
Male sterilization 0.36 service provision seem to affect the family planning
Pills 28.9 service delivery and utilization. On the other hand, the
Breast feeding 1.8 reports from health station and clinics showed that pills,
Safe period 2.4 injectables and condoms were made available in all these
Others 1.1 institutions. Permanent methods of family planning
services were not offered. The frequency of family
Currently using any FP method planning discussion with clients was reported insufficient
Yes 38.3 mainly due to the fact that effective discussion on family
No 61.7 planning and reproductive health needs good proportion
of health care providers to clients. Only mass gatherings
Types currently using (n = 211) and short discussions are reported to be made at the
Condom 7.1 health institutions. This seems to reduce comfort on the
Injectable 55.45 part of the clients to openly discuss issues with the health
IUD 5.21
professionals. Since there is no payment for modern
contraceptive methods, respondents did not raise
Norplant 0.95
financial cost issue as barriers. However, the supplies of
Pills 26.06
family planning methods were very limited in number,
Others 5.21 affecting women’s family planning method choices. On
the other hand, respondents reported that the names of
Future intention
some of the modern family planning methods were not
Intend to use 68.1 clear and easily understandable.
Not intend to use 31.9 In order to meet the second objective of the study, we
Questions relating to ever used methods allows for multiple have examined the associations between selected
responses. Only those who indicated “yes” to the options explanatory variables and the main study variable (FP
provided were reported in this table.
service utilization). The study identified five variables
predicting the likelihood of FP service utilization which
includes: total number of living children, literacy status,
likely to use FP service than the illiterate ones. Women women’s’ approval of FP, spousal communication and
who approved of family planning method use were 6.023 exposure to media.
more likely to use family planning services than those The total number of children and family planning
who disapproved. Women who discuss about family service utilization are strongly related. If women have
planning issues with their husband/partners were 9.644 more children who are living with them, the possibility of
times more likely to utilize family planning services than using family planning methods for limiting is expected to
those women who never discussed such issues with their be high, and if the number of children desired by women
partners. Finally, women with no media exposure are is perceived to be ‘not enough’, they may use family
about 56.7% less likely to use a method of family planning methods for spacing purpose. Consistent to this
planning compared to the reference category (Table 4). result, a study in Pakistan showed that the odds of using
a family planning method increased with parity (Pasha et
al., 2001). Another study conducted using the national
DISCUSSION
survey data of Turkey (Ozlem, 2006) indicated that the
The study has aimed at examining the barriers to family number of living children seems to be negatively
planning service utilization in Mojo town, Ethiopia. The associated with contraceptive method. Studies in Africa
360 J. Geogr. Reg. Plann.

Table 3. Distribution of respondents by reported reasons for respondents have approved of family planning methods.
non utilization of family planning services, Mojo town. The finding of this study showed that women who discuss
about family planning issues with their husbands/partners
Reason Percentage were 9.644 times more likely to utilize family planning
Fertility-related reasons ( n = 110) services than those women who do not discuss family
No having sex 23.2 planning issues. Consistent to this finding, the study
Infrequent sex 4.7 conducted in Nigeria reported that 7% of women who
Sub fecund /in fecund 3.2 have never discussed family planning issues with their
Breast feeding 1.72 husband utilize FP methods compared to 27% of women
who discussed family planning more often. Conversely,
Opposition to use (n = 83) utilization of contraceptives is much higher among
Respondent opposed 2.4 women who believed that their husbands support the use
Husband opposed 10.9
of FP (Feyisetan and Bamiwuye, 1998).
Similarly, a study conducted in Tigray region (Northern
Others opposed 3.5
Ethiopia) by Gebrekidan documented that women who
Religious opposition 7.6
had frequent discussion with their partners were more
likely to utilize family planning services than those who
Method-related reasons (n = 110) had no discussion on family planning issues with their
Health concerns 17.9 spouses (Gebrekidan, 2002). A study conducted in
Fear side effects 6.7 Kenya reported that husband -wife communication,
Lack of access/too far 3.5 particularly the wife's perception of her husband's
Costs too much 1.8 approval of family planning, was highly associated with
Health care provider bias 2.4 current contraceptive use (Lasee and Becker, 1997). A
study conducted in Ghana has also documented similar
Lack of knowledge (n = 340) finding (Salway, 1994).
Knows no method 6.5 Media exposure exerts a considerable influence on
Knows no source 4.4
family planning service use. Women who are exposed to
any one of the three media, namely, radio, television, or
newspapers have higher family planning service use
compared to women who have had no media exposure at
(Ghana, Uganda, Senegal and Sudan) showed consistent all. In this study, women with no media exposure are
results (Ibnouf, 2007; Nidiaye, 2003; Tawiah, 1997; Agyei about 56.7 % less likely to use a method of family
and Migadde, 1995). The educational status of women planning. The influence of mass media (especially radio
has appeared to be significant predictors of family programs) has great benefits in influencing the behaviors
planning services use. Compared to women with no edu- of those who cannot read and write by complementing
cation, literate women had greater odds of utilizing family printed media exposures.
planning service (OR= 1.903). This is consistent with the Finally, it is important to mention that the
study done in Mayan by Bertrand et al. (2000) who found aforementioned variables are barriers to or risk factors for
that education affects the distribution of authority within non-utilization of FP services in the study area, and in no
households, whereby women may increase their authority way, be considered as causal factors. This is a major
within the household which in turn affect fertility and use limitation of cross-sectional studies of this kind. Among
of family planning services. A study conducted in Turkey the main strengths, the study was based on a large
also indicated that woman with completed primary sample (551 women) selected randomly from Mojo town,
schooling has a nearly 30 percentage point higher proba- and hence its findings can be generalized to the entire
bility of being aware of one of the two main prevention population of the town seeking the services. Also, in view
methods than a woman with no education (Koc, 2000). of the fact that many of the studies are either national or
Women who approved family planning services use regional level secondary data analysis; this study is
were 6.023 more likely to use family planning services believed to give better insight into the problems at
than women who disapproved use of family planning population level.
methods. A study conducted in Nigeria showed that men
often have positive attitudes towards family planning, but
women believe that their husband disapproves of family CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
planning , and hence do not want to use family planning
(Feyisetan and Bamiwuye, 1998). A study in Turkey Although knowledge of contraceptive methods was high
(Ozlem, 2006) revealed that women who approved of among women in the study population, reported level of
family planning are 6.31 times more likely to use a the current utilization of family planning methods was low
impact of spousal communication and approval of family (38.3%). The majority (61.7%) of the respondents are not
planning methods are particularly pronounced when the using family planning methods due to a number of
 Gizaw and Regassa 361

Table 4. Results of logistic regression (odds ratio) for FP service utilization and selected explanatory variables,
Mojo town (n = 551).

Variable B S.E Sig. Exp(B) (odd ratio)

Age
15-24 (RC) 0.054 1.000
25-34 0.482 0.310 0.120 1.620
35+ -0.111 0.335 0.740 0.895

Total living children

No children (RC) 0.000** 1.000
1-2 children 1.529 0.446 0.001** 4.613
3-4 children 1.291 0.475 0.007** 3.638
5+ children 1.999 0.440 0.000** 7.382

Literacy status
Illetrate (RC) 1.000
Literate 0.643 0.234 0.006** 1.903

FP approval by women
Disapproved (RC) 1.000
Approved 1.796 0.302 0.000** 6.023

FP approval of husband/partners
No partners (RC) 0.369 1.000
Against -0.576 0.392 0.142 0.562
I do not know -0.490 0.406 0.228 0.613

Spousal communication
Never discussed (RC) 0.000** 1.000
Discussed 2.266 0.380 0.000** 9.644

Exposure to media
Exposed (RC) 1.000
Not exposed -0.838 0.239 0.000** 0.433
Constant -3.573 0.461 60.192 1.00
** P<0.01; * P<0.05, RC = reference category, S.E = standard error.

reasons which includes fertility related, opposition and relative effectiveness and side effects of the various
methods related reasons. This suggests that knowledge methods; intensive male-targeted information, education,
about methods is not yet translated into practice in the and communication about family planning; and improving
study area. The family planning service utilization accessibility and availability of contraceptives; and
decisions is a function of wide range of factors which building the capacity of service providers at the
includes: disapproval of FP by the women themselves, institutional level are some of the possible interventions
lack of spousal communication, poor education and lack requiring the attention of local governmental and non-
of access to media. It is also understood from the governmental bodies.
aforementioned discussions that the role of men in
promoting FP utilization is generally low, partly
suggesting that men are the primary decision-makers on ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
issues relating to fertility and fertility control.
Finally, we forward some recommendation in light of This research work was sponsored by Addis Ababa
the findings.: educating potential users about the benefits University. The authors thus, would like to express their
of family planning, the types of methods available, the heart felt gratitude to Addis Ababa University, Institute of
362 J. Geogr. Reg. Plann.

Population Studies, for the financial support. Pasha O, Fikree FF, Vermund S (2001). Determinants of Unmet Need
for Family Planning in Squatter Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan.
Asia-Pacific Population J., 16(2): 93-108.
Rhoda S, Lori A, Jay G, Donna C (2009). Family Planning Saves Lives.
REFERENCES th
Population Reference BuREAU, 4 Ed. USA.
Salway S (1994). How attitudes toward family planning and discussion
Bertrand JT, Seiber E, Escudero G (2000). Contraceptive dynamics between Wives and husbands affect contraceptive use in Ghana. Int.
among the Mayan population of Guatemala: 1978-1998. Chapel Hill, Family Plann. Perspect., 20: 44-47, 74.
North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Speizer IS, Mullen SA, Amegee K (2001). Gender differences in adult
Population Center [CPC]. perspectives on adolescent reproductive behaviors: Evidence from
Carl H, Mary MK (2008). World Population Data Sheet. Washington Lome, Togo. Int. Family Plann. Perspect., 24(4): 178-185.
D.C: Population Reference Bureau. UN (1998). World Population Monitoring. Reproductive rights and
CSA (Ethiopia) and ORC Macro (2006). Reported on 2005 Ethiopian reproductive health, New York.
demographic and health survey Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Tawiah EO (1997). Factors affecting contraceptive use in Ghana. J.
Calverton, Mary land USA Biosoc. Sci., 29(2): 141-149.
Cochran S (1977). Sample Size Determination, New York: John Winley Agyei WK, Migadde M (1995). Demographic and sociocultural factors
& Sons, Inc, NewYork. influencing contraceptive use in Uganda (January). J. Biosoc. Sci.,
Feyisetan BJ, Bamiwuye S (1998). Postpartum Counseling and 27(1): 47-60.
Contraceptive Use in Nigeria. Soc. Sci. Rev., 15(1): 30-41. Nidiaye CA, Delaunay V, Adjamagbo A (2003). Knowledge and use of
Islam MA, Padmadas SS, Smith PWF (2004). Degree and determinants contraceptive methods in rural Sereer, Senegal. Sante, 13(1): 31-37.
of men’s contraceptive knowledge in Bangladesh. British Society for Ibnouf AH, Van Den Borne HW, Maarse JAM (2007). Utilization of
Population Studies Annual Conference. family planning services by married Sudanese women of reproductive
Lasee A, Becker S (1997). Husband wife communication about family age. Health J., 13(6): 1-9.
planning and contraceptive use in Kenya. Int. Family Plann.
Perspect., 23(15): 20-33.
Ozlem A, Hatice F (2006). On the use of contraceptive methods among
married women in Turkey. Eur. J. Contraception Reprod. Health
Care, 11(3): 228-236.
 Gizaw and Regassa 363

ANNEX 1

Sample size estimation

The sample size determination formula is adopted for this study is given by (Cochran, 1977):

Z 2 p (1 − p )

n= d2
1  Z 2 p (1 − p ) 
1+ − 1
N   d2 


where n = sample size; Z= standard normal distribution which is 1.96. P=percentage of women who are currently using
any methods of contraceptive for Oromiya region in EDHS 2005 was 13.6% (P= 0.136). That is 0.136 or 13.6%; E =is
the margin of error in the study which is 0.03. The estimated sample size, using the above mentioned formula yields 551
(with 20% contingency).

View publication stats