BAS105 / BAS205: SOFT SKILLS

AKTU Syllabus : Unit-1

Applied Grammar and Usage:

Transformation of Sentences: Simple, Compound and Complex,
Subject verb agreement, Prefix and Suffix, Antonyms, Synonyms,
Homophones, Homonyms, New word Formation, Select word power

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 Suffix
 What is suffix ?
 Suffix is a letter or group of letters that is added at the end of a word.
 Role of suffix
1-It changes the meaning and function of the word.
2- It introduces a new word.
 Example -
 Light +ly =lightly
 Bright +ness = brightness
 Wonder + full=wonderful

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 Prefix

 What is Prefix ?
 A prefix is a letter or group of letters, that are added in the beginning of
the word.

 Role of Prefix -
1-It changes the meaning and function of a word.
2-It introduces a new word.

For example -
 Un+qualified = unqualified
 Multi+National = multi national

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 Antonyms
 What are antonyms ? Antonym is a word that means the opposite of a word.
It is a semantic term for a word that has a meaning in contrast to the given
word.
 Role of Antonyms -
 1-It brings variety in a sentence.
 2-By using antonyms, we can convey shaded of meaning and express our
intellectual insight into language.
 3-It makes reading interesting, engaging and hence increases readability in
writing.
 Example -
 Odd- Beautiful
 Coward-Brave
 Dull-Bright

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 Synonyms
 What are synonyms ? Synonyms are the words that offer similar or identical meanings of a
particular word.
Hence Synonyms presents an alternate for a particular word.
 Role of synonyms -
 1- It brings variety.
 2-It helps us to avoid repetition and hence removes monotonous impact in our writing.
 3-It makes reading interesting, engaging and hence increases readability in writing.
 4-Synonyms can be used to enrich our vocabulary, add depth to descriptions and enhance
communication.
 For example -
 Target- Aim Beautiful –Pretty Rest- Repose

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 Homophones

 What are Homophones ? Homophones are the pair of words, that has words
with same sounds ,but different meanings.

 Role of homophones -
 Homophones, actually are semantic terms that are complicated to understand
and often create confusion to understand, because of having the same
pronunciation.

 Example -
 Two-to
 Flour-floor
 Their-there

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 Homonyms

 What are Homonyms ? Homonyms are the pair of words that have same
pronunciation, same spellings but have entirely different meanings.

 Role of Homonyms -
 Homonyms, actually are semantic terms that are complicated to understand
and often create confusion to understand, because of having the same
pronunciation, and even the same spellings.

 Example -
 Bank( river bank)/Bank (An organization, where all our financial services are
taken into consideration.

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 Fair- (Good enough)
Fair- (Charges)

Bat- ( A tool to kick ball)

Bat- ( A kind of Animal to be seen at night usually)

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 Homophones Vs Homonyms

 Difference between Homophones and Homonyms-

 (1)-In homophones we have similar pronunciation but different meaning .while-
In Homonyms, these are spelt and pronounced similar but has different meanings.

 (2)- In homophones ,only pronunciation is the same here. Whereas in

Homonyms, with pronunciation, spelling is also the same.

 (3)- All homophones are not essentially Homonyms. But -All Homonyms are
Homophones, because they sound the same.

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 Phrase
 What is Phrase-
Phrase is a group of words ,that makes sense but not complete sense. It does not
have a subject and a verb.

 Role of Phrase-
 1-Phrase beautify our conversation/piece of writing.
 2-By using phrase we may sound intelligent and knowledgeable.
 3-It brings variety in our writing, removing monotonous impact and hence
increases readability.
 Example -
 Fit and fine
 On purpose
 Safe and sound

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 Clause
 What is Clause- Clause is a group of words, that includes a subject and a
verb. It gives a complete thought.
 Kinds of clauses - There are 03 kinds of clauses -
 1-Noun clause 2-Relative clause 3-Adverb clause

 Role/Function of Clause-
 1- It functions as an adjective.
 2-It modifies a Noun in a sentence.

 For example -
 She went to the college.
 She speaks loudly.
 I shall come tomorrow.

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 Simple Sentence

 Simple Sentence - A simple sentence consists of just one independent clause. It

expressed a complete thought. It usually has a subject and a verb.
For example-
 I like to read books.

 Complex sentence- A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and

one or two dependent clauses (sub-ordinate).
A dependent clause can not stand alone as a sentence.

 For example -
They can go(independent clause), wherever they want(dependent clause)

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 Compound sentence

 Compound sentence - A compound sentence consists of two or more co-

ordinate (Independent) clauses. These are joined by a coordinating conjunction
or a semicolon.

 Example -

 Aman is a doctor (dependent clause)and Manu is an actor (Independent clause).

 I like coffee (independent clause), he prefers tea.(independent clause).

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 Word Formation- How words are formed – Different Method

 Words are formed by using different techniques. Infact human beings create a new word as
per changing needs. These words are formed by using different methods. These are-

 (1) Borrowing words from other languages- it's a very commonly used method to recreate
a new word. In English many words are formed ,borrowing words from other languages.

 Examples are many-

 "Alcohol" from Arabic

 "Communication" from Latin.
 "Technology" from Greek and Latin.
 "Boss" from Dutch.

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 Word Formation- How words are formed – Different Method

 (2) By constructing portmanteau words- These are formed by combining the sound
and meaning of two different words.

 For example-
 netiquette-net+ etiquette
 brunch-Breakfast+Lunch
 Educom- Education+Communication

 (3) By back formation - In this method, generally a noun is reduced to the word of
another type, usually a verb.

 For example -
 Opt from option
 Act from action
 Emote from emotion
 Quote from quotation

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 Word Formation- How words are formed – Different Method

 (4) By using suffix - In this a group of letters are added to the end of a word to
change the meaning of that particular word or to introduce a new word.
 For example -
 Light+ly
 Lightly
 Soft+ness
 Softness

 (5)By using Prefix - In this a group of letters are added to the beginning of a word to
change the meaning of that particular word or to introduce a new word.
 For example -
 Un+ Educated
 Uneducated
 Multi+dimensional
 Multidimensional

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 Word Formation- How words are formed – Different Method

 (6) By using root words- Root words are actually the most original form of creating a
new word. Root words are actually the roots ,from these many new words the easily
formed.

 For example –

Mal:-

 Malpractice, malnutrition

Pro:-

 Proactive, Proverb

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 Rules of Subject, Verb Agreement

 (1) If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too.

 Example : She writes every day.

 (2) If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural.

 Example : They write every day.

 (3) When the subject of the sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns
connected by and, use a plural verb.

 Example : The doctoral student and the committee members write every day.

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 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement

 (4) When there is one subject and more than one verb, the verbs throughout the
sentence must agree with the subject.
 Example : Interviews are one way to collect data and allow researchers to gain an in-
depth understanding of participants.
 Example : An assumption is something that is generally accepted as true and is an
important consideration when conducting a doctoral study.
 (5) Some countable nouns in English such as earnings, goods, odds, surroundings,
proceeds, contents, and valuables only have a plural form and take a plural verb.
 Example : The earnings for this quarter exceed expectations.
 Example : The proceeds from the sale go to support the homeless population in the
city.

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 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement

 (6) In sentences beginning with "there is" or "there are," the subject follows the verb.
Since "there" is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows the verb.

 Example : There is little administrative support.

 Example : There are many factors affecting teacher retention.

 (7) Collective nouns are words, that imply more than one person but are considered
singular and take a singular verb. Some examples are "group," "team," "committee,"
"family," and "class."

 Example : The group meets every week.

 Example : The committee agrees on the quality of the writing.

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 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement

 (8) Sentences with pronouns such as anybody, anyone, no one, somebody, someone,
everybody, everyone, nothing and nobody are treated as singular subjects and will
therefore use a singular verb.

 For example :
 Nobody has understood anything.
 Everyone was happy with the outcome.
 Nothing fits me well.
 No one finds the movie interesting.

 (9) When sentences have subjects like police, news, scissors, mathematics, etc.
(nouns that are plural by default), the verb used should be plural.

 For example:
 The news of demonetization shock the entire nation.
 The police have been looking for the culprits.

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 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement

 (10) When we are using a sentence to express a wish or a sentence expressing a

request, verbs are used a little differently from other sentences.

 For example:

 I wish I were a bird!

 If you were here, I would not be sad.

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 Unit-1 : Lec-2 – Vocabulary Section

Synonyms
 Adequate – Sufficient

 Ample- Adequate

 Audacious – Bold

 Adorable - Lovable/Charming

 Astonish - Surprised

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 ….Synonyms

 Awesome – incredible

 Awful-horrible (AKTU ,2023)

 Announce – Describe

 Afraid-scared

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 …..Synonyms

 Benefit- Gain

 Blank -empty

 Blossom -bloom

 Bright- dazzling

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 …..Synonyms

 Cozy - comfortable

 Close - near

 Context -conditions

 Cease- capture (aktu,2023)

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 …..Synonyms

 Darling- dear

 Demand- request

 Dream- illusion/vision

 Destroy- Devast, demolish

 Deny -Refuse(aktu,2023)

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 …..Synonyms

 Eager- keen

 Efficient - Able

 Effort - Attempt

 Enjoy - Entertain, ecstasy

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 …..Synonyms

 Fade- Dim

 Fragile -feeble

 Forgive -Pardon

 Factual -Actual

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 …..Synonyms

 Gentle- compassionate

 Garbage - Rubbish

 Gift-Present

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 …..Synonyms

 Hurt- damage

 Hold- grip

 Habit - practice

 Hire- appoint

 Humanity -mankind

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 …..Synonyms

 Idea- plan

 Ideal -perfect

 Independent - autonomous

 Innocent -pure

 Inspire - boost

 Invent -create

 Issue- matter

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 …..Synonyms

 Joke -Jest

 Journey -voyage

 Justice - equity

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 …..Synonyms

 Kind-compassion

 Kingdom-domain

 Knock- bang

 Knot-tie

 Knowledge- insight

 Kudos -admiration

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 …..Synonyms

 Laudable - appreciable

 Language -dialect

 Luck - destiny

 Love- Affection

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 …..Synonyms

 Magic -enchantment

 Mask- cover

 Mercy -pity

 Middle- center, amid

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 …..Synonyms

 Neat- tidy

 Normal -usual

 Nourish - feed, sustain

 Native-local (aktu,2023)

 Novice-New

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 …..Synonyms

 Obedient -docile

 Objective -Aim

 Offer- proposal

 Omnipotent - divine

 Optimistic -positive

 Outstanding - Excellent

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 …..Synonyms

 Pause- discontinue

 Place- Location

 Power- Force

 Pretty- lovely

 Price- cost

 Prize- gift

 Productive - constructive

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 …..Synonyms

 Quality - trait

 Quick -swift

 Quit- leave

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 …..Synonyms

 Rush- hurry

 Short- tiny

 Simple -easy

 Soft - comfy

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 …..Synonyms

 Timid- Coward(Aktu,2023)

 Talent- Skill

 Tired -exhausted

 Try-Attempt

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 …..Synonyms

 Ultimate -last

 Unite- Amalgamate

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 …..Synonyms

 Victory-success

 Visual-optical

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 …..Synonyms

 Warning-caution

 Withdraw -remove

 Wind- breeze

 Winner -champion

 Write- jot down

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 Unit-1 : Lec-2 – Vocabulary Section

Antonyms
 Accept - deny

 Active -passive

 Accurate -inaccurate

 Alive-dead

 Award- punishment

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 ……Antonyms

 Approval - denial

 Abundant -scarce

 Artificial -natural

 Assent-descent

 Attack -defence

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 ……Antonyms

 Ally- enemy

 Abjure-withdraw

 Accord -harmony

 Adversity- prosperity

 Approval-rejection

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 ……Antonyms

 Blunt- Sharp

 Begin -end

 Blame-praise

 Brave-coward

 Bravery -cowardice

 Broad-narrow

 Brittle -crisp

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 ……Antonyms

 Create-destroy

 Calm- harsh

 Clever - innocent

 Conceal-reveal

 Courteous -harsh

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 ……Antonyms

 Chaste- pure

 Consolidate- Strengthen

 Contradict - favour, approval

 Cautious - careless(aktu 2023)

 Crooked -Honest (Aktu 2023)

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 ……Antonyms

 Dull- active

 Despair - hope

 Down-up

 Downside -upside

 Devil- angel

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 ……Antonyms

 Dry- wet

 Despair- hope

 Deny - accept

 Deprive - blissed

 Depart- Arrival

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 ……Antonyms

 Enormous - petty

 Envy- affection

 Enemy- friend

 End- begin, start

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 ……Antonyms

 Ebb- flow

 Exit- entrance

 Expand-diminish

 Economize - waste

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 ……Antonyms

 Free - busy

 Fat-slim

 Front- back

 Full- empty

 Fat- slim

 Front- back
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 ……Antonyms

 Fail - succeed

 Frequent - seldom

 Feeble-strong

 Frank - shy

 Friend - foe

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 ……Antonyms

 Generous –mean (Aktu 2023)

 Gloomy -cheerful

 Giant -dwarf

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 ……Antonyms

 Horizontal -vertical

 Humble- proud

 Hero- villain

 Heavy- light

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 ……Antonyms

 Internal - external

 Intra -extra

 Intra-inter

 In-out

 Intentional- accidental

 Irrational -rational

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 ……Antonyms

 Jocular - serious

 Jovial -pensive

 Joy -sorrow

 Just- unjust

 Junior- senior

 Judicious- foolish

 Jubilant -depressing

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 ……Antonyms

 Keen - dull

 Keep- break

 Kind- unkind

 Kill- sustain

 Knot- untie

 Kindle- extinguish

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 ……Antonyms

 Light - dark

 Lack - abundance

 Land -water

 Late- early

 Laugh -cry

 Last - first
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 ……Antonyms

 Lost - found

 Lazy -industrious

 Learn-teach

 Lead - follow

 Love -hate

 Lend- borrow

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 ……Antonyms

 Less- more

 Lie- truth

 Liquid -solid

 Low- high

 Little - less

 Lose-win

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 ……Antonyms

 Minor - major

 Mend-break

 Meek -impatient

 Mercy- cruelty

 Modern- ancient

 Mortal- immortal

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 ……Antonyms

 Momentary - permanent

 Mobile- fixed /im-mobile

 Mild- strong

 Majority -minority

 Malice- Amity

 Moral -immoral

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 ……Antonyms

 Native- foreigner( aktu,2023)

 Near- distant

 Negative -affirmative

 Never- always

 Nice- awful

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 ……Antonyms

 Narrow - broad

 North - south

 Novice- veteran

 Nimble- sluggish

 Nadir -zenith

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 ……Antonyms

 Odd- Beautiful

 On- off

 Out- in

 Our- your

 Optimistic - Pessimistic

 Optimist- pessimist (Aktu,2023)

 Opaque - transparent

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 ……Antonyms

 Polite- rude

 Past -future

 Plant- harvest

 Poor-rich

 Past- future

 Peace -war

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 ……Antonyms

 Pass -fail

 Push- pull

 Professional - amateur

 Profuse - scarce

 Powerful- weak

 Poverty - prosperity

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 ……Antonyms

 Prosperity - adversity

 Pretty -ugly

 Polite- rude

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 ……Antonyms

 Quiet-noisy, loud

 Queen -king

 Question -answer

 Qualified -unqualified

 Quick -slow

 Quarrel -ally

 Quit -stay

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 ……Antonyms

 Rest- work

 Remember - forget

 Regret - satisfaction

 Refuse - agree

 Repair - damage

 Reply -ask

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 ……Antonyms

 Right- left

 Rise- fall

 Reduce -increase

 Rough- smooth

 Rude - polite

 Rural -urban

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 ……Antonyms

 Seldom - often

 Safe- dangerous

 Salt- sugar

 Same -different

 Satisfy- dissatisfy

 Seperate - connect

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 ……Antonyms

 Shallow- deep

 Short- long

 Shelter - exposure

 Stupid - clever

 Stand -lie

 Spring- autumn

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 ……Antonyms

 Sour -sweet

 Some -many

 Sell- buy

 Safety - danger

 Save - spend

 Scream - whisper

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 ……Antonyms

 Stop - start

 Slim - fat

 Sick - healthy

 Sunny - cloudy

 Suspect - trust

 Sweet - bitter

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 ……Antonyms

 Take-give

 Teach- learn

 Then- now

 Thick-thin

 Top- bottom

 Tragedy- comedy

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 ……Antonyms

 Tiny -giant

 Together -apart

 Total -Partial

 There -here

 Teacher - pupil

 Tall - short

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 ……Antonyms

 Timid- bold

 Transient - lasting, enduring

 True- false

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 ……Antonyms

 Ugly - beauty

 Unite- divide

 Uncouth- graceful

 Up- down

 Under -over

 Utterly - incompletely

 Urban -rural

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 ……Antonyms

 Vacate- packed
 Vacation -routine
 Vagrant- settled
 Vain -productive

 Win- lose
 War - peace
 Warrior- pacifist

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 Lec-4

Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -01)

 Homophones/ Homonyms
(1) Allusion- indication
 I do not get any allusion from you. (Aktu,2023)
 Illusion -Fallacy
 Worldly pleasures are all illusions .

(2) Adept-expert (Very Important)

 I am adept in teaching.
 Adopt- To acquire legally
 I am adopting a baby

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

(3) Air- wind. (Important)

 The air is cool.
 Heir- descendant
 I am appointing you as my heir.

(4) Aloud- loudly

 Please read it aloud.
 Allowed - to permit
 My teacher allowed me to participate.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (5) Addition- to plus

 Give me some sums of addition. (Very Important)

 Edition - collection (sank Alan)

 My poem is published in July edition.

 (6) Accessary- Compliance (Apradh karne me sathi)

 Raman is accessary in rape with shardul.

 Accessory-An extra item

 We should not use gaudy accessories in interview

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (7) Ail- to be ill

 She is ailing.

 Ale-Beer
 This ale is used as a drug.

 (8)Bear -An animal

 Bear lives in jungle.

 Bear- tolerate
 I can not bear this pain anymore
 Beer- Alcohol/liquor
 I do not drink beer.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (9)Bat- A playing tool to hit the ball in cricket ( Important)

 I have a cricket bat.

 Bat- An animal
 Bat generally fly in evening.

 Bet- Gamble
 I can bet that he would won the match.

 (10)Bank- side of river(nadi ka kinara)

 He sat on the river bank.
 Bank (organization, where our financial services are provided)
 My saving account is in Bank of Baroda.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (11)Beside-next. (Very Important)

 Sit beside me.

 Besides-except
 Besides General Knowledge, every subject is prepared.

 (12) Berth- seat ( Very Important)

 My berth is reserved.

 Birth- To born
 My birth place is Meerut.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (13)Blew-Flow
 The wind is blewing.

 Blue- a colour
 I don't have any shirt in blue.

 (14) Coarse -rough

 You have a coarse tone of talking.

 Course- syllabus
 My course is lagging behind.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (15)Confidant- one who is trustworthy (Very Important)

 Shivani is confidant. You can rely on her.

 Confident- sure
 I am confident of my success.

 (16)Council - committee. (Very ,Very Important)

 I am an active member of English Council.

 Counsel- advise
 She gave me a good counsel.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (17)Ceiling- Roof
 I have to arrange a ceiling fan.

 Sealing- Printing/Stamp
 This is in sealing.

 (18) Complement -addition

 Husband and wife are complement to one another.

 Compliment- praise,admire
 She gave me a compliment.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (19) Cereal- Grain

 The rates of cereals are high.

 Serial- Sequence
 This is in serial.

 (20) Cheque- Financial document

 Please issue me a cheque of rs. 6000/ for the purchase of bicycle.

 Check- prevent
 Please check yourself.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (21) Deceased - one who died recently

 His new car made him deceased.

 Disease- Illness
 Many are suffering from this disease.

 (22) Descent-To rise

 Write it in descent order.

 Dissent-Disagree(matbhed)
 We two are in dissent.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (23) Eligible -capable(Very Important)

 I am eligible for this post .

 Illegible- that can not be read.

 Doctor's handwriting is often illegible.

 (24) Except- besides

 I like everyone, except him. (Very Important)

 Expect- to hope
 I am excepting you to favour me.
 Accept -To agree
 I am accepting my fault.
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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (25)gait- the way of walking

 Models have a unique gait.

 Gate -door
 Open the gate.

 (26) Hole- Pit

 There is a hole in the wall.

 Whole- complete
 The whole game is turned in the second half.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (27)Hale- healthy
 The new born baby is hale and healthy.

 Hail- frozen rain

 Today there is hail storm in our locality.

 (28) Insight- Knowledge (Very , Very Important)

 She has a good insight of G.K.

 Incite- to quote
 Kindly incite a good quotation.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (29) Knead - massage

 I am kneading the dough.

 Need- Requirement
 I need your help.

 (30) Lessen - mitigate

 This ointment is lessening my pain.

 Lesson - session( Sabak)

 Teach him a lesson.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (31)Pain- Suffering
 I am suffering from pain.

 Pane- Glass
 My window pain is broken.

 (32)Quit-Leave (Important)
 She quitted the game.

 Quiet-peaceful, calm
 It is quiet here.
 Quite- Sufficient
 She is quite shy.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (33) Rapture -joy /ecstasy ( Very Important)

 I got rapture in the Alumni Meet -2023

 Rupture-crack
 I got rupture in my knee.

 (34)Real - Actual
 This movie is based on real story.

 Reel- Filmy
 Real life is quite different from reel life.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (35)sight-scene of a place
 The sight of Nainital is beautiful.

 Sight- Vision
 My eye sight is weak.

 Site- Location
 I am going to visit the site.

 (36)Stationary- fixed
 The stars are stationary.
 Stationery- Articles of writing ,reading etc.
 My father owns a stationery shop.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (37)Sour- acidic
 The curd is sour.

 Soar- to fly high

 The birds are soaring in the sky.

 (38)Sale- marketing (bikri)

 How is the sale today?

 Sail-voyage
 I am on sail.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (39)Steel (a metal)
 This glass is made of steel.

 Steal( theist)- churana

 You stole my heart.

 (40) Tasty- Delicious

 The pudding is tasty.

 Testy- angry
 My class coordinator is testy

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (41) Weak-feeble (Important)

 I am very weak in Mathematics.
 Week- 7 days
 This week is going to be hectic.

 (42) Way - Path

 My way of living life is different.

 Weigh-balance, measure
 What is it weighs?

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 Homophones/ Homonyms

 (43)Waist-back
 My waist is 30.

 Waste- Worthless
 It is prepared from waste material.

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 Lec - 5

Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -02)

 (1) In-Inside
 I am in some problem
 Inn- a place to stay
 Will you study in inn ?

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 Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -02)

 (2) Medal- A reward

 I got a medal.
 Meddle- to interfere
 Please don't meddle me I will solve my problem on my own.

 (3) Pail- bucket

 Fetch me a pail of water.
 Pale- yellowish/faded
 Your eyes are looking pale.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -02)

 (4) Personal - individual

 It is your personal problem.
 Personnel - officials /employees in an organisation
 Call the personnel for an urgent meeting.

 (5)Route- way
 This route is long.
 Root- Underground part of a plant
 Carrot is a root.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -02)

 (6)Stair- ladders
 There are 500 stairs in temple.
 Stare- to gaze
 Why are you staring me?

 (7) Tale - a story

 It is a funny tale.
 Tail- Body part of animal
 The cow has a tail.

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 Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -02)

 (8)Aver- to confirm

 I can't aver this.

 Ever- always

 Don't ever make this kind of mistake.

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 Unit-1 : Lec-6
Word Formation
 By suffix
 (1) ism-
 Terrorism
 Tourism

 (2) er-
 Employer
 Cricketer

 (3)Or-
 Actor
 Creator

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 Word Formation

 (4) en-
 Widen
 Sharpen

 (5) ify-
 Simplify
 Diversify
 Personify

 (6) able-
 Reasonable
 Profitable

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 Word Formation

 (7)ly-
 Unhappily
 Naturally

 (8)ful-
 Wonderful
 Cheerful

 (9)ous-
 Joyous
 Dangerous
 Furious

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 Word Formation

 (10)ise-
 Socialize
 Moralise

 (11)ish-
 Snobbish
 Kiddish

 (12)ness-
 Rudeness
 Smartness

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 Word Formation

 (13)al-
 Approval
 Removal
 Dismissal

 (14)less-
 Careless
 Shameless

 (15)some-
 Awesome
 Quarrelsome

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 Word Formation

 (16)ly-
 Quickly
 Rapidly
 Daily

 (17)age-
 Wreckage
 Brokerage

 (18)ance-
 Importance
 Resonance

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 Word Formation
 (19)ant-
 Assistant
 Distant
 Pleasant

 (20)ee-
 Absentee
 Awardee
 Refree

 (21)ery-
 Bakery
 Cutlery

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 Word Formation

 (22)ry-
 Bravery
 Mockery

 (23)ing-
 Shipping
 Shopping

 (24)wise-
 Heightwise
 Lengthwise

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 Word Formation

 (25)ive-
 Supportive
 Effective
 Reflective
 Excessive

 (26)ion-
 Irritation
 Irrigation
 Decoration
 Plantation

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 Word Formation

 (27)y-
 Noisy
 Honesty

 (28)ty-
 Sincerity
 Loyalty

 (29)er-
 Larger
 Smaller
 Brighter

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 Word Formation

 (30)al-
 Parental
 Bacterial
 Fungal

 (31)est-
 Fastest
 Biggest
 Largest

 (32)ment-
 Basement
 Shipment
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 Word Formation

 (33)ness-
 Happiness
 Shyness

 (34)ship-
 Friendship
 Internship

 (35)ion -
 Conversion
 Invasion

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 Word Formation

 (36)tion-
 Invention
 Intention

 (37)ic-
 Iconic
 Heroic

 (38)ward/wards
 Inward
 Towards
 Outwards
 Backwards
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 Word Formation

 (39)able-
 Capable
 Craftable

 (40)ive-
 Expensive
 Authoritative

 (41)ant-
 Poignant
 Extravagant
 Brilliant

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 Word Formation

 (42)ion-
 Opinion
 Revision

 (43)er-
 Writer
 Helper
 Driver

 (44)eer-
 Engineer
 Volunteer

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 Word Formation
 By Prefix
 (1)Pro
 Proactive
 Prodigy

 (2) Pre
 Prepaid
 Pre-wed
 Pre university

 (3)mono-
 Monopoly
 Monologue
 Monolingual

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 Word Formation

 (4)Multi-
 Multipurpose
 Multicolored
 Multicultural

 (5)Post-
 Postpaid
 Post lunch
 Postwar
 Postgraduate
 Postmaster
 Postmartem

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 Word Formation

 (6)Un-
 Uneducated
 Unlimited
 Unpolished
 Unfriendly

 (7) Under -
 Understand
 Undergraduate
 Undertaking

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 Word Formation
 (8)Tri-
 Triangle
 Tricolour

 (9)Therm-
 Thermodynamics
 Thermometer

 (10)Sub
 Submarine
 Subdue
 Subway

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 Word Formation
 (11)Semi-
 Semifinal
 Semiconductor
 Semiconscious

 (12)Re-
 Return
 Retake

 (13)Para-
 Paranormal
 Paramedical
 Paramount

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 Word Formation

 (14) Over -
 Overlook
 Overtake

 (15)Omni-
 Omnipotent
 Omnipresent

 (16)Non-
 Nonsense
 Nonfiction
 Nonfilmy

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 Word Formation

 (17)Mis-
 Misconduct
 Mistreat

 (18)Mid-
 Midway
 Midday

 (19) Macro -
 Macro-economics
 Macrobiotic

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 Word Formation

 (20)Micro-
 Microbiology
 Microsoft

 (21)Inter-
 (aktu,2023)
 Intermediate
 Interview

 (22)Intra- (Aktu,2023)
 Intraday
 Intraschool

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 Word Formation
 (23)Im-
 Immature
 Immoral
 Immortal

 (24)In-
 Insert
 Intake

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 Word Formation

 (25)II- (Aktu ,2023)

 Illiterate
 Illogical

 (26)Ir-
 Irregular
 Irrational

 (27)Infra
 Infrastructure
 Infrared

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 Word Formation

 (28)In-
 Invoice
 Information

 (29)Anti-
 Antibiotic
 Anti-aging

 (30)De-
 Decode
 Demoralise

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 Word Formation

 (31)Dis-
 Disconnect
 Discount

 (32)Em-
 Embrace
 Emphasis

 (33)En-
 Encouragement
 Encode
 Encounter

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 Word Formation
 (34) Fore-
 Foreplay
 Forecast
 Foresight

 (35)Inter-
 International
 Interact

 (36) Un-
 Unkind
 Unusual
 Unlucky
 Unlimited

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 Word Formation

 (37)Hyper -
 Hypertension
 Hyperactive

 (38)Ante-
 Antedate
 Antemeridian

 (39)Anti-
 Antiseptic
 Antibody

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 Word Formation

 (40)Auto-
 Automatic
 Autobiography

 (41)Co-
 Co-worker
 Co-piolet

 (42)De-
 Devalue
 Degrade

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 Word Formation

 (43) Ex -
 Exhale
 Extract

 (44)Homo-
 Homosexual
 Homophone

 (45) Homeo-
 Homeopathy
 Homeostasis

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 Word Formation
 (46)Tele-
 Telecommunication
 Telephone

 (47)Trans-
 Transmit
 Transfer

 (48)Tri-
 Tricycle
 Triangle

 (49)Up-
 Upload
 Upgrade

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 Word Formation
 Form Adjectives from Noun

 Noun- Adjective
 Accident -Accidental
 Air-airy
 Advice-advise
 Angel-angelic
 Atom-Atomic
 Affection -Affectionate
 Awe-aweful
 Authority -Authoritarian
 Adventure - Adventurous
 Anger- Angry
 Advantage- Advantageous

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 Word Formation
 Bird- Birdlike
 Beauty -Beautiful
 Burden- Burdensome
 Bronze- Bronzen
 Bulk -Bulky
 Bliss- Blissful
 Blood- Bloody
 Brim- brimful
 Boy- boyish
 Brother - brother like
 Body- bodily
 Brother- brotherly
 Body- bodily

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 Word Formation

 Ceremony - ceremonial
 College- collegiate
 Colony-Colonial
 Chivalry - Chivalrous
 Confidence -Confidential
 Charm- charming
 Conscience- Conscientious
 Child- childlike
 Climate- climatic
 Comedy- comical
 Custom - customary

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 Word Formation
 Day- daily
 Drama- dramatic
 Digit- digital
 Defect- Defective
 Delight - Delightful
 Death- deathlike
 Dog- doggy
 Duty- dutiful

 East- eastern
 Expression - expressive
 Emphasis - Emphatic
 Elder- Elderly
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 Word Formation
 Fire- Fiery
 Force- forceful
 Fog- foggy
 Fraud- fraudy
 Fate -fatal
 Friend- Friendly
 Face- Facial
 Fun- Funny
 Focus- focal

 Glory- Glorious
 Gold- golden
 Gloom- gloomy
 Graph -graphic

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 Word Formation

 Herb- herbal
 Habit- Habitual
 Hair-Hairy
 Haste- hasty
 Taste- tasty
 Heart- Hearty

 Irony- ironical

 Joy- Joyous

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 Word Formation

 Law- Lawful
 Love- Lovable
 Line-lineal
 Live- lively
 Luck- lucky

 Music- musical
 Merit – meritorious

 Soul- soulful
 Scene- scenic
 Value- valuable

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 Word Formation

 Week- weekly
 Wood- wooden
 War- warlike

 Zone- zonal
 Zoology - zoological

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 Unit-1 : Lec-7

Word Formation(Part-II)
 Portmanteau Words

 What are Portmanteau Words- The words, that are formed by combining
the sound and meaning of two different words are Portmanteau Words.

 The word 'portmanteau' is a French word. It is made of two different words-

 Portal(a suitcase, when opened is divided into two equal parts.)

&

 Manteau ( A cloak, loose garment, overcoat )

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 The portmanteau words, actually are the blend words . These words are
formed when parts of two different words come together and form a new
word.

 Some Portmanteau Words-

Affluence + Influenza
Affluenza

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Be+ Cause
 Because

 Bombay+Hollywood
 Bollywood

 Breakfast+Lunch
 Brunch

 Biography+Picture
 Biopic

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Web+ Log
 Blog

 Britain+Exit
 Brexit

 Banana+Coffee
 Banoffee

 Blood+Rushing
 Blushing

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Bang+smash
 Bash

 Brother+Romance
 Bromance

 Binary+Unit
 Bit

 Cinema+Complex
 Cineplex

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Chuckle+Snort
 Chortle

 Chill+Relax
 Chillax

 Chinese+English
 Chinglish

 Camera+ Recorder
 Camcorder

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Car-Hijack
 Carjack

 Drama+ Comedy
 Dramedy

 Emotion+Icon
 Emoticon

 Electronic+ Mail
 E-Mail

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Electricity+Execute
 Electrocute

 Europe+Asia
 Eurasia

 Friend+Enemy
 Frenemy

 Foreign+Exchange
 Forex

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Fourteen+Night
 Fortnight

 Free+Software
 Freeware

 Fantastic+Fabulous
 Fantabulous

 Global+English
 Globish

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Giant+Huge+Enormous
 Ginormous

 Guess+Estimate
 Guestimate

 Hindi+English
 Hinglish

 Hungry+Angry
 Hangry

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Haggle+tussle
 Hassle

 Hospital+Respite
 Hospice

 International+Network
 Internet

 Internal+ Communication
 Intercom

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Jeans+Leggings
 Jeggings

 List+ Article
 Listicle

 Mock+Documentary
 Mockumentary

 Motor+Hotel
 Motel

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Motor+Pedal
 Moped

 Medical+Care
 Medicare

 Malicious+Software
 Malware

 Multiple+Complex
 Multiplex

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Melody+Drama
 Melodrama

 Net+Flicks
 Netflix

 Not+Ever
 Never

 Internet+Citizen
 Netizen

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Oxford+Cambridge
 Oxbridge

 Pocket+Monster
 Pokemon

 Phone+Tablet
 Phablet

 Picture+Element
 Pixel

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 IPod+Broadcast
 Podcast

 Romantic+Comedy
 Romcom

 Swept+Wipe
 Swipe

 Spoon+Fork
 Spork

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Situation+Comedy
 Sitcom

 Smoke+Fog
 Smog

 Stagnation+Inflation
 Stagflation

 Science+Fiction
 Sci-fi

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Shop+Alcoholic
 Shopaholic

 Television+Broadcast
 Telecast

 Urdu+English
 Urdish

 Wireless+Hi
 Wi-fi

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 Word Formation(Part-II)

 Web+Seminar
 Webinar

 Work+Alcoholic
 Workaholic
 And
 God+Be+With+You
 Goodbye(only for this lecture)

 Otherwise

 NEVER SAY GOODBYE

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 Unit-1 : Lec-8

Root Words

 Root Words
 What are Root Words - Root words are the roots, from where
number of new words can be recreated.

 Here is a list of root words

 Root word- Meaning - New words

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 Root Words
 Acri- (Bitter)
 Acrid
 Acrimony

 Astro (star)
 Astrology
 Astronaut

 Aud(Hear)
 Audio
 Audience

 Auto(self)
 Automobile
 Autobiography

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 Root Words

 Agro (farming)
 Agricultural
 Agrarian

 Act (to do)

 Actor
 Action

 Arbor (tree)
 Arborist
 Arboreal

 Ambi (both)
 Ambilocal
 Ambidextrous
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 Root Words

 Bene (good)
 Benefit
 Beneficial

 Bio (life)
 Biology
 Biography

 Bi (two)
 Bicycle
 Biweekly

 Cent (Hundred)
 Century
 Percent
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 Root Words
 Cert (sure)
 Certain
 Certify

 Cide (kill)
 Pesticide
 Genocide

 Carn (flesh)
 Carnivorous
 Reincarnation

 Co (together)
 Coordinator
 Cooperative

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 Root Words

 Corp (body)
 Corporate
 Corpse

 Cred (believe)
 Credible
 Incredible

 Dict (Say)
 Diction
 Dictate

 Ego (I)
 Egoist
 Egocentric
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 Root Words

 Form (shape)
 Reform
 Formation

 Fac (to do)

 Factory
 Faculty

 Gen (birth)
 Genesis
 Generate

 Graph (writing)
 Graphic
 Phonograph
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 Root Words

 Homo (Same)
 Homosexual
 Homophone
 Homonym

 Jud (judge)
 Judgment
 Judicial

 Legal-Related to law
 Illegal
 Legalities

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 Root Words
 Lum-Light
 Luminous
 Lumen

 Logy (to study)

 Sociology
 Zoology

 Meter (measure)
 Kilometre
 Parameter

 Micro (small)
 Microscope
 Microbiology

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 Root Words

 Multi (Many)
 Multiple
 Multinational

 Mal ( Bad)
 Malafide
 Malpractice
 Malnutrition
 Malware

 Morph (form)
 Morphology

 Mit (Send)
 Admit
 Transmit

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 Root Words

 Mis (Hate)
 Mistake
 Mislead

 Mort (death)
 Mortal
 Mortality

 Norm (typical)
 Abnormal
 Paranormal

 Mym (Name)
 Antonym
 Synonym
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 Root Words

 Phil (Love)
 Philosophy
 Philosophical

 Phobia (Fear)
 Hydrophobia
 Claustrophobia

 Port (carry)
 Portal
 Transport
 Portable

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 Root Words

 Pseudo (false)
 Pseudoscience
 Pseudonym

 Phon (sound)
 Phone
 Symphony

 Struct (to build)

 Structure
 Destruction

 Scope- (viewing instrument)

 Microscope
 Telescope
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 Root Words

 Tele (far)
 Television
 Telegram
 Telephone

 Thie (God/Religion)
 Theist
 Atheist

 Techno (art/science/skill)
 Technology
 Technical

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 Unit-1 : Lec-9

Subject verb agreement

 Subject verb agreement

 1-Every student like the teacher.

 Ans-Every student likes the teacher.

 2-One should keep his promise.

 Ans-One should keep one's promise.

 3-Bread and butter are a wholesome food.

 Ans-Bread and butter is a wholesome food.

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 Subject verb agreement

 4- The dog lost his chain.

 Ans- The dog lost its chain.

 5-The police is coming.

 Ans- The police are coming.

 6-They cooked dinner by themself.

 Ans- They cooked dinner by themselves.

 7-I saw two deers in the park.

 Ans- I saw two deer in the park.

 8-Let her and I do this work.

 Ans- Let her and me do this work.

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 Subject verb agreement

 9-Everyone must do his work.

 Ans- Everyone must do one's work.

 10-One must do their duties.

 Ans- One must do one's duties.

 11-Two miles are not a long distance.

 Ans- Two miles is not a long distance.

 12-This is one of the most interesting books that have ever been published.

 Ans- This is one of the most interesting book that has ever been published.
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 Subject verb agreement

 13-The quality of mangoes are good.

 Ans-The quality of mangoes is good.

 14-Bread and butter are not fit for breakfast.

 Ans - Bread and butter is not fit for breakfast.

 15-My pants is short.

 Ans- My pants are not short.

 16-A pair of new pants are available now.

 Ans- A pair of new pants is available now.

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 Subject verb agreement

 17-Is this scissors yours?

 Ans- Are these scissors yours?

 18-These sceneries are beautiful.

 Ans- This scenery is beautiful.

 19-Neither my sister not my brother are going there.

 Ans-Neither my sister not my brother is going there.

 20-Neither the teachers nor the students is happy with your attitude.

 Ans- Neither the teachers nor the students are happy with your attitude.
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 Subject verb agreement

 21-Neither of the boys are qualified.

 Ans-Neither of the boys is qualified.

 22-He did not buy neither the pants nor the shirt.

 Ans -He bought neither the pants nor the shirt.

Or
 He did not buy either the shirt or the pants.

 23-There are a book in the library, that is of ancient History.

 Ans-There is a book in the library, that is of ancient History.

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 Unit-1 : Lec-9 – Subject verb agreement

 24- There is three heros in the movie.

 Ans-There are three heros in the movie.

 25-Not only she but her sisters is invited .

 Ans-Not only she but her sisters are invited .

 26-Not only the flowers but also the trees needs watering.

 Ans -Not only the flowers but also the trees need watering.

 27-The wages of sin are eternal suffering.

 Ans-The wages of sin is eternal suffering.

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 Unit-1 : Lec-9 – Subject verb agreement

 28-The news are spreading quickly.

 Ans- The news is spreading quickly.

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