Lesson 1

What is this?
This is a book
This a pen.
This is a chair.
This a table.
This is a car.
What are these?
These are books.
These are pens.
These are cars.
These are houses.
These are animals.
Lesson 2
What is that?
That is a dog.
That is a tree.
That is a car.
That is a lion.
What are those?
Those are books
Those are trees.
Those are animals.
Those are houses.
Those are bags.
Lesson 4
A. Where is my pen?
B. It is in the bag.
A. where is Asha?
B. She is in the living room.
A. where are you now?
B. I am at the airport.

Lesson 5
A Farmer works on farm.
A shopkeeper works at a shop.
A doctor works in a hospital
A cook works in a kitchen.
A waiter works in a hotel.
A judge works in a court.
Lesson 6
Asking for repetition
Pardon.
Could you repeat that.
Please, say that again.
I didn’t catch what you said. Please say it again.
Greeting
I seek refugee into Allah from the mischief of the cursed Satan,
in the name of Allah, the most benevolent, the most merciful.
It gives me great pleasure to stand in front of you.
Brother/sister of mine, allow me to greet you in advance with
the best greeting of which is peace of Allah be up on you.
Lesson 7
Useful expressions
I wish you all the best. Good luck.
May Allah be with you.
Good luck.
God bless you.
May all your dreams come true.
Good luck in your new endeavors.
Congratulations on your graduation.
Best wishes.
All the best
I wish you a speedy recover.
Lesson 8
Useful sentences
 can you speak English?
 Could you speak up a little?
 Could you say that again?
 Could you repeat that?
 Please repeat what you said.
Guessing
It looks like you are new.
Perhaps she knows me.
Lesson 9
Expressing regret in English
I wish I had come to your party.
I wish I had worked had.
I should have told you.
I should have worked hard.
I shouldn’t have eaten much.
I regret not coming your party.
Lesson 10
Expressing disappointment
That is too bad.
How disappointing.
What a shame!
It is a little bit disappointing.
What a bummer!
That is a nuisance!
Lesson 11
Is there
1. Is there any tea in the pot?
2. Is there anyone at the door?
3. Is there anything in the box?
Answers
1. There is not any tea in the pot.
There is no tea in the pot
2. There isn’t anyone at the door.
There is no one at the door.
3.There isn’t anything in the box
There is nothing in the box.
There is
There is an egg in the basket.
There is a ball on the table.
There is a book in the bag.
There is a pen in my pocket.
Is there
Is there an egg in the basket?
Is there a ball on the table?
Is there a book in the bag?
There is not
There is not an egg in the basket.
There is not a ball on the table.
There is not a book in my pocket.
There are
There are books in the liberary
There are tables in the room
There are books in her bag
Lesson 12
Show me
A. Show me your head
B. This is my head
A. Where is your head?
B. My head is above my neck.
A. Show me your hair
B. This is my hair
A. Where is your hair?
B. It is on my head.
A. show me your ear.
B. this is my ear.
A. where is your head?
B. my ears are on the two sides of my head.
 A. Show me your eyebrow.
B. This is my eyebrow.
A. Where is your eyebrow
B. My eyebrow is above my eyes.
Lesson 13
I have one head.
I have one face.
I have one nose.
I have two eyes.
I have two ears.
I have one chin
I have two shoulders
I have two hands.
I have ten fingers.
I have two legs.
I have two knees.
I have two feet.
I have two toes.
Look like
It looks like a balloon.
It looks like a banana.
It looks a fish.
It looks like it is going to rain.
It looks like you want something else.
That is why
That is why she appears so happy.
That is why people admire you.
That is why your English is broken.
 That is why you fail to understand.
That is why you ask me nonsensical questions.
That is why I respect you.
That is why we are here now.
Lesson
What is your favorite food?
My favorite food is porridge.
What is your favorite movie?
My favorite movie is matrix.
Who is your favorite singer?
My favorite singer is Lafole.
If you want to say which part of your body hurts, use
my----hurts
Examples
My head hurts.
My neck hurts.
My foot hurts
You can also say the following sentences
I have a headache.
I have a stomachache.
I have toothache.
You can talk about more general problems that you have
Examples
I feel tired all the time.
I feel sick in my throat.
I feel like I am getting sick.
I am bored.
Lesson
A. What do you see with?
B. I see with my eyes.
A. what do you hear with?
B. I hear with my ears.
A. what do you eat with?
B. I eat with my mouth.
A. what do you smell with?
B. I smell with my nose?
A. what do you taste with?
B. I taste with my tongue.
A. what do you touch with?
B. I touch with my hands.

Lesson
Where is
A. Where is your ball?
B. It is on the table
A. where is Abdi?
B. He is in the living room.
A. where is your book it under the table.
Lesson
Conveying greetings
 Please, remember me to your family.
 Give my best regards to Your family.
 Tell them I said hello.
 Please, give my best wishes to Ahmed.
 Please, give my love to her.
Lesson
 Good luck
 Best of luck
 Congratulations
 Never mind
 Take it easy
 Happy new year
 Come in
 All right
 Well done
 I am sure
 Enjoy your self
 Happy birthday
 Trust me
Ways to ask how someone is
 How do you do? How are you?
 How are you doing? How are things?
 How is it going? How is life?
 How have you been? How are things going on?
 How are you holding up? How is life sailing?
 How is it rolling? How is your health?
Possible responses
 I am fine, thanks. I am Pretty well.
 It is not so bad. I am so-so.
Just great and you? It is boring.
 I Couldn’t be better. I am fine. How about you
 I Can’t complain. Same as always
 Things are good. I am ok.
 Not so great. I am alright.
Everything is all right.
Asking what is new
 What is up? What is new?
 What is new with you? What is going on?
 What is happening? What is up with the follow?
Possible responses
Nothing is new same as always
Not much Nothing is new with me.
 Showing surprise
What a surprise! Unbelievable!
Incredible! What a great surprise!
This is amazing! I am really surprised!
What a nice day! What a terrible day!
What a wonderful garden what a tall building!
What a pretty girl! What a clever boy!
What a beautiful picture!
Excitement
That is great. That is good
Fantastic. That is marvelous
That sounds great. That is wonderful
Wonderful.
Caution and warnings
Be careful.
You must be very careful.
Watch out.
Hold your tongue.
Don’t rush.
Look out.
Other Ways to say I am sorry
I sincerely apologize.
Excuse me.
Pardon me.
Sorry about that.
That was wrong of me.
I beg your pardon.
Other Ways to say calm down
Relax!
Take it easy.
Take a deep breath.
Control yourself.
Chill out.
Loosen up.
Other ways to say goodbye
 Cheerio
 See you.
 Take care.
 Bye for now.
 See you later.
 See you next time.
 Farewell
Other ways to say I don’t know
 I have no clue.
 It is Greek to me.
 I have no idea.
 I am afraid. I haven’t got clue.
 It is beyond me.
 Giving compliments on achievement
Good job! kudos on the great work!
Well done! That looks awesome.
Fantastic!
That is great!
Nice work!
Excellent!
That is remarkable.
Expressions for receiving compliments
Thank you so much.
Thanks a lot.
Thanks for your compliment.
I am delighted to hear that.
It is very kind of you to say that.
Talking about prices
How much is this?
How much are these?
How much is this shirt?
How much does this book cost?
What is the price of this shirt?
Could you tell me the price of this shirt?
Asking for change
Have you got change for fifty note?
Do you have change?
 Asking for silence
Keep quite Shut your gob
Silence Shut up
Watch out your mouth. Hold your tongue.
Stop talking. Shut your pie hole
Be quiet Keep your voice down
Asking someone to wait
Hold on. Hang on.
Wait for me. Bear with me.
Just a moment. Just a minute, please.
Would you mind waiting me for a moment?
Showing anger
please, leave me alone. Hit the road.
Get off me. Don’t talk to me.
Get lost. Are you crazy?
Go away. Buzz of.
Get out. Get out of my sight.
Good wishes for journey or trip
Have a safe trip.
Have a nice trip.
Have a safe and delightful journey.
Bon voyage.
If you are sad(murugaysan), use the following words
Sad lonely dejected bored
Alone depressed ignored unhappy
Downhearted heartbroken
If you are angry(xanaqsan), use the following words
Frustrated skeptical upset annoyed
Grumpy irritated embarrassed vexed
If you are scared(naxsan), use the following words
Tense anxious frightened
Terrified afraid dread
if you are confused(wareersan), use the following words
trapped flustered baffled
constricted disorganized

useful words
1.happy=faraxsan 19.thisty=ooman
2.afraid=cabsanaya 20.disgusted=
3.sad=murugaysan 21.proud=isla wayn,ku
sharfan
4.scared=naxsan 22.tired=daalan
5.bored=cajisan 23. hungry=gajoonaya
6.anxious=walaacsan 24.frustrated
7.confident=kalsooni qaba 25.stuborn
8.suspicious=shaki leh 26.sleepy=hurdaysan
9.surprized=yaaban 27.Fortunate=nasiib badan
10.curious=cajiib 28.Delighted=faraxan
11.jealous=masayrsan 29.satisfied=qanacsan
12.envious=xaasid ah 30.Frightened=argagaxsan
14.miserable=murugaysan 31.intersted=xiisaynaya
15.confused=wareersan 32. shy=xishoonaya
16 angry=cadhaysan
17.ashamed=ka sheexid
18.determined=go’aan adag
leh

It is a terrible night
What a terrible nigh
What a terrible night it is
This is a beautiful picture
What a beautiful picture this is
He is a foolish boy
What a foolish boy he is
You are a clever student
What a clever student you are

Expressing certainty and uncertainty

Asking for certainty
Are you sure?
Are you sure about it?
Are you certain about it?
Do you think so?
How sure are you?
Expressing certainty
Yes, I am certain.
I am hundred percent certain.
I am absolutely sure.
I have no doubt about it.
I am sure about it.
I don’t think there can be any doubt about t.
Of course.
I am positive.
I am quite sure about it.
I am absolutely certain that it is true.
Expressing uncertainty
I am not sure about it.
I doubt it.
I am not really sure about it.
I don’t know for sure
It is very unlikely.
I have my own doubts.
I don’t think so.
I don’t believe this is true.
Expressing difference
Who cares?
I don’t care?
I don’t mind.
I don’t mind whatever you do.
It makes no difference to me.
Do what you like. I don’t care.
It doesn’t matter to me.
It is all the same to me.
Why should I care?
It is your decision.
Do as you like.
You can say whatever you like.

Demanding explanation in English

Can you explain why you are so late?
How come it has taken you so long to reply my email?
Can you tell me why you didn’t attend the meeting?
Why is it that you didn’t tell me the truth?
Talking about fear and anxiety
Are you afraid of animals?
I am scared of snakes.
I am frightened of spiders.
I get scared very easily.
I was terrified.
I am worried about your health.
Useful responses
Don’t be afraid.
It is not a big deal.
It is nothing.
There is nothing to be afraid of.
Take it easy.
Calm down.
Admitting mistakes
I have to admit that I was wrong.
I shouldn’t be like this.
I am fully responsible for this matter.
I have made a mistake.
It is my fault.
I was the one to blame.
I am sorry. I shouldn’t have done that
Useful responses
Just take it easy.
Don’t do it again
Don’t worry about it.
It is ok.
Forget it. That doesn’t matter.
.
Useful expressions
Do you understand?
Are you following me?
Do you understand what I mean?
Do you understand what I am saying?
I didn’t get it.
I am sorry I didn’t get your point.
What do you mean?
I got your pardon.
I am sorry. I don’t understand what you mean.
Sorry. I didn’t quite hear what you mean.
Clarification
Could you clarify that, please?
Could you explain that, please?
Could you say that again?
Could you repeat, please?
Could you put it differently?
Responses
let me clarify it for you…
let me put it in another way…
Asking about health
what is your problem?
What is your illness?
Where do you feel sick?
How do you feel now?
How is the pain today?
How are you feeling today?
Do you feel all right?
Possible responses
I have got headache/cough/chest pain/a sore throat.

Ways to say thank you

Thank you.
Thank you so much.
Thanks in advance.
Thanks a lot.
Thanks for helping me.
 When someone has done you favor, here is how you
can thank them.
Thanks. That is very kind of you.
You made my day.
 You are awesome.
when someone has helped you achieve an important goal
I could not have done it without you.
I want to thank you for your help
I really appreciate everything you have done.
I can’t thank you enough
When someone has helped you through tough time
I am really grateful for your help.
This means a lot to me.
I owe you one
Thanking someone for something specific
Thank you for your guidance.
Thank you for explaining this to me.
Thanks for finding my book.
Thank you for contacting me.
How to respond when someone says thank you
 You are welcome. Don’t mention it.
 Not at all. No worries.
 It is my pleasure. That is ok.
 It was the least I could do.
 Sure.No problem.
 That is alright.
 That is quite alright.
Note that sometimes, the British people do not answer when
they are thanked. Therefore, do not always expect a reply to
thanks, for minor things.
Thanks for and thank you for can be followed by gerund.
Thanks for calling me
Thank you for helping me
Apology
Ways of apologizing

 It is my fault.
 Oops! sorry
 I am very sorry
 I apologize

 I am so sorry
 I am terribly sorry
 I am really sorry
 Ways to Respond on Apology
 No problem. Don’t worry about it.
 I forgive you. It doesn’t matter.
 It doesn’t matter. Forget it.
 Never mind.
6 ways to Respond Good News
 Congratulations! That is great!
 How wonderful! Awesome
 I am so happy for you. That is great news.
5 ways to respond to Bad news
 Oh no…
 That is terrible.
 Poor you!
 I am so sorry to hear that.
Conveying greeting
Convey my warm greeting to your family.
Give my best regards to Asha.
Remember me to your family.
Tell Ahmed I said hello.
Extend my warm greeting to Mohamed.
when someone interferes in your life
 It doesn’t concern you.
 Stay out of my life
 What does it matter to you?
  Mind your own business
 Who are you to ask me?
 This is none of your business.
Reminding someone
 Don’t forget to call me.
 Don’t forget to do your assignment.
 Remember to bring your Id.
Related expressions:
 Don’t remind me
 May I remind you?
 That reminds me…
Ways to Ask for Clarification
 Pardon
 Would you mind…?
 What do you mean?
 Can you explain?
 Could you say it in another way?
 Can you clarify that for me?
 Could you rephrase that?
 When you say… do you mean?
 Could you be more specific?
 Can you give me an example?
Encouragement
 Keep it up.
 Keep up the good work.
  That is a real Improvement.
 You are on the right track.
 You have almost got it
 You are doing great.
 Don’t give up /hang in there
 You can do it.
 Nice job.
 Give it your best shot.
To encourage someone to go somewhere or to do
something more quickly, you can use
come on!
To encourage someone to do something, you can use
Go for it
 Stay strong.
 Keep pushing.
 Just do it.
 Good job.
 I am so ground of you!
Phrases to use when someone has not started yet
 Go for it.
 Why not.
 Just do it.
 It is worth a shot.
Phrases to Use When Someone is doing well
  Keep it up.
 Keep up the good work.
 Good job.
 There you go
Phrases to Use When Someone has trouble
 Hong in there
 Don’t give up.
 Never give up.
 Stay strong.
 Never say die.
 Come on.
 Keep pushing
Phrases to use When Someone is Facing a hard
decision.
 I will support you either way.
 I am behind you 100%.
 It is totally up to you.
 It is your call.
Phrases to inspire People
 Follow your dreams.
 Reach for the Stars.
 Believe in yourself.
 The sky is the limit.
Telephoning
Asking who someone is
 Who is calling?
 Who is that speaking?
 What is this?
 Who is there?
 Who is that?
saying who you are
 Hello, this is Ahmed.
 This is Muna
 Speaking
 This is he/she. (American English)
Note that on telephone conversation, the following
expressions are not used
I am Nimo, my name is Ahmed, and
I am called Ali
Asking people to wait
Hold on a moment
Hold the line
Just a moment
Hang on
If the person who is wanted is not present, the
receiver can say
Can I take a message?
I am afraid. He has just gone out.
I am afraid. She is not in. can I take a message
Caller
Could you ask her to call me back?
 could you ask her to call me at 0915111…
Could tell her Ahmed called her?
Asking for a person
Can/could I speak to Asha?
Can/could I speak with Ahmed?
Wrong number
I think you have got a wrong number.
I am afraid. You have got a wrong number
Sorry. Wrong number.
On telephone, the caller can use the following
expressions
Can I speak to Ahmed?
Could I speak to the general manager?
Could I speak with Hodan?
Asking opinions
What do think about that?
Are you aware of…?
Do you agree with me?
Do you know/see what I mean?
Don’t you think (that) …?
How do you feel (about…)?
How would you feel if….?
How would you react, if ….?
What are your thoughts on that?
What are your views on…?
What do you suggest?
What do you think about/of…?
What do you think we should do?
What do you think/reckon?
What does that mean to you?
What do you reckon (about…)?
What would you say to… / if we…?
What’s your opinion about/of….?
Where do you stand (on…)?
Where would you stand, if …?
Would you agree with me that …?
I'm sorry to + (verb)
I'm sorry to + (verb)
Saying you are 'sorry to' expresses a feeling of
sympathy or regret.
Here are some examples:
I'm sorry to be so late.
I'm sorry to hear about your sick mother.
"I'm sorry to waste your time.
I'm sorry to make you feel so sad.
I'm sorry to frighten you.
I'm sorry to disagree with your decision.
I'm sorry to hear that your baby is sick.
I'm sorry to end this relationship.
I’m sorry to stand on your foot.
I’m sorry to bother you.
I am sorry to miss your lecture.
I am sorry to break the promise.
Note that Sorry for is used with present participle verb.
Examples
I am sorry for lying to you.
I am sorry coming late.
I am sorry for taking your documents.
I am sorry for bothering you.
I am sorry for using it incorrectly.
I am sorry for standing on your foot.
I am sorry for calling you this time.
I am sorry for going out without your permission.
I'm looking forward to
I'm looking forward to.
When telling someone that you are looking
forward to you are saying that you are waiting for
something, especially with pleasure.
Here are some examples:
I'm looking forward to meeting you."
I'm looking forward to talking with you.
I'm looking forward to going on vacation.
I’m looking forward to spending time with you.
I'm looking forward to learning English
I am looking forward to visiting another country.
I am looking forward to having a family.
I am looking forward to graduating from college.
l am looking forward to watching it.
I am looking forward to running in a race.
There's nothing+(subject) + can + (verb)
There's' is a contraction of the words 'there is
When using the word 'nothing' you are suggesting
that something cannot happen or be done.
Here are some examples:
There's nothing you can harm.
There's nothing the police can identify.
There's nothing we can agree on.
There's nothing we can join.
There's nothing she can cook.
There's nothing my dog can learn.
There is nothing you can take for me.
There is nothing you can achieve.
By using the word 'can' or 'can't' you change the
expression to mean that all is possible.
Here are some examples
There is nothing I cannot ask for.
There's nothing we cannot accomplish.
There's nothing our dog cannot open.
There is something wrong with + (noun)
You are informing someone that there is
something not right or out of the ordinary.
Here are some examples:
There is something wrong with my laptop.
There is something wrong with my car.
There is something wrong with my cell phone.
There is something wrong with my head.
There is something wrong with your answering
Machine.
There is something wrong with your way of
Thinking.
There is something wrong with your attitude.
There is something wrong with your dog.
There is something wrong with our relationship.
There is something wrong with our alarm clock.
There is something wrong with you.
There is something wrong with my friend.

There's no way(subject + verb)

There's' is a contraction of the words there is. By
stating there's no way' you are relaying a thought
of doubt about an event taking place now or in the
future.
Here are some examples:
There's no way you finish on time.
There's no way we complete on time.
There's no way your mother approves.
There's no way no one claims it.
There's no way they expect it.
There's no way he can fix it.
There's no way he can handle the news.
There's no way your brother injured his ankle.
There is no way that horse jumps it.
There is no way he missed it.
There is no way they can speak English.
There is no way they can take my property.
There is no way he can be a president.
Asking for directions
When you want someone to show you directions, you
should ask them politely.
Examples
Excuse me, can you tell me how to get to Rays English
private school?
Excuse me, would you help me? I want to go the stadium?
Pardon me, could you tell where the nearest clinic is?
Excuse me, could you tell me the shortest way to Jigjiga
University?
Excuse me, could you show me the way to the nearest
hotel?
Pardon me, could you tell me the right way to commercial
bank of Ethiopia?

Giving direction
Turn left/right and then ……
Take a taxi from …….
Keep on going
Saying you don’t know
I am afraid I don’t know
I am sorry I don’t know the place. I am stranger my self
Asking for information
Excuse me, is there a good restaurant in this area?
Excuse me, is there a hotel around here?
Excuse me, are there any ticket booths here?
Excuse me, where can I find a good hotel?
Excuse me, where can I find local bus service?
Excuse me, do you know where there is a gas station?
Excuse me, do you know where I can find a rest room?

Asking for explanation

Could you explain how paragraphs are written?
Could you explain what these words mean?
Could you repeat what you have said?
Saying I don’t know how to …
I don’t know how to turn on the stove.
I don’t know how to write paragraphs.
I don’t know how to use twitter.
I don’t know how to get there.
I don’t know how to change a fuse.
Do you sell…?
Do you sell printer papers?
Do you sell chocolate?
Do you sell white suit?
Do you have any black shirt?
ASKING FOR ADVICE
What do you suggest?
What do you think I should do?
What would you do if you were in my position?
Do you think I should?
What shall I do?
What do you advise me to do?
What can I do?
What would you advise me to do?
What is your advice?
Can you give me advice?
GIVING ADVICE
You had better …
I am advising you…
I think you had better…
Why don't you…
I would recommend you to…
My advice would be…
I think you should…
wouldn't advise you to …
I would advise you to…
Accepting
All right
Ok
Why not?
I will do that
Declining advice
I don't know what to advise
I am afraid
I am afraid I can't really help you
Asking for Permission
May I use your...
Can I ask you something?
Excuse me, may I go.
Is it all right if I use your....?
Do you mind if I..?
Would you mind if.. .?
Giving Permission
Yes, of Course
Yes
Not at all
Go a head
No, I don't mind
No, I wouldn't mind
No that is all right
Refusing Permission
Ways of refusing permission.
No, I am afraid not.
 Debate 1
Homeland and abroad
Istareh: Living in one's homeland and living abroad each
have their own merits and drawbacks. In this debate, two
students, Isra and Asma, will present their viewpoints on
this subject. Isra will argue in favor of living in one's
homeland, while Asma will present the opposing
perspective.
Isra: Living in one's homeland offers a deep sense of
belonging, cultural familiarity, and the opportunity to
contribute to the development of one's own country.
Being close to family and friends provides a strong
support system, fostering emotional well-being and social
connections. Additionally, living in one's homeland allows
individuals to fully immerse themselves in their own
culture, traditions, and values, which can enrich their
identity and sense of self.
Asma: While I understand the sense of belonging,
living abroad provides unique opportunities for personal
growth, cultural exchange, and a broader worldview. It
exposes individuals to different perspectives, customs,
and experiences, enhancing their understanding and
tolerance of diverse cultures. Living abroad also offers
access to better educational and career opportunities,
enabling individuals to acquire new skills, expand their
professional networks, and contribute to global
development.
 Debate 2
Beauty vs Character
Kalid: Ladies and gentlemen, today I would like to
discuss the importance of beauty. Beauty plays a
significant role in our lives, as it has the power to
captivate, inspire, and uplift individuals. Physical
attractiveness can open doors of opportunity, whether in
personal relationships or professional endeavors. A
pleasant appearance can make a positive first impression
and help individuals gain confidence and self-assurance.
Moreover, beauty is a form of self-expression and
creativity, allowing individuals to showcase their unique
features and personal style. It is undeniable that beauty
holds social currency and can contribute to an individual's
overall happiness and well-being.
Awale: Thank you, kalid , for highlighting the
advantages of beauty. However, let us consider the
importance of character. While physical attractiveness
may initially capture attention, it is an individual's
character that truly defines who they are. Character
encompasses qualities such as honesty, integrity, kindness,
empathy, and resilience. These traits contribute to
personal growth, foster meaningful relationships, and
have a lasting impact on society. Unlike physical beauty,
which can fade with time, character remains enduring and
allows individuals to make a positive difference in the
world. It is the foundation of trust, respect, and
admiration, qualities that are essential for building lasting
connections and contributing to a harmonious society.

Debate 3
Chewing Chat in Somali Communities
Moderator: Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to today's
debate. Our topic for discussion is "Chewing Chat in
Somali Communities." We have two students, Ahmed and
Fatima, who will present their viewpoints on this subject.
Ahmed will argue in favor of chewing chat, while Fatima
will present the opposing perspective. Ahmed, you may
begin with your opening statement.

Ahmed: Thank you, Moderator. Ladies and gentlemen,

chewing chat has been a long-standing cultural practice in
Somali communities. It serves as a social activity,
fostering community bonds and providing a source of
relaxation and enjoyment. Chat chewing sessions offer a
space for open conversations, sharing of ideas, and
resolving conflicts. Additionally, it has economic
significance as a valuable cash crop, providing livelihoods
for many individuals in the community.

Fatima: Thank you, Moderator. While I respect the

cultural significance of chat chewing, we must also
consider the potential negative impacts it can have on
individuals and communities. Chat contains stimulants
that can lead to addiction, negatively affecting physical
and mental health. Excessive chewing can lead to
dependency, financial strain, and neglect of other
responsibilities

Debate 4
Voluntary marriage vs arranged marriage
Mustafe: Voluntary marriage is the ideal choice as it
prioritizes individual freedom and personal happiness. In
a voluntary marriage, individuals have the freedom to
choose their life partner based on mutual love,
compatibility, and shared values. It allows for a deep
emotional connection and a strong foundation for a lasting
relationship. Voluntary marriage promotes personal
growth and autonomy, as individuals have the opportunity
to explore their own preferences and make decisions that
align with their desires and aspirations.

Asha: While voluntary marriage emphasizes personal

choice, arranged marriage has its own merits. Arranged
marriage considers factors beyond individual preferences,
such as family compatibility, cultural values, and long-
term stability. It takes into account the wisdom and
experience of families who have a vested interest in
ensuring the success of the union. Arranged marriages
have been practiced for centuries and have shown success
in fostering long-lasting relationships and maintaining
family ties. Additionally, arranged marriages provide a
support network and a sense of community, as families
play an active role in the union.

Advantages and disadvantages of globalization

BUSHRA: As we know globalization has benefited most
of the countries. However, everything has two sides,
globalization may also have disadvantages, so which one
are you supporting?
Shankaron: First of all, globalization has greatly
influenced the world's economy in many positive
ways. Most of the businesses are becoming increasingly
international. Globalization allows a free trade practice.
With the unlimited export of goods, the market of a
country will get larger. The unlimited import will also
allow citizens to have access to imported products.
Furthermore, with foreign investments in a country, a rise
in employment will follow. No one can deny that the
positive aspects of globalization will help the countries'
economy to prosper. Moreover, if more people will be
employed, this could result in a low poverty rate in the
developing countries.
Obviously, with the impact of globalization trade and
travel around the world have become easier, comfortable
and easily accessible. Air route travel is now affordable to
common people within a fraction of hours people can
reach their destiny
BUSHRA: On the other end of the spectrum,
globalization may also harm business industry of other
countries that cannot compete for as much versus the
multinational companies. Thus, small business and
medium scale establishments may have to close down. As
a result, globalization can also lead to unemployment and
exploitation. Followed by this, other companies may
move to other countries where labour is cheap. Because of
the globalization, the traditional way of life and simplicity
are getting washed away and people in developing
countries are mimicking the western cultures which might
lead to a devastating situation on countries heritage and
tradition. The locally made products are being replaced by
the international brands and that has a very negative and
long-term effect on a countries business growth. It is
argued that the wealthier countries are becoming
wealthier due to the advantages they are getting from
globalization. They can begin their roots in developing or
underdeveloped countries and utilize the natural raw
materials from there and become more and more affluent.
 Debate 5
Natural science vs social science
Abdi: Ladies and gentlemen, today I would like to
advocate for the importance of studying natural science.
Natural science explores the physical world and its
phenomena, providing us with invaluable knowledge
about the natural laws that govern our universe. It allows
us to understand the fundamental principles of physics,
chemistry, biology, and other scientific disciplines.
Studying natural science equips us with critical thinking
skills, as we learn to observe, analyze, and interpret data.
It fosters innovation and technological advancements,
leading to discoveries that have revolutionized our lives.
Furthermore, natural science offers practical applications
in various fields, such as medicine, engineering, and
environmental conservation. By studying natural science,
we gain a deeper appreciation for the world around us and
develop a scientific mindset that is essential for
addressing complex challenges.

Farah: Thank you, Abdi, for emphasizing the importance

of natural science. However, I would like to argue in favor
of studying social science. Social science encompasses
disciplines such as sociology, psychology, economics, and
political science. It focuses on understanding human
behavior, societies, and the interplay of individuals within
social structures. By studying social science, we gain
insights into the complexities of human interactions,
societal issues, and cultural dynamics. Social science
equips us with empathy, critical thinking, and analytical
skills, allowing us to address social problems, promote
social justice, and foster inclusive communities.
Moreover, social science provides a deeper understanding
of the human mind, emotions, and motivations, helping us
build stronger relationships and navigate the intricacies of
our social world. It is through studying social science that
we gain the tools to create positive change and shape a
more equitable and compassionate society.
Debate 6
Money and knowledge
Mahamoud: Money is the key to success and happiness.
With enough money, we can live a comfortable life, fulfill
our desires, and secure a bright future. Money provides us
with opportunities, access to resources, and the ability to
pursue our passions. It allows us to invest in our
education, acquire knowledge, and gain a competitive
edge in the job market. In today's world, money opens
doors and brings a sense of security and freedom.

Istareh: While money is undoubtedly important,

knowledge is the true wealth that empowers individuals.
Knowledge is the foundation upon which societies
progress and innovations are made. It enables us to
understand the world around us, solve problems, and
make informed decisions. With knowledge, we can adapt
to changing circumstances, acquire new skills, and thrive
in any situation. Money may come and go, but knowledge
stays with us forever. It empowers us to create
opportunities, build meaningful relationships, and
contribute to the betterment of society. Money without
knowledge can be squandered or misused, but knowledge
empowers us to use our resources wisely and make a
positive impact on the world.

mahamoud: While knowledge is valuable, we cannot

deny that money provides us with the means to access
education, resources, and opportunities. Without money,
many individuals struggle to gain the necessary
knowledge and skills to succeed. Money opens doors to
quality education, specialized training, and valuable
experiences that enrich our lives and broaden our
horizons. Furthermore, money allows us to invest in
research and development, promoting innovation and
driving progress. Without financial resources, many
breakthroughs and advancements would remain
unrealized. Money and knowledge go hand in hand, with
money serving as a catalyst for acquiring and utilizing
knowledge effectively.

Istareh: I agree that financial resources can facilitate

access to education and opportunities. However, it is
essential to recognize that knowledge can be acquired and
shared in various ways, even without substantial financial
means. In today's digital age, information and educational
resources are more accessible than ever before. With
determination and a thirst for knowledge, individuals can
educate themselves through online courses, libraries, and
community resources. Additionally, knowledge is not
limited to formal education; it encompasses skills,
experiences, and personal growth. True wealth lies in the
ability to apply knowledge effectively, innovate, and
make a positive impact.
Debate 7
Pros and cons of social media
Adna: Ladies and gentlemen, today I would like to shed
light on the numerous advantages that social media
platforms bring to our lives. Firstly, social media allows
us to connect with people from all around the world,
breaking geographical barriers and fostering a sense of
global community. We can effortlessly communicate with
friends, family, and colleagues, bridging gaps and
nurturing relationships. Moreover, social media serves as
a powerful platform for information sharing and
awareness. It enables us to stay updated on current events,
trends, and important causes. We can also express our
opinions, share our talents, and engage in meaningful
discussions that have the potential to bring about positive
change. Social media provides a platform for self-
expression and creativity, allowing individuals to
showcase their skills and connect with like-minded
people. It has also revolutionized businesses, offering
entrepreneurs a cost-effective way to reach a wider
audience and promote their products or services. In
conclusion, the advantages of social media are
undeniable, as it has transformed the way we
communicate, collaborate, and navigate the world.

Aswan: Thank you, Adna, for highlighting the positive

aspects of social media. However, I would like to
emphasize the potential disadvantages that come hand in
hand with these platforms. Firstly, the rise of social media
has led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions and real-
life connections. People are becoming increasingly
dependent on virtual interactions, leading to feelings of
isolation and loneliness. Moreover, social media has
opened the floodgates to cyberbullying, harassment, and
the spread of fake news. The anonymity provided by these
platforms often gives rise to online trolls and harmful
behavior, negatively impacting mental health and overall
well-being. Additionally, excessive use of social media
has been linked to addictive behaviors, affecting
productivity and personal relationships. Privacy concerns
also arise, as personal information shared on social media
can be exploited for various purposes, including targeted
advertising and identity theft. It is essential to strike a
balance between the advantages and disadvantages of
social media, as excessive use can overshadow the
benefits and hinder our personal growth and social
interactions.

Adna: While it is true that social media has its

downsides, it is important to remember that responsible
usage can mitigate these concerns. It is essential to
educate ourselves and others about online safety and
privacy settings. By utilizing social media mindfully, we
can establish a healthy balance between virtual and real-
world interactions. Furthermore, social media platforms
have introduced measures to combat cyberbullying and
misinformation. Algorithms are being developed to
promote positive content and filter out harmful material.
With the right awareness and digital literacy, we can
harness the advantages of social media while minimizing
the disadvantages. It is undeniable that social media has
transformed our society, and it is up to us to use it as a
tool for positive change, growth, and meaningful
connections.

Aswan: While responsible usage is encouraged, it is

crucial to acknowledge that not everyone possesses the
necessary awareness and self-control. The addictive
nature of social media often leads to mindless scrolling
and oversharing, exposing individuals to various risks.
While algorithms attempt to combat harmful content, they
are not foolproof, and misinformation continues to spread
rampantly. Moreover, the pressure to present a perfect life
on social media can lead to feelings of inadequacy and
low self-esteem. It is imperative to prioritize real-life
connections and engage in activities that promote
personal growth and well-being. By setting limits on
social media usage and investing time in face-to-face
interactions, we can safeguard ourselves from the
negative repercussions of excessive virtual engagement

Debate 8
Love and Money - Which Matters More?

Ali: Proponent of Love

Ali: Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed judges, and my

fellow debaters, today I stand before you as a proponent
of love. Love is the essence of human existence, the
driving force that makes life worth living. While money
may offer temporary comfort and convenience, it pales in
comparison to the profound impact that love has on our
lives.

Firstly, love provides emotional fulfillment and a sense of

belonging. It forms the foundation of healthy relationships
and enables us to experience joy, compassion, and
empathy. Money cannot buy these invaluable emotions.
We all cherish the moments spent with our loved ones, the
laughter shared, and the support we receive in times of
need. These are the true treasures of life, far superior to
any material possessions.

Secondly, love promotes personal growth and well-being.

It nurtures our self-esteem, boosts our mental health, and
encourages us to strive for our dreams. Love empowers us
to take risks, overcome challenges, and develop
resilience. Money, on the other hand, often breeds a
superficial pursuit of material wealth, leading to stress,
anxiety, and an unhealthy obsession with possessions.
Happiness and contentment cannot be measured in terms
of monetary value.

Asha: Advocate for Money

Asha: Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed judges, and my

fellow debaters, today I stand before you as an advocate
for money. While love holds a special place in our hearts,
it is money that provides the means for our survival and
enables us to lead fulfilling lives.

Firstly, money brings security and stability. It ensures that

our basic needs, such as food, shelter, and healthcare, are
met. Without financial stability, it becomes challenging to
find happiness or even pursue our passions. Money
provides a safety net that allows us to focus on personal
growth, relationships, and self-actualization.

Secondly, money opens doors to opportunities. It provides

access to education, which is crucial for personal and
professional development. It allows us to explore different
fields, acquire knowledge, and build a successful career.
Money empowers us to follow our dreams, take risks, and
create a better future for ourselves and our loved ones.

Moreover, money contributes to the well-being of our

relationships. While love forms the foundation of human
connection, financial strain can often place undue stress
on relationships. Money provides the resources to create
memorable experiences, to share adventures, and to
support our loved ones in times of need. Financial
stability fosters healthy relationships built on mutual
respect, understanding, and shared goals.

Lastly, money enables us to make a positive impact on

society. Through charitable donations and philanthropy,
we can address social issues, support causes we believe
in, and uplift those less fortunate. Love alone cannot solve
the world's problems.
 City vs countryside
ABUBAKAR: Some people like to live in big cities,
while other like the natural and quiet surroundings in the
countryside. As far as I am concerned, I would like to live
in a big city because living in a big city has more
advantages than living in the countryside.
To begin with, the city is the symbol of human civilization
and there are a lot of facilities for living, recreation and
health care. Therefore, living there is more convenient
than living in the countryside. For example, we can find a
plenty of malls around our neighborhood, where we can
buy everyday necessities at a low price. Furthermore, in
big cities, medical facilities and emergency services are
easily accessible than in the countryside. cities also have
convenient transportation and utility systems. They also
offer faster Internet connections. These all make our life
easier in big cities.
In addition, we can take part in a variety of events in big
cities. Human being likes to live together and need to
interact with each other. In a big city, the population
density is high therefore there are always plenty of social
activities, sports events and concerts. So many kinds of
entertainment are available cities. In countryside,
however, the life may be dull and quiet, and you may only
have a few neighbors. Living alone with few activities can
easily cause mental diseases.
Finally, I strongly hold that living in big cities is much
better than living in the countryside because of the
advanced facilities and social activities in cities.
Moreover, Cities generally have better infrastructure,
education system and advance health care facilities.
ABDIKADIR: Living in the countryside can benefit
people in a wide range of ways. Living in the countryside
is better for one’s health condition, thanks to significantly
lower levels of air pollution. It is undeniable that air
quality in big cities is so bad that long-term exposure to it
may cause respiratory diseases and other health problems.
Besides, the cost of living in rural areas is likely to be
lower than that in cities. Although people in the city tend
to make more money than people in the countryside do,
they have to spend more on food, accommodation and
transportation. Therefore, one can save more money by
living in the countryside without working as hard.
people of villages live much nearer to the nature and
breathe in the fresh air, as well as eat fresh foods,
vegetables, fruits collected directly from the garden. On
the contrary vegetables, foods, fruits in the cities are
normally stored and mixed with preservatives and can
cause serious harms to the health. The living cost in a
countryside is much lesser than that of a city. The density
of population in a village is much less than a city and
village people are naturally grow up their personal
relationship among all people and live like a real
community and take care of each other. While in the city
people do not know even who live in the next door and
personal relationship in a community is rare and living in
a city is very stressful as the life is very busy and
competitive there. Cities have lot more vehicles,
industries and a large population and that pollutes the
environment which is very harmful to the health. It is
particularly tough for low earning people as the expenses
in living in a city is always higher.

Debate 9
Talent and Creativity - Which is More Important?

Farah: Advocate for Talent

Farah: Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed judges, and my

fellow debaters, today I stand before you as an advocate
for talent. Talent is a natural aptitude or skill that sets
individuals apart and allows them to excel in various
fields. While creativity may be valuable, it is talent that
forms the foundation for exceptional achievements.

Firstly, talent provides a head start and a competitive

edge. Individuals with inherent talent possess a
predisposition towards excelling in specific areas.
Whether it's in sports, arts, or academics, talent enables
individuals to grasp concepts quickly, perform at a higher
level, and achieve remarkable results. While creativity
may enhance the output, talent lays the groundwork for
success.

Secondly, talent is honed through practice and hard work.

While creativity can be cultivated, talent cannot be easily
replicated. It takes years of dedication, training, and
perseverance to develop a talent into a refined skill. Talent
requires commitment and a relentless pursuit of
excellence, which ultimately leads to mastery in a
particular field. Creativity, while valuable, does not
guarantee such depth of expertise.

Moreover, talent garners recognition and opportunities.

Society often values individuals with exceptional talent,
leading to opportunities for personal growth, career
advancements, and recognition. Talent opens doors to
scholarships, sponsorships, and collaborations with
experts in the field. While creativity may generate
innovative ideas, it is talent that brings those ideas to life
and allows them to be recognized on a larger scale.

Lastly, talent inspires and motivates others. When we

witness individuals with extraordinary talent, it sparks
admiration and a desire to emulate their achievements.
Talented individuals become role models, inspiring others
to discover and pursue their own passions. The impact of
talent extends beyond personal success and serves as a
driving force for societal progress.
Advocate for Creativity
Halimo: Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed judges, and
my fellow debaters, today I stand before you as an
advocate for creativity. Creativity is the driving force
behind innovation, originality, and the advancement of
society. While talent may be valuable, it is creativity that
truly unlocks the boundless potential of human
imagination.

Firstly, creativity fuels progress and problem-solving. The

greatest inventions, scientific breakthroughs, and artistic
masterpieces have all stemmed from creative thinking. It
is through the ability to think outside the box, to question
norms, and to imagine new possibilities that we are able
to overcome challenges and push the boundaries of what
is possible. Talent alone may lead to proficiency, but it is
creativity that propels us forward.

Secondly, creativity fosters adaptability and resilience. In

an ever-changing world, the ability to think creatively
allows individuals to adapt to new circumstances,
embrace change, and find innovative solutions. Talent, on
its own, may confine individuals to a specific set of skills
or a particular field. Creativity, however, allows for
versatility, enabling individuals to navigate diverse
environments and excel in various domains.
Moreover, creativity promotes individuality and self-
expression. It allows us to convey our thoughts, emotions,
and unique perspectives through various artistic forms.
Creativity is a powerful tool for storytelling, cultural
expression, and connecting with others on a deeper level.
While talent may enable technical proficiency, it is
creativity that adds the personal touch, making the work
truly meaningful and resonant.

Lastly, creativity drives economic growth and

entrepreneurship. In a world fueled by innovation,
businesses and industries thrive on creative ideas and
solutions. Entrepreneurs who possess creative thinking
skills are
 ARCHAEA
Similar to bacteria, species in the Domain Archaea
known as archaeans, are unicellular, microscopic
organisms that live as producers or decomposers.

Characterisctics of Archaea

They are prokartyotic.

They single celled organisms.
They lack memebrane bound nucleus and
membrane bounded organelles.
Archaea lack true peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
Their cell membrane lipids have branched
hydrocarbon chains.
The initial amino acid in their polypeptide chains,
coded by the AUG start codon, is methionine (as in
eukaryotes and in
Note that they are found in extreme environments.
 Classification of archaea
Generally three major groups of archaca are
recognized:
1.methanogens
2. Extreme halophiles
3. Extreme thermophiles
 Methanogens
The methanogens are strictly anaerobic organisms,
As members of the anaerobic food chain, they
degrade organic molecules to methane.

marshes, marine sediments, and the gastrointestinal

tracts of animals, including humans.
Extreme halophiles
Extreme halophiles grow in highly saline
environments such as the Great Salt Lake, the Dead
Sea, salt evaporation ponds, and the surfaces of salt-
preserved foods. Unlike the methanogens, extreme
halophiles are generally obligate aerobes.
Extreme Thermophiles:
The extreme thermophiles (hyperthermophiles) are
found near volcanic vents and fissures that release
sulfurous gases and other hot vapors.
With optimum temperatures usually in excess of 80?
C, they may be either obligate aerobes, facultative
aerobes, or obligate anaerobes.

Thermophilic Extreme Acidophiles: Members of two

genera, Thermoplasma and Picrophilus, are notable
for growing in extremely acidic, hot environments.

Nutritionally they are either aerobic,

> Archaea lack true peptidoglycan in their

facultative anaerobic or strictly anaerobic, cell walls.
chemolithoautotroph to organotrophs.

> Their cell membrane lipids have branched

hydrocarbon chains.

>

Figure 2.10. Diversity of Archaea

59

Page FDRE -MoE. Ethiopia

2.2.1. Beneficial aspects of Archaea

Because of their tolerance to high temperatures and

relatively extreme environments, some members of
the domain have already been exploited for a wide
variety of commercial uses.

These Archaea become the source of enzymes that

are usually added to detergents in order to help it

maintain its activity even at higher temperature and
pH.

Proteases and lipases derived from alkaliphilic

bacteria are being used as detergent additives to
increase their stain removal ability

Some Archaea also bear the potential for

bioremediation or help in cleaning contaminated
sites.

The thermophilic Archaea, Thermus aquaticus, is an

essential part of the development