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Error Detection
Chapter 8

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Error Detection
• What is Error?
• Error is a condition when the output information does not match
with the input information.
• That means a 0 bit may change to 1 or a 1 bit may change to 0.

• Error detection refers to the techniques used to detect noise or other

impairments introduced into data while it is transmitted from source
to destination. Error detection ensures reliable delivery of data
across vulnerable networks.
• Error detection minimizes the probability of passing incorrect frames
to the destination, known as undetected error probability.
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Types Of Errors
• There are generally 3 types of errors occur in data transmission from
transmitter to receiver. They are
1. Single bit errors
2. Burst errors
3. Multiple-Bit Error

• Question: Explain.

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Types of Errors
• Single-Bit Error
• A single-bit error refers to a type of data transmission error that
occurs when one bit (i.e., a single binary digit) of a transmitted data
unit is altered during transmission, resulting in an incorrect or
corrupted data unit.

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…
• Multiple-Bit Error
• A multiple-bit error is an error type that arises when more than one
bit in a data transmission is affected. Although multiple-bit errors
are relatively rare when compared to single-bit errors, they can still
occur, particularly in high-noise or high-interference digital
environments.

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Burst Error
• When several consecutive bits are flipped mistakenly in digital
transmission, it creates a burst error. This error causes a sequence of
consecutive incorrect values.

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• To detect errors, a common technique is to introduce redundancy
bits that provide additional information. Various techniques for
error detection include:
1. Simple Parity Check
2. Two-dimensional Parity Check
3. Checksum
4. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

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Error Detecting
Techniques:

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Error Detecting Techniques:

• The most popular Error Detecting Techniques are:
1. Single parity check
2.Two-dimensional parity check
3.Checksum
4.Cyclic redundancy check

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1. Single Parity Check

• What Does Parity Check Mean?

• A parity check is the process that ensures accurate data transmission

between nodes during communication.

• A parity bit is appended to the original data bits to create an even

or odd bit number.
• The source then transmits this data via a link, and bits are checked
and verified at the destination. Data is considered accurate if the
number of bits (even or odd) matches the number transmitted from
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• Simple-bit parity is a simple error detection method that involves
adding an extra bit to a data transmission. It works as:
• 1 is added to the block if it contains an odd number of 1’s, and
• 0 is added if it contains an even number of 1’s
• This scheme makes the total number of 1’s even, that is why it is
called even parity checking.

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Question?
• Q: What are the advantages / disadvantages.

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2. Two-Dimensional Parity Check

• Two-dimensional Parity check bits are calculated for each row,
which is equivalent to a simple parity check bit.

• Parity check bits are also calculated for all columns, then both are
sent along with the data. At the receiving end, these are compared
with the parity bits calculated on the received data.

• Q: What are the advantages / disadvantages.

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3. Checksum
• Checksum error detection is a method used to identify errors in
transmitted data.
• The process involves dividing the data into equally sized segments
and using a 1’s complement to calculate the sum of these segments.
• The calculated sum is then sent along with the data to the receiver.
At the receiver’s end, the same process is repeated and if all zeroes
are obtained in the sum, it means that the data is correct.

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Checksum – Operation at Sender’s Side

• Firstly, the data is divided into k segments each of m bits.
• On the sender’s end, the segments are added using 1’s complement
arithmetic to get the sum. The sum is complemented to get the
checksum.
• The checksum segment is sent along with the data segments.

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Checksum – Operation at Receiver’s Side

• At the receiver’s end, all received segments are added using 1’s
complement arithmetic to get the sum. The sum is complemented.
• If the result is zero, the received data is accepted; otherwise
discarded.

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4. Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
• NOTES
• Advantages / disadvantages

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Question
• Advantages / disadvantages

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Difference
S.No. Checksum
between checksum
CRC
and CRC :
It is not a thorough concept for detection and CRC is a thorough concept for
1.
reporting of errors. detection and reporting of errors.
It is capable of detecting single bit change in the It is capable of detecting double digits
2.
data. errors.
3. This method comes after CRC method. It is the oldest method.
It follows a complex computation
4. Errors can be easily computed.
method.
Due to complex computation, it can
5. It can compute less number of errors than CRC.
detect more errors.
6. It is based on addition approach. It is based on hash approach.

It is widely used in data validation during It is widely used in analog transmission

7.
implementation of software. for data validation.
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Sources of errors and ways to prevent or minimize them
Source of Error What causes it How to prevent it

Line Outages Storms, accidents

White Noise Movement of electrons Increase signal strength

Impulse Noise Sudden increases in electricity Shield or move the wires

(e.g., lightning)
Cross-talk Multiplexer guard bands are too small or wires Increase the guard bands, or
too close together move or shield the wires
Echo Poor connections Fix the connections, or
tune equipment
Attenuation Gradual decrease in signal over distance Use repeaters or amplifiers

Intermodulation Noise Signals from several circuits combine (form of Move or shield the wires
crosstalk)
Jitter Analog signals change phase Tune equipment

Harmonic Distortion Amplifier changes phase Tune equipment

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…Source of Errors in Data Communication

• Atmospheric changes: The reason for error can be atmosphere
changes like snow, rain, fog.
• No of different transmission components: More the components
involved in the communication network, the more the chances of
occurring in transmitting signals.
• Due to high amplitude, unwanted signals distorted the original
signal. This is called impulse noise.
• If we use unshielded wires or any problem in the wires gets the
signal distorted, and there is a faint voice of any other party. This is
called cross talk.

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• The change in original data may be due to a delay during
transmission, due to which the data gets distorted, called delay
distortion.
• The length between the sender and receiver is the primary factor of
error. With the increase of distance, there is a decrease in the power
signal the data gets attenuated. The larger the distance, the more
noise, interference that alters the data, and we get an error.

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Assignment - Chapter 8
• Error Correction:
• What is error correction?
• Explain the following types of error correction:
oAutomatic repeat request
oForward error correction
oHybrid schemes
• Explain the following error correction codes / adv - disa:
oHamming code
oBinary convolutional code
oRead Solomon code
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END

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