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Perfect Square Numbers

This document discusses different types of numbers including perfect squares, perfect numbers, triangular numbers, and their properties and relationships. Perfect squares are numbers that result from multiplying an integer by itself. Perfect numbers are positive integers equal to the sum of their proper divisors. Triangular numbers form a sequence represented by dots in an equilateral triangle pattern, where each row contains one more element than the previous row. The document provides formulas for calculating triangular numbers and explores properties such as their relationships to perfect squares and sums of triangular numbers.

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Raquel Jean Moreno
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100 views3 pages

Perfect Square Numbers

This document discusses different types of numbers including perfect squares, perfect numbers, triangular numbers, and their properties and relationships. Perfect squares are numbers that result from multiplying an integer by itself. Perfect numbers are positive integers equal to the sum of their proper divisors. Triangular numbers form a sequence represented by dots in an equilateral triangle pattern, where each row contains one more element than the previous row. The document provides formulas for calculating triangular numbers and explores properties such as their relationships to perfect squares and sums of triangular numbers.

Uploaded by

Raquel Jean Moreno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Perfect square numbers are whole numbers that result from multiplying an integer by

itself. For example, 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25 are perfect squares because they are the
squares of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. They are called "perfect squares" because they
represent the areas of squares with integer side lengths.

A perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its proper divisors,
excluding itself. In other words, a perfect number is a number that is half the sum of all
its positive divisors (including 1 but excluding itself). The first few perfect numbers are 6,
28, 496, and 8128.

The divisors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. The proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2 and 3. The sum of
the proper divisors of 6 is 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.

The divisors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28. The proper divisors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, and
14. The sum of the proper divisors of 28 is 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28.

Triangular Numbers

The triangular number sequence is the representation of the numbers in the form of
equilateral triangle arranged in a series or sequence. These numbers are in a sequence
of 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, and so on. The numbers in the triangular pattern are
represented by dots. The sum of the previous number and the order of succeeding
number results in the sequence of triangular numbers.

A triangular number Tn is a figurative number that can be represented in the form of an


equilateral triangular grid of elements such that every subsequent row contains an
element more than the previous one.

Formula For Triangular Number Sequence


Triangular numbers correspond to the first-degree case of Faulhaber’s formula.

n
n(n+1)
T n=∑ k =1+2+3+…+ n=
k=1 2

Where,

n(n+1)
is the binomial coefficient. It represents the number of distinct pairs that can be
2
selected from N+1 objects.

n(n+1) n!
Further, can be expressed as . This can be further simplified as
2 [ ( n+1 )−2 ] ! 2 !
n(n+1)
.
2

By the above formula, we can say that the sum of n natural numbers results in a
triangular number, or we can also say that continued summation of natural numbers
results in a triangular number. The sum of two consecutive natural numbers always
results in a square number.

T 1+T 2=1+3=4=22

T 2+T 3=3+6=9=32

All even perfect numbers are triangular numbers, and every alternate triangular number
is a hexagonal number given by the formula:

p−1
M p ( M p +1 )
Mp2 = =T M
2 p

Where MP is a Mersenne prime (A Mersenne prime is a prime number that can be


expressed in the form 2 p−1 , where p is also a prime number. In other words, it is a
prime number that is one less than a power of two.

For example, the third triangular number is (3 × 2 =) 6, the seventh is (7 × 4 =) 28, the
31st is (31 × 16 =) 496, and the 127th is (127 × 64 =) 8128.
A. Prove the following facts concerning triangular numbers.
1. The integer n is a triangular number iff 8n + 1 is a perfect square ( Plutarch, circa
100 A.D.)
2. The sum of any two consecutive triangular numbers is a perfect square.
( Nicomachus, circa 100 A.D.)
3. If n is a triangular number then so are 9n+1, 25n + 3, and 49 + 6. ( Euler, 1775).

B. If t n denotes the nth triangular number, prove that in terms of the binomial
coefficients
t n=
n+1
2 ( )
,n ≥ 1

C. Derive the following formula for the sum of triangular numbers, attributed to the
Hindu mathematician Aryabhata ( circa 500 AD).

n(n+1)(n+2)
t 1+ t 2 +t 3+ …+t n= , n≥1
6

D. Prove that the square of any odd multiple of 3 is the difference of two triangular
numbers; specifically, that

2
9 ( 2 n+1 ) =t 9 n+ 4−t 3 n+1

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