INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

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Influence Lines for Beams Influence Lines for Floor Girders Influence Lines for Trusses Maximum Influence at a Point Due to a Series of Concentrated Loads Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Influence Line

Unit moving load A B

Example 6-1 Construct the influence line for a) reaction at A and B b) shear at point C c) bending moment at point C d) shear before and after support B e) moment at point B of the beam in the figure below. C A B 4m 4m 4m

SOLUTION Reaction at A x A Ay x 0 4 8 12 Ay 1 0.5 0 -0.5 + MB = 0: Ay 1 0.5 8m 12 m x 4m -0.5

1 C

8m

By

4m
1 Ay = 1 x 8

Ay (8) + 1(8 x ) = 0,

 Reaction at B 1 x A Ay x 0 4 8 12 By 0 0.5 1 1.5 By 1 0.5 x 4m 8m 12 m 1.5 + MA = 0: 8m By 4m

B y (8) 1x = 0,

 Shear at C

0 x<4

4 < x 12

1 x A Ay 4m 1 x
0 x4

4m

By

4m

C MC VC

A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m

+ Fy = 0:

1 1 x 1 VC = 0 8 1 VC = x 8

x
4 < x 12

C MC VC + Fy = 0:

A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m

1 1 x VC = 0 8 1 VC = 1 x 8
6

0 x<4

4 < x 12

x
1 VC = x 8

VC 0 -0.5 0.5 0 -0.5

1 x A Ay 4m 4m By 4m C

0 44+ 8 12

1 VC = 1 x 8

VC 0.5 4m

1 VC = 1 x 8

8m

12 m

1 VC = x 8

-0.5

-0.5

 Bending moment at C
0 x<4 4 < x 12

1 x A Ay 1 x
0 x4

4m

4m

By

4m

C MC VC + MC = 0:

A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m

1 M C + 1(4 x) (1 x )(4) = 0 8 1 MC = x 2

x
4 < x 12

C MC VC + MC = 0:

A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m

1 M C (1 x)( 4) = 0 8 1 MC = 4 x 2
8

0 x<4

4 < x 12

1 x A Ay 4m
1 x 2

x
MC = MC = 4 1 x 2 1 x 2

MC 0 2 0 -2

0 4 8 12

4m

By

4m

MC =

MC

MC = 4

1 x 2

2 8m 4m -2 12 m x

Or using equilibrium conditions: Reaction at A x A Ay 8m By 4m

1 C

+ MB = 0: Ay 1

Ay (8) + 1(8 x ) = 0,

0.5

8m

12 m x

4m -0.5
10

 Reaction at B 1 x A Ay Ay 1 0.5 8m By 4m
Ay + B y 1 = 0

+ Fy = 0: 8m

B y = 1 Ay

12 m x

4m By
B y = 1 Ay

-0.5 1.5 1

0.5 x 4m 8m 12 m
11

 Shear at C

0 x<4

4 < x 12

1 x A Ay 4m 1 x
0 x4

4m

By

4m

C MC VC

A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m

+ Fy = 0:

Ay 1 VC = 0 VC = Ay 1

x
4 < x 12

C MC VC + Fy = 0:
Ay VC = 0 VC = Ay
12

A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m

C A B 4m Ay 1 0.5 8m 12 m x 4m
VC = Ay 1 VC = Ay

4m

4m

-0.5

VC 0.5 4m 8m 12 m x

-0.5

-0.5

13

 Bending moment at C
0 x<4 4 < x 12

1 x A Ay 1 x
0 x4

4m

4m

By

4m

C MC VC + MC = 0:
Ay (4) + 1( 4 x ) + M C = 0

A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m

M C = 4 Ay (4 x)

x
4 < x 12

C MC VC + MC = 0:
Ay (4) + M C = 0 M C = 4 Ay
14

A
1 Ay = 1 x 8 4m

C A B 4m Ay 1 0.5 8m 12 m x 4m M C = 4 Ay (4 x) M C = 4 Ay MC 2 8m 4m -2
15

4m

4m

-0.5

12 m

 Shear before support B x C A Ay 4m x 8m VB- = Ay-1 Ay 1 1 MB VB

4m

By

4m MB Ay 8m VB- = Ay VB-

Ay

0.5 4m

8m

12 m x -0.5 x -0.5
16

VB-

-0.5

-1.0

 Shear after support B x C A Ay 4m 4m

By

4m MB 1

MB VB+ 4m VB+ = 0 Ay 1

VB+

4m VB+ = 1

0.5 4m

8m

12 m x -0.5 x
17

VB+

 Moment at support B x C A Ay 4m x 8m MB = 8Ay-(8-x) Ay 1 0.5 4m 1 MB VB

4m

By

4m MB Ay 8m MB = 8Ay VB-

Ay

8m

12 m x -0.5 1 -4 x
18

MB

Influence Line for Beam

P=1 B

y = 1

P=1 y'

sB =

y
L

1 L

B By

Ay
Ay (1) 1( y ' ) + B y (0) = 0 Ay = y '

19

P=1 A
x'

L P=1 C Ay
sA =

y'
= 1 L

y = 1 B By

y
L

Ay (0) 1( y ' ) + B y (1) = 0 By = y '

- Pinned Support A a L C b B

B A RA RA 1
b L

x
21

- Fixed Support A a L B b

RA RA 1 1 x
22

 Shear

P=1 A a L VC A Ay
sA = 1 L

C b

P=1 yR

y=1 yL VC

y'

sB =

1 L B

By

Ay (0) + VC ( yL ) + VC ( yR ) 1( y ' ) + B y (0) = 0 VC ( yL + yR ) = y '

y=1 VC = y '

23

- Pinned Support A a L VC A VC 1 b L -a L 1 Slope s A = L Slope at A = Slope at B

C b

VC

Slope s B =

-1
24

- Fixed Support A a L VB A B B b

VB VB 1 1 x
25

 Bending Moment A a L C b

P=1 B

= A + B = 1
P=1 h A Ay MC MC

y'
B

A =

h a

B =

h b

By

Ay (0) + M C ( A ) + M C ( B ) + 1( y ' ) + B y (0) = 0

1 M C ( A + B ) = y '
M C = y'

h h ( + ) =1 a b

h( a + b) = 1, ab

h=

ab ( a + b)
26

- Pinned Support A a L Hinge A MC a ab a+b x

C b

B MC MC

C = A + B = 1

A =

A =

a L

27

- Fixed Support A a L B b

A MC MB

B MC

x -b
28

 General Shear A L/4 C L/4 L VC 3/4 1 -1/4 1 VE -2/4 1 -3/4 x -1 1/4 x 2/4 x D L/4 E L/4 B L/4 F L/4 G L/4 H

VD

VBL

29

A L/4 VBL

C L/4

D L/4 L

E L/4

B L/4

F L/4

G L/4

x -1 VBR 1 x VF 1 x VG 1 x
30

 General Bending Moment A L/4 C L/4 L MC 3L/16 D L/4 E L/4 B L/4 F L/4 G L/4 H

= sA + sB = 1 B = 1/4
4L/16 x

A = 3/4
MD

= sA + sB = 1 B = 1/2
3L/16 x

A = 1/2
ME

= A + B = 1 B = 3/4

A = 1/4

31

A L/4

C L/4

D L/4 L

E L/4

B L/4

F L/4

G L/4

MB 1 MF 1 MG 1 x L/4
32

x 3L/4 x 2L/4

Example 6-2 Construct the influence line for - the reaction at A, C and E - the shear at D - the moment at D - shear before and after support C - moment at point C A B 2m Hinge D 2m 4m

2m

33

SOLUTION

B A RA 2m 2m

C 2m

D 4m

RA

34

B A 2m 2m RC 8/6 RC 1

C 2m

D 4m

4/6 x

35

B 2m 2m

C 2m

D E 4m RE 1

RE

2/6 x -2/6

36

VD A B C D E

2m

2m

2m

VD

4m

1 VD 2/6 1 sC = 1/6 =

4/6 = x sE = 1/6 -2/6 sE = sC

-1

Or using equilibrium conditions: A B 2m VD Hinge C

1 D 2m 4m 1 VD E

2m 4m RE VD = -RE

x 4m RE 1

MD

MD

VD = 1 -RE

RE

2/6 x -2/6 4/6 x -2/6

VD

2/6

MD D

MD

2m

2m

2m

4m

(2)(4)/6 = 1.33 2 MD

D = C+E = 1 C = 4/6
2/6 = E

-1.33
39

Or using equilibrium conditions: A B 2m VD Hinge C

1 D 2m 4m 1 VD E

2m 4m RE MD = 4RE

x 4m RE 1

MD

MD

MD = -(4-x)+4RE

RE

2/6 x -2/6

MD

8/6 x

-8/6

40

VCL A B 2m 2m VCL 2m C D 4m E

VCL x -1 -1

41

Or using equilibrium conditions: 1 A B 2m 1 RA RA 1 2m MB VCL

C 2m

D 4m MB RA VCL VCL = RA

VCL = RA - 1

x VCL x -1 -1
42

VCR A B 2m 2m VCR 2m C D 4m E

1 VCR 0.333

0.667 x

43

Or using equilibrium conditions: A B 2m 1 C 2m 1 MC VCR VCR = -RE RE MC VCR VCR = 1 -RE RE 1 RE 2/6=0.33 x -2/6 = -0.333 1 VCR 0.333 0.667 x
44

D 4m

2m

B 2m 2m

MC C MC 2m

D 4m

MC 1 -2 x

45

Or using equilibrium conditions: A B 2m 1 2m C 2m 1

D 4m

MC VCR 6m MC = 6RE RE RE

MC VCR 6m
M C = 6 RA x'

RE 1

2/6=0.33 x -2/6 = -0.333

MC 1 -2 x

46

Example 6-3 Construct the influence line for - the reaction at A and C - shear at D, E and F - the moment at D, E and F

Hinge

E 2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

47

SOLUTION

D A

RA

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

RA

1 0.5 x -0.5 -1

48

C RC

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

0.5 RC

1.5

49

VD A D B E C F

VD 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

VD =

0.5 x -0.5 -1

50

VE A D B E C F

VE 2m 2m 2m 2m 0.5 = 1 = x -0.5 -0.5 -1 2m 2m

VE

51

VF A D B E C F

VF 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

VF =

= x
52

A MD 2m

D MD 2m

2m

2m

2m

2m 2

MD

D = 1
-1 -2

53

B ME

ME C

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

ME

(2)(2)/4 = 1

E = 1
x

B = 0.5

C = 0.5

-1 -2
54

C ME

ME

2m MF

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

F = 1

-2

55

Example 6-4 Determine the maximum reaction at support B, the maximum shear at point C and the maximum positive moment that can be developed at point C on the beam shown due to - a single concentrate live load of 8000 N - a uniform live load of 3000 N/m - a beam weight (dead load) of 1000 N/m

A 4m

C 4m

B 4m

56

SOLUTION

3000 N/m

8000 N 1000 N/m

A 4m

B 4m 4m

RB 0.5 1
0.5(12)(1.5) = 9

1.5

(RB)max

= (1000)(9) + (3000)(9) + (8000)(1.5) = 48000 N = 48 kN

3000 N/m

3000 N/m

8000 N 1000 N/m

A 4m VC

B 4m 4m

0.5
0.5(4)(0.5) = 1 0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1 0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1

x -0.5

-0.5

(VC)max

= (1000)(-2+1) + (3000)(-2) + (8000)(-0.5) = -11000 N = 11 kN

8000 N

3000 N/m 1000 N/m

A 4m MC

B 4m 4m

2
+(1/2)(8)(2) = 8

x
(1/2)(4)(2) = 4

-2 = (8000)(2) + (3000)(8) + (8-4)(1000) = 44000 Nm = 44 kNm

(MC)max positive