IOP Conference Series: Earth and

Environmental Science

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like

- Experimental study on the influence of
Synthesis of Carbon Fiber Composites and different laying methods on the
thermomechanical properties of carbon
Different Methods to Improve its Mechanical fiber/epoxy hybrid composite
Lei Zhang, Haiyan Wang, Junpen Zhang
et al.
Properties: A Comprehensive Review
- Structural Supercapacitors with Enhanced
Performance Using Carbon Nanotubes
To cite this article: Priyanka Singh et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 889 012013 and Polyaniline
Nicholas S. Hudak, Alexander D.
Schlichting and Kurt Eisenbeiser

- Recent advances on fiber-reinforced

multifunctional composites for structural
View the article online for updates and enhancements. supercapacitors
Niranjanmurthi Lingappan, Sungmook Lim,
Guk-Hwan Lee et al.

This content was downloaded from IP address 49.36.89.126 on 05/03/2024 at 00:55

COSMEC 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889 (2021) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012013

Synthesis of Carbon Fiber Composites and Different Methods to

Improve its Mechanical Properties: A Comprehensive Review

Priyanka Singh1*,Ravinder Kumar Tomar1, Krishna Mohan Agarwal2, Harsh Kaushik2,S K Singh3
1
Civil Engineering Department, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
E- mail address: [email protected]

Abstract.Efficient and innovative products can be made using high strength and lighter weight
(almost half the steel weight) in modern-day automobile industries. One such material is Carbon
Fiber, and it is used as its composites made with the help of epoxy resins. Carbon Fibers
applications are increasing in use, in both the aerospace and automobile industries. The corrosion
resistance and damping properties of the material can be put to better use in constructions that are
heavily strained. The paper aims to review the manufacturing of Carbon fiber composites and their
mechanical properties (tensile & flexural strength), which ultimately deals with their applications
in the automobile industry. Also, it deals with a review of a few methods or substances used to
improve the mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites.

Keywords: Carbon fibers, Automobile Industry, Carbon footprints, Additive Manufacturing,

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers

1. INTRODUCTION
World environment conditions haven't been decent in the past few years; some of the many things can be
held responsible for it . For instance: To some extent, it is the Automobile IndustryResponsible for
pollution and scarcity of fossil fuels. The complete industry runs on petrol, diesel, and natural gases and
constitutes a substantial amount of the world's air pollution. The bar graph makes it easier to understand
how much GHGs in 2018, leading car companies emitted [1–3].
So now, as we know world environment is facing a crisis, majorly because of the automotive industry, we
need to find a solution. The best solution can be something that helps in reducing fuel usage and hence
reducing CO2 emissions. And the provided solution we have is using a lighter material than steel or
aluminum, which will minimize the fuel consumption. But what material?

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
COSMEC 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889 (2021) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012013

The material is Carbon Fiber Composite. Parts made by carbo fiber are 50% lighter than steel and 30%
lighter than aluminum . Also, a study shows that reducing a car's weight by 10% reduces its fuel
consumption by 7% [4–6].
We choose weight reduction to be the best option because it reduces fuel consumption and improves the
car's acceleration and braking forces. Also, it lightens the Electric Vehicles' weight and Carbon fiber
composite is way stronger than steel and aluminum combined [7].
That's why this study deals with a review of the best manufacturing methods of carbon fiber composites
and reviewing the methods to improve its mechanical properties like tensile strength, flexural strength,
fracture toughness, fatigue, impact, or collision toughness [8,9], see figure 1.

CARBON FOOTPRINTS OF SOME

LEADING CAR COMPANIES OF
YEAR 2018
700 582 577 562 530
GHG EMISSIONS IN MILLION

600
500 401
346
400 283
300 164 136
200
100
TONES

Fig 1: GHG emitted in the year 2018 by leading car companies around the globe

2. FABRICATION OF CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES

There are two methods of fabricating carbon fiber composites: 1) Molding & 2) 3D printing. Molding:
Sheets of carbon fiber cloth are layered in the mold by spreading epoxy resin between the progressive
layers of fiber. Epoxy resin is the thing that converts the cloth into a rigid composite [10–13].
Vacuum Bagging: This technology is much similar to molding, except it uses a vacuum bag, in the end, to
seal the carbon fiber to the mold and make it a bit stronger as it removes the trapped air makes the epoxy
stick properly with the carbon fiber.

Additive Manufacturing: Added substance producing (AM) is a procedure of joining materials to make
three-dimensional objects from a PC-supported software (CAD) mode.
It has a few types: Power liquid 3D printing technology, Stereolithography apparatus, Laminated object
manufacturing (LOM), Selective laser sintering (SLS), Fused deposition modeling (FDM)

Compression molding: Two pieces of molds are used in this method, one male and another female. The
fiber is placed between the two with epoxy resin between them and then the two molds are pressed
together [14].
RTM: Dry fiber cloth is placed between the two molds, i.e., male & female, and the molds are pressed
together, and then the resin injection starts at very high pressure. By this process, the soft fabric turns into
a hard composite in just
30-60 minutes [15–18].

2
COSMEC 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889 (2021) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012013

For our study, we should choose the better methods for lab production for easy testing and low costing.
For that, we will consider: The molding method by hand layup technique
· AM & Compressed molding by 3D printing

3. Fabricating the Samples and Analysingtheir Mechanical Properties

3.1 Using 3K Carbon -200 Gsm Bidirectional

Fabricated test samples of bidirectional carbon fiber using a 250g epoxy resin solution consisting of 15%
hardener of type 6%. Then the epoxy and hardener mixture was spread uniformly in the die and the
carbon fiber sheet is placed over it. This procedure is repeated to get the required number of layers of
carbon fiber. After that, the fabricated composites were cut into samples of ASTM standards. Results of
tensile and flexural strength are as follows [19,20], see table 1.

Table 1: Results of tensile and flexural test of bidirectional carbon fiber composite.

Sample Tensile Flexural

Strength(N/mm2) Strength(N/mm2)
1. Tensile test 84.588 ---
specimen
2. Flexural --- 115
test
specimen

3.2 Using Sikacarbodur S512

Fabricated composites of the Sikacarbodur S512 carbon fiber sheets of thickness 1.2mm. The epoxy resin
used is sikadur 30. The molding technique was used for fabricating test specimens as per ASTM D638
standards. Tensile strength when tested comes out to be 3051 N/mm2, see figure 2.

Fig 2: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer, standard tensile test sample.

3
COSMEC 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889 (2021) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012013

3.3 Using Bi-Woven Carbon Fiber

Fabricated the composites of bi-woven carbon fiber using the epoxy YD128 and hardener HY140. Three
samples were prepared for each type of angle-oriented specimen with an orientation angle of 300, 450, 900.
The preparation technique used was simple molding and specimens fabricated were of ASTM standards.
The result of the tensile and flexural strength test is shown below in figure 3:

400 Result of Tensile & Flexural Tests

341.6
Ultimate tensile/flexural

300
strength in N/mm2

200 158.2
119.06
100
11.29 4.86 5.11
0
Tensile Test Flexural Test
90 30 45

Fig. 3: Result of Tensile and Flexural Tests

3.4 Using Printed Epoxy Carbon Fiber Composite

As shown in Table 2, fabricated carbon fiber composites by using 3D printing technology. They
manufactured two specimens for testing, one with additive manufacturing and the other with compressed
molding techniques. Five μm diameter AS type carbon fiber was used for composite and ink consisted of
EPON resin 826, curing agent, and nanoclay (Garamite – 7305 ). AM tests samples were manufactured on
a nScrypt 3Dn-500 printer. The ink was expelled through a Nordson-tightened spout with a 580 μm
distance across. Target printing parameters were a testimony pace of 3.75 × 10−3 cc/s and a printing rate
of 15mm/s, bringing about ostensible street width and layer stature of 500 μm. The fabricate plate was
borosilicate glass secured with PTFE-covered aluminum foil.
Fig 4 and 5, 2 AM sample raster printing orientations: (a) 0°; (b) 90°; (c) ±45°; (d) Example of voids
between raster and perimeter roads
For CM samples same ink was used. The inks were spread into 152.4 × 152.4 mm square molds 3 mm
deep and pressed between two steel metal plates with 3000 N power. After the square plates were
removed from the mold, a waterjet cutter was used to cut samples for the tensile tests.
Table 2:Test ink composition and mix time

4
COSMEC 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889 (2021) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012013

Fig 4: Results of Tensile test Fig 5: Results of Flexural test

4.Methods to improve Mechanical properties of Carbon Fiber Composite

4.1 Using functionalized Carbon nanotubes

Four harness satin weaved carbon fabric, having identical warp, fiber type was IM7. A solvent spraying
technique was used for the deposition of nanotubes. First, the functionalized CNTs were dispersed in
organic ethanol solvent. The solvent is sprayed on both sides of the fabric; eventually, the solution
evaporates, leaving the CNTs on the fabric surface. Fluorine functionalized CNTs and Amine
functionalized Single wall CNTs were used for two specimens. Test results are shown below in figure 6
and 7:

Fig 6: Test specimens fabricated for tensile test

Tensile tests were performed considering ASTM standard D4762-04.

5
COSMEC 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889 (2021) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012013

820 801
800

Ultimate Tensile
780 765
760 747

in N/mm2
Strength
740 731
720
700 681 681
680
660
640
620
f-XD CNT a- SWCNT

0.0 wt% 0.2 wt% 0.5 wt%

Fig 7: Ultimate tensile strength of different specimens fabricated by varying the wt% of Fluorine
functionalized carbon nanotubes (f- XD CNT) & Amine functionalized single-wall carbon
nanotubes (a- SWCNT)

4.2 Using Graphite Powder as a Filler

Fabricated the composite using 3K bidirectional carbon fiber. First of all, the carbon fiber sheet was cut
into dimensions of the dye set for the test specimens. Then 250 gm epoxy resin solution was prepared to
add to it was 15% hardener of type 6% and then mixing filler i.e., graphite powder, the hardener is mixed
at end stages of mixing. Then the epoxy and hardener mixture was spread uniformly in the die and the
carbon fiber sheet is placed over it. This procedure is repeated to get the required number of layers of
carbon fiber. Then it is left undisturbed to cure for 48 hours. Two Specimens were fabricated for tensile &
flexural strength testing, each with different levels of graphite powder mixing, one with 5% graphite
powder and the second with 10% graphite powder. Test results are shown below:

4.3 Using E-type glass fiber, Carbon fiber, Natural Fiber

Hand layup technique to fabricate the composites. The first step being was coating the mold with paraffin
wax to avoid sticking. Then epoxy resin(Ly556) was applied and over that, the E-type glass fiber. Then
another layer of epoxy resin was applied over the glass fiber and then carbon fiber was stacked over it.
Similarly, natural fiber was stacked over carbon fiber, creating a three-layer composite with carbon fiber
in the middle of E-type glass fiber and natural fiber. Dimensions of the composite formed were 300*400
mm with a thickness of 4 mm, as shown in fig 8 and 9.

Fig 8: Tensile Specimen ASTM-D638 (All Dimension are in mm)

6
COSMEC 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889 (2021) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012013

Fig 9: Tensile test results

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TENSILE STRENGTH

7
COSMEC 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889 (2021) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012013

Table 3: Comparing the tensile strength of different specimens.

S.NO. COMPOSITE METHOD TESTING TENSILE

STANDARD STRENGTH*(N/MM2)
1 3K CF CM ASTM 84.588
BIDIRECTIONAL
2 ^SIKACARBODUR MOLDING ASTM D638 3051
S512
3 BI-WOVEN CF HAND LAYUP ASTM 341.6
TECHNIQUE
4 CF: 5ΜM AM {3D ASTM 128
DIAMETER AS PRINTED} D6388
TYPE
5 CF: 5ΜM CM {3D ASTM 100
DIAMETER AS PRINTED} D6388
TYPE

METHODS TO IMPROVE TENSILE STRENGTH

6 HIGH STRENGTH NANOTUBE ASTM 801

CF TECHNOLOGY D4762
{F- XD CNT} -04
7 HIGH STRENGTH NANOTUBE ASTM 747
CF TECHNOLOGY D4762
{A- SW CNT} -04
8 3 K CF CM ASTM 136
BIDIRECTIONAL
9 E-TYPE GLASS MOLDING ASTM D638 219
FIBER+
CARBON FIBER+
NATURAL FIBER

*taking the maximum value of tensile strength if any method has used more than one specimen in testing.
AM – Additive manufacturing, CF – Carbon Fiber, CM – Compressed molding ASTM – American
Society for Testing and Materials : Sikacarbodur S512 can be left as an exception because sheets of the
fiber used to manufacture composites were 1.2 mm thick and no else fiber sheets were this much thick,
see table 3.

FLEXURAL STRENGTH :
Bi – Woven carbon fiber didn't have a tremendous flexural strength but adding 10% graphite in the epoxy
resin then fabricating it with compressed molding gave us good results. So we can infer that by using
graphite flexural strength of carbon fiber composite can be increased, see fig 10.

8
COSMEC 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889 (2021) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012013

200
170

Ultimate flexural
150 140
115

strength
N/mm2
100

50

0
no graphite 5% graphite 10% graphite

Fig 10: Graph showing results in flexural strength of Bi-woven carbon fiber composite when the epoxy
solution is added with graphite powder.

REFERENCES
[1] Prasanth S M, Kumar P S, Harish S, Rishikesh M, Nanda S and Vo D-V N 2021 Application of biomass
derived products in mid-size automotive industries: A review Chemosphere 280
[2] Mohammadizadeh M and Fidan I 2021 Tensile performance of 3d-printed continuous fiber-reinforced
nylon composites J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 5
[3] Mamanpush S H, Li H, Tabatabaei A T and Englund K 2021 Heterogeneous Thermoset/Thermoplastic
Recycled Carbon Fiber Composite Materials for Second-Generation Composites Waste and Biomass
Valorization 12 4653–62
[4] Tanaka K, Takenaka T, Katayama T, Morita Y, Watanabe K and Kawaguchi M 2020 Effect of amount of
grafted CNT on carbon fiber on interfacial shear strength between carbon fiber and polyamide resin by
microdroplet test WIT Transactions on the Built Environment vol 196, ed S M Hernandez S. De Wilde W.P.
(WITPress) pp 51–60
[5] Xiao Z, Mo F, Zeng D and Yang C 2020 Experimental and numerical study of hat shaped CFRP structures
under quasi-static axial crushing Compos. Struct. 249
[6] Shard A, Chand R, Nauriyal S, Gupta V, Garg M P and Batra N K 2020 Fabrication and Analysis of Wear
Properties of Polyetherimide Composite Reinforced with Carbon Fiber J. Fail. Anal. Prev. 20 1388–98
[7] Puttaraju D G, Hanumantharaju H G, Shreyas, Pradeep and Nuthan 2020 Investigation of bending
properties on carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites used for micro wind turbine blades Journal
of Physics: Conference Series vol 1473 (Institute of Physics Publishing)
[8] Ranjan R, Raote P and Bajpai V 2020 Woven carbon fiber reinforced laminate matrix composite through
fused deposition modeling ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering
Conference, MSEC 2020 vol 1 (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
[9] Kanhere S, Bermudez V and Ogale A 2020 Transport properties of carbon fibers derived from petroleum-
based mesophase pitch with modified transverse microstructures for enhanced tensile strength Composites
and Advanced Materials Expo, CAMX 2020 (The Composites and Advanced Materials Expo (CAMX))
[10] Xiao S, Wang P, Gao H and Soulat D 2019 A study of abrasive waterjet multi-pass cutting on kerf quality
of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 105 4527–37
[11] Gajjar T, Shah D, Joshi S J and Patel K M 2019 Experimental Study on Spring-in Deformation for L-shape
CFRP Components IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering vol 561, ed M R. (Institute
of Physics Publishing)
[12] Lee E, Cho H, Hwang S H, Kim M-G, Han J W, Lee H and Lee J H 2019 Improving the vertical thermal
conductivity of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites by forming layer-by-layer contact of inorganic
crystals Materials (Basel). 12
[13] Najar K A, Sheikh N A, Butt M M, Mushtaq S and Shah M A 2019 Engineered Synthetic Diamond Film as
a Protective Layer for Tribological and Machining Applications: A Review J. Bio- Tribo-Corrosion 5
[14] Yoshizawa T, Matsuoka T, Hirayama T and Sakamoto H 2019 Investigation into 3D printing of CFRP
using covering composite yarn ICCM International Conferences on Composite Materials vol 2019-August

9
COSMEC 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889 (2021) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012013

(International Committee on Composite Materials)

[15] Singh U, Salgotra R and Rattan M 2016 A Novel Binary Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm for
Thinning of Concentric Circular Antenna Arrays IETE J. Res. 62 736–44
[16] Kumar R, Chohan J S, Goyal R and Chauhan P 2020 Impact of process parameters of resistance spot
welding on mechanical properties and micro hardness of stainless steel 304 weldments Int. J. Struct. Integr.
ahead-of-p
[17] Khan A M, Jamil M, Mia M, Pimenov D Y, Gasiyarov V R, Gupta M K and He N 2018 Multi-objective
optimization for grinding of AISI D2 steel with Al2O3 wheel under MQL Materials (Basel). 11
[18] Abbas A T, Gupta M K, Soliman M S, Mia M, Hegab H, Luqman M and Pimenov D Y 2019 Sustainability
assessment associated with surface roughness and power consumption characteristics in nanofluid MQL-
assisted turning of AISI 1045 steel Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 105 1311–27
[19] Thind P S, Sareen A, Singh D D, Singh S and John S 2021 Compromising situation of India’s bio-medical
waste incineration units during pandemic outbreak of COVID-19: Associated environmental-health impacts
and mitigation measures Environ. Pollut. 276
[20] Singh S, Kumar R and Chohan J S 2020 Comparative analysis for natural and zycobond modified soil for
green development J. Green Eng. 10 8251–8

10