BM Chapter 4
BM Chapter 4
BM Chapter 4
Complements
2.
d n
dx
x nx n1 n is a real number
Ex. f ( x) x 7
f ( x) 7 x 6
Basic Differentiation Rules
d d
3. cf ( x) c f ( x) c is a constant
dx dx
Ex. f ( x) 3x
8
f ( x) 3 8 x7 24 x7
d d d
4. f x g x f ( x) g ( x)
dx dx dx
Ex. f ( x) 7 x12
f ( x) 0 12 x11 12 x11
Examples: Find the derivatives of the
following functions
3) f(x) = t4
1) f(x) = 4x5 12
f’(x) = ?
f’(x) = 1 t 3
20x4 3
1 1 3
3
1
2) f(x) = 3x x 0.9 0.9
3 1
0.9 x 3
4) f(x) = 3 x 3
x
f’(x) = ? 4 1
4
3
1x 4 f’(x) = 0.3x 3
x 10x 4/3
Examples: Find the derivatives of the
following functions
4) f(x) = 1 = x-1
1) f(x) = x6
f’(x) = ? x
6x5 2 1
f’(x) = ? 1x 2
x
2) f(t) = t-2
f’(t) = ? 2 5) f(u) =
-2t-3=
3
u2 = u2/3
t3
t3/2 f’(u) =? 2 3
1
2
3) f(t) = u 1/ 3
3 3u
1
3 6) f(x) = 1
f’(t) = ? t 2 = x-1/2
x
2
f’(x) =? 1 23 1
x 3/ 2
2 2x
More Differentiation Rules
5. Product Rule U.V = U’V + V’U
d d d
f x g x f ( x) g ( x) g ( x) f ( x)
dx dx dx
Ex. f ( x) x 2 x 5 3x 8 x 1
3 7 2
f ( x) 3x 2 2 3x7 8 x 2 1 x 3
2 x 5 21x 6
16 x
Derivative Derivative of
of the first the second
function function
f ( x) 30 x 48x 105x 40 x 45x 80 x 2
9 7 6 4 2
More Differentiation Rules
6. Quotient Rule U/V = (VU’ – UV’)/(V.V)
d d
d f
x g ( x )
dx
f ( x ) f ( x )
dx
g ( x )
dx g ( x) g ( x) 2
d hi lo d hi hi d lo
dx lo lo lo
More Differentiation Rules
6. Quotient Rule (cont.)
3x 5
Ex. f ( x) 2
x 2 Derivative of
Derivative of the denominator
the numerator
f ( x)
3 x 2 2 2 x 3x 5
x
2
2
2
3x 2 10 x 6
x
2
2
2
More Differentiation Rules
7. The Chain Rule
If h( x) g f ( x) then
h( x) g f ( x) f ( x)
dy dy du
dx du dx
5 32
u 56 x 7 6 x
2
Sub in for u
5
32
7 x 3x
8 2
56 x 7 6 x
2
15 x 7 x 3 x
32
140 x 7 8 2
More Differentiation Rules
The Chain Rule leads to
The General Power Rule:
If h( x) f ( x) n, real then
n
h( x) n f ( x)
n1
f ( x)
12
Ex. f ( x) 3 x 4 x 3 x 4 x
2 2
1 1 2
f ( x) 3x 4 x
2
6x 4
2
3x 2
3x 2 4 x
Chain Rule Example
7
Ex. G ( x) 2 x 1
3x 5
2 x 1 3x 5 2 2 x 1 3
6
G( x) 7
3 x 5 3x 5 2
91 2 x 1
6 6
2x 1 13
G( x) 7
3x 5 3x 5 2
3x 58
Examples: Find the derivatives of the
following functions
4) f(x) = 5v 3 4 v 5v 3 v1/ 4
1) f(x) =3x4-2x3+x2-5x+7
f’(x) =?
f’(x) = ?
1 3 / 4 1
15v v
2
15v 3 / 4
2
12 x 6 x 2 x 5
3 2
4 4v
3 4 x4
5) f(x) = 3
2) f(x) = 3 - 7x -2 4x x 8
4
f’(x) = ? 3 1 x
x 4 x 3
4 8
14
3
14 x 3 3 2 4 1 3
x f’(x) =? x 12 x x
4 2
3 12 1 3
2
4 x
4x x 2
Marginal Functions
The Marginal Cost Function approximates the change in
the actual cost of producing an additional unit.
C ( x )
the Average Cost Function is
C ( x)
C
x
the Marginal Average Cost Function is
C ( x)
Revenue Functions
Given a revenue function, R(x),
the Marginal Revenue Function is
R( x )
Profit Functions
Given a profit function, P(x),
the Marginal Profit Function is
P( x )
Elasticity of Demand
If f is a differentiable demand function defined by
x f ( p)
Then the elasticity of demand at price p is given by
pf p
E p
f p
Derivative Notations
d2y
Second f dx 2
d3y
Third f dx 3
(4) d4y
Fourth f dx 4
n dny
nth f
dx n
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given f ( x) 3x5 2 x3 14 find f ( x).
f ( x) 15x 6 x
4 2
f ( x) 60 x 12 x
3
f ( x) 180 x 2 12
Example of Higher Derivatives
2x 1
Given f ( x) find f (2).
3x 2
2 3x 2 3 2 x 1 7 2
f ( x) 7 3x 2
3x 2 2
3x 2 2
3 42
f ( x) 14 3x 2 3
3x 2 3
42 42 21
f (2) 3
3(2) 2 3
4 32
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem:
1. Assign a variable to each quantity.
Draw a diagram if appropriate.
2. Write down the known values/rates.
3. Relate variables with an equation.
4. Differentiate the equation implicitly.
5. Plug in values and solve.
How to find stationary point?
1) Given an equation.
f ( x) 5 2 x 3 x 2
2) f ' ( x) 6 x 2
2) Find f’(x). 6x 2 0
3) Equate f’(x)=0. Hence, find x. x 1/ 3
4) Based on value of x in (2),
3) x 1 / 3
substitute x into (1).
4) f ( x) 5 2(1 / 3) 3(1 / 3) 2
5) If x is positive, it is maximum
f ( x) 14 / 3
point. If x is negative, it is
Stationary Po int (1 / 3,14 / 3)
minimum point.
5) Minimum
Find stationary point(s)
10000
Cx 4 x 1000
x
10000
C x 4
A shop takes x deliveries a year x2
of cereal. At stationary points C´(x) = 0
10000
The suppliers are willing to
make 4 0
x2
between 20 and 200 deliveries a x2
10000
2500
4
year. x 50
The annual cost of these Examine end-points and
deliveries can be calculated from stationary point(s)
C 20 4 20
10000
1580
the formula: 20
C 200 4 200
10000 10000
1850
Cx 4 x 1000 ; 20 ≤ x ≤ 200 200
x
C 50 4 50
10000
1400
What is the manager’s best 50
(d) 2x x
x2
( e) f ( x ) 3 x 5
( f ) f ( x) 2 x 4 x 3x 4
3 2
( g ) f ( x) 4 x 5
3
( h) y 5 x 2
x
x5
(i ) y
x
(a) 15x4 + 12x2 –1
1
(b)3 x 2 x 3 x 2 x
2 2 2
dy 12 1
6x x 6x
dx x
1
3 2x x 2x x 2
(c)4 4 3x 1 (d ) 2
1
2 2 2x x
32
x x x x
dy 3 dy 2 3 2
5
2
3x 2 2 x 2 x
dx x dx
h)
e)
f)
i)
g)
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