ADVISORY CIRCULAR

AC 139-21
Visual segment surface: monitoring
requirements and the reporting of
obstacles

v1.0 – August 2015

 VISUAL SEGMENT SURFACE: MONITORING
REQUIREMENTS AND THE REPORTING OF OBSTACLES

Advisory Circulars are intended to provide advice and guidance to illustrate a means, but not necessarily the only
means, of complying with the Regulations, or to explain certain regulatory requirements by providing informative,
interpretative and explanatory material.
Advisory Circulars should always be read in conjunction with the relevant regulations.

Audience
This Advisory Circular (AC) applies to:

• operators of certified and registered aerodromes that have a published runway aligned
instrument approach procedure
• aerodrome personnel that are tasked to monitor obstacles in their visual segment
surface (VSS)
• personnel engaged by the aerodrome operator to survey for obstacles in their VSS on
behalf of their procedure designer
• holders of an instrument flight procedure design certificate under Part 173 of the Civil
Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 (CASR).

Purpose
The purpose of this AC is to provide general information to aerodrome operators on the VSS.
For certain instrument flight procedures, the VSS forms part of the airspace defined through the
Procedures for Air Navigation Services - Aircraft Operations (PANS-OPS).
PANS-OPS airspace is used by aircraft flying under the Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). For
example, aircraft flying an instrument approach procedure in less than “Visual Meteorological
Conditions” (VMC) or conforming to an instrument approach procedure to ensure adequate
terrain clearance in either Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) or Visual Meteorological
Conditions. Where pilots are using an instrument flight procedure to perform an instrument
approach to a runway with an aligned procedure, the VSS is an additional segment of airspace
that needs to be kept clear of obstacles.
This AC also provides clarification on how aerodrome operators can comply with the Part 139
Manual of Standards (MOS) with regard to monitoring their PANS-OPS airspace, particularly
with regard to the VSS.

Unless specified otherwise, all subregulations, regulations, divisions, subparts and parts
referenced in this AC are references to the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 (CASR).

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Status
This version of the AC is approved by the Executive Manager, Standards Division.

Version Date Details

1.0 July 2015 Initial release

For further information

For further information on this AC, contact CASA’s Air Traffic Management System Standards
section, Flight Standards Branch (telephone 131 757).

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Contents
1 Reference material 5
1.1 Acronyms 5
1.2 Definitions 6
1.3 References 6
2 General 7
2.1 Quick reference guide 7
3 Background 9
3.1 Introduction to instrument flight procedures 9
3.2 Instrument flight procedure design 12
4 Visual segment surface 13
4.1 Overview 13
4.2 Lateral parameters of the VSS 13
4.3 Vertical parameters of the VSS 17
5 Monitoring of the VSS 19
5.1 Regulatory requirements 19
5.2 Types and sources of obstacles 19
5.3 Monitoring parameters and procedure 19
5.4 Conducting an initial survey of the VSS on the request of the procedure designer 21
6 Reporting of existing or potential obstacles 22
6.1 When to report 22
6.2 Managing a VSS penetration 22

Appendix A Optional VSS compliance checklist 23

Appendix B VSS parameters template: for monitoring or survey 25

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1 Reference material

1.1 Acronyms
The acronyms and abbreviations used in this AC are listed in the table below.

Acronym Description

AC Advisory Circular

AIP Aeronautical Information Publication

CAR Civil Aviation Regulations 1988

CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority

CASR Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998

DAP Departure and Approach Procedures

GLS GNSS Landing System

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

ILS Instrument Landing System

IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions

LOC Localiser

MOS Manual of Standards

NDB Non-directional beacon

NPA Non Precision Approach

OCH Obstacle Clearance Height

OLS Obstacle Limitation Surface

PA Precision Approach
PANS-OPS Procedures for Air Navigation Services - Aircraft Operations

RNAV Area Navigation

VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions

VOR VHF Omnidirectional Range

VSS Visual Segment Surface

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1.2 Definitions
Terms that have specific meaning within this AC are defined in the table below.

Term Definition

Instrument runway A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using a runway aligned
instrument approach procedure.

Obstacle Clearance The lowest height above the elevation of the relevant runway threshold or the
Height aerodrome elevation as applicable. It is used to establish compliance with the
appropriate obstacle clearance criteria.
Note: Obstacle clearance height is referenced to the threshold elevation or in the
case of non-precision approach procedures to the aerodrome elevation or
the threshold elevation if that is more than 2 m (7 ft) below the aerodrome
elevation. An obstacle clearance height for a circling approach procedure
is referenced to the aerodrome elevation.

Non-precision approach An instrument runway served by visual aids and a non-visual aid providing at
runway least directional guidance adequate for a straight-in approach. (ICAO)

Straight-in approach Where an aircraft manoeuvres to approach the runway for landing without
visual circling or flying a circuit and can be conducted in either IMC or VMC
conditions.
Note: Straight-in instrument approaches are not always designed to align with
the runway centreline.

Visual segment surface A PANS-OPS design segment of a straight-in instrument approach

procedure, which needs to be monitored and kept clear of any penetrations
by obstacles.

1.3 References
Regulations
Regulations are available on the ComLaw website http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Home

Document Title

Subregulation 166B of Carrying out a straight-in approach

the Civil Aviation
Regulations 1988 (CAR)

Part 139 Aerodromes

Part 173 Instrument flight procedure design

Chapter 7 of the Obstacle restriction and limitation

Part 139 MOS

Part 173 MOS Standards Applicable to Instrument Flight Procedure Design

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) documents

Document Title

Doc 8168 Procedures for Air Navigation Services Aircraft Operations - Volume II

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2 General

2.1 Quick reference guide

2.1.1 Operators of a registered or certified aerodrome may have one or more instrument flight
procedures published for their aerodrome. If so, it is likely that these instrument flight
procedures incorporate a design element known as the VSS. Refer to section 4 for
further information.
2.1.2 If a VSS has been included in the instrument flight procedure design, it needs to be
monitored by both the aerodrome operator and the procedure designer. This is to
ensure no hazards, such as obstacles, are present.
2.1.3 PANS-OPS airspace monitoring needs to be done as a partnership between the
aerodrome operator and their procedure designer as:
− the procedure designer has the technical data on the VSS design and is
responsible for its ongoing integrity, but cannot directly monitor for any new or
proposed obstacles that may be present at the relevant aerodrome.
− the aerodrome operator is best placed to monitor any new or proposed obstacles
that may be present at their aerodrome and is required to support the ongoing
integrity of any published instrument flight procedures.
2.1.4 The first step that an aerodrome operator should take is to ascertain if it has any
published instrument flight procedures. Refer to section 3.1.2 for more information.
2.1.5 If the aerodrome has a published procedure, the next step is to ascertain if the
procedure incorporates a VSS element. This information needs to be confirmed in
conjunction with the procedure designer. Refer to section 5.4 for more information.
2.1.6 When monitoring the VSS and assessing it for hazards, the recommended approach is
as shown in Figure 1:

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• Presence of VSS to be confirmed by the aerodrome operator in

conjunction with their instrument flight procedure designer.
• VSS design parameters to be communicated by the instrument
Confirmation of flight procedure designer to the aerodrome operator.
VSS

• The Aerodrome Operators' PANS-OPS airspace monitoring

procedures need to incorporate the VSS.
• An initial check should be made for obstacles in the VSS.
Establish VSS • The procedure designer may also request a survey of the VSS
Monitoring be conducted by the aerodrome operator.

• Any new or potential obstacles in the VSS that are detected by

the aerodrome operator must be reported to the instrument
flight procedure designer.
Report
obstacles in VSS

• Aerodrome operator needs to continually monitor the VSS and

report any new obstacles.
• Procedure designer needs to ensure the ongoing integrity of
instrument flight procedure.
• Any changes to the instrument flight procedure need to be
Maintain VSS communicated to the aerodrome operator.

Figure 1: Recommended approach for VSS obstacle monitoring

2.1.7 Each of these aspects and relevant background information is expanded throughout the
remainder of this AC. A compliance reference checklist is also included in Appendix A.

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3 Background

3.1 Introduction to instrument flight procedures

3.1.1 For the purposes of improving safety and enhancing access to aerodromes by aircraft,
a procedure known as an 'instrument flight procedure' can be developed for an
aerodrome. These instrument flight procedures can then be utilised by properly
equipped aircraft that are flown by a qualified instrument pilot:
− in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)
− where visibility to the aerodrome is limited (e.g. at night)
or
− where the pilot elects to fly under instrument flight procedures rather than by visual
means.

3.1.2 Instrument and non-instrument runways

3.1.2.1 Runways at registered and certified aerodromes are categorised in terms of their status
as an instrument or non-instrument runway.
3.1.2.2 Instrument runways can be identified by a published instrument flight procedure that
includes a runway designation in its title. These instrument flight procedures will include
a VSS.
3.1.2.3 Some aerodromes have a published instrument flight procedure that is not aligned with
a particular runway designation. This is a circling procedure and may be associated with
either an instrument or a non-instrument runway. These instrument flight procedures will
NOT include a VSS.
3.1.2.4 All the published instrument flight procedures for Australian aerodromes are published
on the Airservices Australia website. 1 For more information, refer to the departure and
approach procedures (DAP), which forms part of the Aeronautical Information
Publication (AIP).
3.1.2.5 An example of a DAP chart published for an aerodrome is shown in Figure 2. By
referring to the top right hand corner of the DAP chart (RWY 25), it shows the procedure
has been designed for Runway 25 at Albury Aerodrome in New South Wales. This
indicates that Runway 25 is an instrument runway and will feature a VSS.
3.1.2.6 Another indication that the example shown in Figure 2 is for an instrument runway is the
presence of a ‘straight-in approach minima’. These details can be located in the
CATEGORY section of the plate that has been highlighted by the long red box:

1
Airservices Australia website is available at: http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/aip/aip.asp

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Figure 2: DAP approach chart (plate) showing a procedure to an instrument runway

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3.1.2.7 In the next example (Figure 3), the top right hand corner of the DAP approach chart
(RNAV-E - GNSS) shows the procedure has been designed for an eastern sector of
Smithton Aerodrome, in Tasmania. Although the procedure appears to align with
Runway 24, it is not titled for this particular runway designation. The omission of a
straight-in minima is another indication that this procedure allows for circling only (as
indicated by the highlighted section at the bottom of the chart) and will not include a
VSS:

Figure 3: DAP approach chart (plate) showing a procedure to a non-instrument runway

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3.1.2.8 If no other published procedure features a designation to a particular runway, then the
runway is non-instrument and no VSS will need to be established.

3.1.3 Straight-in approaches using an instrument flight procedure

3.1.3.1 A pilot may fly a straight-in approach in IMC when an instrument flight procedure for that
runway has been published. In general terms, this means that a pilot does not need to
fly a 'circuit' prior to landing on that runway. Refer to subregulation 166B of CAR, for
more information.
3.1.3.2 Whilst a pilot may be flying under IMC using a runway aligned instrument approach
procedure, they may still need to manoeuvre prior to landing, rather than continue on a
straight-in approach. The need to do this could depend on:
− changing weather conditions at the aerodrome
− on or at what altitude the aerodrome becomes visible to the pilot
− other aircraft traffic present in the vicinity of the aerodrome
and/or
− any other operating conditions of that flight.

3.2 Instrument flight procedure design

3.2.1 Design certification

3.2.1.1 Under Part 173, CASA grants a procedure design certificate to a certified designer. This
certificate allows the certified designer to design instrument flight procedures.
3.2.1.2 The certified designer must follow the Part 173 MOS and Part 173 when designing a
new instrument flight procedure.

3.2.2 Straight-in approaches and the VSS

3.2.2.1 The Part 173 MOS requires that straight-in approaches are designed in accordance
with ICAO PANS-OPS. This document specifies the requirement to design the
procedure with consideration to any obstacles in the VSS.

3.2.3 Ongoing responsibility for the procedure

3.2.3.1 Once an instrument flight procedure has been designed, it is subject to ongoing integrity
monitoring by the procedure designer. The procedure designer must take action to
amend the procedure if any obstacles penetrate the PANS-OPS airspace.

3.2.4 Monitoring of the procedure by the designer

3.2.4.1 As the procedure designer cannot physically monitor the obstacles around the
aerodrome on a continuous basis, they require the assistance of the aerodrome
operator to perform this task.
3.2.4.2 Therefore, monitoring of PANS-OPS airspace for critical obstacles is also the
responsibility of the aerodrome operator in almost all cases. Refer to section 5 for more
information.

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4 Visual segment surface

4.1 Overview
4.1.1 The VSS concept originated from an ICAO working panel. From 15 March 2007, ICAO
mandated that all new straight-in instrument approach procedures must feature VSS
protection. From 15 March 2012, VSS was mandated for all existing straight-in
instrument approach procedures.
4.1.2 The purpose of a VSS is to protect the aircraft from ground based obstacles prior to
landing, while the pilot transitions from flying on instruments to using the visual
references available at the aerodrome.
4.1.3 Under the Part 173 MOS, the procedure designer must provide the VSS parameters to
the aerodrome operator. Information on lateral and vertical parameters can be found in
sections 4.2 to 4.3.

4.2 Lateral parameters of the VSS

4.2.1 The lateral (horizontal) parameters of the VSS come in two categories:
− runway-aligned procedures with a localiser (or look-alike lateral guidance), such as
that provided from a precision approach system or an approach with vertical
guidance
− any other runway aligned procedure that can be flown using a straight-in approach.

4.2.2 Determining the lateral (horizontal) category of the VSS

4.2.2.1 To determine which category applies, reference again should be made to the top right
hand corner of the AIP-DAP approach chart. Refer to the following table and the
example chart (Figure 4 - RVAV-Z [GNSS]) for more information:

Table 1: Lateral category of the VSS

Lateral guidance type Category: AC reference:

• LOC Runway aligned procedures with a localiser or 4.2.3

• ILS like lateral guidance
• GLS

• RNAV GNSS Other runway aligned procedure which can be 4.2.4

• VOR flown using a straight-in approach
• NDB
•
2
RNP RWY

2
RNP RWY means required navigation performance runway.

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Figure 4: DAP approach chart (plate) showing where the guidance type details can be located.

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4.2.3 Runway aligned procedures with a localiser or look-alike lateral guidance

4.2.3.1 Sub-paragraph 5.4.6.1 (a) of Vol II to PANS-OPS states:
For procedures with localiser or localiser look-alike lateral guidance approaches where
the final approach track is aligned with the runway centre line, with a base width equal
to the inner approach surface as defined in Annex 14, originating 60 m prior to the
runway threshold, extending parallel to the extended runway centre line, and
3
terminating at the point where the height of the surface reaches the OCH.

4.2.3.2 In plain terms, this type of VSS originates along the baseline for the 'inner approach
surface', which forms part of the obstacle limitation surface (OLS).
Note: For more information on the inner approach surface refer to paragraph 7.3.2.8 of the Part 139 MOS.

4.2.3.3 Therefore, each side of the VSS runs parallel to the runway centreline, at a width equal
to the inner approach baseline.
4.2.3.4 The VSS continues to move away from the inner approach baseline until the distance
where the vertical component of the VSS reaches the OCH.
4.2.3.5 A diagram of the lateral parameters for this category of VSS has been provided at the
lower part of Figure 5 below:

Figure 5: The VSS of procedures with localizer or localizer look-alike lateral guidance aligned with
4
the runway centreline

4.2.4 Other runway aligned procedures that can be flown using a straight-in approach
4.2.4.1 Sub-paragraph 5.4.6.1 (b) to Vol II of the PANS-OPS states:
for all other straight-in instrument approach procedures:

3
OCH stands for obstacle clearance height
4
Figure sourced from PANS-OPS Vol II

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1) a base width equal to the runway strip width originating 60 m prior to the runway
threshold, splaying 15 per cent on either side of the extended runway centre line, and
terminating at the point where the height of the surface reaches the OCH
2) where the final approach course is offset and intersects the extended runway centre
line, the splay on the side closest to the final approach course is increased by the
offset angle; and
3) where the final approach course is offset but does not intersect the extended runway
centre line, the splay closest to the final approach course is increased by an amount
equal to the final approach course offset at 1 400 m from the runway threshold.

4.2.4.2 In plain terms, this type of VSS originates along the baseline for the 'approach surface',
which forms part of the OLS.
Note: For more information on the approach surface, refer to paragraph 7.3.2.5 of the Part 139 MOS.

4.2.4.3 The width of the baseline should refer to the greater of the actual or published runway
strip.
4.2.4.4 Unlike the VSS for localiser or look-alike lateral guidance, each side of the VSS
diverges away from the approach baseline along a 15% splay. Refer to the lower part of
Figure 6 below.

5
Figure 6: The VSS of other approach procedures for a normal straight-in approach

5
Figure sourced from PANS-OPS Vol II

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4.2.4.5 The VSS continues to move away from the inner approach baseline until the distance
where the vertical component of the VSS reaches the OCH.
4.2.4.6 In the case of an offset approach angle that is different to the runway centreline, refer
to:
− subparagraphs 5.4.6.1 (b) (2) and (3) of Vol II to PANS-OPS
− Figure 7 and Figure 8 below

6
Figure 7: Plan view of VSS for an offset final approach with a runway centre line crossing

6
Figure 8: Plan view of VSS with an offset final approach parallel to the runway centre line

4.3 Vertical parameters of the VSS

4.3.1 Vertically, the VSS originates at the runway threshold height and has a slope of 1.12
degrees less than the promulgated approach procedure angle. Refer to the upper parts
of Figure 5 and Figure 6.
4.3.2 As specified in paragraph 5.4.6.4 to Vol II of PANS-OPS, only obstacles that are higher
than a plane measured at 15 metres above the height of the relevant runway threshold
and which penetrate the VSS need to be considered.

4.3.3 Determining the promulgated approach procedure angle

4.3.3.1 This information is also contained on the AIP DAP approach chart (plate) and is located
in two sections. These have been highlighted in red boxes within Figure 9. In this
example, the approach slope is 3 degrees:

6
Figures sourced from PANS-OPS Vol II

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Figure 9: DAP approach chart (plate) showing where the designed approach slope details can be
located.

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5 Monitoring of the VSS

5.1 Regulatory requirements

5.1.1 For certified aerodromes, procedures for monitoring obstacles associated with all
instrument runways must be documented in the aerodrome manual (refer to Appendix 1
to subparagraph 139.095 (a) (ii) (l) ).
5.1.2 For registered aerodromes, all arrangements related to aerodrome safety functions
must be documented in writing (refer to paragraph 12.1.1.5 of the Part 139 MOS).
These arrangements need to include how monitoring for instrument flight procedures is
to be carried out.
5.1.3 Further requirements for the monitoring of the PANS-OPS airspace by the aerodrome
operator are contained in subsections 7.1.7 and 7.1.8 of the Part 139 MOS.

5.2 Types and sources of obstacles

5.2.1 Future penetrations of the VSS could result from natural vegetation growing above a
height of 15 m above the runway threshold, or from man-made developments such as a
building, mast, tower or other structure.
5.2.2 The VSS therefore, needs to be monitored against any development applications in the
vicinity of the aerodrome which are lodged to the applicable local, state, territory or
federal planning body.

5.3 Monitoring parameters and procedure

5.3.1 As with all airspace surfaces which form part of PANS-OPS, under Part 173 MOS the
procedure designer must provide details of the VSS parameters to be monitored by the
aerodrome operator.
5.3.2 An example format for how this information could be presented to the aerodrome
operator is provided in the Table 2:

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Table 2: VSS parameters and values

VSS Parameter Value

Inner edge (metres): i.e. 150 metres

Start point from threshold (metres): i.e. 60 metres

Divergence - Left (percent / degrees): i.e. 15% (8.53 degrees)

Divergence - Right (percent / degrees): i.e. 15% (8.53 degrees)

End point from threshold (metres): Distance until the vertical component of the
VSS reaches the OCH (metres)

Height of end point above threshold elevation Height of OCH above the height of the
(feet / meters): threshold (feet / metres)

Nominal descent gradient (degrees): The approach gradient of the relevant

procedure (i.e. 3.00 degrees)

Surface gradient (degrees): The actual approach gradient less 1.12

degrees (i.e. 1.88 degrees)

5.3.2.1 A list of controlling obstacles used to design the instrument flight procedure also
provides useful information.
5.3.2.2 Once this table (or similar) is completed by the procedure designer, it needs to be sent
to the aerodrome operator. For convenience, a blank table is provided in Appendix B.
5.3.2.3 Upon receipt of this information, the aerodrome operator needs to ensure their
procedures are appropriate to monitor for obstacles in their VSS. It is recommended
that these procedures consider the following:
− Routine visual assessments of the VSS from the aerodrome. This could involve
either
o a trained and competent person such as an Aerodrome Reporting Officer who
is familiar with the VSS
or
o a surveyor who has been briefed on the VSS.
− Ensuring the VSS (and the other PANS-OPS airspace) is considered for any
development applications that could impact upon the instrument flight procedures
published for the aerodrome.
Note: For many aerodromes, protection of the VSS (and the other PANS-OPS airspace) will involve more than
one planning authority. In these cases, procedures for liaising with these external planning authorities is
considered essential.

5.3.2.4 For runways with more than one VSS, which may also include those from different
instrument flight procedure designers, the PANS-OPS airspace monitoring procedures
should consider the extremities of the combined surfaces. The designer of the
instrument flight procedure can be determined by the logo at the bottom on the chart.

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5.3.2.5 As an additional measure, it is recommended that the integrity of the PANS-OPS

airspace, including the VSS, is checked routinely by the aerodrome operator. As the
VSS and the OLS will generally share a common survey baseline, checking the VSS
during their annual survey of the approach and take-off surfaces (that form part of the
OLS) may provide an efficient approach for many aerodrome operators.

5.4 Conducting an initial survey of the VSS on the request of the

procedure designer

5.4.1 When designing a new instrument flight procedure or establishing the VSS for an
existing procedure, the designer may request additional obstacle information from the
aerodrome operator or engage a surveyor, as appropriate.
5.4.2 For convenience, a blank table is provided in Appendix B. This table can be used to
brief the surveyor on the VSS parameters to be the surveyed.

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6 Reporting of existing or potential obstacles

6.1 When to report

6.1.1 Any existing or potential penetration of the VSS needs to be reported to the instrument
flight procedure designer.

6.2 Managing a VSS penetration

6.2.1 If a penetrating obstacle can be readily addressed by either the aerodrome operator,
relevant planning authority or responsible person (i.e. development application rejected
or the obstacle removed from the VSS), the instrument flight procedure should no
longer be affected.
6.2.2 If the obstacle cannot be readily addressed, depending on the nature and extent of the
penetration, the instrument approach procedure may need to be redesigned or
adjusted. The Part 173 procedure designer, who is responsible for the instrument flight
procedure, will need to advise the aerodrome operator accordingly.
6.2.3 In consultation with CASA, an aeronautical assessment related to the continued safety
of the instrument flight procedure may also need to be conducted as appropriate by:
− the instrument flight procedure designer
− the aerodrome operator
and/or
− the owner/proponent of the obstacle.
6.2.4 If the obstacle presents an unacceptable risk and the obstacle cannot be addressed or
the procedure amended, the instrument flight procedure may then need to be withdrawn
by the designer.

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Appendix A

Optional VSS compliance checklist

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Table 3: VSS checklist for an aerodrome operator

ITEM CHECKED NOTES

Does the aerodrome have

an instrument flight
procedure for an instrument
runway?

If yes, have the VSS

parameters been obtained
from the procedure
designer?

Has the person responsible

for monitoring been briefed
in the VSS parameters?

Has the initial VSS been

checked and is subject to
routine monitoring?

Is the VSS infringed by an

obstacle(s)?

If yes, has the instrument

flight procedure designer
been informed of the
obstacles penetrating the
VSS?

If yes, did the instrument

flight procedure designer
advise of any impact to the
procedure?

Are procedures in place to

monitor the VSS for
penetrations from future
obstacles?

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Appendix B

VSS parameters template: for monitoring or

survey

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 VISUAL SEGMENT SURFACE: MONITORING
REQUIREMENTS AND THE REPORTING OF OBSTACLES

VSS PARAMETERS
Table 4: Aerodrome details

Aerodrome details:

Name of aerodrome:

ICAO identifier (Y_ _ _ ):

Aerodrome operator:

Runway designation:

Type of instrument flight procedure:

Table 5: VSS parameters

VSS Parameters: Value

Inner edge (metres):

Start point from threshold (metres):

Divergence - Left (percent / degrees):

Divergence - Right (percent / degrees):

End point from threshold (metres):

Height of end point above threshold elevation

(feet / meters):

Nominal descent gradient (degrees):

Surface gradient (degrees):

PLEASE PROVIDE THIS SHEET TO THE AERODROME OPERATOR FOR MONITORING

PURPOSES OR PRIOR TO ANY SURVEY ACTIVITY BEING CONDUCTED.

EACH VSS SHOULD BE COMPLETED ON A SEPARATE SHEET.

AC 139-21 v1.0 August 2015 Page 26