1.

Astrolabe - An astrolabe is a historical astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers,

navigators, and astrologers. Its many uses include locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon,
planets, and stars; determining local time given local latitude and vice-versa; surveying; and
triangulation.

2. Telescope - The surveyor's telescope is an adaptation of Kepler's telescope. It employs two convex
lenses. The one nearest to the object is called the objective and the other near the eye is called
eyepiece. Its example is Theodolite which is used to measure and determine horizontal and vertical
angles.

3. Transit - A transit is type of theodolite that features a telescope that can "flip over" which would allow
easy back-sighting and doubling of angles for error reduction. They can be used to determine the relative
position of lines and objects as well. Transit levels are very precise. They are used to establish a reference
line, but they are also used to provide readings of angles in precise measurements.
4. Semicircumferentor - The graphometer, semicircle or semicircumferentor is a surveying instrument
used for angle measurements. It consists of a semicircular limb divided into 180 degrees and sometimes
subdivided into minutes. The limb is subtended by the diameter with two sights at its ends.

5. Plane table - A plane table is a device used in surveying site mapping, exploration mapping, coastal
navigation mapping, and related disciplines to provide a solid and level surface on which to make field
drawings, charts and maps.

6. Dioptra - The dioptra was a sighting tube or, alternatively, a rod with a sight at both ends, attached to
a stand. It is the original survey instrument developed by Greek Astronomers for use in measuring
angles. This tool was used extensively to assist in the growth of the Greek Empire.
7. Roman Groma - The groma or gruma was a Roman surveying instrument. It comprised a vertical staff
with horizontal crosspieces mounted at right angles on a bracket. Each crosspiece had a plumb line
hanging vertically at each end. It was used to survey straight lines and right angles, thence squares or
rectangles.

8. Libella - this tool had a plumbline suspended from its apex that coincided with a mark on the crossbar
at the center of the tool's frame and it acts as a square and even a ruler if needed.

9. Vernier - A vernier scale, named after Pierre Vernier, is a visual aid to take an accurate measurement
reading between two graduation markings on a linear scale by using mechanical interpolation, thereby
increasing resolution and reducing measurement uncertainty by using vernier acuity to reduce human
estimation error. It is a device used for measuring the fractional part of one of the smallest divisions of a
graduated scale.
11. Compass - an instrument used for determining the horizontal direction of a line with reference to the
direction of a magnetic needle. A compass is a device that indicates direction. It is one of the most
important instruments for navigation.

10. Diopter - is a classical astronomical and surveying instrument, dating from the 3rd century BC. The
diopter was used for leveling, laying off right angles, and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
Since the telescope was not yet invented during the time the diopter was used, peep sights were
employed for sighting and in aligning the device.

12. Gunter's Chain - Gunter's chain is a distance measuring device used for surveying. It was designed
and introduced in 1620 by English clergyman and mathematician Edmund Gunter. It enabled plots of
land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes. Gunter developed an
actual measuring chain of 100 links.
13. Chorobates - The instrument known as the chorobates was described by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio as
the way that the Roman surveyors checked levels. They were using the chorobates instrument, which
was used to build water channels and roads. The instrument was a 6.5 m long table with a through of 2
m in length.

14. Merchet - The merchet was a staff with a wide notched top. The notch was a long slit through which
the instrument operator aligned a fixed plumb-line and the "rope-men". This enabled them to measure
long lines effectively.