IOER INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 5, NO. 3, SEPT.

2023

OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR) APPLICATION FOR IMAGE

TO BRAILLE TYPEFACE CONVERSION
MICA SHAINE T. MAGHANOY1, MARJHUVYN B. LAPIRAS, LPT, MAST2, BRENT PAUL L.
MACASILHIG3, NAJMAIN KENNETH N. IMBIN4, MAURICE BON B. NAMION5
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5678-32221, https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-6154-30472, https://orcid.org/0009-
0001-9491-85383, https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5204-13780009-0005-5204-13784, https://orcid.org/0009-
0003-3684-1418
[email protected] , [email protected], [email protected],
1

[email protected], [email protected]
Mapúa Malayan Colleges Mindanao Davao City, Davao del Sur, Philippines1-5

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54476/ioer-imrj/651032

ABSTRACT

The quantitative research titled "Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Application for Image to
Braille Typeface Conversion" focuses on developing an application capable of converting text-
containing images into a braille PDF document, ready for printing. This initiative aims to benefit
students with visual impairments in the educational environment, offering them a valuable tool for
processing educational materials tailored to their specific needs. The project underwent
evaluation by 10 experts and 20 co-developers, assessing its functionality, responsiveness,
performance, and usability (user satisfaction). Data, collected through Microsoft Forms, were
analyzed using the mean score for each category. The results indicated that Product Functionality,
Product Responsiveness, and Product Performance all received mean scores corresponding to
the interpretation table's "Excellent" category (4.59, 4.52, and 4.51, respectively). Product
Usability (User Satisfaction) achieved a mean score of 4.46, categorized as "Good." Overall, the
application project received an impressive mean score of 4.52, denoting an "Excellent" rating.
This signifies that the application is highly acceptable, effectively fulfilling the intended functions
for end users.
Keywords: Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Braille, Typeface Conversion, Text Extraction,
Application

recognition for images, into the Braille typeface

system. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a
INTRODUCTION system that can read text from pictures, like those
Software like Omnipage Ultimate, which that are done to printed documents that require its
can scan paper documents and convert them into text extracted. To provide some context, Braille is
Word or PDF documents suitable for e-text or a tactile writing and reading system developed for
braille, are available to help the visually impaired the blind. According to Salah and Ranjith's (2015)
read printed text. Computer software like this is of study on issues in converting Malayalam text into
Braille, however, there aren't many educational
great apparency as it incorporates Optical
Character Recognition (OCR), which is text resources for the visually impaired written in
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MAGHANOY, M.S.T., LAPIRAS, M.B., MACASILHIG, B.P.L., IMBIN, N.K.N., NAMION, M.B.B., Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Application for Image to Braille Typeface Conversion, pp. 146 - 156
146
IOER INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 5, NO. 3, SEPT. 2023
Braille. Similar transliterating window-based visually impaired. As a result, RBI must use
systems have been successful in aiding to this this software manually to convert these textual
need, although the same research notes that they pieces to electronic view, and there are more and
still have some limitations, such as a small more pages to convert each year as students'
database and a scanning issue. While the OneStep course loads grow more complex (Weisser, 2023).
Reader application does possess the capability to Moreover, it's the slowest process, and it's what's
convert text to speech and text to braille, its limited led to problems like errors and low output.
accessibility arises from the absence of free trials In a similar context, much closer to home,
and a cost that falls outside the budgetary reach of students at SPED schools in Davao City that value
the majority of users (Paths to Literacy, 2022). an inclusive education have also mandated the use
Consequently, this capstone project is directed of this technology to convert texts into braille
toward developing a product that prioritizes typeface. However, as was reported by SunStar
inclusivity and usability for visually impaired Davao in an article, “PCs for Students” (2019), a
students. The objective is to create an accessible similar barrier was the lack of specialized literature
and more affordable alternative, positioning the for SPED lessons. Yet, it has been claimed that a
project as a viable and improved option for the student from Davao City who is partially deaf, and
broader user base. blind has been given a program that makes
In A Beginner's Guide to Access computers speak out loud the keys pressed, which
Technology for Blind Students (2018), the authors, could help with typing and, more crucially, note
who assessed assistive technology for visually- taking. Unfortunately, his school did not offer any
impaired students on a global scale, quoted the elective computer classes because its systems
International Braille and Technology Center for the were too outdated for him to make use of.
Blind (IBTC) in Maryland. They write those phones, To address the gaps of conventional systems, the
which increasingly resemble computers, are developers are striving to develop a mobile app
recognized as valid instruments for aiding students that can do readable-text extraction from photos
with visual impairments. However, it also covered and convert them into a braille typeface within a
mainstream devices, such as the iPhone, which is Word Document. Like other similar applications,
regarded in high favor is actually understandably this one seeks to implement an Optical Character
out of reach for certain people due to its high price. Recognition (OCR) system into an Android-
When it comes to raw power, though, android programming language Beta App. Uploading a
phones are on par with the iPhone—just without PDF document, taking a photograph from your
the same level of accessibility. phone or in real time through the app will now have
On a national initiative, however, the the text automatically extracted and converted to
Philippines' Resources for the Blind (RBI) has Braille using the font based on the USA Computer
adopted ABBYY FineReader, a piece of Optical Code, a system commonly used by embossers.
Character Recognition (OCR) software capable of The goal of this project is to create a smartphone
transforming scanned paper documents into app that uses optical character recognition (OCR)
editable digital versions that might subsequently be to scan readable text and transform it into
converted to Braille or audio format. Despite its electronic text or braille transcription using Braille
intended use to improve access to braille OCR software. This will allow the user to scan
textbooks, the nature of the software (computer) words in real time and have them translated into
means that it is not particularly user-friendly for the braille typeface on a document, which will be

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MAGHANOY, M.S.T., LAPIRAS, M.B., MACASILHIG, B.P.L., IMBIN, N.K.N., NAMION, M.B.B., Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Application for Image to Braille Typeface Conversion, pp. 146 - 156
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IOER INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 5, NO. 3, SEPT. 2023
incredibly beneficial to learners who will always ensuring that it always adjusts to users'
have access to their braille files on their phones in changing needs. Thus, this approach will allow
a convenient and inexpensive manner which may developers to continuously improve the app to
be brought to print for their personal use. provide visually impaired students with their
learning resources in a cost-effective and easily
accessible manner.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Under the context of this project, the
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) will be
The primary objectives of this research carried out utilizing the Waterfall Process.
study are twofold. Firstly, the goal is to design and According to Sherman (2015), the Waterfall
develop a prototype utilizing the Android Process is a formal process in which tasks are
programming language for a beta Optical broken down sequentially and progressively. In
Character Recognition (OCR) application. this process, tasks that are assigned first must
Secondly, the study aims to comprehensively test be accomplished by completing the set criteria
the Android programming language beta OCR given for that particular task before moving up to
application, focusing on its functionality, the next one to ensure the quality state of the
responsiveness, and performance. This evaluative product. Using this method will aid in the
process ensures a thorough examination of the progress of the project by reducing the likelihood
application's capabilities. Additionally, the study is of mistakes and making better use of the
dedicated to ensuring an acceptable level of available resources (time and money). Although
usability for the end-users, emphasizing a user- the task should be specified in depth with
friendly and effective interface for optimal stringent criteria, the possibility of producing the
engagement with the developed OCR application. product effectively and of attracting users will
These objectives collectively guide the course of considerably increase.
the research, aiming to achieve a robust, efficient,
and user-centric OCR application on the Android
platform.

METHODOLOGY

The Developmental Evaluative Quantitative

Method Design will be employed over the course
of this research project. Patton (2012) describes
developmental evaluation (DE) as an organized
method of monitoring, analyzing, and providing Figure 1. The Waterfall Process Model
feedback on a project or program's growth.
Accordingly, using this approach, the developers The developers who are conducting this
will undergo an iterative and embedded study will use a simple random sampling method
evaluation to promote ongoing product learning in selecting the respondents. Using a simple
and adaptation (Developmental Evaluation, random sampling method, in which each subset of
2021). As such, by using a quantitative data a population's participants has an equal chance of
gathering method to pose relevant questions, being selected, helps ensure that the data
apply evaluation logic, and compile and give collected is indicative of what would have been
reflective data on the app's status, developers found had the entire population been sampled.
may swiftly evaluate user response to their app. The developers will require input from two distinct
The data will then be utilized to improve the categories of research respondents: Alpha and
product's internal consistency and efficiency, Beta Testing. The commencement of Alpha

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MAGHANOY, M.S.T., LAPIRAS, M.B., MACASILHIG, B.P.L., IMBIN, N.K.N., NAMION, M.B.B., Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Application for Image to Braille Typeface Conversion, pp. 146 - 156
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Testing is carried out in the product's field Descriptive Statistics. Trochim (2023)
environment, and the following demographics are explains, that descriptive statistics allow you to
the target respondents (with a minimum sample easily describe what persists, what the data
size of 30 under this testing method): shows, or observed quantifiable descriptions in a
digestible format. Indicators for the prototype itself
1. The Developers
can range from very poor to very good, while
2. The Experts
usability can range from very dissatisfied to very
(IT/Software/Computer Professionals)
satisfied.
3. SPED Teachers
To determine the extent to which the
product met its research objectives the mean
Following the completion of Alpha testing,
value calculated from the responses of the users
the next phase of testing is known as Beta testing
for each indicator will be used to reflect how the
and is focused on gathering feedback from the
sample views each indicator with the descriptive
end-users themselves. Since this is a technology
indicators found on the Likert scale.
for the visually impaired, the research subjects will
be students at the Davao City School of the Blind
who are not particularly concerned with auditory
details. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To obtain the data that answers the
research questions, a questionnaire with three 1. Product Functionality
distinct parts: a Demographic Profile section, a
FURPS Evaluative Questionnaire section, and a Table 1
Usability section measuring the extent to which Product Functionality
respondents are satisfied with its use, will be used.
Moreover, the answers to the questionnaire will
then be evaluated and given interpretation using
the Likert scale.
FURPS Questionnaire. The FURPS
model, as defined by Gekht (2020), will serve as
the foundation for the questionnaire, with the goal
of ensuring that no aspect of the software
product's requirements—or its potential users'—is
overlooked. To find out the extent to which the
beta OCR app developed in the Android
programming language conducted in terms of Table 1 displays the mean score for each
functionality, responsiveness, performance, and statement used to evaluate the product's
usability. functionality. As shown, the highest mean score
Likert Scale. The Likert scale, defined by acquired is of 4.67, referring to the statement,
Preedy & Watson (2010) as "a psychometric "Capacity to extract text from photographs and/or
response scale on which responders specify their printed materials.” However, the statement
level of agreement to a proposition normally in five "Comprehensible braille output file once the text
points," will be integrated into the survey to gather has been extracted” has the lowest possible
data on the variables. This is a rating scale that acquired mean of 4.47.
ranges from one to five, with one (1) being In accordance with the data that was
the lowest possible score (Very Poor) and five acquired, the product's functioning received a
(5) representing the highest possible score mean score of 4.59 on its overall category, which
(Excellent). is the descriptive equivalent of excellent. Within
this category, it is also feasible to note that two of
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MAGHANOY, M.S.T., LAPIRAS, M.B., MACASILHIG, B.P.L., IMBIN, N.K.N., NAMION, M.B.B., Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Application for Image to Braille Typeface Conversion, pp. 146 - 156
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the three items obtained a descriptive equivalent 3. Product Performance
of excellent, while the other acquired a descriptive
equivalent of good. This suggests that the Table 3
respondents find the application to be highly Product Performance
acceptable in terms of functionality, particularly
the ability to extract text from images, scan
documents that are already in PDF format, and
produce legible braille output.

2. Product Responsiveness

Table 2
Product Responsiveness
Table 3 presents each statement that was
utilized in the process of determining the mean
rating for the performance of the product. Three
items under this category refer to the speed at
which the application processes its various
features. This is the domain where we can also
find the highest mean score for the category,
which is 4.6. This mean score is associated with
the statement, "The speed at which pictures
and/or printed documents can be scanned."
Furthermore, the lowest possible mean score
acquired for this category is 4.3, corresponding to
Each statement used for determining a
the statement, "The speed at which PDF
mean score for the product's responsiveness is
documents can be scanned."
presented in Table 2 below. The statement,
Earning a mean score of 4.51, the
“Capable of notifying the user that they have not
collected data unequivocally indicates that the
detected any text," obtained the highest mean
product's performance aligns with the descriptive
score of 4.6 among all the items. Following "
rating of "excellent." Within this category, three out
Accuracy of text conversion from standard
of five items achieved an "excellent" rating based
typography to braille," with a mean of 4.57. To the
on their mean values, while the remaining items
contrary, the statement, "Capacity to extract each
secured a rating equivalent to "good." This
and every word of the text from the image," has
observation suggests that respondents perceive
the lowest possible mean acquired, a mean score
the application's performance as highly
of 4.40.
satisfactory across all pertinent dimensions,
The aggregated data indicates that the
encompassing processing speed, impact on RAM
product's responsiveness is the descriptive
utilization, and the efficacy of scanning and
equivalent of excellent, with a mean score of 4.52.
conversion processes.
Two of the items in this category obtained the
equivalent of an excellent descriptive score, while
one of them earned a descriptive equivalent of 4. Product Usability
good. This suggests that users see the
application's responsiveness as highly The mean scores received for the various
acceptable, particularly in relation to its ability to aspects of a product's usability, as measured by
alert users of errors, its ability to extract word for user satisfaction, are summarized in Table 4,
word from pictures, and the accuracy of text which can be found below. The data shows that
conversion. the statements, "Satisfaction with the processing
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MAGHANOY, M.S.T., LAPIRAS, M.B., MACASILHIG, B.P.L., IMBIN, N.K.N., NAMION, M.B.B., Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Application for Image to Braille Typeface Conversion, pp. 146 - 156
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IOER INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 5, NO. 3, SEPT. 2023
time" and "Satisfaction with the resulting PDF product's functionality, responsiveness,
document," have the highest mean score of 4.50. performance, and usability (user satisfaction).
The value of 4.37, which corresponds to the item This will serve as the foundation through which
titled "Satisfaction for audio feedback," is the the application's capabilities and usefulness are
category's mean value, which is the lowest evaluated to guarantee conformity with and
possible value. fulfillment of its intended goals.
Table 4 The means and descriptive equivalents for
Usability (User Satisfaction) the five categories of the research assessment
tool used in this study are displayed in the table
provided below. Most of the categories, namely
functionality, responsiveness, and performance,
have a mean score that is consistent with the
description "excellent," as seen by the means
they obtained. While the mean score for the
application's usability was rather close to the good
descriptor. This provides strong evidence to
support the conclusion that the product is highly
acceptable, with a mean score of 4.52.
Considering the foregoing, the image-to-
braille (typeface conversion) application serves a
purpose and is well-received by the respondents.
Thus, the overall data analysis from the
The data presented above show that the research's respondents over alpha testing reveals
category mean for product usability is 4.46, which that the application's functionality,
corresponds to the descriptive equivalent of good. responsiveness, performance, and usability are,
There are four items in this category, two of which as a whole, highly acceptable. As an outcome, it
have a descriptive equivalent of excellent and the is reasonable to presume that the application will
other two of which have a descriptive equivalent fulfill its function for its intended beneficiaries once
of good. This implies that the application can it is made available to the public.
function in accordance with the specifications set
out by the developers, since the respondents have CONCLUSIONS
deemed the application's usability to be
acceptable. This study indicates that the app's
development costs are well-aligned with the goal of
5. Overall Product Rating creating an affordable application for the potential
market. In the alpha testing survey involving 30
Table 5 respondents, the overall mean strongly supports
Overall Product Rating the application's high acceptability, consistent with
the detailed findings in functionality,
responsiveness, performance, and usability. The
Human Activity Assistive Technology (HAAT)
Model (Cook & Hussey, 1995) is invoked to
underscore the importance of considering user
regular activities in addressing their needs, and the
study's positive user satisfaction scores affirm this
approach. Additionally, Goodhue and Thompson's
The general evaluation of the product is (1995) Task-Technology Fit (TTF) Theory
displayed in Table 5. This takes into account the substantiates the excellent mean functionality

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MAGHANOY, M.S.T., LAPIRAS, M.B., MACASILHIG, B.P.L., IMBIN, N.K.N., NAMION, M.B.B., Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Application for Image to Braille Typeface Conversion, pp. 146 - 156
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IOER INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 5, NO. 3, SEPT. 2023
score, affirming the application's effectiveness in Future developers conducting similar
achieving its intended purpose. Lastly, the studies are advised to dedicate additional
Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller, 1988) resources to identify efficient features that can be
underscores the significance of creating integrated without incurring higher development
instructional materials conducive to optimal costs. Conducting beta testing among visually
learning environments. The application's impaired students is recommended to gain
outstanding average performance mean, valuable insights into the product’s effectiveness
encompassing processing speed, RAM utilization, and enhance the educational experience for
and efficient image-to-braille conversion, aligns visually impaired students.
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MAGHANOY, M.S.T., LAPIRAS, M.B., MACASILHIG, B.P.L., IMBIN, N.K.N., NAMION, M.B.B., Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Application for Image to Braille Typeface Conversion, pp. 146 - 156
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aille%20OCR%20phone

AUTHORS’ PROFILE
https://developers.google.com/ml-kit/vision/text-
recognition/v2 Mica Shaine Maghanoy is an alumnus of
Precious International School of Davao and
Text-to-Speech Technology: What it is and how it works. Mapua Malayan Colleges Mindanao. In 2023, she
(2019, October 16). Reading Rockets. received her high school diploma from the
https://www.readingrockets.org/article/text-speech- institution under the academic track, Science,
technology-what-it-and-how-it-works Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM) with 2nd Honors. Currently, she is moving
Timalsina, A. (2023, February 16). Analysis and
forward in committing to a career in healthcare by
benchmarking of OCR accuracy for data extraction presently being a college student enrolled in a
models. DOCSUMO. Bachelor of Science in Nursing.
https://www.docsumo.com/blog/ocr-accuracy

Trochim, W. M. (2023). Descriptive statistics. research

methods knowledge base.
https://conjointly.com/kb/descriptive-statistics/

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MAGHANOY, M.S.T., LAPIRAS, M.B., MACASILHIG, B.P.L., IMBIN, N.K.N., NAMION, M.B.B., Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Application for Image to Braille Typeface Conversion, pp. 146 - 156
155
IOER INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 5, NO. 3, SEPT. 2023
Marjhuvyn B. Lapiras, LPT,
MAST, is a graduate of Bachelor Maurice Bon B. Namion is a BS
of Secondary Education major in Electronics Engineering student
Biological Science and Master of from Mapua Malayan Colleges
Arts in Science Teaching major in Mindanao. He graduated from his
Biology at the premier institution Senior High School taking up
of the University of Southeastern Science, Technology,
Philippines. He is currently pursuing his doctoral Engineering and Mathematics in the same school
degree in Ph.D. in Educational Leadership. He is with 2nd Honors and Perfect Attendance last school
former Science educator at Holy Cross of Davao year 2022-2023. He finished his elementary years
College (HCDC), Inc. for five years and was a at Heartworks Learning Center Inc. with Perfect
member of the HCDC Research Council Attendance in 2016-2017. He also completed his
representing the Basic Education Department. four-year Junior High School at Holy Cross of
The author is currently the Research Cluster Head Mintal Inc., with Honors.
and Science practitioner at Mapua Malayan
Colleges of Mindanao teaching diverse Science
courses that includes the spectrum from General COPYRIGHTS
Biology, General Physics, Earth and Life
Sciences, Physical Sciences, and Capstone Copyright of this article is retained by the
Research Project. author/s, with first publication rights granted to
IIMRJ. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Brent Paul L. Macasilhig is a Commons Attribution – Noncommercial 4.0
first-year BS Industrial International License (http://creative
Engineering student from Mapúa commons.org/licenses/by/4).
Malayan Colleges Mindanao. He
graduated his Senior High School
taking up Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics in the same school
with 2nd Honors last school year 2022-2023. He
finished his elementary years at Magugpo Pilot
Central Elementary School as Valedictorian,
school year 2016-2017. He also completed his
four-year Junior High School at Tagum City
National High School with 2nd Honors. He is
also an active member of the Boy Scouts of the
Philippines as a Rover Scout
Najmain Kenneth N. Imbin is a first
year BS Civil engineering from
Mapúa Malayan Colleges
Mindanao. He finished his
Elementary and Junior High School
Years at Christian Colleges of
Southeast Asia. He Graduated his Senior High
School taking up (STEM) Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics in Mapúa Malayan
Colleges Mindanao.

P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

MAGHANOY, M.S.T., LAPIRAS, M.B., MACASILHIG, B.P.L., IMBIN, N.K.N., NAMION, M.B.B., Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Application for Image to Braille Typeface Conversion, pp. 146 - 156
156