ELT2035 Signals & Systems

Lecture 5: Quizzes

Hoang Gia Hung

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications
University of Engineering and Technology, VNU Hanoi
 Last lectures recap
❑ Time domain representations of LTI systems
➢ Differential or difference equations
➢ Impulse response
➢ Block diagram (direct form I/II)
➢ State space
❑ System analysis
➢ Solving differential or difference equations
➢ Convolution of the input & the impulse response
➢ Derivation of system properties from impulse response
❑ Transformations between representations
➢ Difference equation ↔ block diagram
➢ Block diagram ↔ state space representation
➢ Similarity transformation
❑ Today: system exercises.
 Exercise 1
If an LTI system has the response y1[n] to the input x1[n], what would its
responses be to x2[n] and x3[n]?

2
1 1

-1 0 1 2 3 4

-1 0 1 2 3 4
 Exercise 2
A particular discrete-time linear (but possibly not time-invariant) system has
the responses y1:3[n] to the inputs x1:3[n]. What is y[n] if the input is x[n]?

3 3
As 𝑥 𝑛 = 3𝑥1 𝑛 − 2𝑥2 𝑛 + 2𝑥3 𝑛 , 2
due to linearity:
𝑦 𝑛 = 3𝑦1 𝑛 − 2𝑦2 𝑛 + 2𝑦3 𝑛 1
0 4
-1 1 2 3

-4
 Exercise 3
Below table contains the input-output relations for several systems, where
x(t) or x[n] is the input. Indicate whether the property along the top row
applies to each system (answering yes/no, do not mark the shaded boxes).

✓ ✓  ✓
✓   ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ 

 ✓ ✓ ✓ 
✓ ✓
 
 Exercise 4
a. Compute the impulse response of a system described by 𝑦 𝑛 =
2𝑥 𝑛 − 1 − 4𝑥[𝑛 − 3]
b. Find the impulse response of a system specified by the equation
𝐷 2 + 4𝐷 + 3 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝐷 + 5 𝑥(𝑡)
SOLUTION
2, 𝑛 = 1
a. ℎ 𝑛 = 2𝛿 𝑛 − 1 − 4𝛿 𝑛 − 3 ⟹ ℎ[𝑛] = ቐ −4, 𝑛 = 3
0, 𝑛 ∉ 1,3
b. Characteristic equation: 𝜆2 + 4𝜆 + 3 = 0 ⟹ 𝜆1 = −1, 𝜆2 = −3
𝑦𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑡
1 1
Set 𝑦𝑛 0 = 0 and 𝑦ሶ𝑛 0 = 1, we obtain 𝑐1 = , 𝑐2 = − ⟹ 𝑦𝑛 𝑡 =
2 2
1
𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 . Since bn=0, thus
2
ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑃 𝐷 𝑦𝑛 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐷 + 5 𝑦𝑛 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡).
Hence ℎ 𝑡 = 2𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
 Exercise 5
Find 𝑓 𝑘 ∗ 𝑔[𝑘], with 𝑓 𝑘 , 𝑔[𝑘] are depicted below.

SOLUTION
 Exercise 6
Determine the continuous-time convolution of x(t) and h(t)

SOLUTION
∞ ∞

𝑦 𝑡 = න 𝑥 𝜏 𝛿 𝑡 − 2 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = න 𝑥 𝑡 − 2 𝛿 𝑡 − 2 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑥(𝑡 − 2)
−∞ −∞
 Exercise 7
Find [sin 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)] ∗ 𝑢(𝑡).
SOLUTION
By definition:
𝑡
[sin 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)] ∗ 𝑢(𝑡) = ‫׬‬−∞ sin 𝜏 𝑢 𝜏 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 (1).
Since 𝑢 𝜏 = 0 ∀𝜏 < 0, (1) becomes
𝑡
[sin 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)] ∗ 𝑢(𝑡) = ‫׬‬0 sin 𝜏 𝑢 𝜏 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑢(𝑡) (2).
Because 𝑢 𝜏 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝜏 = 1 ∀𝜏 ∈ [0, 𝑡], (2) becomes
𝑡
[sin 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)] ∗ 𝑢(𝑡) = ‫׬‬0 sin 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑢(𝑡) = 1 − cos 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡).
 Exercise 8
1
If 𝑓 𝑡 ∗ 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑐(𝑡), then show that 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑐(𝑎𝑡) with 𝑎 ≠ 0.
𝑎

SOLUTION
By definition:
∞ ∞
𝑓 𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑓 𝑎𝜏 𝑔 𝑎 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑓 𝑎𝜏 𝑔(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝜏)𝑑𝜏 (1)
Perform the variable change: 𝑥 = 𝑎𝜏 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑑𝜏, (1) becomes
1 ∞
න 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎>0
𝑎 −∞
𝑓 𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑔(𝑎𝑡) =
1 −∞
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎<0
𝑎 ∞
1
Hence 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝑔(𝑎𝑡) = 𝑐(𝑎𝑡), 𝑎 ≠ 0.
𝑎
Remarks: If both signals are time-scaled by 𝑎, their convolution is also time-
1
scaled by 𝑎 (and multiplied by 𝑎 ) → time-scaling property of convolution.
 Exercise 9
Given two LTI systems with impulse responses ℎ1 (𝑡) and ℎ2 (𝑡). Find the
impulse responses for the equivalent systems in below configurations.

h=?

h=?
 Exercise 10
Find the combined impulse response of the LTI system in the below Figure.
Recall that 𝑥 𝑡 ∗ ℎ 𝑡 ∗ ℎ−1 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡).

SOLUTION
We have a total system response of
ℎ = ℎ1 ∗ ℎ2 + ℎ2 ∗ ℎ2 − ℎ2 ∗ ℎ1 ∗ ℎ1 + ℎ1−1 ∗ ℎ2−1
After some simple manipulation, we arrive at
ℎ = ℎ2 ∗ ℎ1 + ℎ1−1 ∗ ℎ2−1
 Exercise 11
Determine the state-variable description corresponding to the following
block diagram. The choice of state variables is indicated on the diagram.

SOLUTION
2 −1 1
𝐴= ,𝑏 = ,
1 0 0
𝑐 = 3 1 ,𝐷 = 0 .
 Exercise 12
Consider the system in the given
block diagram. If we define new
states as 𝑞1′ 𝑡 = 𝑞1 𝑡 − 𝑞2 𝑡 and
𝑞2′ 𝑡 = 2𝑞1 𝑡 , find the new state
variable description and draw its
corresponding block diagram.

SOLUTION
𝛼1 0 𝑏
➢ The description with state variable 𝑞1 𝑡 , 𝑞2 𝑡 is 𝑨 = ,𝒃 = 1 ,𝒄 =
0 𝛼2 𝑏2
𝑐1 𝑐2 , 𝐷 = [0].
1 −1 0 1Τ2
➢ Similarity transformation 𝑻 = ⟹ 𝑻−1 = .
2 0 −1 1 Τ2
𝛼1 −𝛼2
𝛼
➢ The new state variable description is: 𝑨′ = 𝑻𝑨𝑻−1 = 2 2 , 𝒃′ = 𝑻𝒃 =
0 𝛼1
𝑏1 − 𝑏2 ′ 𝑐1 +𝑐2
, 𝒄 = 𝒄𝑻−1 = −𝑐2 , 𝐷′ = 𝐷 = [0]
2𝑏1 2
Exercise 12

𝛼2

0.5(𝛼1 − 𝛼2 )

𝛼1