Digital Modulation

Problems During Transmission

• Attenuation – progressive decrease of signal power or power density
as distance increases
• Distortion – imperfect response of the system
• Interference – extraneous signal coming into the system
• Noise – random electric signals due to natural causes, both external
and internal to the system
Modulation
• Converting digital or analog information to a waveform suitable for
transmission over a given medium
• Involves varying some parameter of a carrier wave at a given
frequency as a function of a message signal
Types of Modulation
• According to carrier used
• Continuous wave
• Pulse
• According to method used
• Analog
• Digital
According to carrier used
• Continuous Wave – carrier is • Pulse – carrier is a train of pulses
sinusoid (discrete)
According to Method used
• Analog – if the variation in the • Digital – change the form of the
parameter of the carrier is given signal
continuous in accordance to the
input analog signal
Frequency and Wavelength
• Frequency is defined as the
number of cycles of a waveform
per second (expressed in Hertz).
Frequency and Wavelength
• Wavelength is defined as the distance travelled by an
electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle.
Reasons for Modulation
• To be able to use practical sizes of antennas
• Antenna – constructed based on the wavelength

• To reduce noise / interference

• For frequency allocation
• For multiplexing
• To overcome equipment limitations
Components of Modulation
• Information (modulating signal)
• Carrier
Baseband vs Carrier
• Baseband communication is the transmission of a message as
generated is transmitted without frequency translation.
• Carrier communication requires the modulation of the message onto
a carrier signal to transmit it over a different frequency band. We use
modulators to do this frequency translation.

Note: “Pulse modulated” signals, such as PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM and
DM are actually baseband digital signal coding (and not the result of
frequency conversion).
Baseband vs Carrier
• Use of Sinusoidal Carrier Signal: Using a sine waveform there are
three parameters which we can use to “modulate” a message onto
the carrier –
• they are the amplitude, frequency and phase of the sinusoidal
carrier.
Digital Modulation
• is the process of encoding a digital information signal into the
amplitude, phase, or frequency of the transmitted signal
• In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a
discrete signal
• In digital communications, the modulating wave consists of binary
data and the carrier is sinusoidal wave
Digital Modulation Techniques
Amplitude Shift Keying
• only the amplitude of the carrier
signal is modified in modulation
• a symbol, representing one or
more bits, is sent by transmitting
a fixed-amplitude carrier wave at
a fixed frequency for a specific
time duration
Frequency Shift Keying
• the frequency of the carrier
changes in discrete levels in
accordance with the input digital
signal, while the amplitude of the
carrier remains the same
• The output of a FSK modulated
wave is high in frequency for a
binary High input and is low in
frequency for a binary Low input.
The binary 1s and 0s are called
Mark and Space frequencies
Phase Shift Keying
• the phase of the carrier signal is
changed by varying the sine and
cosine inputs at a particular time
• PSK technique is widely used for
wireless LANs, bio-metric,
contactless operations, along
with RFID and Bluetooth
communications
Pulse Modulation
• A type of modulation in which the signal is transmitted in the form of
pulses
• Can be used to transmit analogue information
• In pulse modulation, continuous signals are sampled at regular
intervals
Pulse Modulation
• Pulse modulation can be classified into two major types.
• Analogue: Indication of sample amplitude is infinitely variable
• Digital: Indicates sample amplitude at the nearest predetermined level.
Types of Pulse Modulation
• Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
• Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM)
• is a form of signal modulation
where the message information
is encoded in the amplitude of a
series of signal pulses
• each sample is made
proportional to the amplitude of
the signal at the instant of
sampling
• The width and positions are
constant
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM)
Pulse Width Modulation
• Modulation of signals by varying
the width of the pulses
• The amplitude and position of
the pulses are constant
Pulse Width Modulation
Three variations of PWM:
a. The leading edge of the pulse
being constant, the trailing edge
varies according to the message
signal
b. The trailing edge of the pulse
being constant, the leading edge
varies according to the message
signal
c. The center of the pulse being
constant, the leading edge and the
trailing edge varies according to the
message signal
Pulse Position Modulation
• the amplitude and width of the
pulses are kept constant while the
position of each pulse, with
reference to the position of a
reference pulse varies according to
the instantaneous sampled value of
the message signal
• The transmitter has to send
synchronizing pulses to keep the
transmitter and receiver in
synchronism. This sync pulses help
maintain the position of pulses
Transmission BW of PWM and PPM
• Both PWM and PPM have DC value
• Both need a sharp rise time and fall time to preserve the message
information
• Rise time be very less than TS (tr<<TS)
• Bandwidth is higher than PAM

𝟏
𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉: 𝑩𝑻 ≥
𝟐𝒕𝒓
Difference between PAM, PWM,
PPM
• PAM
• The amplitude of the pulse is proportional to the amplitude of the signal
• Bandwidth of the transmitting channel depends on the width of the pulse
• Instantaneous power of transmitter varies
• Noise interference is high
• Complex system – similar to AM
Difference between PAM, PWM,
PPM
• PWM
• The width of the pulse is proportional to the amplitude of the signal
• The bandwidth of transmitting channel depends on rise time of the pulse
• Instantaneous power of transmitter varies
• Noise interference is minimum
• Simple to implement – similar to FM
Difference between PAM, PWM,
PPM
• PPM
• Relative position of pulse is proportional to amplitude of modulating signal
• The bandwidth of transmitting signal depends on the rise time of the pulse
• Instantaneous power remains constant
• Noise interference is minimum
• Simple to implement – similar to PM
Difference between PAM, PWM,
PPM
Multiplexing
• Multiplexing refers to the combination of information streams from
multiple sources for transmission over a shared medium
• multiple signals or streams of information are sent over a
communications link at the same time in the form of a single,
complex signal
• the receiver recovers the separate signals, a process called
demultiplexing (or demuxing)
Concept of Multiplexing
• Each sender communicates with a
single receiver
• All pairs share a single transmission
medium
• Multiplexor combines information
from the senders for transmission in
such a way that the demultiplexer
can separate the information for
receivers.
• Cost savings obtained using single
channel to send multiple signals
Multiplexing
Networks use multiplexing for
two reasons:
• To make it possible for any network
device to talk to any other network
device without having to dedicate a
connection for each pair. This
requires shared media
• To make a scarce or expensive
resource stretch further -- e.g., to
send many signals down each cable
or fiber strand running between
major metropolitan areas, or across
one satellite uplink
 Four Basic Types of Multiplexing
• Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM)
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
• An analog multiplexing technique that combines signals
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM)
• An analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals (up to
10Gbps)
• Each color of light (wavelength carries separate data channel
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and
receiving independent signals over a common signal path by means of
synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that
each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in an
alternating pattern.
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
• Implemented using spread spectrum technology
• Each channel has a unique spreading code
• All channels use the same spectrum at the same time
Assignment
• 1. What is the OSI model?
• 2. What are the seven OSI Layers? Define each Layer
• 3. What is the difference of the TCP/IP model and the OSI Model
• 4. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
Quiz Next Week
• Coverage:
• Digital Modulation
• Multiplexing
• Information Theory
• Analog to Digital Conversion