MAGNETISM • Poles- ends of the magnets.

• Around 1000 BC, shepherds and dairy farmers near • Magnetic lines of induction- the imaginary magnetic
the village of Magnesia (what is now Western Turkey) field lines.
discovered magnetite, an oxide of iron (Fe3O4).
Any charged particle in motion creates a magnetic
• Magnetism is a fundamental property of some field
forms of matter. Ancient observers knew that
lodestones would attract iron filings MAGNETISM

1. Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole.

 This rod like stone would rotate back and forth 2. Like poles repel; unlike poles attract.
when suspended by a string. When it came to rest
on the string, it supposedly pointed the way to
M1 M 2
3. Gauss’s law: F=k 2
water. It is called a lodestone or leading stone. d
• Magnetite was also used as a compass by ancient
people
MAGNETISM is one of the fundamental forces.
• From any spot-on Earth, magnetite pointed toward
▪ Materials that have the ability to attract iron are
the North Pole and following the lodestone north
classified as having a strong magnetic force.
would lead to water
▪ To understand magnetism, it is important to return
to atomic structure for a detailed examination of the
LODESTON effects of particle movement around the nucleus.

• A lodestone is a naturally magnetized piece of the

mineral magnetite.
 In the case of the negatively charged electrons
• They are naturally occurring magnets that can orbiting the nucleus of an atom, the closed loop of
attract iron in lodestones. the orbit cancels all but the field that is
perpendicular to the plane of the motion.
• The property of magnetism was first discovered
 This perpendicular magnetic force is called orbital
antiquity through
magnetic moment.
• Lodestone is easily identified because it is usually
covered with small particles of magnetite and other Magnetic field created by a charged particle in
magnetic minerals motion. The movement of a charged particle creates
a magnetic field perpendicular to the motion of the
particle.
MAGNETISM is perhaps more difficult to understand
than other characteristic properties of matter, such as
▪ A magnetic effect is also established by electrons
mass, energy, and electric charge, because magnetism
spinning on their axes. The effect created by the
is difficult to detect and measure. We can feel mass,
movement of these electrons is magnetic moment
visualize energy, and be shocked by electricity, but we
called spin
cannot sense magnetism
▪ The disruption of this axial spinning and the energy
MAGNETISM
released as it reorients itself are the physical basis
• A fundamental property of some forms of matter. that permits magnetic resonance imaging.

• The polarization of a material.

• Difficult to understand, detect, and measure. Two different vectors are in use to represent a
magnetic field: one called magnetic flux density, or
• Magnet- any material that produce magnetic field. magnetic induction, is symbolized by B ; the other,
called the magnetic field strength, or magnetic field
• Bipolar/Dipolar- magnets that have two poles.
intensity, is symbolized by H .
 north to south outside a magnet and from south
to north within a magnet.
▪ Atoms having a significant number of electrons with
Note: It is important to remember that lines of
their magnetic moments in the same direction,
force never intersect. In some cases they are
especially when the outer shells are involved, will
described as being parallel.
exhibit a net magnetic field in a distinct direction.

▪ Groups of atoms with this net magnetic field are The concept of magnetism:
known as magnetic dipoles or magnetic domains. (A) The spinning of an individual electron is the
spin magnetic movement, and the magnetic
field created by the spin is the orbital magnetic
DOMAIN THEORY OF MAGNETISM moment (heavy arrows). Groups of atoms with
most of the magnetic moment force in a single
 It has been theorized that 1015 direction form a magnetic dipole or domain.
(1,000,000,000,000,000 or 1 million billion) atoms (B) When the magnetic dipoles or domains
make up a single dipole. are in a predominant direction, a
 This is not a standard number, as it has been magnet is formed with an external
shown that dipoles vary in size and actually grow magnetic field.
or shrink, depending on local conditions. (C) When the magnetic dipoles or domains are
not in predominant direction, the object is not
In nonmagnetic objects the magnetic dipoles are magnetized.
randomly arranged, essentially cancelling out each other.
▪ The stronger the magnetic field, the greater
the number of lines of flux or the greater the
If an external force field has the time or strength to orient
flux density.
enough of the dipoles in the same direction and/or cause
▪ Flux density is determined both by field
those dipoles to grow in size, the object exhibits a
strength and by the area in which the lines of
uniformly strong magnetic field and is referred to as a
flux are located;
MAGNET.
field strength
Magnetic flux=
area
▪ The force fields that are created when magnetic
dipoles orient to create a magnet are called lines of ▪ There are two primary units used to measure
force, lines of flux, or the magnetic field. the strength of magnetic fields.
▪ The SI unit for magnetic flux is the Weber,
▪ These lines of force flow not only through the represented by the symbol Wb (for the German
magnet itself but outside the magnetic material, physicist Wilhelm Weber [1804–1891], who
forming a three dimensional field surrounding the proposed the basic theory of magnetism).
magnet. ▪ 1 Wb = 108 lines of flux.
Note: The stronger the magnetic field, the more lines ▪ The units for magnetic flux density are the
of flux. tesla, represented by the symbol T (for the
American physicist Nikola Tesla [1857 1943]),
A magnet is an object that produces a magnetic field and the gauss, represented by the symbol G (for
around itself. the German mathematician Johann Gauss
[1777–1855].
▪ 1 tesla = 10,000 gauss.
MAGNETIC FIELD of a charged particle such as an ▪ 1 T = 1Wb/ m2, or 1 Wb per square
electron in motion is perpendicular to the motion of meter.
that particle.

Note: Any charged particle in motion creates a

Magnetism has NO smallest unit.
magnetic field.

o The ends of a magnet are defined as the north

and south poles; lines of force always flow from
A spinning charged particle will induce a
magnetic field along the axis of spin.
 • If the electron’s motion is a closed loop, as with an Magnetic Permeability is the ability of a material to
electron circling the nucleus, magnetic field lines will attract the lines of magnetic field intensity.
be perpendicular to the plane of motion.

• Electrons behave as if they rotate on an axis

THREE (3) TYPES OF MAGNETS:
clockwise or counterclockwise. This rotation creates a
property called electron spin. 1.Naturally occurring magnets –Earth and Lodestone
Note: ELECTRON SPINS CREATES MAGNETIC FIELDS 2.Artificially induced permanent magnet –available
in many sizes and shapes but principally as bar or
THE LINES OF MAGNETIC FIELD ARE ALWAYS CLOSED
horseshoe-shaped magnets, usually made of iron.
LOOPS
Example the compass, such permanent magnets do
not necessarily stay permanent. One can destroy the
magnetic property of magnet by heating or hitting it
• Spinning electric charges also induce a magnetic
with a hammer.
field.
3.Electromagnets –consist of wire wrapped around
• The proton of a hydrogen nucleus spin on its axis
an iron core. When an electric current is conducted
and creates a nuclear magnetic dipole called a
through the wire, a magnetic field is created.
magnetic moment.

• This forms the basis of MRI.

Note: Magnets are classified according to the origin of
the magnetic property
o When a charged particle moves in a circular or
elliptical path, the perpendicular magnetic field
moves with the charged particle. ▪ Permeability is the ease with which a material can
be magnetized, whereas
o The lines of a magnetic field do not start or end
retentivity is the ability of a material to stay
as the lines of an electric field do. Such a field is
magnetized.
called bipolar/dipolar; it always has a north and
a south pole. The small magnet created by the ▪ These two factors are inversely proportional
electron orbit is called a magnetic dipole. because if it is difficult to orient the dipoles (low
permeability), it is also difficult to disorient them (high
o An accumulation of many atomic magnets with retentivity).
their dipoles aligned creates a magnetic domain.

o If all the magnetic domains in an object are

aligned, it acts like a magnet.

o Under normal circumstance, magnetic domains

are randomly distributed.

What are Magnetic Domains?

Magnetic substances like iron, cobalt, and nickel

are composed of small areas where the groups of
atoms are aligned like the poles of the magnet.
These regions are called domains. All of the
domains of a magnetic substance tend to align
themselves in the same direction when placed in
a magnetic field. These domains are typically
composed of billions of atoms.
 If a magnet is placed on a surface with small iron
filings, the filings attach most strongly and with
greater concentration to the ends of the magnet.

 These ends are called poles, and every magnet

has two poles, a north pole and a south pole,
analogous to positive and negative electrostatic
charges.

 As with electric charges, like magnetic poles

repel, and unlike magnetic poles attract.

 Also by convention, the imaginary lines of the

magnetic field leave the north pole of a magnet
and return to the south pole.

MAGNETIC INDUCTION
▪ Just as an electrostatic charge can be induced
from one material to another, so some materials
can be made magnetic by
induction.
▪ The imaginary magnetic field
lines just described are called
magnetic lines of induction,
and the density of these lines is
proportional to
the intensity of the magnetic field.

This principle is used with many MRI

systems that use an iron magnetic
shield to reduce the level of the fringe
magnetic field.

Ferromagnetic material acts as a

magnetic sink by drawing the lines of
the magnetic field into it.
 1. Repulsion-attraction. Like poles repel; unlike poles
attract. In addition, like lines of force repel and unlike
lines of force attract, when placed within each other’s
force fields.

2. The inverse square law. The force between two

magnetic fields is directly proportional to the product
The electric and magnetic forces were joined by of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the
Maxwell’s field theory of electromagnetic radiation: square of the distance between them. Exactly as with
 The force created by a magnetic field and the electrostatics, as an object gets further away, the
force of the electric field behave similarly. influencing field decreases because of the increased
 This magnetic force is similar to electrostatic area it affects.
and gravitational forces that also are 3. Magnetic poles- Every magnet has two poles, a
inversely proportional to the square of the north and a south, as discussed earlier. No matter
distance between the objects under how much a magnet is divided, even into individual
consideration. moving electrons, both poles continue to exist.
 If the distance between two bar magnets is
halved, the magnetic force increases by four
times

The Earth behaves as though it has a

large bar magnet embedded in it.

 As one travels toward the North Pole, the

attraction of the compass becomes more
intense until the compass needle points
directly into the Earth, not at the geographic
North Pole but at a region in northern
Canada -the magnetic pole.
 The magnetic pole in the southern
hemisphere is in Antarctica. There, the north
end of the compass would point toward the
sky.

The use of a compass might suggest that the Earth has

a strong magnetic field, but it does not.

▪ The Earth’s magnetic field is:

▪ At the equator = 50 μT

▪ At the poles = 100 μT

This is far less than the magnet on a cabinet door

latch, which is approximately 100 mT, or the magnet
of an MRI system, which is 3 T .

The laws governing magnetism are similar to the laws

of electrostatics. However, only three are of
importance for this text: