CIRCUITS _AND SYSTEMS Certo) . _Signaly &_ Systeme oh + Si — Signal: Signalg anc dependent yaniable which depends Upor independent Naniable Fle) = Glo, tea, - 27%) 4 multivaldaele 5 = glen) > gingle variable ag signal : and => aignalg always vanieg “rath Hine canniek informavon fel combination oF _sygtem$ at if 8 meaning yantous corn ponent and devicep: or Sarl 5 RAgh: Syetern eAgnad —s for a aystern fo Vote. to > Tro typet of aignals = ry Coninos® Time Signal (cts) wy Aigorete Time signal Lets) Ls & gignad which vB _ defined at discrete Antennal ime a signal yahich if inekant ok me > Uniformly zarmepled gignal $ ot; Aigercte Lime aiqnals Bh] pled pignal © gg Mme Bgnake ane wie provide aignal defined ak ancny 3g Mime intenvad AaMe > Noa- vaifoeraly gam jnteswal OF digercte, Une noe game . > eq oa ers> CTS — opanationg + — \) Addition cvs — + BAAD ay 21_ ») A) = KiE)* ath Outpud — al 2 oe x) <1 KAD AD Salts) K22)el ss 2 sy ve xt) € ast x)= -2 alt ase 3 + Xp\¥)> Sealing of signal _p Time gealling of signa) Amplitude zcaling of 1D Jime scaling ~ signal Time: S alt) Treating? yd) = ake ty eto (ay Cagels tl sa xe oo 10 (1) egy 6 ays \o ee - x lo)2 2,420 , yi) = 210) a 6 LA>e AWE 2 EE) +2) (2) : Time , | . paling [| competion, ot | et 2D SP % agu constant Time galing — magnitude iz coy Cage 22 (XLS) oe [1] ~{oh e-q~ | Time gcaling 8 — expansion . yime Ply mes 3 x “Legnal a zt > 2) Amplitude gcaling— _drglitede Qiey = pale), PFO xe) Zang 4 P \@ cagel: Bro x18) aes 4 a mnplinica tor » 2 * 7— eo Pgs » by care Pp a) s as, - pro st = 2 4 shiting of #°¢ 2a} . Time w) wt) —erng? * aw 1 L TS > Amplitude shifting _ wtt) BS, yy = alt) xaWek - “\ ct, ar — dy “4 —s 4 ‘3 pe Time chigiing L, amplitude Fang alr) gle) = RUE) bp =X lbs2) = 2, . YW? )= xtg ~> packviand/ ert shifting t+ signal ya= xUe2) KW 2ime Revehgas —_ | CB > Revengai ol signal LL Arngliude Revensal Yime vevehsal -> apedal case of time AcE G TS («=~») BUD SS gl) 2 aletd = xb) AED . ~ an ZL» folding of oes ° me ee SS ok en *itaa ~|1 ++ © gone \ ® yoaxia | rrrey Inhen } 2-2 image _fimptitude_sealing — elk) ° ba Sat > gelding of : Riqaal along | K-Bxid GAN) ——> ye) = ex tnte’ © a Caived signad) - ae &) ; 1 LI L D> R 4) Amplitude scaling A > x\Xy- 4 2) Amplitude vevengal 21-4) | 3) Time shitting x|-+- hoy | 4) Time sealing ik . to i y Tine FENG xe de) | ) ARETE Aging Note - Amplitude eating & chifting can be dome then ak begining: of at end, _froblem_ Method = 4 AAt+2) ty me) , Tt shige oq on “4 ° a KL2A+3) | x eating_Method=2 7. shifting should } -axit Method -3 yu) \ dh) Lone 2) _Metbod-1 wit) always done \ subtracted u a n 4 divided bye ayhd 1 et | =e oo \ yl = xl-2t+3) subbacted“even Function’ And odd functions Nagy continous Vine fonolion consiat of Kolb) -& Exen func 94 the function it eymmetical atbout yaig, the function ig called even function (olding | Tne Revanrgal | Reflection) afer peerming these openationg . Tf function HemMaing wy), then it 8 even function nclty) ER at-ry if Kes ack) = even function Ad Se wey odd funclion = x)= ~ X\r4) ait) > Sf any odd function ve Thene, tk atnays pastes Hrough oxi gin — Fivg: value cf odd functiong ane always Zeno > Avg. value of even funclion may ow may mot be ©. Lomponents _of function ) even component (xetss) WN) Odd component (aot) Lt) > tel4)+ Xolt) —— 4 KAY = Kel-t) + ols) L\-t)= elk — WAY ——WAdding vy & WW oo \ 2Ke\A) xvas elt) 5 kel) x) aly) > : Kole) = UY = EEE) * m4) UE) odd _PropenHek of Even 2 Odd gi aalg 31) 04] 2023 penser en _ 2d signals 7? OC value gsignalf ane aluayz an even eignal gignal + even rignal = 1044? even sign > vc 3 even Aignal + even signal even gigna > Odd gignal + odd aignal - odd riqna) > Odd signal + even aignal = neithen ever aot odd 02) uO ; ° . Cqemenal £iq > DC pignal+ odd signal > qenenal iqnal > ORE = odd >a OaoxnO => even > EK E ~ even > 2 even = odd ol al— even gignad 7 meithen even nor a ———>+ odd evarts Btep signal (ule) ak tse 2 mot defined Be xlts cost a gint + sint. cozt > neitheh even not Ket) = cosh —sint - sint cost oda elt) = lA) * wb) 2 = Boorse = cost e Kolt) = alt) xb 2 = Bint + sint.cost g. an) = teim- 3 a Boost ~cokt = Sik 4 Sint © tsiats Exo = 0 ® 5 oxy = ox? 0 sink e @ sta oxe = 0 | ® coft . GA OBE TE Ween ec J2) -a(-4) r-* a4 oop See ~2 ~ a 2 “4 4 Xolt)f | 4 ways Vo, kro ©, 140 lt) ZOd= tate) a > oF signal HH 2Wd= + a) > ula changes progeny + xa) = Sint alt) 7 ath) i sink alt) > sink = sind-olt) mee) = -sind at)xe) Axe 2 3% \ Ht Peniodic & _apeniodic _ signals Ly fun damenday xt) = elt = nTo) ,neZ ov, Reon < . ode 1 bet fundamental = of Bqnal v3 pesod Lime peatedle tne signal hag to be defined w.-2nto 5 2m _ from 40 te TI fond. angular 4 25 = mtb-2)) 3 ETP eahg ~~ “IAD -a — % % for gignal to be peniodi< ie has te PS pervodic for eveny tntegaal value a 3 _— wit) 10 1 ~ 200 10 4° ie gignal _ tifgiqnalz ahe eniodsia etqnalz 4 P 4 ft a > ve > all) 3 aperiodic ignat Ones Bn vad any = 360° nad. = 180° tevad. © 180) WT @. Find the fundamental peniod of KU) = A, eteFe = mnon- composite fiqnale HU) = xlbrte) Bee twoet _ gy eiwelt te) Paes, ete dwor eiwote 1s elmore -©® dea stat o3*® 2 cones 4 SINK tek R= ANKE eink = cogl2nk) + 4 inl 42nt) etek A an@®- eter® . etwete Kot fa sec ¢ woh Wo fo ~ Wo ye anYe: a de Effect of time _ehi {ting 4 Hime ‘fodl23 | scaling on FTP — py a)= sfadnt xilt) = sinenGre) = sin(@ats> an) Wo 2p | To? lsec | gn me shifting, FTP nemain same (rTP if independent of me chifing | NW) wok) = sinlenlet)) = sin4nt wor 470 To: 2n . fe =) 8" Bo” Zoe ET Cette ig not independent of Hime soaling J xt) > To nok) 2 Te \a\ IN) Fundamental Hme ported (4 independent of Hme snevengal wn) ETP fF independent of phage shifing H_tljeck of amplitude on FTP — y xlt) = sio2n’ Kilt) ES. sindnt +k Amelitude shifting doesnot effect ETP ") xs)y= Kstnent Independent ol amplitude gcaling ~~ ") Gndependent of amplitude even gale_Conjugate symmeby _& Conjugate cant symmetry . signals a ap mit) = xt) > Conjugate eymmmet, : ° rignalg Metric tf xe at(-t) > conjugate and zignale £Y mine, Leb xlt)= al)+ 7 6) 1 xeEt) = altyrg b(-t) miey* = alt)- 7bb-t) For conjugate symmetry a ali)+{ble) = Alt) — fbl-t) alt) = al-t) ~ even buy) = -bbt) = odd keg x) = cost +q4siok fon conjugate ank- symmetry gignal > aus ale)+ jbl) act) = AlLt+ Fele) xtyt = atty- fe-*) Habn*® = - abr) +qbls) xl) = = ety altys4blt) > -at-b) + 4bl-+) att) = -abt) 3 odd BMS BEN) 5 even e@g- als = sink sj cost > 9 a fund¥on xlt) a neither congugek Bymmechy mor Conjugake anki ey mney Gren it ig Cowie. hate ~ aU) LD Eg ~ BWC .AR-gca te AP Halp- wave wLE) = e.g * aly tea) 2 . Long © ely ~ 2by* = al) = stat + cost + qsing HES = sind s cost - qstar ALA = ~sint ycoake jsind xcost +4sink Ke.g ~ Sinks cost + {sink = sits 2 = Costs Fink Kegs = sint symmetrcal_gignal — ~a(e * &) AMER nok ~ haus ° wave gyramety“y | ) aperiodic Aignal Oty f “Ve |? tt u vie ° ole «4 Mo af joa = fedis rests) — ~The Te Si ,7 ? l Lim, = | joas ~ Jao | 2/0 im 4 Sim 2 Pox, fe 2 a A ° |[ Ao oly") We ui ; a‘ le mom sm \ j odas \ ea | —Te a Sin fle(Az -\)= SC a dim fe fe 3 Ae wae ¥ z > for any type ot signal uhekhen ib 6 periodic oF apeniodse , ame eri fling aocart effec ang: value of aiqnal Q fe, 3 fo — Tos we | os Whe Yew A \ odk + ee J30 TF = ~The os Sinn 4) ae 2 ay | wo HOLT“). flo 40 cera 2 > Gndependent of Hime — scaling:Q. Genenaliced — e- [ uo)’ feniodic & . fix ae aperiodic aignal “1 Poe Tv re | aunt a 3 padriodic vO aiqnad . whe . Pe is J \atwl' ds > apeniodic . Me eiqnal « = es (mode ° e . 2 a = Jodk + \atas * \od3 Se 2 = 39T =, Peo When signal hag enengy Bignad Avg powes of any ener gat signal iz 0 Enengy signal must be integrable aiqnal fintke enengy then it is Qnginikely convenging aiqnal tk energy etgned aye eu are > Baal aco ~~ azo > aot _ — eneh > nok aigqnad MENG aignodVe Pawg- 7 at Po—sin Ltoo+ > Time veveneal, phase thifting , Hime shifing , time seating ig independens ok ang, poweds > x oa wel) = iéLat 2 > mL) = batt) 5 neitheh omen Nor Power atgnal ~ axle) = : 2 Nethed enengy Nor power giqns) 7 ele) = Vy ar Noy powesds aignad > KY= tant 9 periodic ‘puk qeitheh ENERGY AsY Ppowss. 7 Bignal because % if Nor Cemwreen girly. > Sf at any instant of Mme, the magnitude meacheps to intinite then iy os meithen NENG Nor powers: signal > *M) = AS /2 LY) = (es A cinwot| ~ Mor, ww (ek ad = “2| Pe DY “ { > ale - Qe due fiqnals ane independent OL atheos they ane ortho gonal Blanaly a they dot produick ik 0 @ ay \A.\= acoge L acoge 4 . Ta. 8 oe cae \a-bl #o j alt) malt) dt =0 3 orthogonal ~2 Shosle > for dicevete Hime af nals , 7 Pe tim A = Nao “onal < = (t3)* 7 N= M0. ~ . E= 5 xf{ny’ Ne-0 acl ott) S alt) = t alt) = vl) aM > Remp fun ckion 2 a 3 9f value approaches fot tang: b = 44 = lope then VA ie unit vamp a 7% 5 aT) vla. ult) =a) = alt) SB (v4) > oh ‘ a” ) ) ~ Jew) > vl) ait) ) 7 a? : xlt)= 3 ath) - 3x2) +37 1 1 “ge we 1 ‘a + OS #) = galt) - Salt os a ull D Zza) Impulse funckion J rae functor delta oe * & ot da) ce Bt © beo > Seteybest always) 0 - FO oe ° © ot e -o a [surat ewan « | swans Moat * “ - on | > divax detta] | impube a) * 504) > ety g(t) = %LE) alt) sink ee ti) = 2 | _ ays gint sl) =6 £ 1SYSTEMS S)oo|29 aisha t exdtation {sem ya) (wep ponze) 4p Stale Siptem and Dynamic Systerns fp Causal and ant causal systems 4b Time invariant and time variant systans 4 tfnean and Non-Linean aypsterm df Inventible and mon-inventible Systems af Stable and mon- stable ayetems Static and Dynamic Systema 1— V ourpud LG depends on Out uy depends on en : ; ra © pres inpak Ropu past & fs awe) ————> yi) yl) ——>_ lb) elt) ——oyptem }— yi) = xl) ql uw time acading —> a te 4 yur = xb) > static aystem funciona yl2a > el aytem yh xLas2) qe) x2) > dynamic system yl Kee? yar > co“k £UE) x Amplitude Atifiing 9 7 g acaling 5 gay 9 dynanic astern ad 3 prac Aystem yl yu > Jat dt 7> The system vahich ym Cawal and _non- camsal_ Systeme 2 - if independent - \ | fubure "value ig called — casual Ayer, 22> The Aystem which depends ON PreZem cov past oy fakuhe oY combinadion - both te _eatle ak amy twatant oh Kone is called mon- cawal System which only depends on fubtre values ane called — anti-causal Aystemg "@Q. ge) = x(St) non- causay yl) = (xls) J4eo ) RL=1) - 40 ~ Gausad yk = sto ley XUAN) 5 canal = a QW = te > REP- causal We)= xsint 3 camay yl = xe lta) 3 canal gh) =e att) comal + qos f xte diz) > camal ad yl) - ++! _ j KIT) dit) ~ mon-caimad so x T yl) = J X180) dte) + aen- casual tTime vaniank and time invariant vanie& with ffime 7 wit) — (ye T-) [meamy —, gyle-te) wt to) —> [system] 9) i acy. gimme snes 4 ayer ‘ 7 Ylt-to) = time vanart Byskee4 nl Hay! 24) yi > K120) qu ye) = xan 246) ai) —— Levee | alt) 38-9 elite) ——s [sytem |—> xl2r-bey | qlence, yctem ig time yaniant > for Wome pealing, the Aystomn becomes time variant a yt) 24 ult) git) —Sytte, ylt) = 24xlt) qi) a pa xlb-be) me xe) X\e-bo) —> [Systern| > a» a 9) invariant went: aystont we me » the gyshbem becomes > fox Amptikude gcaking yime — iqvaniant ) Spsit signalp ane time variank Q. yi) = obs xt) = 2b ~ xt) xt) —— |System|— _ yl) yi wes 2(A-bo) + KEK) 2 ere yu xi) —e_, “L1b-be) —> aystem| —> 2% + xli-te) Hence, system (8 fime variant Time invaniact propanties, > No scaling > Amplitude shifting must be constant oF FO congtant > Gelficent musk be& yeh) = ob. alt) ~ HUA) ——» [syetem|— yt) = 2% sctay git) $85 qla-be) = 2Ub-bo). alta, Ne’ xr) te, ate bo) —> (system) _. a Hence, gygtum if me variant g- yuh) = 2¢ (sink) xt) —>|system|—oylo = xleind) yusy yle-be) = % (sine) "Penn mle) te _, xlt-te) > [eystemb xia. ty Rence gyetem ig Hime vaniant. linea» and Non- Linea Syren > 9 a aystom galistieg = the Jaw of fupenporitio® , the system if £aid to be Mnean sepenanivon, 7) law of fldditvity Ce of Hom ogenity Mt) —> levator |_ wy) vy ¥) Hsiit) lt els) et stem is AOS 8 Sipe | WY, yl Suey KA) — > |Syetem| at eI Kyu Kx) —_ 7 ‘ > \Syatecm] Sl) , = Kyl) > geen jaw of Homey MM> for zeno input system wis give zenro oukpat > near zygkem it independent ot Hme Beating > Noa effect of congtan® if iy ig Mnean . GQ. yt) = xlstnry x) ——> [eystem|] yl) = xlsint) UE) 5 [Eppes] ult) , = sil) #0) — ate) atv, = xatato) Qt) + Gelb) = a sint + xX siat role) + tl) ——> [Byptemj—_> asint> 42 Sint \ \, fellowk daw oOo” wo) Addatvity ASO exlnint) in the eyeber, alt) —> |Syetem we Kusine x\h) » (Syatem\— fexsint ww follows daw of Homogeneity Hence, he eyprorn ig Sncah. G- gly + x) w —on ACS eac cits mk) — [syetere |S Sotto) casts) —> [Byam EY aay EY —> aR Ds HED game g wx Nowe Lot we) 9 ee, [ke — kx Syskort leu) game % fcllowe law of Homogeneity ayprem ig Sineah Ka) ——? Hence - theg. yor 1H i + : mult) ——>|systern} PE 0) gts yaty p> #2 UD REY ul) ——> Tete De thle A) > [pater 8 OTD ok en colt) Glt) ——a (eyatorn SM > [ants wales} So, iy doeg Not Ferlove LoA Hence the system ik Non-JSineanr -7 stable and _Unetable System blog y _BIBO _ stability t— Bounded inpuk Bounded ou, BO “e Alpes > for evesuy Aet bounded Atable system input, oulpuk hould be bounded > Bounded inpub 3 Kode —, xl) > finite value > Bounded oulput 3 -weteo _, gua? finite. valye 7 DC gignal 3 bounded inpat yl = sin(xta)) Au S Beem} wt) = sin x(t) \o__[eyztemn} lt) = state’ Q. gle) = xl) a 2) Tepper} UU: AY ao unstable _ £ Qe y= ff Xte)-de us x(t) 22 “a boo “af ths 2 [2 +20} 2 unbounded = unstable Q. ylos xlW+2 = stable @ yids txlt) 9 unstable O ylt)= ew always bounded whether x) ig bounded oF 0. yw = aa 3 unstable unbounded