8th CLASS PS Handbook2023 2024

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1.

FORCE AND PRESSURE

2. FRICTION

3. COAL AND PETROLEUM

5. SOUND

7. LIGHT

8. CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

9. SOME NATURAL PHENOMENA

10. COMBUSTION AND FLAME


8TH CLASS PHYSICAL SCIENCE Handbook

CHAPTER - 1

• Force – A Push or a Pull


• Forces are due to an Interaction
FORCE •

Exploring Forces
A Force can Change the State of Motion
• Force can Change the Shape of an Object
AND • Contact Forces Muscular Force
• Non-contact Forces Magnetic Force
PRESSURE • Pressure
• Pressure Exerted by Liquids and Gases
• Atmospheric Pressure

MAIN POINTS
1. Force arises due to the interaction between at least two objects.
2. Force has both magnitude and direction.
3. Force can change
i) The state of motion ii) Speed of an object iii) Direction of motion iv) Shape of an object
4. Forces are two types. They are i) Contact forces ii) Non-Contact forces
5. Muscular force, frictional force, Normal force and Tension are examples of contact forces.
6. Gravitational force, Electrostatic force and Magnetic force are examples of Non-Contact force.
7. A magnet can exert a force without being in contact with it. The force exerted by a magnet is an example of a
non-contact force.
8. Pressure(P) = Force(F)/ Area on which it acts(A). S.I unit is N/m2 or pascal.
9. Liquids exert pressure on the walls of the container in which they are kept.
10. Gases exert pressure in all directions.
11. A force exerted by a charged body on another charged or uncharged body is known as electrostatic force.

DEFINITIONS
1. Force: A push or a pull on an object is called a force
2. Contact force: A force that can be applied only when it is in contact with an object is called a contact force.
3. Non-Contact force: A force that can be applied without any contact between two objects is called
non-contact force.
4. Muscular force: The force resulting due to the action of muscles is known as muscular force.
5. Friction: The force of friction always acts on all the moving objects and its direction is always opposite to
the direction of motion.
6. Magnetic force: The force exerted by a magnet to pull/push a metallic object is called magnetic force.
7. Electrostatic force: A positive or negative charged body, exerted force on another charged or uncharged
body, that force is known as electrostatic force.
8. Gravitational force: The force exerted by the earth to pull the objects towards itself is called as
Gravitational force.
9. Gravity: Objects or things fall towards the earth because it pulls them. This force is called the force of
gravity or gravity.
10. Pressure: The force acting on a unit area of a surface is called pressure.
11. Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure exerted by air around us is known as atmospheric pressure.

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8TH CLASS PHYSICAL SCIENCE Handbook
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
1. Give two examples each of the situations in which you push or pull to change the state of motion of
objects.
Ans: Push: i) We close drawer by pushing.
ii) We move a wooden box by pushing.
Pull: i) We draw water from a well by pulling the rope.
ii) A horse pulls a cart.
2. Give two examples of situations in which applied force causes a change in the shape of an object.
Ans: When we apply force on a rubber band to stretch it and on clay to change its shape.
3. Fill in the blanks in the following statements.
(a) To draw water from a well we have to ______ at the rope.
(b) A charged body ______ an uncharged body towards it.
(c) To move a loaded trolley we have to ______ it.
(d) The north pole of a magnet _______ the north pole of another magnet.
Ans: (a) pull (b) attracts (c) push (d) repels
4. An archer stretches her bow while taking aim at the target. She then releases the arrow, which begins
to move towards the target. Based on this information fill up the gaps in the following statements using
the following terms:
muscular, contact, non-contact, gravity, friction, shape, attraction
(a) To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its ______
(b) The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of ______ force.
(c) The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the arrow is an example of a ______
force.
(d) While the arrow moves towards its target, the forces acting on it are due to _______ and that due to _____
of air.
Ans: (a) shape (b) muscular (c) contact (d) gravity, friction
5. In the following situations identify the agent exerting the force and the object on which it acts. State the
effect of the force in each case.
(a) Squeezing a piece of lemon between the fingers to extract its juice.
(b) Taking out paste from a toothpaste tube.
(c) A load suspended from a spring while its other end is on a hook fixed to a wall.
(d) An athlete making a high jump to clear the bar at a certain height.
Ans:
Agent exerting the force Object Effect of force on object
(a) Fingers Lemon Lemon juice comes out.
(b) Fingers Toothpaste tube Toothpaste comes out.
(c) Spring Load Load is suspended.
(d) Athlete Height of the Bar Jumping helps to cross the bar
6. A blacksmith hammers a hot piece of iron while making a tool. How does the force due to hammering
affect the piece of iron?
Ans: The force due to hammering causes the change in the shape of the iron and iron can be moulded in the
shape of the required tool.
7. An inflated balloon was pressed against a wall after it has been rubbed with a piece of synthetic cloth.
It was found that the balloon sticks to the wall. What force might be responsible for the attraction
between the balloon and the wall?
Ans: Electrostatic force.
8. Name the forces acting on a plastic bucket containing water held above ground level in your hand.
Discuss why the forces acting on the bucket do not bring a change in its state of motion.
Ans: Forces acting on bucket are as follows:
(i) Muscular force of arms acting upward.

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(ii) Force of gravity acting downward.
Both the forces do not bring any change in the state of motion because both of them are acting in equal
and opposite directions and thus they cancel each other’s effect.
9. A rocket has been fired upwards to launch a satellite in its orbit. Name the two forces acting on the
rocket immediately after leaving the launching pad.
Ans: The forces that act when a rocket leaves launching pad are as follows:
(i) Gravitational force of the earth (downward)
(ii) Frictional force of air (in opposite direction)
10. When we press the bulb of a dropper with its nozzle kept in water, air in the dropper is seen to escape
in the form of bubbles. Once we release the pressure on the bulb, water gets filled in the dropper. The
rise of water in the dropper is due to
(a) pressure of water (b) gravity of the earth (c) shape of rubber bulb (d) atmospheric pressure
Ans: (d) atmospheric pressure

Extended Learning — Activities and Projects


1. Make a 50 cm × 50 cm bed of dry sand about 10 cm in thickness. Make sure that its top surface is levelled.
Take a wooden or a plastic stool. Cut two strips of graph paper each with a width of 1 cm. Paste them vertically
on any leg of the stool - one at the bottom and the other from the top. Now gently put the stool on the sand bed
with its legs resting on the sand. Increase the size of sand bed if required. Now put a load, say a school bag full
of books, on the seat of the stool. Mark the level of sand on the graph strip. This would give you the depth, if
any, to which the legs of stool sink in sand. Next, turn the stool upside down so that now it rests on its seat on
the sand bed. Note the depth to which the stool sinks now. Next, put the same load on the stool and note the
depth to which it sinks in the sand. Compare the pressure exerted by the stool in the two situations.
Ans: Pressure exerted by the stool is greatest in first situation.
2. Take a tumbler and fill it with water. Cover the mouth of the tumbler with a thick card similar to that of a
postcard. Hold the tumbler with one hand while keeping the card pressed to its mouth with your other hand.
Turn the tumbler upside down while keeping the card pressed to its mouth. Make sure that the tumbler is held
vertical. Gently remove the hand pressing the card. What do you observe? Does the card get detached allowing
the water to spill? With a little practice you will find that the card continues to hold water in the tumbler even
after it is not supported by your hand. Also try this activity by using a piece of cloth to hold the tumbler in an
upside down position (Fig. 1.21).

Ans: What to do: Once you have everything in place, fill up the glass with water right upto its brim. Carefully
place the glossy side of the postcard down on the rim of the glass. Keep the palm of your hand placed on the
card and turn the glass upside down.
What happens: The card remains attached to the rim of the glass and does not allow the water to flow out.
Why this happens: This happens because the air pressure exerted on the card from underneath is greater that the
weight of the water inside the glass. This is why the card manages to hold up the water not letting it spill out.

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3. Take 4-5 plastic bottles of different shapes and sizes. Join them together with small pieces of glass or rubber
tube as shown in Fig. 1.22. Keep this arrangement on a level surface. Now pour water in any one of the bottles.
Note whether the bottle in which water is poured gets filled first or all the bottles get filled up simultaneously.
Note the level of water in all the bottles from time to time. Try to explain your observations.

Ans: Water fills in bottles according to air pressure. The bottle which has less air pressure will fill first. This is
because air pressure opposes water flow.
however at the end, water level in all the bottles will be same.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. During dry weather, clothes made of synthetic fibre often stick to the skin. Which type of force is
responsible for this phenomenon?
Ans: Magnetic force
2. What is the necessary condition for a force to come into play?
Ans: At least two objects must interact for a force to come into play.
3. Does the force of gravitation exist between two astronauts in space?
Ans: Yes
4. An inflated balloon was pressed against a wall after it has been rubbed with a piece of synthetic cloth.
It was found that the balloon sticks to the wall. What force might be responsible for the attraction
between the balloon and the wall?
Ans: Electrostatic force.
5. Which force is responsible for the weight of objects ?
Ans: Force of gravity
6. What happens when the two forces act in the opposite direction on an object?
Ans: If two different forces act in the opposite direction on an object, the net force acting on it is the difference
between the two forces.
7. What will be the net force on an object when two forces act on an object in the same direction?
Ans: Forces applied on an object in the same direction add to one another.
8. Specify push or pull when dealing with two magnets with similar and opposite poles.
Ans: Similar poles of two magnets repel (push) each other and opposite poles attract (pull) each other.
9. How can we change the speed and direction of a moving body?
Ans: By applying force on moving body.
10. What causes a change in the state of motion of an object?
Ans: The force of friction is responsible for change in the state of motion of an object.
11. Name the force responsible for the wearing out of bicycle tyres.
Ans: Force of friction
12. What force will you use to sort out pins easily from garbage? Whether it is a contact force or non-
contact force?
Ans: Magnetic force acts on to sort out pins from garbage and it is a non-contact force.
13. Why is it comfortable to lift a school bag with broad straps than thin straps ?
Ans: Pressure is inversely proportional to area. Since broader straps have greater area, therefore, the pressure
decreases.
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14. Give two examples of situations in which applied force causes a change in the shape of an object.
Ans: i) Pressing a lump of dough with hand. ii) Pressing an inflated balloon.
15. What may be the consequences when a force is applied on an object?
Ans: i) change in the shape of the object. ii) change in the state of motion of the object.
16. How does an applied force change the speed of an object?
Ans: i) If the applied force is in the direction of motion, the speed of the object increases.
ii) If the applied force is in the direction opposite to the motion, the speed of the object decreases.
17. What can be the result of a force applied on an object?
Ans: i) Change in the shape of the object. ii) Change in direction of motion of an object.
iii) Change in speed of an object. iv) The moving object comes to rest.
18. Name some non-contact forces with examples.
Ans: i) Gravitational force
Ex: A ball projected upwards, falls back on earth.
ii) Magnetic force
Ex: The force exerted by the magnet on iron.
iii) Electrostatic force
Ex: Sticking an inflated balloon to the wall after rubbing with a dry cloth.
19. On what factors does the effect of force depends?
Ans: The effect of a force depends on two factors
i) The amount of force applied. ii) The area on which the force is applied.
20. Why does the pointed end of the nail get into the wooden plank easily?
Ans: The area of the pointed end of the nail is much smaller than that of its head. The same force produces a
sufficient pressure to push the pointed end of the nail into the wooden plank.
21. Why do porters place a round piece of cloth on their heads?
Ans: Porters place a round piece of cloth on their heads to increase the area of contact of the load with their
head. So the pressure on their head is reduced and they can carry heavy loads easily.
22. Explain the principle of watering the gardens through fountains of water.
Ans: Water fountains work due to the pressure exerted by water on the walls of the fountain pipe. It further
depends on the force by which water enters the pipe.
23. Define Pressure. Write the relation between pressure force and area. Name the instrument used to
measure atmospheric pressure.
Ans: Pressure is force per unit area.
Pressure = Force/Area
A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.
24. Why is it difficult to cut vegetables with a blunt knife?
Ans: Pressure is inversely proportional to area. The area of the blunt knife is more and therefore, the effect of
the force is less. Therefore, more force has to be applied.
25. Trucks intended to carry heavy loads have eight tyres instead of four tyres. Why ?
Ans: Trucks intended to carry heavy loads have eight tyres, so as to increase the area of contact with the road.
Since pressure is inversely proportional to area, less pressure is applied on the road.
26. An archer stretches her bow while taking aim at the target. She then releases the arrow, which begins
to move towards the target. Based on this information fill up the gaps in the following tatements using
the following terms.
muscular, contact, non-contact, gravity, friction, shape, attraction.
(a) To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its ………….
(b) The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of ………….. force.
(c) The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the arrow is an example of a
……………. force.
(d) While the arrow moves towards its target, the forces acting on it are due to and ……………… of air.
Ans: (a) shape (b) muscular (c) contact (d) gravity, friction
27. Answer the following questions?
a. While constructing dams, the base is made more wide. Why ?
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b. Why does blood ooze out when there is a slight cut on your body ?
Ans: a. The pressure of liquids increases as the depth increases. Therefore, the base is made wider to withstand
the high pressure of water.
b. Blood pressure is little greater than atmospheric pressure. Due to this, the blood oozes out when we
have a slight cut on our body.
28. Give reasons for the following
(a) The skiers use flat and broad skis (b) Deep sea divers wear special suits.
Ans: (a) The skiers use flat and broad skis to ski on the snow. The larger surface of skis reduces pressure on
snow and helps them to slide instead of sinking.
(b) Deep sea divers wear special suits, because the pressure of water increases with depth. The increased
pressure may hurt the body of divers.
29. What is a force?
Ans: Force is a push or a pull exerted on one object from another.
30. Write the formula to find out pressure.
Ans: The formula of pressure is Pressure= Force/Area
P=F/A
31. State whether the following statement is True or False. Give Reason?
(a) Gases exert pressure on the walls of their container.
Ans: True. Gaseous particles move randomly and due to this motion, they also hit the walls of the container,
thus creating pressure on its walls.
32. Which force acts on every object in the universe?
Ans: Gravitational force acts on every object in the universe
33. Find out the type of force acting on the below situations.
(a) A coin or a pen falls to the ground when it slips out of your hand.
(b) A boat comes to rest if we stop rowing it.
(c) When a person lifts a bucket of water.
Ans: (a) Gravitational force acts when something falls to the ground after slipping out of our hand.
(b) A boat comes to rest if we stop rowing due to friction.
(c) Muscular force acts when a person lifts a bucket of water.
34. Describe the state of motion of an object.
Ans: The motion of an object is defined by its speed and direction. The resting state is considered to be the state
of zero speed. An object may rest or move; these can be its two states of motion.
35. Write one point of difference between contact and non-contact force with an example.
Ans:
Contact force Non-Contact force

Contact force is a force that is applicable when two Non-Contact force is a force that can be
objects are placed such that they have physical applied even when two objects are not in
contact with each other. contact physically.

For example, Frictional force For example, Magnetic force


36. Why do you think a ball rolling along the ground gradually slows down and comes to rest?
Ans: A ball rolling along the ground gradually slows down and comes to rest due to friction. This force of
friction acts between the surface of the ball and the ground and acts opposite to the direction of motion
which brings the ball to rest after some time.
37. Porters place a round piece of cloth on their heads when they have to carry heavy loads. Why?
Ans: Porters place a round piece of cloth on their head when they have to carry heavy loads because this
increases the area of contact of the load and their head which decreases the pressure on their head. Since
pressure is inversely proportional to the area of contact. This makes it easier for porters to carry heavy
loads.
38. What type of force is friction – contact or non-contact? Why?

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Ans: Friction is a contact force because it arises due to contact between two surfaces. The surface of contact
witnesses’ frictional motion while rubbing against each other. This force acts in the direction opposite to
the direction of motion.
39. Why do you think pressure acts on the area of a surface?
Ans: Pressure is inversely proportional to the area of the surface, that is, a small area will provide greater
pressure with the same amount of force applied. This means that a pointed needle will hurt more or exert
more pressure than a plank of wood with the same force applied on both.
40. Do you think sometimes the application of force does not result in a change in the state of motion?
Describe with an example.
Ans: Sometimes application of force does not result in a change in the state of motion. This does not mean that
force is not applied instead, it means that the force applied is not enough to move the object.
For example, applying pressure on a wall or a heavy stone and may not move.
41. Why does a rubber sucker stick to the surface of any object?
Ans: The rubber sucker sticks to the surface of any object because of the pressure of the atmosphere that acts on
it.
42. Define muscular force. Give examples.
Ans: The force exerted due to the action of the muscles of someone’s body is called muscular force.
For example, running, lifting something, jumping, etc.
43. Write a short on the electrostatic force.
Ans: Electrostatic force is the force caused due to attraction or repulsion of electric charges between two
particles. This is a non-contact force, therefore it acts when two charged bodies are brought closer to each
other. It is also known as Coulomb’s force.
44. Describe an activity to show that ‘a force can change the state of motion.
Ans: To show that a force can change the state of motion place a rubber ball on any flat surface. Now, push the
ball in any direction along the surface. Pushing it again increases its speed while placing a palm in front of
it stops its motion and brings the ball to rest. It will move again if a force is applied to it. This proves that
a force can change the state of motion.
45. What are the effects of the application of force on an object? Explain.
Ans: (a) The shape of an object can be changed.
Ex: A cricket ball changes its shape temporarily when hit by the bat.
(b) The direction of a moving object can be changed.
Ex: The direction of the cricket ball changes when hit by the bat.
(c) A moving object can be brought to rest.
Ex: Putting a hand in front of a rolling ball brings it to rest.
(d) A stationary object can be brought to motion.
Ex: Rolling a stationary ball on a plane surface brings it to motion.
(e) It can change the speed of an object.
Ex: Further pushing a rolling ball on a surface in the same direction as its motion increases its speed.
46. Demonstrate an experiment to show that liquids exert pressure on the walls of the container.
Ans: To show that liquids exert pressure on the walls of the container, take a plastic bottle and fix a cylindrical
glass tube of a few centimeters near its bottom. To do this, you can simply heat an end of the glass tube
and insert it immediately near the bottom of the plastic bottle. Seal any leakage, if present, with molten
wax. Now, cover the open end of the glass tube with a thin rubber sheet. Fill half of the bottle with water.
Note that the rubber sheet bulges out due to the pressure applied by water. This proves that liquids exert
pressure on the walls of the container.
47. State whether the given statements are true or false.
(a) Pressure does not depend on area of contact.
(b) Atmospheric pressure is less at higher altitudes.
(c) Pascal is the unit of force.
(d) To move an object faster it has to be pushed or pulled repeatedly.
(e) At least two objects must interact for a force to come into play.
(f) Magnetic force is a non-contact force.
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(g) An apple from a tree falls on the ground due to the force of gravity.
Ans: (a) False (b) True (c) False (d) True (e) True (f) True (g) True

BITS
1. A batsman hits a cricket ball which then rolls on the level ground. After covering a short distance the ball
comes to rest. The ball stops due to
(a) magnetic force (b) frictional force (c) gravitational force (d) muscular force
Ans: (b)
2. When two forces applied on an object are equal and opposite, then these forces
(a) may move the object. (b) may stop the object.
(c) may move the object and also cause a change in its shape.
(d) do not move the object but may cause a change in its shape.
Ans: (d)
3. When two unbalanced forces act on a body, in opposite directions, the net force is equal to
(a) the sum of the individual unbalanced forces. (b) zero.
(c) difference between the two unbalanced forces and is in the direction of the larger force.
(d) difference between the two unbalanced forces and is in the direction of smaller force.
Ans: (c)
4. Nails have pointed ends. This results in
(a) a decrease in the force exerted on them. (b) a decrease in the effect of the force exerted on them.
(c) an increase in the force exerted on them. (d) an increase in the effect of the force exerted on them.
Ans: (c)
5. Which of the following is an example of contact force ?
(a) Magnetic force (b) Muscular force (c) Electric force (d) Gravitational force
Ans: (b)
6. Fruits falling from trees is an example of
(a) gravitational force (b) muscular force (c) frictional force (d) electric force
Ans: (a)
7. The unit of measuring pressure is
(a) newton (b) newton/metre (c) metre2 (d) metre2 /newton
Ans: (b)
8. In liquids, the pressure
(a) increases with depth (b) decreases with depth
(c) remains same at all depths (d) sometimes increases sometimes decreases
Ans: (a)
9. During dry weather, rubbing a plastic scale with dry hair, attracts small pieces of paper. This is due to
(a) gravitational force (b) electrostatic force (c) frictional force (d) muscular force
Ans: (b)
10. Which is not the non-contact force?
(a) Electrostatic force (b) Gravitational force (c) Frictional force (d) Magnetic force
Ans: (c)
11. A wooden piece 5N in weight and 5cm x 3cm x 2cm in size lies on 5cm x 2cm face. The pressure exerted by
it in N/cm2 is
(a) 150 (b) 50 (c) 0.5 (d) 15
Ans: (c)
12. The force is always attractive in nature and extends to infinity
(a) magnetic force (b) gravitational force (c) electrostatic force (d) frictional force
Ans: (b)
13. The standard unit of force is
(a) metre/second (b) newton (c) pascal (d) metre/second2
Ans: (b)
14. Force can be measured by
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(a) magnitude (b) mass (c) weight (d) volume
Ans: (a)
15. Fill in the blanks in the following statements.
(a) A ___________ or a ___________ on an object is called force.
(b) An object in _________ with another object results in a force between the two objects.
(c) A force applied on an object causes either a change in its _________ of _________ or its _________
(d) Force acting on per unit area is called _________
(e) The force resulting due to the action of muscles is known as ________
(f) Magnetic force is a ________ force.
Ans: (a) push, pull (b) interaction (c) state, motion, shape
(d) pressure (e) muscular force (f) non-contact
16. Which one of the following forces always opposes motion?
(a) gravitational force (b) electrostatic force (c) muscular force (d) friction
Ans: (d) friction
17. Pressure is defined as _____________.
(a) force per unit area (b) force per square unit area (c) force (d) force per area
Ans: A. force per unit area
18. Which one of the following statements is false about force.
(a) Forces applied to an object need not to be in the same direction.
(b) No objects interaction is required for a force to come into play.
(c) Motion imparted to objects will be due to the action of a force.
(d) The strength of a force is usually expressed by its magnitude.
Ans: (b) No objects interaction is required for a force to come into play.
19. A batsman hits the ball for a boundary past the bowler i.e. four runs. The batsman, thus
(a) Changes the direction & speed of the ball (b) Does not change the direction but speed only
(c) Does not change the speed but direction only (d) Does not change either direction or speed
Ans: (a) Changes the direction & speed of the ball
20. Leaves and fruits fall to the ground when they get detached from a plant. Which one of the following forces
is acting on it?
(a) muscular force (b) magnetic force (c) gravitational force (d) electrostatic force
Ans: (c) gravitational force
21. Which one of the following is an example of contact force?
(a) magnetic force (b) muscular force (c) electrostatic force (d) gravitational force
Ans: (b) muscular force
22. Which is a Contact Force?
(a) Friction (b) Gravity (c) Electrostatic (d) Magnetic
Ans: (a) Friction
23. The Force Strength is expressed by which property?
(a) Weight (b) Latitudinal Force (c) Longitudinal Force (d) Magnitude
Ans: (d) Magnitude
24. What Does Force Change in an Object?
(a) Speed (b) Shape (c) Motion (d) All of the above
Ans: (d) All of the above
25. What Does a Spring Balance Measure?
(a) Force (b) Weight (c) Mass (d) Pressure
Ans: (b) Weight
26. Two forces are acting in different or opposite directions. What is the net force across them?
(a) Summation of the forces. (b) The difference between the forces.
(c) Both of the above (d) None of the above
Ans: (b) The difference between the forces.
27. What is the force exerted by the earth to pull the object towards itself known as?
(a) gravitational force (b) electrostatic force (c) muscular force (d) contact force
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Ans: (a) gravitational force
28. Two objects repel each other. Which among the following is the cause of this repulsion?
(a) electrostatic force only (b) frictional force only
(c) magnetic force only (d) either a magnetic or an electrostatic force
Ans: (d) either a magnetic or an electrostatic force
29. What is a push or pull on an object called?
(a) Pressure (b) Push-pull (c) Force (d) All the above
Ans: (c) Force
30. The pressure which is exerted by air around us is known as
(a) force (b) atmospheric pressure (c) muscular force (d) friction
Ans: (b) atmospheric pressure
31. A ___________ exerted by an object on another is a force.
(a) Push or pull (b) Contact or non-contact force (c) Pressure (d) Magnitude
Ans: (a) Push or pull
32. Muscular force is also called ___________ force.
(a) non-contact (b) contact (c) gravitational (d) magnetic
Ans: (b) contact
33. 1 kilogram weight is equal to
(a) 98 N (b) 9.8 N (c) 0.98 N (d) 0.098 N
Ans: (b) 9.8 N
34. A spring balance is used for measuring
(a) mass (b) weight (c) pressure (d) speed
Ans: (b) weight
35.Two boys A and B are applying force on a block. If the block moves towards the boy A, which one of the
following statements is correct?
(a) Magnitude of force applied by A is greater than that of B.
(b) Magnitude of force applied by A is smaller than that of B.
(c) Net force on the block is towards B. (d) Magnitude of force applied by A is equal to that of B.
Ans: (b) Magnitude of force applied by A is smaller than that of B
36. When two forces act in opposite directions, then net force acting is the
(a) sum of two forces (b) difference between two forces (c) both of these (d) none of these
Ans: (b) difference between two forces
37. State of motion is described by
(a) Position of rest (b) Position of motion (c) Both by the state of rest or motion (d) None of these
Ans: (c) Both by the state of rest or motion
38. When the hammer strikes the gong of an electric bell, which of the following force is responsible for the
movement of hammer?
(a) Gravitational force alone (b) Magnetic force alone (c) Electrostatic force alone (d) Frictional force alone
Ans: (c) Electrostatic force alone
39. During dry weather, while combing hair, sometimes we experience hair flying apart. The force responsible
for this is
(a) force of gravity (b) force of friction (c) electrostatic force (d) magnetic force
Ans: (c) electrostatic force
40. Two objects repel each other. This repulsion could be due to
(a) frictional force only (b) electrostatic force only
(c) magnetic force only (d) either a magnetic or an electrostatic force
Ans: (d) either a magnetic or an electrostatic force
41. A container is filled with water as shown in the given figure. Which of the following statements is correct
about pressure of water?

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(a) Pressure at A > Pressure at B > Pressure at C (b) Pressure at A = Pressure at B = Pressure at C
(c) Pressure at A < Pressure at B > Pressure at C (d) Pressure at A < Pressure at B < Pressure at C
Ans: (d) Pressure at A < Pressure at B < Pressure at C
42. A push or pull on an object is called
(a) Pressure (b) Push-pull (c) Force (d) All of the above
Ans: (c) Force
43. A brick is kept in three different ways on a table as shown in given figure. The pressure exerted by the brick
on the table will be

(a) maximum in position A (b) maximum in position C


(c) maximum in position B (d) equal in all cases
Ans: (a) maximum in position A
44. Which of the following is proper example(s) to explain that force on an object may change its shape
(a) A ball of dough rolled into chapatti (b) Pressing a rubber ball kept on table
(c) Making model using clay (d) All of the above
Ans: (d) All of the above
45. A ball rolling on the ground slows down and finally stops. This is because of
(a) Force (b) Less force applied (c) Friction (d) None of the above
Ans: (c) Friction
46. If In a tug-o-war, when two teams are pulling a rope, and the rope does not move towards any team, it
implies that
(a) Equal force is being applied in the same direction (b) Equal Force is being applied in opposite direction
(c) No force is applied in any direction (d) Cannot be explained
Ans: (b) Equal Force is being applied in opposite direction
47. An example of a non- contact force is
(a) Force exerted by us to lift a bucket (b) Push a stationary car
(c) Force exerted by magnet (d) Hit a cricket ball for a 6 run
Ans: (c) Force exerted by magnet
48. Pressure =
(a) Area / force on which it acts (b) force / area on which it acts
(c) Volume / force on which it acts (d) Force / volume on which it acts
Ans: (b) force / area on which it acts
49. Gravity is
(a) Repulsive (b) Attraction + Repulsive force (c) Attractive force (d) Not a force
Ans: (c) Attractive force
50.The envelop of air all around us is called ___________.
Ans: atmosphere
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51. Force has ___________ as well as direction.
Ans: magnitude
52. ___________ and ___________ forces are the two kinds of forces.
Ans: Contact, non-contact
53. Force is ___________ to pressure.
Ans: directly proportional
54. The ___________ is measured by an instrument called barometer.
Ans: atmospheric pressure

TEXTUAL TABLES
Table: 1.1

Table: 1.2

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CHAPTER-2
• Force of Friction
• Factors affecting Friction
• Friction : A Necessary Evil
FRICTION • Increasing and Reducing Friction
• Wheels Reduce Friction
• Fluid Friction

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Friction opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact. It acts on both the surfaces.
2. Factors affecting friction
i) Nature of surfaces in contact ii) State of smoothness or roughness of given pair of surfaces
iii) How hard the two surfaces press together.
3. Friction is independent of the area of contact.
4. Static friction comes into play when we try to move an object at rest.
5. Sliding friction is less than the static friction. Rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction.
6. Effects of friction
i) Produces heat ii) Wear and tear of various parts of machines iii) Decreases the efficiency of machines.
iv) It is responsible for writing, walking and transmitting energy, starting or stopping, gripping or holding an
object with our hands.
7. Friction can be reduced by using grease, oil, powder, ball bearing and anti-friction alloys etc.
8. Friction can be increased by making a surface rough.
9. The sole of the shoes and the tyres of the vehicle are grooved to increase friction.
10. Fluid friction can be minimized by giving suitable shapes to bodies moving in fluids.
11. To overcome fluid friction bodies of ships and aeroplanes are made streamlined.

DEFINITIONS
1. Friction: It is form of force, which opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces in contact and it acts
on both the surfaces.
2. Static friction: The force required to overcome friction at the instant an object starts moving from rest is a
measure of static friction.
3. Sliding friction: When one body slides over the surface of another body, the resistance to its motion is called
sliding friction.
4. Rolling friction: When one body rolls over the surface of another body, the resistance to its motion is called
rolling friction.
5. Drag: The frictional force exerted by fluids is also called drag or fluid friction.
6. Lubricants: The substances which reduce friction are called lubricants.
7. Streamlined body: A streamlined body is a shape that decreases the friction drag between a fluid, such as air
and water, and an object that passes through that fluid.

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
1. Fill in the blanks.
(a) Friction opposes the ______ between the surfaces in contact with each other.
(b) Friction depends on the ______ of surfaces.
(c) Friction produces ______
(d) The sprinkling of powder on the carrom board _______ friction.
(e) Sliding friction is _______ than the static friction.
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Ans: (a) relative motion (b) nature (c) heat
(d) reduces (e) less
2. Four children were asked to arrange forces due to rolling, static and sliding frictions in decreasing
order. Their arrangements are given below. Choose the correct arrangement.
(a) rolling, static, sliding (b) rolling, sliding, static
(c) static, sliding, rolling (d) sliding, static, rolling
Ans: (c) static, sliding, rolling.
3. Alida runs her toy car on a dry marble floor, wet marble floor, newspaper and towel spread on the
floor. The force of friction acting on the car on different surfaces in increasing order will be
(a) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper and towel.
(b) newspaper, towel, dry marble floor, wet marble floor.
(c) towel, newspaper, dry marble floor, wet marble floor.
(d) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, towel, newspaper.
Ans: (a) wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper and towel.
4. Suppose your writing desk is tilted a little. A book kept on it starts sliding down. Show the direction of
frictional force acting on it.
Ans: Frictional force will act upward, i.e., the direction opposite to that of sliding book.
5. You spill a bucket of soapy water on a marble floor accidentally. Would it make it easier or more
difficult for you to walk on the floor? Why?
Ans: The layer of soap makes the floor smooth due to which the friction is reduced. This makes the floor
slippery and the foot cannot make a proper grip on the floor. Therefore it is difficult to walk on a soapy
floor. We may slip on the floor.
6. Explain why sportsmen use shoes with spikes.
Ans: Sportsmen use shoes with spikes to increase the friction between shoes and the surface. So the shoes with
spikes do not slip while the sportsmen run and play.
7. Iqbal has to push a lighter box and Seema has to push a similar heavier box on the same floor. Who
will have to apply a larger force and why?
Ans: A heavy object produces more friction as it is pressed hard against the opposite surface. So Seema will
have to apply a larger force.
8. Explain why sliding friction is less than static friction.
Ans: The sliding friction is less than static friction because the sliding object get less time to interlock into the
contact points on the floor. So it is somewhat easier to move an object already in motion than to get it
started.
9. Give examples to show that friction is both a friend and a foe.
Ans: Friction as a friend:
i) It allows us to grip and catch any object.
ii) It helps us to walk comfortably on the floor.
iii) It helps to minimise the speed or to stop any moving object.
iv)It helps us to write.
Friction as a foe:
i) It causes wear and tears in objects.
ii) It causes damage to the parts of machines and tools which further require money to get them repaired.
iii) It reduces the speed of moving objects, so more force is required.
iv) It produces hurdles in moving any object freely.
10. Explain why objects moving in fluids must have special shapes.
Ans: The objects moving in fluids must have a special shape to overcome the fluid friction acting on them.
Efforts are therefore made to minimise the friction, so objects are given special shape having pointed
fronts with little broader middle portion which gets tapered at the back called streamlined
Extended Learning — Activities and Projects
1. What role does friction play in the sport of your choice? Collect some pictures of that sport in action where
friction is either supporting it or opposing it. Display these pictures with proper captions on the bulletin board of
your classroom.
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Ans: Activity at home
2. Imagine that friction suddenly vanishes. How would life be affected. List ten such situations.
Ans: a. Any time you apply brakes of the car, there would be no effect on the car, since brake cannot be applied
without friction.
b. We would not be able to walk properly.
c. We would not be able to hold things properly.
d. We will not able to write properly, the pencil will slip off the page.
e. Moving things cannot be stopped without friction (because no resistance).
f. We would not be able to play games.
g. Matchsticks wouldn't work.
h. In a frictionless world Shoes would not wear down.
i. Nails and screws can’t be fixed in the wall
j. We would not be able to eat.
3. Visit a shop which sells sports shoes. Observe the soles of shoes meant for various sports. Describe your
observations.
Ans: Different sports shoes have different kinds of shoes
(a) Running shoes are equipped with soles that provide cushion, stability, flexibility and traction.
(b) Sports shoes are spiked or created with varying formations.
(c) Court sports are durable and supportive soles with plenty of traction for gripping on the court.
(d) Cycling shoes have stiffer soles for efficient energy transfer when pedaling.
4. A toy to play with: Take an empty match box. Take out its tray. Cut a used refill of a ball pen of the same
width as the tray as shown in the figure below. Fix the refill with two pins on the top of the tray as shown in
Fig. 2.18. Make two holes on the opposite sides of the tray. Make sure that the holes are large enough to allow a
thread to pass through them easily. Take a thread about a metre long and pass it through the holes as shown. Fix
beads at the two ends of the thread so that it does not come out. Insert the tray in the outer cover of the
matchbox. Suspend the match box by the thread. Leave the thread loose. The match box will start falling down
due to gravity. Tighten the thread now and observe what happens. Explain your observation. Can you relate it to
friction?

Ans: The match box will not fall further due to the friction between thread and the match box

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. What is the cause of friction?
Ans: Irregularities on the on the two surfaces in contact.
2. Why do we sprinkle fine powder on the carom board?
Ans: We want to reduce friction between parts of carom board in order to increase efficiency.
3. Explain why the surface of mortar and pestile(silbatta) used for grinding is etched again after
prolonged use?

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Ans: To increase friction to make it more effective for grinding again.
4. On what factors does the fluid friction depends?
Ans: i) Speed of the object with respect to the fluid. ii) Shape of the object iii) Nature of the fluid
5. Give reason for the following:
(a) Sole of the shoes are grooved. Why? (b) The Tires of any vehicle are threaded. Why?
Ans: (a) The soles of the shoes are grooved in order to increase the friction between the shoes and the surface.
It prevents the person from slipping.
(b)Tyre of vehicles is threaded in order to prevent the vehicle from skidding by increasing the friction.
6. Give some examples that friction is necessary for everyday activities.
Ans: i) When we walk there is fiction between surface and our shoes
ii) While driving there is friction between wheels and the road.
iii) When we write there is friction between the pen/pencil tip and the paper.
7. Can we eliminate friction completely?
Ans: No, we can never eliminate friction completely. In any situation, we can only increase or decrease the
friction between two surfaces. Even when a surface seems smooth from naked eyes it has many
irregularities on a microscopic level.
8. Write a few examples where sliding friction is replaced by rolling friction.
Ans: Sliding friction is generally replaced with rolling friction in circular objects since it helps in body
movement. Few such examples are as follows:
In car tyres: Rolling friction helps in movement of the car and static friction is only used when we apply
breaks. Use of ball bearings in bicycles.
9. How can we minimise fluid friction?
Ans: Fluid friction can be reduced by giving bodies moving in fluids appropriate shapes known as streamline.
18. How can you say that rolling reduces friction?
Ans: It is always easier to move a heavy object by rolling instead of sliding or lifting. Rolling takes much less
force and effort. Thus, we can conclude that rolling reduces friction.
10. Differentiate between static friction and sliding friction.
Ans:
Static Friction Sliding Friction
Static friction is defined as the force necessary Sliding friction is defined as the force required to
to overcome friction when an item begins to maintain an object moving at the same speed.
move from rest.
It is greater than sliding friction. It is less than static friction.
11. It is difficult to move on a wet floor. Why?
Ans: Walking on a wet floor is difficult because the water layer makes the surface smooth. The water coating
reduces friction, making it difficult for the foot to maintain a firm grasp on the floor, causing it to slip.
12. What happens when a book is gently pushed on the table? Why?
Ans: When we push the book gently it moves for a distance and then suddenly stops due to the friction caused
by the table surface and the book.
13. Write a short note on spring balance.
Ans: A spring balance is a device that measures the force exerted on a certain object. It is made up of a coiled
spring that expands when a force is applied to it.
A pointer on a graded scale moves to gauge the spring's stretching. The magnitude of the force is
determined by the reading on the scale. The scale has a unit newton meter.
14. Explain increasing and reducing friction with examples.
Ans: Increasing Friction:
a) When we put a brake on the vehicle for it to stop.
b) Gymnasts use a gritty material to increase friction on their hands, which helps them grip better.
c) We increase force to stop a moving ball.
Reducing Friction:
a) We reduce the friction in the cricket ball by rubbing it continuously to increase its spin.
b) Drop of oil/grease is used in machines for its smooth functioning.
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c) Powdered is sprinkled on the carrom board for the coins to move better.
15. Why is ‘friction: a necessary evil’? Explain.
Ans: a) It helps us in walking and running comfortably.
b) It makes writing easy on paper.
c) It balances the movement of vehicles on the road.
d) Nail is fixed on the wall due to friction.
Friction at the Same Time Can be Known as Evil Because:
a) It causes wear and tear of the objects.
b) Makes movement of objects difficult.
c) Reduces life of machine and tyres.
16. How do lubricants help to reduce friction?
Ans: Lubricants such as oil, grease, or graphite establish a thin film between moving parts of a machine,
preventing moving surfaces from rubbing against each other. Interlocking of defects is minimised, and
movement becomes more smooth and efficient. Lubricants are chemicals that help to reduce friction. It
may not be advisable to use oil as a lubricant in particular machinery.
17. Explain in detail how friction occurs.
Ans: The roughness on the two surfaces in contact generates friction. Even surfaces that appear to be
exceedingly smooth contain a vast number of minute defects. Irregularities on both surfaces connect with
one other. To overcome interlocking, we must exert force when attempting to move any surface. On rough
surfaces, the number of irregularities is higher. As a result, when a rough surface is involved, the friction
force is greater. We can see that the friction created by the irregularity on the two surfaces comes in
contact with each other. If the two surfaces are forced harder together, it is apparent that the friction force
will grow. This friction can be reduced with the use of lubricants like oil or grease.

BITS
1. Suppose your writing desk is tilted a little. A book kept on it, starts sliding down. The figure, showing the
correct direction of frictional-force acting on it, is

Ans: (d)
2. Friction,that exists between two surfaces in contact, when there is no relative motion between them, is called
(a) sliding friction (b) static friction (c) viscous drag (d) rolling friction
Ans: (b)
3. Four students were asked to arrange forces due to rolling, static and sliding frictions in an increasing order.
Their arrangements are listed below. Choose the correct arrangement.
(a) rolling, static, sliding (b) rolling, sliding, static (c) static, sliding, rolling (d) static, rolling, sliding
Ans: (b)
4. The energy required to overcome friction is mainly converted into
(a) sound energy (b) heat energy (c) light energy (d) chemical energy
Ans: (b)
5. Out of the following, the better lubricant to be used in the moving parts of a machine,
(a) water (b) air (c) chalk powder (d) turpentine oil
Ans: (d)
6. Force of friction is more in
(a) marble tiles (b) wooden floor (c) playground (d) glass table
Ans: (c)
7. Once a body starts moving on table, the friction which comes into play is
(a) static friction (b) sliding friction (c) limiting friction (d) none of these
Ans: (b)
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8. The force of friction that comes into play when one body rolls over another surface, is
(a) sliding friction (b) limiting friction (c) rolling friction (d) static friction
Ans: (c)
9. These days we use suitcases with wheels because
(a) they look smart (b) they are easy to carry (c) they make less noise (d) none of these
Ans: (b)
10. Tyres have cut grooves in them
(a) to increase friction (b) to decrease friction (c) to make them look attractive (d) to save rubber
Ans (a)
11. _______ produces the least friction
(a) Rolling friction (b) Sliding friction (c) Composite friction (d) Static friction
Ans: (a)
12. ________ is responsible for wearing out of bicycle tyres.
(a) Magnetic force (b) Muscular force (c) Frictional force (d) Electrostatic force
Ans: (c)
13. Force of friction is dependent on _______
(a) Roughness of surface (b) Smoothness of surface (c) Inclination of surface (d) All of these
Ans: (d)
14. Which one of the following is not a lubricant?
(a) Oil (b) Water (c) Grease (d) Graphite
Ans: (b) Water
15. The frictional force on an object in a fluid depends on its _______ with respect to the fluid.
(a) Speed (b) Weight (c) Volume (d) Mass
Ans: (a) Speed
16. Which of the following statements is false about friction?
(a) Friction is undesirable. (b) Friction is caused by the irregularities on the two surfaces in contact.
(c) The force of friction is lesser if a rough surface is involved. (d) Friction is a necessary evil.
Ans: (c) The force of friction is lesser if a rough surface is involved.
17. Lubricants are the substance which
(a) Increase friction (b) Decrease friction (c) Natural (d) All of the above
Ans: (b) Decrease friction.
18. The force of friction on a smooth surface is _____________.
(a) Greater (b) Lesser (c) Higher (d) None of the above
Ans: (b) Lesser
17. Friction is a type of a __________.
(a) Contact force (b) Magnetic force (c) Non-contact force (d) Gravitational force
Ans: (a) contact force
18. The force of friction is always _______ the applied force.
Ans: Opposes.
19. What is used in the brake system of a bicycle to increase the friction?
Ans: Brake pad
20. In many machines, friction is reduced by using ______________.
Ans: Ball bearing.
21. Friction always
(a) opposes the motion (b) helps the motion (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
Ans: (a) opposes the motion
22. Friction can be reduced by using
(a) oil (b) grease (c) powder (d) all of these
Ans: (d) all of these
23. Static friction is less than
(a) sliding friction (b) rolling friction (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these

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Ans: (d) none of these
24. Whenever the surfaces in contact tend to move or move with respect to each other, the force of friction
comes into play
(a) only if the objects are solid. (b) only if one of the two objects is liquid.
(c) only if one of the two objects is gaseous.
(d) irrespective of whether the objects are solid, liquid or gaseous.
Ans: (d) irrespective of whether the objects are solid, liquid or gaseous.
25. To sharpen the blade of a knife by rubbing it against a surface, which of the following will be most suitable?
(a) Stone (b) Plastic block (c) Wooden block (d) Glass block
Ans: (a) Stone
26. Friction is
(a) foe (b) friend (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
Ans: (c) both (a) and (b)
27. Friction due to fluids is called
(a) force (b) pressure (c) friction (d) drag
Ans: (d) drag
28. Which of the following is not a smooth surface?
(a) Surface of wet soap (b) Surface of tyres (c) Glazed tiles (d) Surface of mirror
Ans: (b) Surface of tyres
29. A toy car released with the same initial speed will travel farthest on
(a) muddy surface (b) polished marble surface (c) cemented surface (d) brick surface
Ans: (b) polished marble surface
30. If we apply oil on door hinges, the friction will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) disappear altogether (d) will remain unchanged
Ans: (b) decrease
31. Force of friction depends on
(a) roughness of surface (b) smoothness of surface (c) inclination of surface (d) all of these
Ans: (d) all of these
32. Force of friction depends on
(a) roughness of surface (b) weight (c) size (d) all of these
Ans: (d) all of these
33. Fluids are
(a) liquids (b) gases (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
Ans: (c) both (a) and (b)
34. Which is a streamlined object?
(a) Boats (b) Aeroplanes (c) Ships (d) All of these
Ans: (d) All of these
35. Which of the following is responsible for wearing out of bicycle tyres?
(a) Muscular force (b) Magnetic force (c) Frictional force (d) Electrostatic force
Ans: (c) Frictional force
36. It is difficult to walk on an oily floor because
(a) Floor gets spoiled (b) There is more resistance
(c) Force of friction is high (d) Force of friction is very less
Ans: (d) Force of friction is very less
37. Spring balance is a device used for measuring the _____________ acting on an object.
(a) mass (b) pressure (c) force (d) None of the above
Ans: (c) force
38. A matchstick struck on a matchbox catches fire easily because
(a) Friction may cause fire (b) Of chemical reaction (c) Force heated the match stick (d) None
Ans: (a) Friction may cause fire
39. Tyres are treaded to
(a) look good (b) Increase friction (c) increase its longevity (d) increase weight of the tyre
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Ans: (b) Increase friction
40. A boat or an aeroplane has a pointed or tapering front / head. Why?
(a) To increase the friction of fluid (b) To reduce the friction of fluid (c) To look good (d) For no reason
Ans: (b) To reduce the friction of fluid
41. The sole of the shoes becomes plain after wearing it for several months. The reason is
(a) Wearing out due to friction (b) Wearing out due to no friction
(c) Sole is of bad quality (d) None of the above
Ans: (a) Wearing out due to friction
42. Match the items given in column I suitably with those given in column II.
Column I Column II
1. Fluid friction (a) Due to friction
2. Lubricants (b) Streamlined
3. Wheels (c) Increases friction
4. Spring balance (d) Drag
5. Shape of aeroplane (e) Rolling friction
6. Rough surface (f) Reduce friction
7. Heat generation (g) Measures force
Ans: 1-(d) 2-(f) 3-(e) 4-(g) 5-(b) 6-(c) 7-(a)
43. Fill in the blanks
(a) Friction can be reduced by using ___________.
(b) Friction can be increased by making surface ___________.
(c) Bodies of birds, fishes and ships are ___________.
(d) Friction can also produce ___________.
(e) All objects moving in fluids have ___________ shape to reduce ___________.
(f) Rough surfaces produce ___________ friction than smooth surfaces.
(g) In many machines, friction is reduced by using ___________.
(h) Friction depends on the ___________ of substances in contact.
(i) Static friction comes into play when we try to move an object at ___________.
(j) . ___________ force is responsible for downward movement of a parachutist when he jumps from an
aircraft
(k) The sole of shoes and the tyres of vehicles are treaded to _________ friction.
(l) Friction is sometimes _________ .
Ans: (a) lubricants (b) rough (c) streamlined (d) heat (e) streamlined, friction (f) more
(g) ball bearing (h) nature (i) rest (j) Gravitational (k) increase (l) undesirable
44. State whether the given statements are true or false.
(a) Friction is always useful to us.
(b) A soapy floor is slippery due to increased friction.
(c) Friction always works in opposite direction to the relative motion.
(d) Friction is dependent on area of contact.
(e) Friction decreases with increase in the smoothness of the surface.
(f) It is easier to move a heavy object than a light object.
(g) A spring balance measures force.
(h) Friction can never be eliminated.
Ans: (a) False (b) False (c) True (d) False (e) True (f) False (g) True (h) True

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CHAPTER-3
COAL • Coal
• Petroleum
AND • Natural Gas
PETROLEUM • Some Natural Resources are Limited

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Natural resources can be broadly classified into two kinds
(i) Inexhaustible Natural Resources (ii) Exhaustible Natural Resources
2. Sunlight, air etc.are the examples of Exhaustible Natural Resources.
3. Wildlife, minerals, coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. are the examples of Inexhaustible Resources
4. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are fossil fuels
5. Fossil fuels are exhaustible resources.
6. Coal is a fossil fuel, formed by the decay of vegetation which existed millions of years ago.
7. Coal gas is obtained as a by-product during the processing of coal to form coke and is used as a fuel.
8. Coal tar is a black thick liquid with an unpleasant smell obtained by the processing of coal.
9. Coke is a tough, porous and black substance. It is an almost pure form of carbon.
10. Coke, coal tar and coal gas are the products of coal.
11.Coke is used in the manufacture of steel and in the extraction of many metals.
12. Coal tar are used as starting materials for manufacturing various substances used in everyday life and in
industry, like synthetic dyes, drugs, explosives, perfumes, plastics, paints, photographic materials, roofing
materials, etc.
13. Coal gas is used as a fuel in many industries situated near the coal processing plants and street lighting.
14. The word petroleum is derived from petra (rock) and oleum (oil)
15.Petroleum gas, petrol, diesel, kerosene, paraffin wax, lubricating oil are obtained by refining petroleum.

DEFINITIONS
1. Natural Resources: The resources that are obtained from nature are called natural resources.
2. Inexhaustible Natural Resources: These resources are present in unlimited quantity in nature and are not
likely to be exhausted by human activities.
3. Exhaustible Natural Resources: The amount of these resources in nature is limited. They can be exhausted
by human activities.
4. Fossil fuels: Some exhaustible natural resources from the dead remains of living organisms are known as
fossil fuels.
5. Carbonization:The slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonisation.
6. Destructive distillation: The process of heating coal in the absence of air is called destructive distillation.
7. Petroleum refining: The process of separating the different constituents/ fractions of petroleum is known as
petroleum refining.
8. LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas
9. CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
1. What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?
Ans: 1. They burn with a smokeless flame and so does not cause any pollution.
2. They leave no ash on burning.
3. They are easy to handle and convenient to store.
4. They have high calorific values.
2. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.

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Ans: Bitumen
3. Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called?
Ans: Millions of years ago, trees, plants, ferns and forests got buried below the rocks, soil and sand due to
natural processes like flooding, earthquake, etc. Slowly, as more soil deposited over them, they were
compressed. This led to the conditions of high pressure and heat. These conditions along with the
anaerobic conditions turned the carbon-enriched organic matter of wood into coal.
This slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonisation.
4. Fill in the blanks.
(a) Fossils fuels are ____ , ____ and ____
(b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called ______
(c) Least polluting fuel for vehicle is ______
Ans: (a) coal, petroleum, natural gas (b) refining (c) CNG
5. Tick True/False against the following statements.
(a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory.
(b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol.
(c) Coke is an almost pure form of carbon.
(d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances.
(e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel.
Ans: (a) False (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) False
6. Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources.
Ans: Fossil fuels take millions of years to be formed. They are limited in nature and cannot be replenished
easily, once consumed. Hence, they are considered as exhaustible natural resources.
7. Describe the characteristics and uses of coke.
Ans: Characteristics of coke: Coke is 98% pure carbon. It is a tough, porous and black substance. It pro-duces a
very little smoke. Uses of coke: Coke is very useful as fuel. It is a good reducing agent. It is widely used
in metallurgical processes to reduce metals from their oxides. It is used for producing water gas.
8. Explain the process of the formation of petroleum.
Ans: Petroleum is formed by the burial of aquatic plants and animals below the sea bed. The marine animals
and plants died thousands of years ago and settled down in the bottom of sea. In anaerobic conditions,
microorganisms decompose this organic matter. Due to high pressure and heat, the dead remains of tiny
plants and animals were slowly converted into petroleum..
9. The following table shows the total power shortage in India from 2004-2010. Show the data in the form
of a graph. Piet shortage percentage for the years on the y-axis and the year on the x-axis.

S. No. Year Shortage (%)


1 2004 7.8
2 2005 8.6
3 2006 9.0
4 2007 9.5
5 2008 9.9
6 2009 11.2
7 2010 10.0

Ans:

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Extended Learning — Activities and Projects
1. Get an outline map of India. Mark the places in the map where coal, petroleum and natural gas are found.
Show the places where petroleum refineries are situated.
Ans:

2. Choose any five families of your neighbourhood. Enquire whether their energy consumption (coal, gas,
electricity, petrol, kerosene) has increased or decreased in the last five years. Enquire also about the measures
they adopt to conserve energy.
Ans: Energy consumption of all the families have increased in the last five years, this is due to the changes in
life style. This is in spite of the fact that they are adopting many energy conservation methods
(a) Use of CFL in place of electric bulb (b) Appliances with more efficiency
(c) Proper electric circuit in houses
3. Find out the location of major thermal power plants in India. What could be the reasons for their being
located at those places?
Ans: Major thermal power plants in India are located in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh.
The reason for their being located at those places is that the majority of coal mines are located there.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. What is the purest form of coal?
Ans: Anthracite
2. What is use of LPG?
Ans: LPG is used as fuel gas for home, vehicles and industry.
3. What is meant by destructive distillation?
Ans: The process of heating coal in the absence of air, to get coke is called destructive distillation.
4. Name the petroleum product used as fuel for stoves, lamps and jet aircrafts.
Ans: Kerosene.
5. Give examples of any two exhaustible resources.
Ans: Coal, petroleum, etc.
6. Give examples of any two inexhaustible resources.
Ans: Sunlight, air, etc
7. Give any two uses of coal.

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Ans: Cooking, running rail engines, etc.
8. Name the products of coal.
Ans: Coke, coal tar, coal gas
9. Give any two uses of petroleum.
Ans: i) It is used to run vehicles.
ii) It is used in petroleum products like Vaseline.
10. Name any two natural gas reserves in India.
Ans: Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra
11. What are natural resources? Differentiate between exhaustible and inexhaustible natural resources.
Ans: Resources which we find in our natural environment are called natural resources. Natural resources can be
classified into two categories:
Exhaustible Resources Inexhaustible Resources
These resources are present in limited These resources are present in unlimited amounts in
amounts in nature. nature.
It cannot be replenished after getting It gets replenished after use.
exhausted.
Example: Coal, Petroleum etc. Example: Water, Sunlight etc.
12. Define fossil fuels
Ans: Fossil fuels are formed by the constant decomposition of dead and decaying animals and plants under
pressure and heat in the earth’s crust. Fossil fuel takes thousands of years to form. Example: Coal,
Petroleum etc.
13. What is petroleum? How is it formed?
Ans: Petroleum is a type of exhaustible natural resource. Diesel and petrol are obtained from petroleum.
Petroleum is found deep inside water in the sea or oceans.
Petroleum is formed from dead organisms which are found in water. The bodies of dead organisms settle
at the bottom of the ocean and get covered with soil/sand or other aquatic plants and start decaying slowly.
Over millions of years, these dead organisms turn into petroleum or natural gas due to the non-availability
of proper oxygen, heat and constant high pressure.
14. What is refining? Why does petroleum require refining?
Ans: The process of separating the various constituents of petroleum at different boiling points is known as
refining. Natural petroleum is a crude dark coloured liquid with a very unpleasant smell. It cannot be used
in its crude form. Hence, we find petroleum in several different products such as diesel, petrol, wax and
use it for various purposes.
15. Why is natural gas a very important fossil fuel?
Ans: Natural gas is important fossil fuel because it mainly constitutes methane and doesn’t produce much
pollution. It is a clean gas. Natural gas compressed under high pressure forms CNG which we use in our
cars as fuel.
16. Name the different constituents of petroleum and write their uses.
Ans:
Constituents Uses
LPG Fuel for home and industries.
Petrol Motor fuel, Aviation fuel, Solvent for dry cleaning.
Diesel Fuel for vehicles and generators.
Paraffin Wax Ointment, Candle, Wax etc.
Lubricating Oil Lubrication in machines
Bitumen Paints
Kerosene Fuel for stove, lamps, jet etc.
17. State the uses of natural gas.
Ans: (a)Power generation.
(b) Fuel for transport vehicles.
(c) As a fuel in homes for cooking.

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(d) Manufacturing of fertilizers and chemicals.
18. Why is natural gas preferred over petrol as a transport fuel?
Ans: Natural gas is preferred over petrol because it is a clean-burning fuel and produces less harmful substances
into the air.
19. Explain in detail the products of coal.
Ans: Coal is processed in the industry to get some useful products such as coke, coal tar and coal gas.
(a) Coke: Coke is almost a pure form of carbon. It is dark in colour. It is used for the extraction of metals.
(b) Coal Tar: It is a black liquid with a very unpleasant smell. It is a by-product obtained during the
formation of coke. Coal tar is a major constituent during the manufacturing of paints or anti-dandruff
shampoos.
(c) Coal Gas: Coal gas is also obtained during the formation of coke.
20. Why should we use some resources like coal and petroleum in limit?
Ans: Resources like coal and petroleum are from exhausting natural resources. They are formed by the
decomposition of dead organisms over millions of years. Their replenishment rate is very slow. Also, this
fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide on burning which is very harmful to our environment causing air
pollution as well as global warming. Hence, we should use coal and petroleum in limited amounts.
21. Suggest ways in which consumption of fuels can be reduced.
Ans: Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) advises people on how to save petrol/diesel while
driving. This will also help in the reduction of air pollution.
(a) Use more renewable sources of energy such as CNG.
(b) Switch off the engine of the vehicle at traffic lights or in long jams.
(c) Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle.
(d) We can use bicycles for a small distance.

BITS
1. Wind, sun and hydropower are
(a) renewable (b) non-renewable (c) synthetic sources (d) none of these .
Ans: (a)
2. The unit of calorific value of combustion of fuels is
(a) kilojoule (b) joule (c) kilojoule/kilogram (d) kilogram
Ans: (c)
3. A brownish-black sedimentary rock is known as
(a) charcoal (b) coke (c) coal (d) coal tar
Ans: (c)
4. Peat is a type of
(a) charcoal (b) coke (c) coal (d) none of these
Ans: (c)
5. The most pure form of carbon fuel is
(a) coal (b) coke (c) charcoal (d) coal gas
Ans: (b)
6. The fossil fuel found below the sea is
(a) petrol (b) petroleum (c) kerosene (d) diesel
Ans: (b)
7. ‘Black gold’ is another name for
(a) coal (b) coke (c) charcoal (d) petroleum
Ans: (d)
8. The white semi-solid fraction of petroleum used for making vaseline is
(a) asphalt (b) lubricating oil (c) paraffin wax (d) fuel oil
Ans: (c)
9. Out of the following, which fuel is best used in the homes ?
(a) Wood (b) CNG (c) LPG (d) Kerosene oil
Ans: (c)
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10. From the given statements, choose the incorrect one.
(a) Petroleum gas in liquid from (LPG) is used as fuel in homes and industries.
(b) Kerosene is used as fuel for stoves, lamps and jet aircraft
(c) Diesel is used as fuel for heavy motor vehicles, electric generators
(d) Paraffin is used in paints and road surfacing
Ans: (b)
11. Naphthalene obtained from coal tar are used as ______
(a) Honey bee repellant (b) Mosquito repellant (c) Snake repellant (d) Moth repellant
Ans: (d)
12. Name a pair of exhaustible natural resources from the following:
(a) Air and Sunlight (b) Coal and Soil (c) Water and Petroleum (d) Minerals and wildlife
Ans: (d)
13. When coal burns in air _________ is formed.
(a) Carbon Dioxide (b) Sulphur Dioxide (c) Carbon Monoxide (d) Hydrogen Gas
Ans: (a) Carbon Dioxide.
14. Which one of the following is obtained from coal tar?
(a) Petrol (b) Coke (c) Air (d) Naphthalene Balls
Ans: (d) Naphthalene Balls
15. Which one of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?
(a) Petrol (b) Coal (c) Wood (d) Diesel
Ans: (c) Wood
16. Which one of the following is NOT a non-renewable energy resource?
(a) Coal (b) Petroleum (c) Solar energy (d) Electricity
Ans: (c) Solar Energy
17. ___________ is a natural resource.
(a) Car (b) Bus (c) Water (d) Parks
Ans: (c) Water
17. Which one is least polluting Fuel?
(a) Petrol (b) Diesel (c) CNG (d) Kerosene
Ans: (c) CNG
18. Coal tar contains about ____________.
(a) 300 Substance (b) 400 Substance (c) 200 Substance (d) 100 Substance
Ans: (c) 200 Substances
19. Minerals are
(a) natural resources. (b) inexhaustible natural resources (c) exhaustible natural resources (d) all of these
Ans: (c) exhaustible natural resources
20. Petroleum is mainly a mixture of which one of the following class?
(a) Carbohydrates (b) Carbogens (c) Hydrocarbons (d) Alcohols
Ans: (c) Hydrocarbons
21. Which one is not a coal product?
(a) Coal tar (b) Coal gas (c) Lime (d) All of these
Ans: (c) Lime
22. Which one of the following is a petrochemical?
(a) Ammonia (b) Coke (c) Acetone (d) Paraffin wax
Ans: (d) Paraffin wax
23. Conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called
(a) carbonization (b) distillation (c) coal gas (d) natural gas
Ans: (a) carbonization
24. Full form of LPG
(a) Light Petroleum Gas (b) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (c) Long Pipe of Gas (d) Long Petroleum Gas

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Ans: (b) Liquefied Petroleum Gas
25. A natural gas stored under high pressure is called
(a) CNG (b) LPG (c) KLG (d) PNP
Ans: (a) CNG
26. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of road
(a) Peat (b) Lignite (c) Anthracite (d) Bituminous
Ans: (d) Bituminous
27. Products obtained by the process of destructive distillation are
(a) coke, coal-tar, coal gas (b) petrol, diesel, kerosene (c) paraffin wax, bitumen (d) compressed natural gas
Ans: (a) coke, coal-tar, coal gas
28. The mining of oil under sea is termed as
(a) distillation (b) carbonization (c) shore mining (d) destructive distillation
Ans: (c) shore mining
29. Main constituent of LPG is
(a) methane (b) butane (c) ethane (d) propane
Ans: (b) butane
30. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.
(a) Butane (b) Anthracite (c) Bitumen (d) Hydrocarbon
Ans: (c) Bitumen
31. Least polluting fuel for vehicles is
(a) coke (b) kerosene (c) diesel (d) CNG
Ans: (d) CNG
32. Petroleum is found under the
(a) sedimentary rocks (b) water (c) sand (d) coke
Ans: (a) sedimentary rocks
33. In which of the following places natural gas has not been formed in India?
(a) Tripura (b) Jaiselmer (c) Mumbai (d) Delhi
Ans: (d) Delhi
34. Match the following items given in column ‘A with that in column ‘B’
Column A Column B
i) Petroleum a) Provide more heat on burning
ii) Coal b) Carbon
iii) Oil refinery c) Insoluble in water
iv) Good fuels d) Wood
v) Coke e) Barauni
vi) Fuels f) Produce more energy
vii) CNG g) Petroleum product
viii) Bitumen h) Non-polluting fuel
Ans: i-c, ii-d, iii-e, iv-f, v-b, vi-a, vii-h, viii-g
35. Coke is formed when coal is heated in ………….. of air.
Ans: absence
36. Pencil lead is made from …………..
Ans: graohite
37. Coal and petroleum sources are …………..
Ans: limited
38. Natural gas, petroleum and coal are …………..
Ans: fossil fuels
39. Kerosene is not a …………..
Ans: fossil fuel
40. ………….. and ………….. are the crystalline form of carbon.
Ans: diamond, graphite

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41. State whether the statements given below are True or False:
(a) Coke is harder and denser than charcoal.
(b) Exhaustible sources can’t be exhausted by the human activities.
(c) Fossil fuels are inexhaustible natural resources.
(d) CNG stands for combined natural gas.
(e) We get Naphthalene ball from coal tar.
(f) A good fuel must leave very little ash after burning.
(g) Petroleum is found in pure form under the sedimentary rocks.
Ans: (a) True (b) False (c) False (d) False (e) True (f) True (g) False

Textual Table
Activity 3.1
Natural Man-made
Air Clothes
Sunlight Plastics
Water Fan
,Minerals Cement
Forests Cosmetics

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CHAPTER - 5

• Sound is Produced by a Vibrating Body


• Sound Produced by Humans
• Sound Needs a Medium for Propagation
• We Hear Sound through Our Ears
SOUND • Amplitude, Time Period and Frequency of
a Vibration
• Audible and Inaudible Sounds
• Noise and Music
• Noise Pollution

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Sound plays an important role in our daily life. It helps us to communication.
2. Sound is produced by vibrating the body.
3. Sound needs a medium to travel. It cannot travel in vacuum.
4. In humans, the sound is produced by the voice box or the larynx.
5. The eardrums of our ears sense the vibrations produced by a vibrating object.
6. Frequency is expressed in hertz. Its symbol is Hz.
7. Amplitude and frequency are two important properties of any sound.
8. The frequency determines the shrillness or pitch of a sound.
9. If the frequency of vibration is higher we say that the sound is shrill and has a higher pitch. If the frequency
of vibration is lower, we say that the sound has a lower pitch.
10. The loudness of sound depends on its amplitude. When the amplitude of vibration is large, the sound
produced is loud. When the amplitude is small, the sound produced is feeble.
11. The loudness is expressed in a unit called decibel (dB).
12. Excessive or unwanted sounds lead to noise pollution. Noise pollution may pose health problems for human
beings.
13. Attempts should be made to minimise noise pollution.
14. Plantation on the roadside and elsewhere can reduce noise pollution.

DEFINITIONS
1. Vibration: The to and fro or back and forth motion of an object is called vibration.
2. Frequency: The number of oscillations per second is called the frequency of oscillation.
3. Amplitude: The maximum distance to which a vibrating body moves on either side of its mean position is
called the amplitude
4. Noise: Unpleasant sounds are called noise.
5. Time period: The time taken by a pendulum to complete one oscillation is called the time period.
6. Voice box: Upper end of the wind pipe, below the hard part on the throat is called the voice box.
7. Eardrum: When sound enters outer part of the ear, it travels down a canal at the end of which there is a thin
stretched membrane. It is called the eardrum.
8. Inaudible / Infrasonic sounds: Sound frequencies less then 20Hz are called Inaudible sounds
9. Audible/ Sonic sounds: Sounds frequencies between 20Hz – 20KHz are called Audible sounds
10. Ultrasonic sounds: Sound frequencies more than 20KHz are called ultrasonic sounds.

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
1. Choose the correct answer.
Sound can travel through
(a) gases only (b) solids only (c) liquids only (d) solids, liquids, and gases
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Ans: (d) solids, liquids, and gases.
2. Voice of which of the following is likely to have a minimum frequency?
(a) Baby girl (b) Baby boy (c) A man (d) A woman
Ans: (c) A man
3. In the following statements, tick ‘T’ against those which are true and ‘F’ against those which are false.
(a) Sound cannot travel in a vacuum.
(b) The number of oscillations per second of a vibrating object is called its time period.
(c) If the amplitude of vibration is large, the sound is feeble.
(d) For human ears, the audible range is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
(e) The lower the frequency of vibration, the higher is the pitch.
(f) Unwanted or unpleasant sound is termed as music.
(g) Noise pollution may cause partial hearing impairment.
Ans: (a) True (b) False (c) False (d) True (e) False (f) False (g) True
4. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(a) Time taken by an object to complete one oscillation is called _______
(b) Loudness is determined by the ________ of vibration.
(c) The unit of frequency is ________
(d) Unwanted sound is called _______
(e) The shrillness of a sound is determined by the ______ of vibration.
Ans: (a) Time period (b) Amplitude (c) Hertz (Hz) (d) Noise (e) Frequency
5. A pendulum oscillates 40 times in 4 seconds. Find its time period and frequency.
Ans: No. of oscillation = 40
Total time is taken = 4 seconds

6. The sound from a mosquito is produced when it vibrates its wings at an average rate of 500 vibrations
per second. What is the time period of the vibration?
Ans: Number of vibrations per second = 500

.
7. Identify the part which vibrates to produce sound in the following instruments.
(a) Dholak (b) Sitar (c) Flute
Ans: (a) Stretched membrane (b) String of sitar (c) Air column
8. What is the difference between noise and music? Can music become noise sometimes?
Ans: The type of sound which are unpleasant to listen is known as noise whereas music is a pleasant sound,
which produces a sensation.
Yes, music can become noise when it’s too loud.

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9. List the sources of noise pollution in your surroundings.
Ans: The major sources of noise pollution are
i) Sound of vehicles
ii) Sound of kitchen appliances
iii) Sound of bursting crackers
iv) Sound of loudspeakers, TV, transistors
10. Explain in what way noise pollution is harmful to humans.
Ans: (a) Lack of sleep (b) Anxiety (c) Hypertension and these are harmful to health.
11. Your parents are going to buy a house. They have been offered one on the roadside and another three
lanes away from the roadside. Which house would you suggest your parents should buy? Explain
your answer.
Ans: I would suggest my parents buy a house three lanes away from the roadside because house on the roadside
would be much noisy in both days and night due to running vehicles. Whereas, a house three lanes away
would be comparatively quieter as the intensity of noise decreases with the distance between the source
and the listener.
12. Sketch larynx and explain its function in your own words.
Ans: Larynx is also known as voice box. It is at the upper end of the windpipe. Two vocal cords are stretched
across the voice box or larynx in such a way that it leaves a narrow slit between them for passage of air.
When lung force air through the slit, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound. Muscles attached to the
vocal cords can make the cords tight or loose.

When the vocal cords are tight and thin, the type or quality of voice is different from that when they are
loose and thick.
13. Lightning and thunder take place in the sky at the same time and at the same distance from us.
Lightning is seen earlier and thunder is heard later. Can you explain why?
Ans: The speed of light is more than that of the speed of sound. Thus, due to more speed of light it reaches us
before sound. So, lightning is seen earlier and thunder is heard later.

Extended Learning — Activities and Projects


1. Visit the music room of your school. You may also visit musicians in your locality. Make a list of musical
instruments. Note down the parts of these instruments that vibrate to produce sound.
Ans: Stringed musical instruments: Music produced by stretched string
Ex: Guitar, Sitar, Piano
Wind musical instruments: Music produced by vibrating of air columns
Ex: Flute, Shehnai
Membrane musical instruments: Music produced by vibration of stretched membrane
Ex: Tabla, Drums
Plate Type musical instruments: Music produced by vibration of thick plates
Ex: Manjira, Jal-tarag
2. If you play a musical instrument, bring it to the class and demonstrate how you play it.
Ans: Activity for home
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3. Prepare a list of famous Indian musicians and the instruments they play.
Ans: 1. Ustad Bismillah Khan – Shehnai 2. Hariprasad Chaurasia - Flute
3. Pandit Ravi Shankar – Sitar 4. Pandit Shivkumar Sharma - Santoor
5. Ustad Zakir Hussain – Tabla 6. Ustad Asad Ali Khan - Veena
7. Amjad Ali Khan - Sarod 8. Thetakudi Hrihara Vinayakram - Ghatan
9. Ramnad V. Raghavan - Mridangam) 10. Pt. Ram Narayan - Sarangi
4. Take a long thread. Place your hands over your ears and get some one to place this thread round your head
and hands. Ask her to make the thread taut and hold its ends in one hand. Now ask her to draw her finger and
thumb tightly along the thread (Fig. 5.19). Can you hear a rolling sound like that of a thunder? Now repeat the
activity while another friend stands near both of you. Can he hear any sound?

Ans: Yes
5. Make two toy telephones. Use them as shown in Fig. 5.20. Make sure that the two strings are taut and touch
each other. Let one of you speak. Can the remaining three persons hear? See how many more friends you can
engage in this way. Explain your observations.

Ans: Yes, the remaining three persons can also hear. As sound can travel through a medium, in this case sound
is travelling through the string and thus everyone on the toy telephone can hear the voice.
6. Identify the sources of noise pollution in your locality. Discuss with your parents, friends and neighbours.
Suggest how to control noise pollution. Prepare a brief report and present it in the class.
Ans: Sources of Noise pollution in our locality are
a) Vehicles b) Industries machine c) Crackers d) Airport (Aeroplane)
To control noise pollution we should do the following reason.
i) Using vehicles (petrol) ii) Silence in public places. iii) Minimizing the use of industries n factories.
iv) Avoiding bursting crackers when no events. v) Use of battery vehicles.
vi) Lower sound equipments should be used. vii) No loud music .

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Does any part of our body vibrate when we speak? Name the part.
Ans: Yes, larynx (vocal cords)
2. What is the unit of frequency?

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Ans: Hertz is a unit of measurement for frequency. The sign for it is Hz.
3. Name two musical instruments which produce sound by vibrating strings.
Ans: Sitar and Gitur
4. Give two examples of noise pollution.
Ans: During an event, the use of crackers and loudspeakers.
5. What would be the sound produced in a bus station or railway station called as?
Ans: Unpleasant noise will be produced in both locations, which is known as noise.
6.We have learnt that vibration is necessary for producing sound. Explain why the sound produced by
every vibrating body cannot be heard by us?
Ans: If the sound produced by a vibrating body is in the audible range, the sound produced will be heard bu us,
otherwise we will not be able to hear the sound even though the body is vibrating.
7. Suppose a stick is struck against a frying pan in vacuum. Will the frying pan vibrate? Will we be able
to hear the sound? Explain.
Ans: The frying pan will vibrate. We will not be able to hear the sound of vibration because sound cannot travel
in vacuum.
8. Briefly describe the loudness of sound.
Ans: The Square of the amplitude of the vibration producing the sound determines the loudness of the sound.
For example, doubling the amplitude increases the loudness by a factor of four. The decibel is a
measurement of how loud something is (dB).
9. Classify the following into music and noise. Desert coolers, sound produced by harmonium, string of
sitar, television and transistor radio at high volumes
Ans:
Music Noise
Sound produced by harmonium, String of Desert coolers, Television and transistor radio at high
sitar volumes
10. Label the parts of the human ear in the below given picture.

Ans: A. Inner ear, B. Eardrum


11. Correct the following statements.
Noise is one which is pleasing to the ear.
Ans: Musical sound is one which is pleasing to the ear
12. Sounds of frequencies more than 20 Hz but less than 20,000 Hz cannot be detected by the human ear.
Ans: Sounds of frequencies more than 20 Hz but less than 20,000 Hz can be detected by the human ear.
13. Explain with an activity that sound travels in liquids.
Ans: Fill a bucket with water and, using one hand, shake a bell under the water, making sure the bell does not
touch the bucket's body. Now carefully place your ear on the water's surface; you will hear the ringing
bell, proving that sound can travel through water.
14. Give an example to show that the frequency determines the shrillness or pitch of a sound.
Ans: A low-frequency vibration is produced by a drum. As a result, it makes a low-pitched sound. A whistle, on
the other hand, has a high frequency and hence generates a higher pitch sound.
15. It is said that “The loudness of sound depends on its amplitude”. What happens to the sound when the
amplitude of vibration is large and vice versa?
Ans: Because the loudness of sound is determined by its amplitude, so the sound produced is loud when the
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amplitude of vibration is significant. The sound generated is weak when the amplitude is tiny.
16. Sound plays an important role in our life. Why?
Ans: Sound is crucial because it enables us to communicate with one another.
17. Identify the type of frequency in the below given pictures.

Ans: a. High frequency b. low Frequency


18. Explain how sound is produced in human beings.
Ans: The voice box or the larynx in humans produces the sound. The larynx is located near the top of the
windpipe. Two vocal cords are stretched across the voice box or larynx in such a way that a thin slit for air
passage is left between them. The vocal cords vibrate when the lungs force air through the slit, producing
sound. The muscles that link to the voice cords can tighten or loosen them. The sort or quality of voice
produced when the vocal cords are tight and thin differs from that produced when they are loose and thick.
19. Demonstrate an activity to show that sound needs a medium for propagation
Ans: Take a tumbler, either metal or glass. Make sure it's completely dry. Put a cell phone in there. Request that
a friend call this cell phone from another cell phone. Pay close attention to the ring. Now, wrap your hands
over the tumbler's rim. Place your mouth in the space created by your hands. Tell your friend to ring the
phone once more. While sucking air from the tumbler, listen to the ring. Keep an eye on the tumbler and
take it out of your mouth. It's probable that the decreased volume of air in the tumbler contributed to the
ring's decreased volume. There would be no sound if the tumbler is completely devoid of air. This
demonstrates that sound requires a medium in order to travel.
20. List the harmful effect of Noise pollution
Ans: Excessive noise in the environment can lead to a variety of health issues.
a. Lack of sleep b. Hypertension (high blood pressure) c. Anxiety,
d. A person who is continuously exposed to a loud sound may suffer from temporary or permanent hearing
loss.
21. How can we control Noise pollution?
Ans: a) Aircraft engines, transport vehicles, industrial machines, and household appliances must all have noise-
cancelling devices fitted.
b) All loud operations must take place outside of any residential areas. Industries that produce noise
should be located distant from such regions.
c) Automobile horns should be used sparingly. Low-volume television and music systems are
recommended.
d) Trees should be planted along highways and around buildings to reduce the amount of noise that
reaches households, hence lowering the negative impacts of noise pollution.

BITS
1. The maximum displacement of a vibrating body on either side of its mean position, is known as its
(a) Frequency (b) Loudness (c) Amplitude (d) Pitch
Ans: (c)
2. The frequency of a given sound is 1.5 kHz. The vibrating body is
(a) completing 1,500 vibrations in one second. (b) taking 1,500 seconds to complete one vibration.
(c) taking 1.5 seconds to complete one vibration. (d) completing 1.5 vibrations in one second
Ans: (a)
3. A given sound is inaudible to the human ear, if
(a) its amplitude is too small. (b) its frequency is below 20 Hz.
(c) its frequency is above 20 kHz. (d) it has any of the three characteristics listed above.
Ans: (d)
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4. Sound can propagate
(a) through vacuum as well as gases (b) only through gases and liquids
(c) only through gases and solids (d) any of the three states of the matter.
Ans: (d)
5. When lightning and thunder take place, they
(a) occur together and are also observed together. (b) occur one after the other but are observed together.
(c) occur together but the thunder is observed a little after the lightning.
(d) occur together but the thunder is observed a little before the lightning
Ans: (c)
6. Sounds having frequency more than 20 Hz are called
(a) Infrasonic (b) Supersonic (c) Ultrasonic (d) None of these
Ans: (c)
7. Loudness of sound is expressed in
(a) Hertz (b) Decibel (c) Seconds (d) None of these
Ans: (b)
8. A list of mediums is given below.
(i) wood (ii) water (iii) air (iv) vacuum
In which of these mediums can sound travel?
(a) i & ii only (b) i, ii & iii only (c) iii & iv only (d) ii, iii & iv only
Ans: (b) i, ii & iii only
9. The loudness of a sound depends on:
(a) its amplitude (b) its frequency (c) its time period (d) its speed
Ans: (a) its amplitude
10. Which of the following statements are correct?
(i) Sound is produced by vibrations. (ii) Sound requires a medium for propagation.
(iii) Light and sound both require a medium for propagation. (iv) Sound travels slower than light.
(a) i & ii only (b) i, ii & iii only (c) ii, iii & iv only (d) i, ii & iv only
Ans: (d) i, ii & iv only
11. An object is vibrating at 50 hertz. What is its time period?
(a) 0.02 s (b) 2 s (c) 0.2 s (d) 20.0 s
Ans: (a) 0.02 s
12. In order to reduce the loudness of a sound, we have to
(a) decrease its frequency of vibration of the sound. (b) increase its frequency of vibration of the sound.
(c) decrease its amplitude of vibration of the sound. (d) increase its amplitude of vibration of the sound.
Ans: (c) decrease its amplitude of vibration of the sound.
13. 1 hertz is equal to
(a) 1 vibration per minute (b) 10 vibrations per minute
(c) 60 vibrations per minute (d) 600 vibrations per minute
Ans: (c) 60 vibrations per minute
14. Pitch of sound is determined by its
(a) frequency (b) amplitude (c) speed (d) loudness
Ans: (a) frequency
15. The range of audible sound for a human being is ____________.
(a) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (b) 20 Hz to 10,000 Hz (c) 10 Hz to 10,000 Hz (d) 20 Hz to 40,000 Hz
Ans: (a) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
17. Which one of the following will have long vocal cords?
(a) Women (b) Men (c) Children (d) None of the above
Ans: (b) Men
18. Which one of the following instruments produces sound through vibrations?
(a) Ghatam (b) Tabla (c) Flute (d) Sitar
Ans: (d) Sitar
19. To and fro motion of an object is called _____________.
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Ans: Vibration
20. _______ and _______ are two important properties of any sound.
Ans: Amplitude and frequency
21. Sound is a kind of
(a) work (b) energy (c) force (d) pressure
Ans: (b) energy
22. The frequency of subsonic sound is
(a) more than 20 Hz (b) 100 Hz (c) less than 20 Hz (d) more than 20,000 Hz
Ans: (c) less than 20 Hz
23. Cochlea is a part of
(a) hearing organ (b) sound producing organ (c) muscular organ (d) air pollution
Ans: (a) hearing organ
24. 1 hertz is equal to
(a) 1 vibration per minute (b) 10 vibrations per minute
(c) 60 vibrations per minute (d) 600 vibrations per minute
Ans: (c) 60 vibrations per minute
25. Sound cannot travel through
(a) air (b) water (c) air (d) vacuum
Ans: (d) vacuum
26. The sound in the audible range is called
(a) ultrasonic sound (b) sonic sound (c) subonic sound (d) light sound
Ans: (b) sonic sound
27. Speed is
(a) Distance travelled / Time (b) Time / Distance travelled
(c) Distance travelled × Time (d) Time + Distance travelled
Ans: (a) Distance travelled / Time
28. A pendulum oscillates 20 times in 4 seconds. Find its time period.
(a) 0.05 sec. (b) 0.001 sec. (c) 0.2 sec. (d) 0.1 sec
Ans: (c) 0.2 sec
29. The number of vibrations made by a vibrating body in one second is
(a) frequency (b) noise (c) loudness (d) pitch
Ans: (a) frequency
30. The velocity of sound at 20°C is approximately
(a) 3400 m/sec. (b) 340 m/sec. (c) 430 m/sec (d) 304 m/sec.
Ans: (b) 340 m/sec.
31. Sound is produced by
(a) Non-Vibrating objects only (b) Vibrating and non- vibrating objects
(c) Vibration has no relation to sound (d) Vibrating objects only
Ans: (d) Vibrating objects only
32. Vibration is also known as
(a) Vibratory motion (b) Translatory motion (c) Oscillatory motion (d) None of these
Ans: (c) Oscillatory motion
33. Above _____ dB the sound becomes physically painful
(a) 60 (b) 40 (c) 120 (d) 80
Ans: (d) 80
34. When the amplitude of vibration is large, sound produced is
(a) No sound (b) feeble (c) loud (d) No relation between amplitude and sound
Ans: (c) loud
35. An ultrasound equipment works at frequency
(a) Higher than 20,000Hz (b) Higher than 10,000Hz (c) Lower than 20,000Hz (d) Lower than 10,000Hz
Ans: (a) Higher than 20,000Hz
36. Match the items given in column I suitably with those given in column II.
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Column I Column II
1. Audible frequencies (a) 10 dB
2. Length of vocal cords in man (b) 30 dB
3. Ultrasound (c) 20 mm long
4. Normal breathing (d) 20 to 20,000 Hz
5. Soft whisper (At 5 m) (e) Hertz
6. Frequency (f) Percussion instrument
7. Unpleasant sound (g) Music
8. Pitch (h) Produced by bats
9. Tabla (i) Noise
10. Pleasant sound (j) Higher frequency
Ans: 1 – d, 2 – c, 3 – h, 4 – a, 5 – b, 6 – e, 7 – i, 8 – j, 9 – f, 10 – g
37. Fill in the blanks with suitable word/s.
(a) The __________ nerve is also present in the inner ear.
(b) Too much noise in our surroundings that causes discomfort is called __________.
(c) The speed of sound is maximum in __________.
(d) __________ is the time taken by a vibrating body for one complete vibration.
(e) Plantation on the roadside can reduce __________.
(f) The loudness of normal breathing of human is __________.
Ans: (a) auditory (b) noise pollution (c) solids (d) Time period (e) noise pollution (f) 10dB
38. State whether the given statements are true or false.
i) All human beings can hear sounds of frequencies upto 60,000 Hz.
ii) Sound does not need a medium for its propagation.
iii) Loud sounds have high frequencies.
iv) Sound travel faster in air, slower in iron.
v) Light travels much faster than sound.
vi) Man cannot hear sound of bats.
vii) Shriller sound has more frequency.
viii) The pitch of a sound depends in the frequency of the waves.
Ans: i) False ii) False iii) False iv) False v) True vi) True vii) True viii) True

Textual Table
Table 5.1 : Musical Instruments and their Vibrating Parts
S.No Musical instrument Vibrating part producing sound
1 Veena Stretched string
2 Tabla Stretched membrane
3 Flute Air columns
4 Guitar Stretched string
5 Mridangam Stretched membrane
6 Clarinet Air columns
7 Drum Stretched membrane

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CHAPTER - 7

• What makes Things Visible


• Laws of Reflection
• Regular and Diffused Reflection

LIGHT •

Reflected Light Can be Reflected Again
Multiple Images
Sunlight — White or Coloured
• What is inside Our Eyes?
• Care of the Eyes

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. When light from an object enters our eyes that we see the object.
2. Light is reflected from all surfaces
3. Regular reflection takes place when light is incident on smooth, polished and regular surfaces.
4. Diffused/Irregular reflection takes place from rough surfaces.
5. Image formed in a plane mirror undergoes lateral inversion.
6. Two mirrors inclined to each other give multiple images.
7. Beautiful patterns are formed in a kaleido scope because of multiple reflections.
8. Parts of the eye are cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina and optic nerve.
9. Cornea is the transparent front part of the eye.
10. Iris is the coloured part of the eye. It controls the size of pupil.
11. Pupil is a small opening in the cornea.
12. Retina is the site of the formation of image.
13. Cones are nerve cells on retina, which are sensitive to bright light and sense colour.
14. Rods are the nerve cells on the retina, which are sensitive to dim light.
15. Rainbow is a natural phenomenon showing dispersion.
16. A normal eye can see nearby and distant objects clearly.
17. Most comfortable distance at which one can read with a normal eye is 25 cm.
18. Impression of an image persists on retina for about 1/16th of the second.
19. Night blindness is the most common eye problem and it happens due to vitamin A deficiency.
20. Braille system is most popular resource for reading and writing for visually challenged persons developed
by Louis Braille.
DEFINITIONS
1. Incident ray: The light ray, which strikes any surface, is called the incident ray.
2. Reflected ray: The ray that comes back from the surface after reflection is known as the reflected ray.
3. Normal: A perpendicular line at the point of incidence is called normal.
4. Angle of Incidence: The angle between the normal and the incident ray is called the angle of incidence.
5. Angle of Reflection: The angle between the normal and the reflected ray is called the angle of reflection.
6. Reflection of Light: Bouncing back of light rays after hitting any surface is called reflection of light.
6. Laws of Reflection: (i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. (ii) Incident ray, reflected
ray and the normal drawn at the point of incidence to the reflecting surface, lie in the same plane.
7. Lateral inversion: Phenomenon of changing side left to right and right to left by the mirror while forming
images is called lateral inversion.
8. Regular reflection: Reflection from a smooth surface like that of a mirror is called regular reflection
6. Diffused or Irregular Reflection: When all the parallel rays reflected from a rough or irregular surface are
not parallel, the reflection is known as diffused or irregular reflection.
7. Dispersion of light: Splitting of light into its constituent colours is known as dispersion of light.
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8. Blind Spot: At the junction of optic nerve and the retina, there are no sensory cells, so no vision is possible
on that spot. This is called the blind spot.
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
1. Suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see objects in the room? Can you see objects out¬side the
room? Explain.
Ans: When we are in a dark room then we cannot see objects in the room. We can see the objects outside the
room, because out of the room the light is available and the rays of light can enter our eyes after reflection
from the objects.
2. Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffused reflection mean the failure of the
laws of reflection?
Ans:
Regular Reflection Diffused Reflection
(i) All the reflected rays are parallel. (i) The reflected rays are not parallel.
(ii) It occurs on a smooth and polished surface. (ii) It occurs on the rough surface.
(iii) Reflected rays are in one direction. (iii) Reflected rays are scattered in different
directions.
No, diffuse reflection doesn’t mean the failure of laws of reflection.
3. Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflection will take place when a
beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in each case.
(a) Polished wooden table (b) Chalk powder (c) Cardboard surface
(d) Marble floor with water spread over it (e) Mirror (f) Piece of paper
Ans: (a) Regular reflection will take place because the surface is plane and polished.
(b) Diffused reflection will take place because the surface is rough.
(c) Diffused reflection will take place because the surface is rough.
(d) Regular reflection will take place because the surface is smooth and plane.
(e) Regular reflection will take place because the surface is plane and polished.
(f) Diffused reflection will take place because the surface is rough.
4. State the laws of reflection.
Ans: (i) The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
5. Describe an activity to show that the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of
incidence lie in the same plane.
Ans: Activity: To show that the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence lie in the
same plane.
Materials Required: Plane mirror, holder, ray box, etc.
Procedure: Fix sheet of white paper, a little beyond the edge of the board. Place a plane mirror strip
vertically to the paper using a stand. Throw light from a ray box on the mirror. Look at the reflected ray.
Mark the incident ray, normal ray and reflected ray. Fold the paper which is beyond the edge of the board.
You will observe that the reflected ray is not seen in the folded portion of the chart paper. Now bring the
folded portion back to its original position. The reflected ray of light is again seen on the page.
Conclusion: The sheet on the board can be considered as a plane. The incident ray, the reflected ray,
the normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.

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Incident ray, reflected ray and normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane
6. Fill in the blanks in the following.
(a) A person 1 m in front of a plane mirror seems to be ______ m away from his image.
(b) If you touch your ______ ear with a right hand in front of a plane mirror it will be seen in the
mirror that your right ear is touched with _____
(c) The size of the pupil becomes _______ when you see in dim light.
(d) Night birds have _______ cones than rods in their eyes.
Ans: (a) 2 (b) left, left hand (c) larger (d) lesser
Choose the correct option in Questions 7-8.
7. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
(a) Always (b) Sometimes (c) Under special conditions (d) Never
Ans: (a) Always
8. Image formed by a plane mirror is:
(a) virtual, behind the mirror and enlarged.
(b) virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
(c) real at the surface of the mirror and enlarged.
(d) real, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
Ans: (b) virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
9. Describe the construction of a kaleidoscope.
Ans: Kaleidoscope is a device based on the principle of multiple
reflections. It consists of three long and narrow strips of plane
mirrors inclined at an angle of 60° to one another forming prism.
This is fitted in a tube. One end of this tube is closed by a
cardboard disc having a hole at its centre. To the other end
touching the mirrors plane glass plate is fixed on which broken
pieces of coloured bangles are placed. This end of the tube is
closed by a ground glass plate.
10. Draw a labelled sketch of the human eye.
Ans:

11. Gurmit wanted to perform Activity 16.8 using a laser torch. Her teacher advised her not to do so.
Can you explain the basis of the teacher’s advise?
Ans: Teacher has advised Gurmit not to do so because laser light is very harmful for her eyes and can cause a
permanent defect in the eye. Person can even lose his or her eyesight if laser torch is directed over the eyes.
12. Explain how you can take care of your eyes.
Ans: Eyes are very precious. We must take proper care of them. We must
(i) Always sit straight while reading or writing.
(ii) If advised, use suitable spectacles.
(iii) Wash our eyes with clean water frequently.
(iv) Not look at the sun directly.
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(v) Always read or write in a proper light.
13. What is the angle of incidence of a ray if the reflected ray is at an angle of 90° to the incident ray?
Ans:
Here, the angle of reflection is 90°.
As we know, according to the laws of reflection that angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
Here, the angle between the incident ray and reflected ray is 90°.
i.e., ∠i + ∠r = 90°
Since, ∠i = ∠r
We can write, ∠i + ∠i = 90°
⇒ 2∠i = 90°
⇒ ∠i = 45°
Angle of incidence = 45°.
14. How many images of a candle will be formed if it is placed between two parallel plane mirrors
separated by 40 cm?
Ans: Here, mirrors are placed parallel to each other 40 cm apart. Therefore, the infinite number of images will
be formed.
15. Two mirrors meet at right angles. A ray of light is incident on one at an angle of 30° as shown in
Fig. 7.19. Draw the reflected ray from the second mirror.

Ans:

16. Boojho stands at A just on the side of a plane mirror as shown in Fig. 7.21. Can he see himself in the
mirror? Also, can he see the image of objects situated at P, Q, and R?

Ans: No, Boojho can’t see himself in the mirror. He can see the image of the object at P and Q but not of R.

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17. (a) Find out the position of the image of an object situated at A in the plane mirror (Fig. 7.23).
(b) Can Paheli at B see this image?
(c) Can Boojho at C see this image?
(d) When Paheli moves from B to C, where does the image of A move?

Ans: (a) It is shown in the following figure.

(b) Yes, Paheli can see the image of A.


(c) Yes, Boojho can see the image of A.
(d) Image of the object at A will not move as an object is not moving.

Extended Learning — Activities and Projects


1. Make your own mirror. Take a glass strip or glass slab. Clean it and put it on a white sheet of paper. See
yourself in the glass. Next put the glass slab on a black sheet of paper. Again look into the glass. In which case
do you see yourself better and why?
Ans: We can see ourselves better in the case we put the glass slab on white paper because white sheet reflects
more light as compared to black sheet.

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2. Make friends with some visually impaired students. Enquire from them how they read and write. Also find
out how they are able to recognise objects, hurdles and currency notes.
Ans: They use non-optical and optical aids to develop their capabilities, for example, Braille writer slate and
stylus help them in taking notes, reading and writing. Such people try to identify things by touching and
listening the voices more carefully.
3. Meet an eye specialist. Get your eye sight checked and discuss how to take care of your eyes.
Ans: We can take care of our eyes by:
i) Washing our eyes daily with fresh water. ii) Eating green vegetables
iii) Regular check up iv) Proper sitting and reading posture
v) Avoiding very intense or very dim light vi) Do not stare directly at the sun or a bright light.
4. Survey your neighbourhood. Find out how many children below the age of 12 years use spectacles. Find out
from their parents what, in their view, could be the reason for the weak eyesight of their children.
Ans: There are many children in the neighbourhood below the age of 12 years who use spectacles. According to
parents, the possible reasons for the weak eyesight of children could be,
i) Watching TV for longer period of time. ii) Too much exposure to computer and mobiles.
iii) Not reading and writing using adequate light. iv) Sleep disorder.
v) Improper diet. vi) In some case, babies are born with vision loss.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. What are the characteristics of image formed by plane mirror?
Ans: i) Virtual image ii) Erect image iii) Laterally inverted
iv) Size of the image is equal to the size of the object.
v) Distance of the image from the mirror is equal to the distance of the object.
2. How many times is a ray of light reflected by two plane mirrors placed parallel and facing each other?
Ans: Infinite number of times
3. How is the phenomenon of reflection used in making a kaleidoscope? What are the applications of a
kaleidoscope?
Ans: The kaleidoscope gives a number of images formed by reflection from the mirrors inclined to one another.
Designers and artists use kaleidoscope to get ideas for new patterns to design wallpapers, jewellery and
fabrics.
4. What kind of lens is there in our eyes? Where does it form the image of an object?
Ans: The type of lens in our eyes is convex. It forms the images on the retina.
5. Which part of the eye gets affected if someone is suffering from cataract? How is it treated?
Ans: In people suffering from cataract, the eye lens becomes clouded. Cataract is treated by replacing the
opaque lens with a new artificial lens.
6. Write the name of some non-optical aids.
Ans: i) Tactual aids ii) Auditory aids iii) Electronic aids
7. Name the part of the eye which gives distinctive color.
Ans: Iris is the part of the eye that gives distinctive color. The iris is a colored ring that surrounds our pupils
and gives our eyes their distinct color.
8. Lack of which nutrient is responsible for eye troubles?
Ans: Deficiency of Vitamin A causes eye troubles. Xerophthalmia is a progressive eye disease caused by a lack
of vitamin A. Xerophthalmia can progress to night blindness or more serious damage to the cornea, the
outer layer of the eye.
9. Who developed a system for visually challenged persons and published it in 1821?
Ans: Braille was developed in the 1820s by Louis Braille and is the most widely used resource for visually
impaired people. Louis Braille. Blind individuals read and write using the Braille system. A set of raised
bumps or dots can be sensed with a finger in the Braille system.
10. Do you think a ray of light is an idealization? Why?
Ans: Yes a ray of light is an idealization. In reality, there is a narrow beam of light that is made up of several
rays. For simplicity, the term ray is used for a narrow beam of light.
11. Give any two uses of periscope.
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Ans: Submarines, tanks, and soldiers in bunkers use periscopes to see things outside.
12. List the food items which contain vitamin A.
Ans: Vitamin A is abundant in raw carrots, broccoli, and green vegetables (such as spinach) as well as cod liver
oil. Vitamin A is found in foods including eggs, milk, curd, cheese, butter, and fruits like papaya and mango.
13. Give any four examples of luminous objects.
Ans: The Sun, fire, the flame of a candle, and an electric lamp are examples of luminous objects.
14. Describe regular reflection with the help of a diagram.
Ans: Regular reflection is a reflection from a smooth surface such as a mirror. Regular reflection creates
images.

15. What is the function of the retina?


Ans: The lens directs light to the retina, which includes a number of nerve cells. The nerve cells' sensations are
subsequently transferred to the brain via the optic nerve.
16. Given an example to show that reflected light can be reflected again.
Ans: Stand in front of a mirror and tell a friend to hold a mirror behind you so you can see your haircut; your
hair picture will appear in the mirror in front of you; this is the best example of reflected light returning to
the source.
17. Can we see objects in dark? Why?
Ans: When light reflected by an object reaches our eyes, we can see it. However, when there is no light
reflected by the object, we cannot see it.
18. How does the braille system work?
Ans: There are 63 dot patterns or characters in the Braille system. A letter, a combination of letters, a common
word, or a grammatical sign is represented by each character. Dots are arranged in cells of two vertical
rows of three dots each. Below are various dot patterns that symbolize English letters and common words.

When embossed on Braille sheets, these patterns assist visually impaired people in recognizing words by
touch. The dots have been slightly right to make them easier to touch.
19. Demonstrate an activity to show that the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.
Ans: On the paper, draw lines to illustrate the position of the plane mirror, incident ray, and reflected ray. At the
place where the incident ray reaches the mirror, draw a line at a 90o angle to the line representing the
mirror. The normal to the reflecting surface at that location is this line. The angle of incidence and the
angle of reflection should be measured. Change the angle of incidence and repeat the activity multiple
times. The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection when the experiment is accurately
carried out.

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20. Write any five ways to take care of your eyes.
Ans: i) Use appropriate eyewear if advised.
ii) It is harmful to the eyes to have too little or too much light. Eye strain and headaches are caused by
insufficient light. The retina can be damaged by too much light, such as that of the Sun, a strong lamp,
or a laser torch.
iii) Do not look directly at the Sun or bright light.
iv) Do not rub your eyes. If dust particles get into your eyes, rinse them out with clean water. If your
condition does not improve, see a doctor.
v) Always read at a comfortable distance for your eyes. Avoid bringing the book too close to your eyes or
keeping it too far away when reading.

BITS
1. Which of the following material cannot be used to make a lens?
(a) Plastics (b) Water (c) Clay (d) Glass
Ans: (c)
2. Which of the following would you prefer, to read very small letters printed on the pages of a dictionary ?
(a) A convex lens of focal length 100 cm (b) A concave lens of focal length 10 cm
(c) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm (d) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
Ans: (d)
3. A pond of water appears shallow because of
(a) reflection (b) refraction (c) dispersion (d) none of these
Ans: (b)
4. The phenomenon of the splitting of white light into seven colours is called as
(a) dispersion (b) refraction (c) reflection (d) deviation
Ans: (a)
5. In air all colours propagate
(a) with different speed (b) nearly same speed
(c) with minimum speed of red colour (d) with maximum speed of violet colour
Ans: (b)
6. The phenomenon of dispersion is not visible in a
(a) prism (b) glass slab (c) mirror (d) none of these
Ans: (b)
7. If the refractive index is more then optical density is
(a) more (b) less (c) equal (d) independent of refractive index
Ans: (a)
8. On refraction through a parallel faced glass slab the emergent ray is
(a) parallel to incident ray (b) displaced w.r.t. incident ray
(c) is not displaced w.r.t. incident ray (d) both (a) and (b)
Ans: (d)
9. When a ray of light propagating (in a straight line) in one transparent medium to enter another transparent
medium
(a) it gains speed (b) it losses speed (c) it neither gains nor losses speed
(d) its speed in second medium depends upon relative refractive index for a given pair
Ans: (d)
10. If lower half of a convex lens is painted black then
(a) no image is formed (b) only erect image is formed
(c) only diminished image is formed (d) image is formed but is of reduced intensity.
Ans: (d)
11. The change in focal length of an eye lens, to focus the image of objects at varying distances, is done by the
action of
(a) pupil (b) iris (c) retina (d) ciliary muscles
Ans: (d)
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12. The human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens. This
ability of the eye is known as
(a) persistence of vision (b) far-sightedness (c) near-sightedness (d) power of accomodation
Ans: (d)
13. The least distance of distinct vision ‘for a young adult with normal vision is (nearly)
(a) 25 m (b) 25 cm (c) 2.5 cm (d) 2.5 m
Ans: (b)
14. The Braille system, for visually challenged persons,, is a
(a) visual aid (b) auditory aid (c) tactual aid The eye lens is (d) electronic aid
Ans: (c).
15. The eye lens is
(a) concave (b) convex (c) plano concave (d) plano convex
Ans: (b)
16. Eye problems happen due to lack of
(a) Vitamin C (b) Vitamin D (c) Vitamin A (d) Vitamin B complex
Ans: (c)
17. The blind spot of the eye is
(a) at the junction of optic nerve and retina (b) on one side of optic nerve
(c) on one side of retina (d) in the centre of retina
Ans: (a)
18.The light sensitive cells having shape of cones
(a) respond mainly to colours of incident light (b) respond mainly to amount of incident light
(c) respond to both colour and amount of light (d) enables us to see in dark
Ans: (a)
19. A smooth shining surface, which rebounds the light back in same or in different direction, is called
(a) a mirror (b) a lens (c) reflection of light (d) point of incidence
Ans: (a) a mirror
20. Beam of light striking the reflecting surface is called
(a) reflecting ray (b) incident ray (c) refracted ray (d) normal ray
Ans: (b) incident ray
21. Band of seven colours is called
(a) VIBGYOR (b) spectrum (c) dispersion (d) reflection
Ans: (b) spectrum
22. Front balged part of the eyeball is called
(a) cornea (b) choroid (c) pupil (d) retina
Ans: (a) cornea
23. Which one of the following statements is correct regarding rods and cones in the human eye?
(a) Cones are sensitive to dim light (b) Cones are sensitive to bright light
(c) Rods are sensitive to bright light (d) Rods can sense colour
Ans: (b) Cones are sensitive to bright light
24. In case of reflection of light, the angle of incidence (i) and the angle of reflection (r) are related as
(a) i = r (b) i < r (c) i > r (d) no definite relation
Ans: (a) i = r
25. Name the type of mirror used as a backview mirror.
(a) Plane mirror (b) Concave mirror (c) Convex mirror (d) Any of these
Ans: (c) Convex mirror
26. Visually impaired people can read and write using
(a) electronic writer (b) digital pens (c) braille system (d) hearing aids
Ans: (c) braille system
27. The image formed by a camera and a simple microscope are respectively
(a) real and real (b) real and virtual (c) virtual and virtual (d) virtual and real

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Ans: (b) real and virtual
28. What is the angle of incidence of a ray if the reflected ray is at an angle of 90° to the incident ray?
(a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 180°
Ans: (b) 45°
29. The splitting of white light into its seven constituent colours is called
(a) refraction (b) dispersion (c) deviation (d) reflection
Ans: (b) dispersion
30. The defect due to which a person is not able to see the distant objects clearly:
(a) Myopia (b) Hypermetropia (c) Cornea (d) Cataract
Ans: (a) Myopia
31. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by
(a) eye lens (b) cornea (c) iris (d) ciliary muscle
Ans: (c) iris
32. Myopia can be corrected by using a
(a) concave lens (b) convex lens (c) opaque lens (d) micro lens
Ans: (a) concave lens
33. Light enters the eye through
(a) eye lens (b) pupil (c) cornea (d) retina
Ans: (c) cornea
34. If the angle of incidence of light falling on a plane mirror is 30°, what will be the angle of reflection?
(a) 90° (b) 60° (c) 30° (d) 0°
Ans: (c) 30°
35. When we stand in front of our dressing table, our left hand seems to be right and right seems to be left.
This is called
(a) Left-right confusion (b) Lateral inversion (c) Up -side down phenomenon (d) mirage
Ans: (b) Lateral inversion
36. Light passing through a prism splits into seven colours. This is called
(a) Dispersion (b) Dissolution (c) Division (d) None of the above
Ans: (a) Dispersion
37. Rainbow is a natural phenomenon showing
(a) Reflection (b) Deflection (c) Dispersion (d) Diversion
Ans: (a) Reflection
38. In the retina of the eye, the area having no sensory cells is called
(a) iris (b) Blind spot (c) cornea (d) Dark spot
Ans: (b) Blind spot
39. If light falls perpendicularly on a plane mirror, what will be the angle in which it will be reflected?
(a) 45° (b) 90° (c) 180° (d) 360°
Ans: (c) 180°
40. Which of the following is not a luminous object?
(a) sun (b) candle (c) moon (d) Tube light
Ans: (c) moon
41. To make a kaleidoscope we require
(a) Three plane mirrors (b) Four plane mirrors (c) Three glass sheets (d) Four glass sheets
Ans: (a) Three plane mirrors
42. In our eye _______ cells can sense colour
(a) Rod (b) Cone (c) Both rod and cone (d) Neither rod nor cone
Ans: (b) Cone
43. An owl can see clearly at night but not day time because it has
(a) More rods and few cones (b) Less rod and more cones
(c) More rods and more cone (d) Less rods and less cones
Ans: (a) More rods and few cones
44. When all the parallel rays reflected from a rough or irregular surface are not parallel, the reflection is known
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as ___________.
(a) multiple reflections (b) regular reflection (c) lateral inversion (d) diffused reflection
Ans: (d) diffused reflection.
45. The angle between normal and incident rays is called the ___________________.
(a) angle of incidence (b) angle of reflection (c) angle of refraction (d) normal
Ans: (a) angle of incidence
46. Which part of the eye protects the interior from accidents?
(a) pupil (b) retina (c) cornea (d) rods
Ans: (c) cornea
47. Which one of the following works on the basis of multiple reflections?
(a) kaleidoscope (b) microscope (c) telescope (d) periscope
Ans: (a) kaleidoscope
48. Angle of incidence is __________equal to the angle of reflection
(a) Sometimes (b) Never (c) always (d) almost
Ans: (c) always
49. White light consist of ___________ colours
(a) six (b) seven (c) eight (d) nine
Ans: (b) seven.
50. Match the following items given in Column A with that in Column ‘B’:
Column A Column B
(i) Cornea (a) Transparent front part of eye
(ii) Pupil (b) Layer on which impression of images is formed
(iii) Iris (c) Point on retina where there are no nerve endings
(iv) Retina (d) Sensitive for bright light
(v) Blind spot (e) Is a small opening in the cornea
(vi) Rods (f) Sensitive for dim light
(vii) Cones (g) Controls the size of the pupil
Ans: i-a, ii-e, iii-g, iv-b, v-c, vi-f, vii-d
51. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:
i) Impression of an image persists for …………. of the second on retina.
ii) Angle of reflection is always …………. to the angle of incidence.
iii) …………. is a small opening in the corner.
iv) Cones are sensitive to …………. light.
v) Muscles attached to the eye lens …………. and the lens becomes …………. when distant objects are to
be seen.
vi) To keep our eyes fit our diet should include vitamin …………. rich eatables.
vii) Impression of an image in eye is formed on ………….
viii) Braille system has …………. dot patterns.
Ans: i) 1/16th ii) equal iii) Pupil iv) bright v) relax, thinner vi) A vii) retina viii) 63
52. State whether the statements given below are True or False:
a) Both incident ray and reflected ray lie in the same plane.
b) Diffused reflection is due to the failure of the laws of reflection.
c) The image formed by plane mirror is laterally inverted.
d) The iris is the coloured part of the eye.
e) Rods are sensitive to bright light.
f) Changing of the thickness of the eye lens is called accommodation.
Ans: a) True b) False c) True d) True e) False f) True

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CHAPTER - 8
CHEMICAL • Do Liquids Conduct Electricity?
EFFECTS OF • Chemical Effects of Electric Current
ELECTRIC • Electroplating
CURRENT

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Some liquids are good conductors of electricity and some are poor conductors
2. Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of acids, bases and salts.
3. LED means Light Emitting Diodes
4. Electrode is the metallic rod/conductor through which electricity enters or leaves an electrolyte.
5. Electroplating is an example of a chemical effect of current.
6. Electroplating is a very useful process. It is widely used for coating many metal objects and parts with a thin
layer of a different metal.

DEFINITIONS
1. Good Conductors: The materials, which allow electric current to pass through them, are good conductors of
electricity.
2. Poor Conductors or Insulators: The materials, which do not allow electric current to pass through them
easily, are poor conductors of electricity.
3. Electroplating: The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of
electricity is called electroplating.
4. Chemical effects of currents: The passage of an electric current through a conducting liquid causes
chemical reactions. The resulting effects are called chemical effects of currents

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
1. Fill in the blanks.
(a) Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of ______ , ______ and ______
(b) The passage of an electric current through a solution causes _______ effects.
(c) If you pass current through copper sulphate solution, copper gets deposited on the plate connected
to the ________ terminal of the battery.
(d) The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity is
called _______
Ans: (a) acids, bases, salts (b) chemical (c) negative (d) electroplating
2. When the free ends of a tester are dipped into a solution, the magnetic needle shows deflection. Can
you explain the reason?
Ans: The deflection in magnetic needle shows that the circuit is complete and the solution conducts electricity,
i.e., it is a good conductor.
3. Name three liquids, which when tested in the manner
shown in Fig. 8.5. may cause the magnetic needle to deflect.

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Ans: Sodium chloride solution, lemon juice and tap water.


4. The bulb does not glow in the setup shown in Fig. 8.6. List the possible reasons. Explain your answer.

Ans: The bulb may not glow because of the following reasons:
(i) The wires in the circuit may be loosely connected.
(ii) The bulb may be fused.
(iii) The cells may be used up.
(iv) The liquid may be an insulator, i.e., a poor conductor of electricity.
5. A tester is used to check the conduction of electricity through two liquids, labelled A and B. It is found
that the bulb of the tester glows brightly for liquid A while it glows very dimly for liquid B. You would
conclude that
(i) liquid A is a better conductor than liquid B.
(ii) liquid B is a better conductor than liquid A.
(iii) both liquids are equally conducting.
(iv) conducting properties of liquid cannot be compared in this manner.
Ans: (i) liquid A is a better conductor than liquid B.
6. Does pure water conduct electricity? If not, what can we do to make it conducting?
Ans: No, pure water doesn’t conduct electricity. But when salt is dissolved in pure water, it conducts electricity.
7. In case of a fire, before the firemen use the water hoses, they shut off the main electrical supply for the
area. Explain why they do this.
Ans: The water used in the water hoses is not pure water and is a good conductor of electricity. So, the
fire men shut off the electric supply before spraying water to save themselves and other people from
electrocution.
8. A child staying in a coastal region test the drinking water and also the seawater with his tester. He
finds that the compass needle deflects more in the case of seawater. Can you explain the reason?
Ans: The seawater contains a huge amount of salts in comparison to drinking water, hence the seawater is a

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better conductor of electricity and it produces a stronger magnetic field in the wire and hence deflects the
compass needle more.
9. Is it safe for the electrician to carry out electrical repairs outdoors during heavy downpour? Explain.
Ans: No, it is highly dangerous to carry out the electrical repairs outdoors during the heavy downpour. It can
cause electrocution, as water is a good conductor of electricity.
10. Paheli had heard that rainwater is as good as distilled water. So she collected some rainwater in a
clean glass tumbler and tested it using a tester. To her surprise, she found that the compass needle
showed deflection. What could be the reasons?
Ans: Rainwater is pure water which is an insulator but it gets mixed with air pollutants like sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides and form acidic solution, which is a good conductor of electricity. So, the compass needle
showed deflection.
11. Prepare a list of objects around you that are electroplated.
Ans: Objects that are electroplated are door handles, taps, rims of cycles, showers, the handlebar of cycles and
bikes, gas burner, tin cans, metallic almirahs, buckles of belts, etc.
12. The process that you saw in Activity 14.7 is used for purification of copper. A thin plate of pure
copper and a thick rod of impure copper are used as electrodes. Copper from impure rod is sought to
be transferred to the thin copper plate. Which electrode should be attached to the positive terminal of
the battery and why?
Ans: The thick rod of impure copper plate is to be attached to the positive terminal of the battery because when
electric current is passed through the copper sulphate solution, it gets dissociated into copper and sulphate.
The free copper, being positively charged, gets drawn to the negative terminal of the battery and gets
deposited on it. On the other hand the loss of copper from the solution is regained from the impure copper
rod which is attached to the positive terminal of the battery.

Extended Learning — Activities and Projects


1. Test the conduction of electricity through various fruits and vegetables. Display your result in a tabular form.
Ans: The conduction test of fruits and vegetable shows the following results.
Fruits such as oranges, apples, peach, and grapes are good conductors of electricity whereas fruits like kiwi,
banana, Papaya, pineapple are poor conductors of electricity.
On the other hand, vegetables such as lemon, tomatoes, carrot, and reddish are good conductors of electricity
whereas onion, cabbage, cauliflower are poor conductors of electricity.
2. Repeat Activity 8.7 with a zinc plate in place of the copper plate connected to the negative terminal of the
battery. Now replace zinc plate with some other metallic object and again repeat the activity. Which metal
gets deposited over which other metal? Discuss your findings with your friends.
Ans: When we take Zinc plate as negative electrode, copper ions are deposited on Zn plate(the process is called
electroplating). Similarly, the copper ions will be deposited on the plate taken as negative electrode.
3. Find out if there is a commercial electroplating unit in your town. What objects are electroplated there and for
what purpose? (The process of electroplating in a commercial unit is much more complex than what we did
in Activity 8.7). Find out how they dispose off the chemicals they discard.
Ans: Students find commercial electroplating unit in local area. Electroplating is a very common and effective
method to check corrosion or rusting. The surface of iron metal is coated with chromium, nickel or aluminium
etc. The are quite resistant to the attack by both air and water and check corrosion. If the surface of metal is
electroplated by zinc, it is known as galvanization.
Electroplating wastes are potentially hazardous to human health and environment. Hazardous solvents, liquids
are managed by a hazardous waste transporter and a treatment or disposal company in accordance with
hazardous waste requiremnts.
4. Imagine that you are an ‘entrepreneur’ and have been provided a loan by a bank to set up a small
electroplating unit. What object would you like to electroplate and for what purpose? (Look up the meaning
of ‘entrepreneur’ in a dictionary).
Ans: I will like to electroplate artificial jewelers items with gold and silver to make them attractive and to sell
them.
5. Find out the health concerns associated with chromium electroplating. How are people trying to resolve
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them?
Ans: Effluents discharged from Chromium electroplating contains large number of metals including nickel,
zinc, copper, chromium, manganese and lead.
Adverse effects on health:
i) Cancer ii) Respiratory tract infection iii) Acne
iv) Pimple v) Tooth decay vi) Baldness etc
To resolve the above problem followings things are followed:
i) Non chromium alternative : nickel, tin, cobalt etc ii) Mild steel iii) Use of water insoluble chromium.
6. You can make a fun pen for yourself. Take a conducting metal plate and spread a moist paste of potassium
iodide and starch. Connect the plate to a battery as shown in Fig. 8.11. Now using the free end of the wire,
write a few letters on the paste. What do you see?

Ans: Activity for home


ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Name the effect of current responsible for the glow of the bulb in an electric circuits.
Ans: Heating effect of electric circuit.
2. Why is tin electroplated on iron to make cans used for storing food?
Ans: Tin is less reactive than iron. Tin coating prevents food from coming in contact with iron and thus
prevents it from getting spoiled.
3. What is the application of chemical effect of electricity in our daily life? Give examples.
Ans: i) Electroplating: One metal is coated on the other substance or metal by the effect of electric current.
This is called electroplating.
ii) Electrolysis: The compound is decomposed into its constituents under the effect of electric current.
This phenomenon is called electrolysis.
4. Why is a layer of zinc coated over iron?
Ans: A coating of zinc is provided to protect iron from corrosion and rust.
5. Why is chromium used for electroplating? Why the objects which have chromium plating are not
made of chromium itself?
Ans: Chromium has a shiny appearance. It does not corrode. It resists scratches. However, chromium is
expensive and it may not be economical to make the whole object out of chromium. So the object is made from
a cheaper metal and only a coating of chromium over it is deposited.
6. When the free ends of a tester are dipped into a solution, the magnetic needle shows deflection.
Can you explain the reason?
Ans: The deflection in the magnetic needle of a compass shows that current is flowing through the wire, i.e.,
through the circuit. This shows that the circuit is complete since the free ends of the tester are dipped in a
conducting solution. A conducting solution allows electric current to pass through it and, as a result, the
magnetic needle shows a deflection.

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7. Does pure water conduct electricity? If not, what can we do to make it conduct?
Ans: No, pure water does not conduct electricity as it is a poor conductor of electricity. Pure water (distilled
water) is devoid of any salts. They can conduct electricity when a small amount of common salt is added
to them, as the salt solution allows electricity to pass through.
8. In case of a fire, before the firemen use the water hoses, they shut off the main electrical supply of the
area. Explain why they do this.
Ans: Water usually contains salts and has the ability to conduct electricity. If the area's electrical supply is not
turned off and water is poured on electrical appliances, electricity may pass through the water. Electricity may
harm firemen if they come in contact with wet electrical switches, electric wires, and other electrical appliances.
They may get electrocuted. That is why, in the case of a fire, the main electrical supply for the area is shut off
before they use the water hoses, to prevent the firemen from electrocution.
9. A child staying in a coastal region test the drinking water and also the seawater with his tester. He
finds that the compass needle deflects more in the case of seawater. Can you explain the reason?
Ans: The amount of dissolved salts present in the seawater is more than the water we use for drinking purposes.
As a result, seawater will conduct electricity better than drinking water. So, the compass needle shows
more deflection in seawater than in drinking water.
10. Is it safe for the electrician to carry out electrical repairs outdoors during heavy downpours?
Explain.
Ans: No, it is not safe for an electrician to work on electrical appliances outdoors during a heavy downpour.
This is because rainwater contains a small number of dissolved salts and acids, making it a good conductor
of electricity. So, the electrician may get electrical shocks while working outdoors during heavy rains or
downpours.
11. Paheli had heard that rainwater is as good as distilled water. So, she collected some rainwater in a
clean glass tumbler and tested it using a tester. To her surprise, she found that the compass needle
show deflection. What could be the reasons?
Ans: Rainwater contains a small number of dissolved salts and impurities, making it a good conductor of
electricity. Distilled water does not contain any dissolved salts or impurities; thus, it is a poor conductor of
electricity. Hence, due to the presence of these salts and impurities, rainwater can allow electricity to pass
through it and cause a deflection in the compass needle, while distilled water cannot.
12. Prepare a list of objects around you that are electroplated.
Ans: Chromium plating: This is done on different parts of cars, motorcycles, and buses, to give them a shiny
appearance.
Gold Plating: A thin layer of gold is deposited by electroplating on the silver ornaments and they are
called gold-plated ornaments.
Zinc plating: Iron used in constructing buildings, bridges, and automobiles is coated with a layer of zinc
(galvanization). This provides strength and protects the iron from corrosion and rusting.

BITS
1. The decomposition of an electrolyte when electricity is passed through it, is called
(a) conduction (b) coating (c) electrolysis (d) electro refining
Ans: (c).
2. Which out of the following does not conduct electricity ?
(a) Copper (b) Alcohol (c) Dilute sulphuric acid (d) Vinegar
Ans: (b)
3. The electrode, connected to the positive terminal of a battery, is called
(a) anode (b) pole (c) cathode (d) photodiode
Ans: (a)
4. A metal is released in the electrolysis of a salt. It gets deposited on the
(a) anode (b) cathode (c) half on the anode and half on the cathode (d) sides of the container
Ans: (b)
5. Distilled water is a
(a) conductor (b) insulator (c) semi-conductor (d) semi-insulator
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Ans: (b)
6. A cell is an example of conversion of
(a) magnetic energy into chemical energy (b) electrical energy into chemical energy
(c) chemical energy into electrical energy (d) chemical energy into magnetic energy
Ans: (c)
7. Which one of the following is a weak electrolyte?
(a) Sea water (b) Oxalic acid (c) Sodium chloride (d) Nitric acid
Ans: (b)
8. Which of the following metal is not extracted by electrolysis?
(a) Aluminium (b) Iron (c) Sodium (d) Potassium
Ans: (b)
9. Which of the following is a bad conductor of electricity?
(a) Distilled water (b) Silver nitrate (c) Sulphuric acid (d) Copper sulphate
Ans: (a) Distilled water
10. Which of the following does not conduct electricity?
(a) Sugar solution (b) Vinegar solution (c) Lemon juice solution (d) Caustic soda solution
Ans: (a) Sugar solution
11. An electric current can produce
(a) heating effect (b) chemical effect (c) magnetic effect (d) all of these
Ans: (d) all of these
12. Pure or distilled water is a
(a) poor conductor (b) good conductor (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
Ans: (a) poor conductor
13. Which of the following is a good conductor?
(a) Brick (b) Steel (c) Plastic (d) Cotton
Ans: (b) Steel
14. Polythene is
(a) a conductor (b) an insulator (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
Ans: (b) an insulator
15. Electroplating is based on
(a) heating effect of electricity (b) chemical effect of electricity
(c) physical effect of electricity (d) magnetic effect of electricity
Ans: (b) chemical effect of electricity
16. Copper is
(a) a good conductor (b) an insulator (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
Ans: (a) a good conductor
17. Waste from an electroplating factory must be disposed off
(a) in the nearby river (b) in the nearby pond
(c) in the nearby cornfield (d) according to the disposal guidelines of Waste Management Bodies
Ans: (d) according to the disposal guidelines of Waste Management Bodies
18. An electrolyte is
(a) a metal (b) a liquid that conducts current (c) a non-metal (d) none of these
Ans: (b) a liquid that conducts current
19. Flow of electron is called
(a) electrolyte (b) electroplating (c) electrodes (d) electric current
Ans: (d) electric current
20. Which is not a non-electrolyte?
(a) Ethyl alcohol (b) Sodium chloride (c) Urea (d) Sodium solution
Ans: (b) Sodium chloride
21. An electric lamp glows due to
(a) heating effect (b) magnetic effect (c) chemical effect (d) physical effect

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Ans: (a) heating effect
22. Electroplating prevents
(a) corrosion (b) passing of current (c) dissociation (d) shining
Ans: (a) corrosion
23. Which of the following is not used for electroplating metal articles?
(a) Nickel (b) Silver (c) Chromium (d) Sodium
Ans: (d) Sodium
24.Iron objects can be protected by electroplating them with
(a) chromium (b) nickel (c) zinc (d) all of these
Ans: (d) all of these
25. In LEDs, the longer lead (wire) is always connected to the _______ terminal
(a) negative (b) neutral (c) positive (d) Any terminal
Ans: (c) positive
26. Tap water is a good conductor of electricity while distilled water is not because
(a) Tap water contain salts (b) Distilled water do not contain salt
(c) Only (a) is correct (d) Both (a) & (b) is correct
Ans: (b) Distilled water do not contain salt
27. When electrodes are immersed in water and electricity passed, the bubbles formed on the positive terminal
is actually _______ gas.
(a) Hydrogen (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Oxygen (d) Nitrogen
Ans: (c) Oxygen
28. When electrodes are immersed in water and electricity passed, the bubbles formed on the negative terminal
is actually _______ gas.
(a) Hydrogen (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Oxygen (d) Nitrogen
Ans: (a) Hydrogen
29. Why do we add little dilute sulphuric acid to copper sulphate solution during electroplating?
(a) To increase acidity (b) To increase conductivity
(c) So that the colour becomes more prominent (d) To burn copper sulphate
Ans: (b) To increase conductivity
30. A coating of _________is deposited on iron to protect it from corrosion and formation of rust
(a) copper (b) aluminium (c) Zinc (d) silver
Ans: (c) Zinc
31. Chromium plating is done on many objects such as car parts, bath taps, kitchen gas aluminum. Why?
(a) It does not corrode but prevents scratches (b) It looks beautiful
(c) It costs less (d) Articles can be sold at higher price
Ans: (a) It does not corrode but prevents scratches
32. The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity is called
(a) Electric plating (b) Electroplating (c) Electric depositing (d) None of the above
Ans: (b) Electroplating
33. Some liquids are good conductors of electricity and some are poor conductors. Which one is a poor
conductor?
(a) Acidic solution (b) Alkaline solution (c) Common Salt solution (d) Distilled water
Ans: (d) Distilled water
34. Tin cans, used for storing food, are made by electroplating tin onto iron. Why?
(a) Tin gives a shiny appearance (b) To make the vessel cheap
(c) Tin is less reactive than iron. (d) To make the vessel lighter
Ans: (c) Tin is less reactive than iron.
35. A tester is used to check the conduction of electricity through two liquids, labelled A and B. It is found that
the bulb of the tester glows brightly for liquid A while it glows very dimly for liquid B. You would
conclude that
(a) liquid A is a better conductor than liquid B. (b) liquid B is a better conductor than liquid A.
(c) Both liquids are equally conducting.
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(d) Conducting properties of liquid cannot be compared in this manner.
Ans: (a) Liquid A is a better conductor than liquid B.
36. Match the items given in column I suitably with those given in column II.
Column I Column II
1. Closed path (a) Good conductor
2. LED (b) Deflection of compass
3. Carbon rod (c) Positively charged ion
4. Galvanisation (d) Poor conductor of electricity
5. Distilled water (e) Coating with zinc
6. Salt solution (f) Electrodes
7. Cation (g) Light emitting diodes
8. Magnetic effect of current (h) Electric circuit
9. Chromium (i) Negatively charged ion
10. Anion (j) Electroplating
Ans: 1-h, 2-g, 3-f, 4-e, 5-d, 6-a, 7-c, 8-b, 9-j, 10-i
37. Fill in the blanks with suitable word/s.
i) A cation has ___________ charge.
ii) Distilled water when mixed with salts becomes a ___________ conductor of electricity.
iii) Light emitting diodes (LED) glow even when a ___________ electric current flows through it.
iv) The passage of an electric current through a conducting solution causes ___________.
v) Change in colour is an example of the ___________ effect of current.
vi) In an LED, the longer lead is attached to the ___________ terminal of the battery and the shorter lead to
the ___________ terminal.
vii) Chromium has a ___________ appearance.
viii) Iron tends to ___________ and ___________.
ix) A coating of ___________ is deposited on iron to protect it from corrosion and formation of rust.
x) An electric lamp glows due to ___________ effect of electric current.
xi) Electrodes are ___________.
xii) The deflection in ___________ shows that current is passing.
Ans: i) positive ii) good iii) weak iv) chemical reaction v) chemical vi) positive, negative
vii) shiny viii) corrode, rust ix) zinc x) heating xi) conductors xii) magnetic compass
38. State whether the given statements are true or false.
a) All liquids conduct electricity.
b) Distilled water is free of salt.
c) Most liquids that conducts electricity are solutions of acids, bases and salts.
d) Electroplating is based on magnetic effect of electricity.
e) Small amount of some mineral salts are naturally present in water.
f) Chromium is carcinogenic.
g) An electric bulb glows due to chemical effect of electricity.
h) LED is an electric bulb which is used in a tester.
i) Electric current produces a magnetic effect.
j) Jewellery makers electroplate silver and gold on expensive metals.
k) Electroplating wastes are useful to human health and environment.
Ans: a) False b) True c) True d) False e) True f) True g) False h) True i) True j) False k) False

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Textual Table
Table 8.1: Good/Poor Conducting Liquids

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CHAPTER - 9

• Lightning
• Charging by Rubbing
SOME • Types of Charges and Their Interaction
NATURAL • Transfer of Charge
• The Story of Lightning
PHENOMENA • Lightning Safety
• Earthquakes

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. In 1752 Benjamin Franklin, an American scientist, showed that lightning and the spark from your clothes are
essentially the same phenomena.
2. Some objects can be charged by rubbing with other objects.
3. There are two kinds of charges — positive charge and negative charge.
4. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other.
5. When charges move, they constitute an electric current.
6. The electrical charges generated by rubbing are static.
7. Electroscope is a device used to test whether an object is carrying charge or not.
8. Earthing is provided in buildings to protect us from electrical shocks due to any leakage of electrical current.
9. Lightning and Earthquake are examples of natural phenomena.
10. Lightning strike could destroy life and property.
11. Lightning conductors can protect buildings from the effects of lightning.
12. An earthquake is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth.
13. Earth has three layers. They are crust, mantle and core.
14. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of plates, the boundaries of the plates are the weak zones where
earthquakes are more likely to occur.
15. Earthquake is caused by a disturbance deep inside the earth’s crust.
15. Destructive energy of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale.
16. Really destructive earthquakes have magnitudes higher than 7 on the Richter scale.
17. It is not possible to predict the occurrence of an earthquake.

DEFINITIONS
1. Charged objects: When a object is rubbed with another, it acquires a small electric charge. These objects are
called charged objects.
2. Static electricity: The chemical charge generated by rubbing is called static electricity.
3. Negative charge: When the charge of an object is due to excess of electrons, it is called negative charge
4. Positive charge: When the charge of an object is due to loss of electrons, it is called positive charge.
5. Earthing: The process of transfer of charges from a charged object to the earth is called earthing.
6. Lightning:The process of electric discharge between clouds and the earth or between different clouds is
called lightning.
7. Earthquake: An earthquake is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth.
8. Earth’s plate: The outermost layer of the earth is not in one piece. It is fragmented. Each fragment is called a
plate.
9. Fault zones: Earthquakes tend to occur at the boundaries of earth’s plates. These boundaries are known as
fault zones
10. Richter scale: The power of an earthquake is expressed in terms of magnitudes on a scale called Richter
scale.

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11. Seismograph: The seismic waves are recorded by an instrument in the form of graph called the
seismograph.
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
Select the correct option in Questions 1 and 2.
1. Which of the following cannot be changed easily by friction?
(a) A plastic scale (b) A copper rod
(c) An inflated balloon (d) A woolen cloth
Ans: (b) A copper rod
2. When a glass rod is rubbed with a piece of silk cloth the rod
(a) and the cloth both acquire a positive charge.
(b) becomes positively charged while the cloth has a negative charge.
(c) and the cloth both acquire a negative charge.
(d) becomes negatively charged while the cloth has a positive charge
Ans: (b) becomes positively charged while the cloth has a negative charge.
3. Write T against true and F against false in the following statements.
(a) Like charges attract each other.
(b) A charged glass rod attracts a charged plastic straw.
(c) Lightning conductor cannot protect a building from lightning.
(d) Earthquakes can be predicted in advance.
Ans: (a) False (b) True (c) False (d) False
4. Sometimes, a crackling sound is heard while taking off a sweater during winters. Explain.
Ans: The electric discharge takes place between the body and the sweater due to friction. At the time of electric
discharge some energy is released. In this case energy is released in the form of crackling sound.
5. Explain why a charged body loses its charge if we touch it with our hand.
Ans: Human body is a conductor of electricity. When a charged body is touched with hand, our body conducts
its charges to the earth. Hence, by this way charged body loses its charge.
6. Name the scale on which the destructive energy of an earthquake is measured. An earthquake
measures 3 on this scale. Would it be recorded by a seismograph? Is it likely to cause much damage?
Ans: The destructive energy of an earthquake is measured on a scale called the Richter Scale.
Yes, it would be recorded by seismograph because this scale has the readings from 1 to 10. No it is not
likely to cause much damage as earthquakes of magnitude higher than 5 is considered destructive in nature.
7. Suggest three measures to protect ourselves from lightning.
Ans: (i) Do not use TV or cable phone during lightning.
(ii) Stay indoor or under covered area.
(iii) Don’t take bath during lightning.
8. Explain why a charged balloon is repelled by another charged balloon whereas an uncharged balloon
is attracted by another charged balloon?
Ans: A charged balloon is repelled by another charged balloon because both carry same type of charges. On the
other hand, an uncharged balloon is attracted by another charged balloon as they have opposite charges.
We know that same charges repel and opposite charges attract each other.
9. Describe with the help of a diagram an instrument which can be used to detect a charged body.
Ans: Electroscope is a device which is used to detect the charge on a body. It works on the principle that like
charges repel each other while unlike charges attract each other. It consists of a metal rod with thin metal
strip or leaf attached to it at the bottom.
At the top, the metal rod enters in a metallic cup or disc. The bottom of the rod and the metal leaf are
enclosed in a glass box for protection. When the disc of the electroscope is touched with a charged ebonite
or glass rod, the metal leaves open out or diverge.
The extent of divergence depends upon the amount of charge on the electroscope. When the metal strips
repel each other proves that the body is charged because repulsion is the sure test to detect that body is
charged or not through an electroscope.

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10. List three states in India where earthquakes are more likely to strike.
Ans: Kashmir, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
11. Suppose you are outside your home and an earthquake strikes. What precaution would you take to
protect yourself?
Ans: (i) Move to open space. Find a clean spot away from buildings, trees and overhead power lines. Drop to
the ground.
(ii) If we are in a car or a bus, will not come out. Drive slowly to a clear spot and remain in it till the
earthquake stops.
12. The weather department has predicted that a thunderstorm is likely to occur on a certain day.
Suppose you have to go out on that day. Would you carry an umbrella? Explain.
Ans: No, it is not advisable to carry an umbrella at all. Its metallic objects are more prone to lightning stroke.
So an umbrella increases the risk.

Extended Learning — Activities and Projects


1. Open a water tap. Adjust the flow so that it forms a thin stream. Charge a refill. Bring it near the water
stream. Observe what happens. Write a short report on the activity.
Ans: Water stream is attracted towards the charged refill. It is just like the attraction of pieces of papers by the
charged comb.
2. Make your own charge detector. Take a paper strip roughly 10 cm × 3 cm. Give it a shape as shown in Fig.
9.15. Balance it on a needle. Bring a charged body near it. Observe what happens. Write a brief report,
explaining its working.

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Ans: Paper strips will open when we touch one side of the paper with a charged rod. This is because the two
sides of paper strips get the same type of charge from the charged rod and thus they repel each other.
3. This activity should be performed at night. Go to a room where there is a fluorescent tube light. Charge a
balloon. Switch off the tube light so that the room is completely dark. Bring the charged balloon near the
tubelight. You should see a faint glow. Move the balloon along the length of the tube and observe how the glow
changes. Caution : Do not touch the metal parts of the tube or the wires connecting the tube with the mains.
Ans: Activity for home
4. Find out if there is an organisation in your area which provides relief to those suffering from natural disaster.
Enquire about the type of help they render to the victims of earthquakes. Prepare a brief report on the problems
of the earthquake victims.
Ans: Following are the organizations involved in providing the relief from the natural disaster:
i) Food and Agriculture Organization(FAC) Provides the food supply during the crisis.
ii) International Organization for Migration(IOM) helps transfer refugees, internally displaced persons
iii) United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) works to uphold children’s rights, survival,
development and protection by intervening in health, education, water, sanitation, hygiene and protection.
iv) World Health Organization (WHO) provides global public health leadership by setting standards, monitoring
health trends, and providing direction on emergency health issues.
Following are the problems faced by victims of earthquake:
i) It causes massive damage of infrastructure of the place due to which homes of people are destroyed.
ii) Lots of injuries occur due to cuts and falling of trees, electric poles, and buildings on victims.
iii) Scarcity of food due to destruction of crops and vegetables in fields of farmers.
iv) Lack of money due to shut down of Banks and ATM.
v) Loss of study due to closing of colleges and schools.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. If air and cloud were good conductors of electricity, do you think lightning could occur? Explain.
Ans: No, lightning will not occur because the separation of charges cannot take place in conductors. Hence
charges will not accumulate on clouds and lightning cannot take place.
2. During the construction of a building the lightning conductor was left hanging in the air by mistake.
Would the lightning conductor be still effective? Explain?
Ans: Lightning conductor will not work, if left hanging in the air because in order to work, it must be connected to the
ground by using any metal (copper) plate, so that the charge can pass through it to the ground.
3. Explain how lightning conductor protects a building from getting struck by lightning.
Ans: Lightning conductor does not allow the charge to accumulate on a building as it conducts the charge to the
earth, protecting building from being struck by lightning.
4. Explain why it is safer to use a wireless telephone instead of a landline telephone during lightning.
Ans: Lightning is an electrical discharge. During lightning atmospheric electric charge may discharge landline
phone wires and may become dangerous. Therefore, it is safer to use a wireless telephone instead of a
landline telephone during lightning.
5. Mention three precautions that you will take to protect yourself if earthquake strikes when you are
inside the house.
Ans: i) Take shelter under a table and stay there till the striking stops
ii) Stay away from tall and heavy objects that may fall on you.
iii) If you are in bed, do not get up. Protect your head with a pillow.
6. What is the main purpose of providing earthing in buildings?
Ans: There may be an accidental or unattended leakage of electric current in buildings.Also during monsoons,
there are chances of a live wire coming in contact with the building wall. In such cases, earthing helps to
divert the path of the current to earth in order to protect us from getting an electric shock. Therefore, the
main purpose of providing earthing in buildings is to protect ourselves from electrical shocks due to any
leakage of electrical current.
7. Why does a plastic comb rubbed with dry hair attract tiny pieces of paper?
Ans: Plastic comb gets electrically charged due to rubbing & therefore it attracts tiny pieces of paper which are
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neutral, as a charged body can attract an uncharged body.
8. What do you mean by lightning conductor?
Ans: Lightning conductor is a device used to protect tall buildings from the damaging effects of lightning. It
runs from the top to the bottom, along the outer wall or any other object of the building, which is to be
protected. If lightning strikes the building or any other objects, then the lightning conductor provides an
easy and direct path for the lightning bolt to pass to the ground without affecting them.
9. What are the uses of an electroscope?
Ans: a) To detect & measure the charge on a body. b) To determine the nature of charge on a body.
10. What causes an earthquake?
Ans: The tectonic plates are in continual motion, when they brush past each other a plate goes under another
because of collision, and that causes a disturbance in earth’s crust, this disturbance shows up as an
earthquake on the surface of earth. Volcanic eruptions can also be a cause of tremors over the earth’s
surface.
11. How is an earthquake measured?
Ans: The power of an earthquake is measured in terms of a magnitude on a scale called the Richter scale.
Really destructive earthquakes have magnitudes higher than 7 on the Richter scale.
12. Why a copper rod cannot be charged by friction, if held by hand?
Ans: Copper is a conducting item, and the electric charge created on its surface by rubbing with another
substance. flows through our fingers and body into the soil, while it is left uncharged.
13. Explain the process of occurrence of lightning.
Ans:During the development of a thunderstorm, the air currents move upward while the water droplets move
downward. These vigorous movements cause separation of charges. The positive charges are collected
near the upper edges of the clouds while the negative charges accumulate near the lower edges. There is
accumulation of positive charges near the ground also. When the magnitude of the accumulated charges
becomes very large, the air which is normally a poor conductor of electricity, is no longer able to resist their
flow. Negative and positive charges meet, producing streaks of bright light and sound. We see streaks as
lightning. This process is called an electric discharge. The process of electric discharge can occur between
two or more clouds, or between clouds and the earth.
14. Explain the precautions to be taken during a lightning or thunderstorm.
Ans: i) We have to find a safe place indoors: Outdoor places are not safe during lightning and thunderstorms.
A house or a building is a safe place. If we are travelling by car or by bus, we are safe inside with
windows and doors of the vehicle shut.
ii) Carrying an umbrella is not at all a good idea during thunderstorms. If in a forest, take shelter under
shorter trees. If no shelter is available and we are in an open field, stay far away from all trees. Stay
away from poles or other metal objects.
iii) We should not lie on the ground. Instead, squat low on the ground. Placing hands on knees with head
between the hands. This position will make us the smallest target to be struck.
iv) Inside the house, lightning can strike telephone cords, electrical wires and metal pipes. During a
thunderstorm contact with these should be avoided. It is safer to use mobile phones and cordless
phones. However, it is not wise to call up a person who is receiving your phone through a wired phone.
v) Bathing should be avoided during thunderstorms to avoid contact with running water.
vi) Electrical appliances like computers, TVs, etc., should be unplugged. Electrical lights can remain on.
They do not cause any harm.

BITS
1. Like charges when brought near each other then they
(a) repel (b) attract (c) sometimes attract and sometimes repel (d) have no effect
Ans: (a)
2. A device used to test the charge on an object is called
(a) ammeter (b) electroscope (c) seismograph (d) none of these
Ans: (b)

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3. A major earthquake occurred on 8th October 2005 in
(a) Gujarat (b) Delhi (c) Haryana (d) North Kashmir
Ans: (d)
4. A sudden shaking of the earth lasting for a very short time is known as
(a) lightning (b) thunder (c) earthquake (d) Tsunami
Ans: (c)
5. A major Tsunami occurred in the Indian Ocean on
(a) 26th December 2001 (b) 26th December 2002 (c) 26th December 2003 (d) 26th December 2004
Ans: (d)
6. Instrument used to find the source of seismic waves is known as
(a) seismometer (b) voltammeter (c) galvanometer (d) ammeter
Ans: (a)
7. Richter scale is used to measure the magnitude of
(a) lightning (b) charges (c) earthquake (d) rainfall
Ans: (c)
8. The process of transfer of charges from a charged object to the earth is called
(a) earthing (b) lightning (c) oscillation motion (d) electron movement
Ans: (a) earthing
9. The power of an earthquake is expressed on a scale called
(a) seismic scale (b) iron scale (c) richter scale (d) large scale
Ans: (c) richter scale
10. Which instrument is used to measure earthquake?
(a) Richter scale (b) Seismograph (c) Polygraph (d) None of these
Ans: (b) Seismograph
11. Which is not a natural phenomena?
(a) Earthquakes (b) Cyclones (c) Lightning (d) Earthing
Ans: (d) Earthing
12. How many types of charges are gained by rubbing objects?
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
Ans: (a) 2
13. Where is the lightning rod attached to protect the building from lightning?
(a) On the top of the building (b) On the bottom of the building
(c) In the middle of the building (d) All of these
Ans: (a) On the top of the building
14. Lightning always follows
(a) a thunder (b) rain pour (c) the easiest path (d) a straight path
Ans: (a) a thunder
15. Tsunami means
(a) earthquake (b) floods (c) earthquake under the sea (d) eruption of volcano in a sea
Ans: (c) earthquake under the sea
16. The waves produced on the earth’s surface is called
(a) seismic wave (b) longitudinal wave (c) Micro wave (d) Radio wave
Ans: (a) seismic wave
17. Amber is a
(a) metal (b) rubber (c) resin (d) sugar
Ans: (c) resin
18. Which is the surest test of charge on a body?
(a) Repulsion (b) Lightning (c) Combustion (d) Insulation
Ans: (a) Repulsion
19. Which of the following can be charged with static electricity ?
(a) Metal (b) Alloy (c) Insulator (d) Semiconductor

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Ans: (c) Insulator
20. Which of the following occurs during lightning?
(a) Acid rain (b) Nitrogen fixation (c) Greenhouse effect (d) Earthing
Ans: (b) Nitrogen fixation
21. Which of the following can be charged by rubbing?
(a) Ebonite (b) Plastic (c) Amber (d) All of these
Ans: (d) All of these
22. When two bodies are rubbed against each other, they acquire
(a) equal and like charges (b) equal and unlike charges
(c) unequal and like charges (d) unequal and unlike charges
Ans: (b) equal and unlike charges
23. It is a convention to call the charge acquired by a glass rod when it is rubbed with silk as __________
(a) Negative (b) Positive (c) Neutral (d) Can be any one
Ans: (b) Positive
24. A device used to test whether an object is carrying charge or not is called ______.
(a) Electrometer (b) Charge meter (c) Electroscope (d) Chargoscope
Ans: (c) Electroscope
25. During lightning actually _____________ takes place
(a) Electric discharge (b) Electric charging (c) Electric charge accumulation (d) All of the above
Ans: (a) Electric discharge
26. During a thunderstorm which action may be done?
(a) Using Telephone having cord (b) Switching on / off electric lights
(c) Using a mobile phone (d) None of the above
Ans: (c) Using a mobile phone
27. To protect tall buildings from the damage of lightning, what can be done?
(a) Not to build tall buildings (b) Install lightning conductors
(c) Install many TV antennas (d) Have a roof top garden with tall trees
Ans: (b) Install lightning conductors
28. A major earthquake occurred on 26th January 2001 in which part of India?
(a) Uri (Kashmir) (b) Mumbai (Maharastra) (c) Guwahati (Assam) (d) Bhuj (Gujarat)
Ans: (d) Bhuj (Gujarat)
29. During thunderstorm it is safer to
(a) Carry an open umbrella (b) Take shelter under short trees
(c) Take shelter under tall trees (d) Stand in open fields
Ans: (b) Take shelter under short trees
30. Seismograph is an instrument used to
(a) Record strength of wind (b) Record vibrations of earthquake
(c) Record lightening (d) Record temperature
Ans: (b) Record vibrations of earthquake
31. The power of an earthquake is expressed in terms of magnitude on a scale called
(a) Righter Scale (b) Quake scale (c) Richter Scale (d) Earth Scale
Ans: (c) Richter Scale
32. Which of the following cannot be charged easily by friction?
(a) A plastic scale (b) A copper rod (c) An inflated balloon (d) A woolen cloth
Ans: (b) A copper rod
33. When a glass rod is rubbed with a piece of silk cloth the rod
(a) And the cloth both acquire positive charge.
(b) Becomes positively charged while the cloth has a negative charge.
(c) And the cloth both acquire negative charge.
(d) Becomes negatively charged while the cloth has a positive charge.
Ans: (b) becomes positively charged while the cloth has a negative charge.

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34. Match the following items given in Column ‘A’ with that in Column ‘B’:
Column A Column B
(i) Richter scale (a) Sudden shaking of the earth
(ii) Waves recorder (b) Conductor
(iii) Earthquake (c) Earthing
(iv) Copper (d) Earthquake under sea
(v) Transfer of charge to the earth (e) Lightning
(vi) Tsunami (f) Seismograph
(vii) Nitrogen fixation (g) Power of earthquake
(viii) Insulator (h) Plastic
Ans: i- g, ii- f, iii- a, iv- b, v- c, vi- d, vii- e, viii- h
35. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:
(a) The electrical charge generated by rubbing two objects is ………….
(b) …………. is the sudden shaking of the Earth.
(c) Seismograph is the instrument that records ………….
(d) Richter scale is used to express the …………. of an earthquake.
(e) Earthquakes are caused due to the movement of …………
(f) Lightning always follows ………….
(g) …………. types of charges are gained by rubbing objects.
(h) Nitrogen fixation occurs during ………….
Ans: (a) static electricity (b) Earthquake (c) seismic waves (d) magnitude
(e) Earth’s plates (f) thunder (g) Two (h) lightning
36. State whether the statements given below are True or False:
(a) An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the earth.
(b) The process of transfer of charges from a charged object to the earth is called lightning.
(c) The tremors produce waves on the surface of the earth.
(d) The waves are recorded by Richter scale.
(e) Lightning rod is a device used to secure tall buildings from the effect of lightning.
(f) During earthquake take shelter under a table.
Ans: (a) True (b) False (c) True (d) False (e) True (f) True
37. Write T against true and F against false in the following statements.
(a) Like charges attract each other.
(b) A charged glass rod attracts a charged plastic straw.
(c) Lightning conductors cannot protect a building from lightning.
(d) Earthquakes can be predicted in advance.
Ans: (a) False (b) True (c) False (d) False

Textual Table
Table:9.1
Objects Rubbed Materials Used for Attracts/does not Attract Charged/Not Charged
Rubbing Pieces of Paper
Refill Polythene, woolen cloth Attracts Charged
Balloon Polythene, woolen cloth, Attracts Charged
dry hair
Eraser Wool Attracts Charged
Steel spoon Polythene, woolen cloth Does not attract Not charged
Coin Woolen cloth Does not attract Not charged
Ball pen Hair Attracts Charged

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CHAPTER-10

• What is Combustion?
COMBUSTION • How Do We Control Fire?
• Types of Combustion
AND • Flame
• Structure of a Flame
FLAME • What is a Fuel?
• Fuel Efficiency

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. The burning of wood is an example of combustion.
2. Oxygen (in air) is essential for combustion.
3. During the process of combustion, heat and light are given out.
4. Inflammable substances have very low ignition temperature.
5. Water is commonly used to control fires.
6. Water cannot be used to control fires involving electrical equipment or oils.
7. There are various types of combustions such as rapid combustion, spontaneous combustion, explosion, etc.
8. There are three different zones of a flame - dark zone, luminous zone and non-luminous zone.
9. The fuel may be solid, liquid or gas.
10. Examples of inflammable substances are petrol, alcohol, Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) etc.
11. Water cools the combustible material so that its temperature is brought below its ignition temperature.
12. The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in a unit called kilojoule per kg (kJ/kg).
13. The increasing fuel consumption has harmful effects on the environment.
14. Combustion of most fuels releases carbon dioxide in the environment. Increased concentration of carbon
dioxide in the air is believed to cause global warming.
15. CNG produces the harmful products in very small amounts. CNG is a cleaner fuel.
DEFINITIONS
1. Combustion: A chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give off heat and light is called
combustion.
2. Fuel: The substance that undergoes combustion is said to be combustible. It is also called a fuel.
3. Ideal fuel: The fuel, which fulfills all the requirement for a particular use is called an ideal fuel.
4. Ignition temperature: The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire is called its ignition
temperature.
5. Inflammable substances: The substances which have very low ignition temperature and can easily catch fire
with a flame are called inflammable substances.
6. Rapid combustion: A combustion, that takes place rapidly/high speed,with the production of heat and light
is called rapid combustion
7. Spontaneous combustion: A combustion in which a material suddenly bursts into flames, without the
application of any apparent cause is called spontaneous combustion.
8. Explosion: The process of combustion in which a large amount of gases is evolved with the production of
tremendous amount of heat, light and sound is called explosion.
9. Luminous zone of flame: The middle zone of partial combustion that is yellow in colour and produces light
is called luminous zone of flame.
10. Calorific value: The amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of a fuel is called its
calorific value.
11. Acid rain: Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen dissolve in rain water and form acids. Such rain is called acid
rain.

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TEXTUAL QUESTIONS

1. List conditions under which combustion can take place.


Ans: (a) A combustible substance.
(b) Oxygen, that is, the supporter of combustion.
(c) Attainment of ignition temperature of the substance.
2. Fill in the blanks.
(a) Burning of wood and coal causes _____ of air.
(b) A liquid fuel, used in homes is ______
(c) Fuel must be heated to its ______ before it starts burning.
(d) Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by ______
Ans: (a) pollution (b) LPG (c) ignition temperature (d) water
3. Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.
Ans: The use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities as it is a quality fuel and has some
benefits:
(a) It gives out less carbon dioxide gas, carbon monoxide gas, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, which
is beneficial as they play crucial role in global warming and acid rain.
(b) It leaves behind no residue after its combustion and high calorific value.
4. Compare LPG and wood as fuels.
Ans:
LPG Wood
(i) It does not cause pollution on combustion. (i) It pollutes air on its combustion.
(ii) No smoke is produced. (ii) It produces smoke.
(iii) It is a liquid fuel. (iii) It is a solid fuel.
(iv) It has more calorific value (55000 kJ/kg). (iv) It has less calorific value (17000 kJ/kg).
(v) It can be easily transported, as it is stored in (v) It can’t be transported easily like LPG
cylinders. fuels.
5. Give reasons.
(a) Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment.
(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood.
(c) Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe does
not.
Ans: (a) Since water is a good conductor of electricity, it may result in electric shocks to the person trying to
extinguish fire.
(b) LPG is better domestic fuel than wood because it does not produce gases, nor does it leave any residue
behind. Moreover, it has more calorific value than wood.
(c) As its ignition temperature is low, the paper by itself catches fire easily. But a piece of paper wrapped
around an aluminium pipe does not catch fire easily, as the heat being given gets absorbed by the
aluminium pipe and the piece of paper does not get its ignition temperature.
6. Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame.
Ans:

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7. Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.


Ans: The unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed is kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg).
8. Explain how CO2 is able to control fires.
Ans: As CO2 is heavier than oxygen, it forms a blanket around fire, because of which the supply of air is
stopped. Men over, it brings down the temperature of the burning substance. In these ways, it plays a
significant role in controlling fire.
9. It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves but dry leaves catch fire easily. Explain.
Ans: The green leaves hold some amount of water, so its ignition temperature gets increased and it does not
burn easily. On the other hand, dry leaves are waterless, so they catch fire easily (having low ignition
temperature).
10. Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver and why?
Ans: A goldsmith uses the outermost zone of a flame, which is non-luminous, to melt gold and silver as it is the
hottest zone of the flame, having more temperature.
11. In an experiment, 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was measured to be
180,000 kJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.
Ans: Calorific value of a fuel = Heat Produced/Amount of fuel
= 180000/4.5 kJ/kg
= 40,000 kJ/kg.
12. Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss.
Ans: The process of rusting emits heat during the formation of its oxide. So we can call the process of rusting as
slow combustion.
13. Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was to be heated in a beaker. Abida
kept the beaker near the wick in the yellow part of the candle flame. Ramesh kept the beaker in the
outermost part of the flame. Whose water will get heated in a shorter time?
Ans: The water which was put by Ramesh will get heated in a shorter time; because he had put it nearer to the
hottest zone of the flame.

Extended Learning — Activities and Projects


1. Survey the availability of various fuels in your locality. Find out their cost per kg and prepare a tabular chart
showing how many kJ of various fuels you can get for every rupee.
Ans: The costs and calorific values of majorly used fuels are as follows:
Fuel Cost( Rupees) Calorific Value (kJ/kg)
Petrol 112/L 45OOO
Kerosene 47/L 450000
Diesel 101/L 45000
CNG 75.25/KG 50000
LPG 73.5/KG 55000
2. Find out the number, type and location of fire extinguishers available in your school, nearby shops and
factories. Write a brief report about the preparedness of these establishments to fight fire.
Ans: School: Total fire extinguishers 05 (4 Water, 1 Foam)
All fire extinguishers are serviced quarterly by the authorised dealer ABC company and found to be in good
working condition. Located at easily accessible points throughout school.
Shop: Total fire extinguishers 3 (1 Water, 1 Foam, 1 Gas)
Fire extinguishers have not been serviced for more than a year and hence their usability is doubtful. Shop owner
has been informed.
Factory: Total fire extinguishers 13(9 Water, 3 Foam, 1 Gas)
Fire extinguishers are distributed across the factory and located at strategic points, hence easily accessible in the
event of fire. Serviced every quarter by authorised agent. However, more extinguishers using water could be
located near the storage depot, where cotton bales are stored.
Types of fire extinguishers used – Water, Foam, Gas (Carbon Dioxide)

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Water – to fight fires caused by combustible materials like wood, textile etc.
Foam – to fight fires caused by electricity, inflammable oils.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – to fight fires caused by electricity and flammable liquids (no residue is left behind).
3. Survey 100 houses in your area. Find the percentage of households using LPG, kerosene, wood and cattle
dung as fuel.
Ans: I done survey 100 houses in our area and I find that:
Total number of families in my society=100
No. of families using LPG=86
No. of families using kerosene=5
No. of families using wood=6
No. of families using cattle dung=3
Percentages:- LPG=86%
Kerosene=5%
Wood=6%
Cattle dung=3%
4. Talk to people who use LPG at home. Find out what precautions they take in using LPG.
Ans: i) Close the supply of LPG from the regulator when the burner is not in use.
ii) Cleaning of gas burner regularly.
iii) Regular check-up of related appliances.
iv) Change the delivery pipe at regular intervals.
5. Make a model of a fire extinguisher. Place a short candle and a slightly taller candle in a small dish filled
with baking soda. Place the dish at the bottom of a large bowl. Light both the candles. Then pour vinegar into
the dish of baking soda. Take care. Do not pour vinegar on the candles. Observe the foaming reaction. What
happens to the candles? Why? In what order?

Ans: Candles blow off. First shorter one and then the taller one. This is because of the formation of carbon
dioxide. It reaches to the flame of shorter candle first and then to the taller one.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Explain the turm “global warning”
Ans: The combustion of fuels release carbon dioxide in the environment. When the percentage of carbon
dioxide increases in the atmosphere and makes the earth’s surface hot, it is believed to cause global
warming.
2. List the common products of all combustions.
Ans: Carbon dioxide and water
3. Two glass jars A and B are filled with carbon dioxide and oxygen gases respectively. In each jar a
lighted candle is placed simultaneously. In which jar will the candle remain lighted for a longer time
and why?
Ans: In jar B, because oxygen is a supporter of combustion.
4. People usually keep angethi/burning coal in their closed rooms during winter season. Why is it advised
to keep the door open?
Ans: It is advised to keep the door open in this situation because due to insufficient availability of oxygen in the

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closed room carbon monoxide gas is produced which can kill person sleeping in that room.
5. Why do we wrap a blanket around a person who catches fire?
Ans: Blanket stops the oxygen required for the combustion and gets the fire extinguished.
6. Why is middle zone of a flame yellow coloured?
Ans: Middle zone part has amount of oxygen is less due to which unburnt carbon particles burn with yellow
flame.
7. “Food is a fuel for our body”. Explain why?
Ans: In our body, food is broken down by reaction with oxygen and heat is produced that is why food is a type
of fuel for our body.
8. Give two examples each for a solid, liquid and gaseous fuel along with some important uses.
Ans: Solid fuels: Coal, Wood
Uses: Cooking
Liquid fuels: Kerosense, Petrol
Uses: Fuels for stove, lamps and machines
Gaseous fuels: CNG, LPG
Uses: Fuels for industry.
9. What are the different harmful products formed by the burning of a fuel?
Ans: i) Carbon fuels release unburnt carbon particles, which are dangerous pollutants that cause respiratory
disorders.
ii) Incomplete combustion of carbon fuels gives carbon monoxides, a poisonous gas that can even kill a
person sleeping in a closed room.
10. Explain How the Use of CNG in Automobiles Has Reduced Pollution in Our Cities.
Ans: The use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities because it is a clean fuel and the
amount of unburnt fuel in CNG is very less compared to petroleum. It does not produce smoke and
harmful substances that are produced in petroleum.
11. Give Reasons.
a) Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment.
b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood.
c) Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminum pipe does
not.
Ans: (a) Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment because water is a good conductor of
electricity due to which the person may be electro-conducted and it may damage the equipment.
(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood because wood produces a lot of smoke on combustion and
causes respiratory problems. Also, its efficiency is lower than LPG.
(c) Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminum pipe does not
because aluminum is a good conductor of heat which absorbs the heat from the paper and the paper
does not catch fire. Whereas, the paper by itself catches fire.
12. Make a labeled diagram of a Candle Flame.
Ans:

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13. Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.
Ans: “Kilo Joule per Kilogram (kJ/kg)” is used to express the calorific value of a fuel.
14. Explain how CO2 is able to control fires.
Ans: (i) CO2 is heavier than oxygen and hence it acts as a protective blanket and prevents oxygen from
reaching the fire.
(ii) Since CO2 is stored in a liquid state, therefore, when it is used on the fire, it expands and cools which
lowers down the temperature. This prevents heat from reaching the fire.
15. It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves, but dry leaves catch fire easily. Explain.
Ans: It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves, but dry leaves catch fire easily because combustion takes
place in the presence of heat - the minimum temperature at which a substance catches fire, known as
ignition temperature. Green leaves have high moisture than dry leaves and hence, it takes more time for
green leaves to reach ignition temperature than dry leaves.
16. Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting Gold and Silver and Why?
Ans: Goldsmiths use the outermost zone of the flame to melt gold and silver because gold and silver have a
high melting point and the outermost part undergoes complete combustion and it is the hottest part of the
flame which supply the adequate amount of heat required for melting.
17. In an Experiment 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was measured to be
180,000 kJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.
Ans: Calorific Value=Heat produced during combustion / Quantity of fuel
=180,000 / 4.5 kJ/kg
∴Calorific Value=40,000 kJ/kg
18. Can the process of rusting be called Combustion? Discuss.
Ans: A chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give off heat is called combustion. When
an iron metal combines with the oxygen in the presence of water to form a compound iron oxide is known
as rusting.
Therefore, the process of rusting can be called combustion because in both processes, heat, and light are
produced. Rusting is known as slow combustion.
19. Abida and Ramesh Were Doing an Experiment in Which Water Was To Be Heated in a Beaker.
Abida Kept the Beaker Near the Wick in the Yellow Part of the Candle Flame. Ramesh Kept the
Beaker in the Outermost Part of the Flame. Whose Water Will Get Heated in a Shorter Time?
Ans: Observe that the innermost zone of the candle which is near to the wick is the least hot whereas the outer
zone of the candle is the hottest part of the candle flame.
Since Ramesh kept the beaker in the outermost part of the flame, therefore his beaker will be heated in a
shorter time as compared to Abida.

BITS
1. The gas required for combustion is
(a) oxygen (b) nitrogen (c) carbon dioxide (d) hydrogen
Ans: (a)
2. Burning of hydrogen is an example of
(a) slow combustion (b) rapid combustion (c) explosion (d) spontaneous combustion
Ans: (c)
3. The gas produced in the working of soda-acid type fire extinguisher is
(a) carbon dioxide (b) oxygen (c) sulphur dioxide (d) hydrogen
Ans: (a)
4. The fuel used in the human body to produce energy, is
(a) coal (b) food (c) juices (d) paper
Ans: (b).
5. Burning of LPG at home is an example of
(a) slow combustion (b) rapid combustion (c) spontaneous combustion (d) explosion
Ans: (b)
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6. Which one of the following will show spontaneous combustion?
(a) Sodium (b) Calcium (c) Sulphur (d) Carbon
Ans: (a)
7. Which of the following can be used to extinguish fire at the petrol pump ?
(a) Water (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Blanket (d) None of these
Ans: (b)
8. While shaping gold into ornaments, which part of the flame directly used by goldsmith?
(a) Non-luminous (b) Luminous (c) Innermost zone (d) Whole flame
Ans: (a)
9. Which fuel is the ideal fuel to be used at home ?
(a) LPG (b) CNG (c) Wood (d) Coal
Ans: (a)
10. Which one of the following gases is used in combustion?
(a) Hydrogen (b) Oxygen (c) Nitrogen (d) Carbon dioxide
Ans: (b) Oxygen
11. The burning of LPG is an example of
(a) rapid combustion (b) spontaneous combustion (c) slow combustion (d) explosion
Ans: (a) rapid combustion
12. A temperature at which the substance burns is called
(a) melting (b) boiling temperature (c) kindling temperature (d) evaporation
Ans: (c) kindling temperature
13. Which is non-renewable source of energy’?
(a) Natural gas (b) Wind energy (c) Tidal energy (d) Mechanical energy
Ans: (a) Natural gas
14. Which of the following is not a fossil fuel?
(a) Coal (b) Petroleum (c) Natural gas (d) Water gas
Ans: (d) Water gas
15. Which is non-combustible substance?
(a) Wood (b) Paper (c) Iron nails (d) Straw
Ans: (c) Iron nails
16. The amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of a fuel is called
(a) calorific value (b) significant value (c) heat value (d) internal energy
Ans: (a) calorific value
17. Which zone represents the partial combustion in candle flame?
(a) Outer zone (b) Middle zone (c) Inner zone (d) Lower zone
Ans: (b) Middle zone
18. Burning coal in a closed room will produce
(a) nitrogen oxides (b) carbon dioxide (c) carbon monoxide (d) oxygen
Ans: (c) carbon monoxide
19. Substances which catch fire are called
(a) acids (b) bases (c) combustible (d) burners
Ans: (c) combustible
20. Out of these, which is able to control fires?
(a) NH3 (b) H2 (c) CO2 (d) F2
Ans: (c) CO2
21. Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver ?
(a) Outer zone (b) Middle zone (c) Inner zone (d) Lower zone
Ans: (a) Outer zone
22. Calorific value of a fuel is expressed in
(a) kilojoule per kilogram (b) kilojoule per gram (c) joule per milligram (d) kilojoule per milligram

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Ans: (a) kilojoule per kilogram
23. Acid rain contains mainly
(a) oxygen and nitrogen gas (b) fluorine and chlorine gas
(c) magnesium oxide (d) nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide
Ans: (d) nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide
24. Match the following items given in Column A’ with that in Column ‘B’.
Column A Column B
i) Fire extinguisher a) Burning of candle
ii) Slow oxidation b) Renewable source
iii) Kindling temperature c) Natural gas
iv) Tidal energy d) Cooking gas
v) Fossil fuel e) Inflammable
vi) Oxygen gas f) Burning starts
vii) LPG g) Carbon dioxide
viii) Alcohol h) Supporter of combustion
Ans: i – g, ii – a, iii – f, iv – b, v – c, vi – h, vii – d, viii - e
25. Fill in the Blanks
(a) . ………… of fuel forms poisonous carbon monoxide gas.
(b) . ………… is expressed in terms of its calorific value.
(c) . ………… have very low ignition temperature.
(d) . ………… is essential for combustion.
(e) The substances, which burn in air, are called …………
(f) ………… is better domestic fuel than wood.
(g) Goldsmith uses the ………… zone of the flame for melting gold and silver.
Ans: (a) Incomplete combustion (b) Fuel efficiency (c) Inflammable substance (d) Oxygen \
(e) combustible (f) LPG (g) outermost
26. State whether the statement given below are True or False.
(a) Food is a fuel for our body.
(b) Burning of charcoal produces flame with four distinct zones.
(c) The fuel can be only liquid in nature.
(d) Sun produces heat and light because of combustion.
(e) It is easy to burn a piece of wood through matchstick.
(f) Soda acid fire extinguisher contains sodium bicarbonate + dil. Sulphuric acid.
(g) The inner central dark zone of a candle flame is the hottest region.
(h) The principle of all fire-extinguisher is to cut off the air supply and to cool the burning substance below
its ignition temperature.
Ans: (a) True (b) False (c) False (d) False (e) False (f) True (g) False (h) True
Textual Table
Table 10.1 : Combustible and Non-combustible Substance
Material Combustible Non-combustible
Wood ✓
Paper ✓
Iron nails ✓
Kerosene oil ✓
Stone piece ✓
Straw ✓
Charcoal ✓
Matchsticks ✓
Glass ✓

M.SRINIVASA RAO, SA(PS) SPSMHS GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: srini science mind Page No. 73
8TH CLASS PHYSICAL SCIENCE Handbook

Table 10.2 Materials forming Flame on Burning


S.No. Material Forms flame Does not form flame
1 Candle ✓
2 Magnesium ✓
3 Camphor ✓
4 Kerosene Stove ✓
5 Charcoal ✓

Table 10.3 : Types of Fuels


S.No Solid Fuels Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels
1 Coal Kerosene oil Natural gas
2 Wood Petrol Methane
3 Cow dung Diesel Butane

M.SRINIVASA RAO, SA(PS) SPSMHS GUDIVADA PH: 9848143855 VISIT: srini science mind Page No. 74

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