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GRAVITATION

Newton's universal law of gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Some consequences of this law include the force binding us to Earth, the motion of the moon around Earth and Earth around the sun, and ocean tides. Gravity causes all objects to accelerate at around 9.8 m/s2 near Earth's surface, though the exact value, known as g, varies slightly based on location. While gravity is responsible for weight, mass is an intrinsic property of objects that does not change location.

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99 views3 pages

GRAVITATION

Newton's universal law of gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Some consequences of this law include the force binding us to Earth, the motion of the moon around Earth and Earth around the sun, and ocean tides. Gravity causes all objects to accelerate at around 9.8 m/s2 near Earth's surface, though the exact value, known as g, varies slightly based on location. While gravity is responsible for weight, mass is an intrinsic property of objects that does not change location.

Uploaded by

vaniak01028
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Grade:9 Gravitation-notes Sub: Physics

Every object in this universe attracts every other object with a force called gravitational force.
NEWTON’S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
Every mass in this universe attracts every other mass with a force which is directly proportional to the product
of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Let m1 and m2 be the masses of the two objects separated by a distance d, then force of attraction F between
them

where G is the constant of proportionality and is called the universal gravitation constant.
Value of G is 6.673 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2.
Importance of universal law of gravitation
(i) The force that binds us to the earth.
(ii) The motion of moon around the earth.
(iii) The motion of earth around the sun.
(iv) The tides due to moon and the sun.
Free Fall
When an object moves under the influence of gravitational force only, it is known as free fall.
During free fall the magnitude of velocity changes.
Acceleration due to gravity
Acceleration due to gravity can be defined as the rate at which the velocity of a freely falling body changes. It is
represented by ‘g’.
Value of ‘g’ on the surface of earth
Difference between G (Gravitational constant) and g (Acceleration due to gravity)

Gravitation Constant (G). Acceleration due to gravity(g)


1. Its value is 6.6734 × 10-11 Nm2/kg2. 1. Its value is 9.8 m/s2.
2. Its value remains constant always and everywhere. 2. Its value varies at various places.
3. Its unit is Nm2/kg2. 3. Its unit is m/s2.
4. It is a scalar quantity. 4. It is a vector quantity.
Distinguish between Mass and Weight

Weight of the Object on Moon

• The mass of the moon is less than the mass of the earth. So, the moon exerts lesser force on the
objects than the earth.
• The weight of an object on the moon is one sixth (1/6th) of its weight on the earth.
g is slightly more at the poles than at the equator
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth is g = GM/r2, where r is the radius of the earth, M the mass
of the earth and G the universal gravitational constant. Hence g depends on the radius of the earth.
The earth is not a perfect sphere. It is flattened at the poles and bulged at the equator. So, the polar radius is
smaller than the equatorial radius. Hence g is slightly more at the poles than at the equator.
Weight of an object is more at poles than at the equator
Weight of an object w=mg where m is the mass of the object and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Hence
weight of an object depends on the acceleration due to gravity (g) at that point.
Acceleration due to gravity (g) is more at the poles than at the equator. Hence, weight of an object is more at
poles than at the equator.
Thrust and Pressure
Thrust: The force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface is called thrust.
Pressure: The effect of thrust per unit area is called pressure.
Force (F)
Pressure (P) = Area (A)

SI unit of pressure is pascal denoted by ‘Pa’.


Factors on which pressure depends
Pressure depends on two factors:
(i) Force applied. (ii) Area of surface over which force acts
Examples:
• The base of high buildings is made wider so that weight of walls act over a large surface area and pressure is
less.
• The blades of knives are made sharp so that the force is applied on small area, it produces large pressure
and cuts the object easily.
Buoyant force
The upward force experienced by an object when it is immersed into a fluid is called buoyant force.
Density
The mass per unit volume is called density of an object.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑔
Density = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 SI unit of density is 𝑚3

Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes’ Principle states that, when a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an
upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
Applications of Archimedes’ Principle:
(i) It is used in determining relative density of substances.
(ii) It is used in designing ships and submarines.
(iii) Hydrometers and lactometers are made on this principle.

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