Scribd
Upload
32 views19 pages

Set 12 Over and Under Frequency Relay

1) Frequency relays (81-U and 81-O) coordinate underfrequency and overfrequency protection with load shedding schemes and equipment vibration limits to avoid damage from abnormal frequencies. 2) An 81 relay monitors power system frequency and can initiate load shedding if frequency decreases too far to balance generation and load. It also coordinates with generator protection if frequency increases excessively. 3) Frequency relays have settings to define continuous, restricted, and prohibited frequency ranges based on equipment limitations and coordinate with other protection systems.

Uploaded by

Rahamath Ali Mohammed Attar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views19 pages

Set 12 Over and Under Frequency Relay

1) Frequency relays (81-U and 81-O) coordinate underfrequency and overfrequency protection with load shedding schemes and equipment vibration limits to avoid damage from abnormal frequencies. 2) An 81 relay monitors power system frequency and can initiate load shedding if frequency decreases too far to balance generation and load. It also coordinates with generator protection if frequency increases excessively. 3) Frequency relays have settings to define continuous, restricted, and prohibited frequency ranges based on equipment limitations and coordinate with other protection systems.

Uploaded by

Rahamath Ali Mohammed Attar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Set 12 – Under and Over Frequency Relays

From IEEE C37.2

There is only one. It can serve both purposes as specified

1
SEL 400, Page 1.15

2
Here is where NB Power is located

3
NB Power Frequency
There is available a graph of NB Power frequency in 15 second intervals
over the full 24 hours of the day.

That graph shows that the frequency stayed within the bound of 59.95 to
60.05 Hz for every one of the 5760 intervals in the 24 hours.

NB Power is connected to the eastern 2/3 of North America. That area


controls the frequency very tightly!

Not all areas of the world control the frequency within those bounds.

Our problems occur when our two 345 kV transmission lines to New
England open.

Then the remaining New Brunswick-Nova Scotia- Prince Edward Island


power system is susceptible to frequency variations.

4
System frequency overview.

Column 1 – Power system frequency range, and description of possible effects.

Column 2 – Expanded scale of “nominal frequency” to the second decimal


place about 60.00 Hz

Why is their equipment damage?


5
Frequency performance of steam turbine low pressure blades
First consider steam turbines

Low pressure turbine blades – very long and quite large and “relatively few”.

They have very specific vibrations modes/frequencies as determined by


OEM.

The vibration modes of the blades are in some cases not far above the 60 Hz
6
Frequency performance of steam turbine high pressure blades

High pressure turbine blades – shorter and smaller and quite a large number

7
IEEE C37.106 – steam turbine frequency analysis
Continuous, restricted and prohibited frequency ranges of steam turbine
operation by different selected manufacturers (MFR)

8
IEEE C37.106 - Frequency relay (81)

Generic representation of continuous, restricted and prohibited under


frequency operation for steam turbines to avoid blade vibration and
potential loosening of blade from their seat on the turbine rotor.

Blade vibrations result in general machine vibrations

9
Hydro turbine vibrations

The abnormal frequency limitations for hydraulic turbine generators are


much less stringent than for steam turbines.

Generally hydraulic turbine generators are designed to withstand more


over speed than steam or combustion turbines, in some cases up to 100%
over speed (200% speed)

Bucket/blade designs on hydro units are more rugged than tapered blade
designs found in thermal turbines.

While manufacturer specifications should be consulted for their specific


recommendations, an abnormal frequency range for continuous operation
of a hydro unit is generally outside the range from 57 - 63 Hz

(from IEE C37.106, page 17)

10
Summary of frequency operating constraints in the power
system

Frequency relays 81-U (under frequency) and 81-O (over frequency)

11
81 relay - load shedding

Considering power system governor control, we can make the


following general statement about power system operation

If the power system frequency is low and decreasing more:


- There is a deficiency of generation
- Some load should be shed.
- It is called underfrequency load shedding
- Typically the lower the frequency goes, the bigger the block of
load is shed.

If the power system frequency is high and increasing more:


- There is an excess of generation
- Possibly a generator should be removed from service.

Mention BLPC

12
81 relay coordination

Based on the previous slide:


81-U (under frequency) relaying must be
coordinated with:
• Under frequency load shedding
set point.
• Over fluxing relay set point (next
class)
• Blade vibration modes and
vibration alarms.

81-O (over frequency) relaying must be


coordinated with:
• Blade vibration modes and
vibration alarms.

13
Frequency relay (81)

SEL 400, page 5.185

14
Frequency relay (81) SEL 400, page 5.187

15
Frequency relay (81)

SEL 400, page 5.188

16
Frequency relay (81AD)

SEL 400, page 5.190


17
Frequency relay (81AD) – example turbine from SEL

SEL 400, page 5.190


18
Frequency relay (81) – Rate of Change of Frequency
(ROCOF)

A frequency of 59 Hz, and changing slowly - might be OK

A frequency of 59 Hz, and decreasing quickly – may be necessary


to immediately remove load

SEL 400, page 5.190


19

You might also like