BM Chapter 4

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Integral and Derivative Are

Complements

• Derivative: Give me distance and time, and


I’ll give you velocity (speed, rate)

• Integral: Give me velocity and time, and I’ll


give you distance
Differentiation
Chapter 4
• Basic Rules of Differentiation
• The Product and Quotient Rules
• The Chain Rule
• Marginal Functions in Economics
• Higher-Order Derivatives
• Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
• Differentials
Basic Differentiation Rules
d
1. c  0  c is a constant 
dx
Ex. f ( x)  5
f ( x)  0

2.
d n
dx
 
x  nx n1  n is a real number 

Ex. f ( x)  x 7
f ( x)  7 x 6
Basic Differentiation Rules
d d
3.  cf ( x)   c  f ( x)   c is a constant 
dx dx
Ex. f ( x)  3x
8

 
f ( x)  3 8 x7  24 x7

d d d
4.  f  x   g  x     f ( x)   g ( x) 
dx dx dx
Ex. f ( x)  7  x12
f ( x)  0  12 x11  12 x11
Examples: Find the derivatives of the
following functions
3) f(x) = t4
1) f(x) = 4x5 12
f’(x) = ?
f’(x) = 1 t 3
20x4 3

1 1 3
3 
1
2) f(x) = 3x x 0.9 0.9 
3  1
 0.9 x 3

4) f(x) = 3 x 3
x
f’(x) = ? 4 1 
4
3
 1x  4 f’(x) =  0.3x 3

x 10x 4/3
Examples: Find the derivatives of the
following functions
4) f(x) = 1 = x-1
1) f(x) = x6
f’(x) = ? x
6x5 2 1
f’(x) = ?  1x  2
x
2) f(t) = t-2
f’(t) = ? 2 5) f(u) =
-2t-3=
3
u2 = u2/3
t3
t3/2 f’(u) =? 2 3
1
2
3) f(t) = u  1/ 3
3 3u
1
3 6) f(x) = 1
f’(t) = ? t 2 = x-1/2
x
2
f’(x) =? 1 23 1
 x   3/ 2
2 2x
More Differentiation Rules
5. Product Rule U.V = U’V + V’U
d d d
 f  x   g  x     f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f ( x)
dx dx dx

 
Ex. f ( x)  x  2 x  5 3x  8 x  1
3 7 2

 
f ( x)  3x 2  2 3x7  8 x 2  1   x 3
 2 x  5 21x 6
 16 x 
Derivative Derivative of
of the first the second
function function


f ( x)  30 x  48x  105x  40 x  45x  80 x  2
9 7 6 4 2
More Differentiation Rules
6. Quotient Rule U/V = (VU’ – UV’)/(V.V)

d d
d  f   
x  g ( x )
dx
 f ( x )   f ( x )
dx
 g ( x ) 
 
dx  g ( x)   g ( x) 2

Sometimes remembered as:

d  hi  lo d  hi   hi d lo 
  
dx  lo  lo lo
More Differentiation Rules
6. Quotient Rule (cont.)
3x  5
Ex. f ( x)  2
x 2 Derivative of
Derivative of the denominator
the numerator
f ( x) 
 
3 x 2  2  2 x  3x  5

x 
2
2
2
3x 2  10 x  6

x 
2
2
2
More Differentiation Rules
7. The Chain Rule
If h( x)  g  f ( x)  then

h( x)  g   f ( x)   f ( x)

Note: h(x) is a composite function.


Another Version:
If y  h( x)  g  u  , where u  f ( x), then
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
Chain Rule Example
Ex. y  u
, u  7 x  3x
52 8 2

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
5 32

 u  56 x 7  6 x
2
 Sub in for u

5
   
32
 7 x  3x
8 2
 56 x 7  6 x
2
  15 x  7 x  3 x 
32
 140 x 7 8 2
More Differentiation Rules
The Chain Rule leads to
The General Power Rule:
If h( x)   f ( x)  n, real  then
n

h( x)  n  f ( x)
n1
 f ( x)

 
12
Ex. f ( x)  3 x  4 x  3 x  4 x
2 2

 
1 1 2

f ( x)  3x  4 x
2
6x  4
2
3x  2

3x 2  4 x
Chain Rule Example
7
Ex. G ( x)   2 x  1 
 
 3x  5 
2 x  1   3x  5 2   2 x  1 3 
6

G( x)  7    

 3 x  5    3x  5 2

91 2 x  1
6 6
 2x 1  13
G( x)  7   
 3x  5   3x  5 2
 3x  58
Examples: Find the derivatives of the
following functions
4) f(x) = 5v 3  4 v  5v 3  v1/ 4
1) f(x) =3x4-2x3+x2-5x+7
f’(x) =?
f’(x) = ?
1 3 / 4 1
15v  v
2
 15v  3 / 4
2

12 x  6 x  2 x  5
3 2
4 4v
3 4 x4
5) f(x) =   3
2) f(x) = 3 - 7x -2 4x x 8
4
f’(x) = ? 3 1 x
  x  4 x 3 
4 8
14
3
14 x  3 3 2 4 1 3
x f’(x) =? x  12 x  x
4 2
3 12 1 3
2
 4 x
4x x 2
Marginal Functions
The Marginal Cost Function approximates the change in
the actual cost of producing an additional unit.

The Marginal Average Cost Function measures the rate


of change of the average cost function with respect to the
number of units produced.

The Marginal Revenue Function measures the rate of


change of the revenue function. It approximates the revenue
from the sale of an additional unit.

The Marginal Profit Function measures the rate of change


of the profit function. It approximates the profit from the sale
of an additional unit.
Cost Functions
Given a cost function, C(x),
the Marginal Cost Function is

C ( x )
the Average Cost Function is

C ( x)
C
x
the Marginal Average Cost Function is


C ( x)
Revenue Functions
Given a revenue function, R(x),
the Marginal Revenue Function is

R( x )

Profit Functions
Given a profit function, P(x),
the Marginal Profit Function is

P( x )
Elasticity of Demand
If f is a differentiable demand function defined by
x  f ( p)
Then the elasticity of demand at price p is given by
pf   p 
E  p  
f  p

Demand is: Elastic if E(p) > 1


Unitary if E(p) = 1
Inelastic if E(p) < 1
Elasticity of Demand
If the demand is elastic at p, then an increase in unit
price causes a decrease in revenue. A decrease in unit
price causes an increase in revenue.

If the demand is unitary at p, then with an increase


in unit price the revenue will stay about the same.

If the demand is inelastic at p, then an increase in


unit price causes an increase in revenue. A decrease
in unit price causes a decrease in revenue.
Example 1
Consider the demand equation
p  0.02 x  400  0  x  20, 000 
which describes the relationship between the unit
price p in dollars and the quantity demanded x of the
Acrosonic model F loudspeaker systems. Find the
elasticity of demand E ( p).
Solving the given demand equation for x in
terms of p, we find x  f ( p )  50 p  20, 000.
Therefore,
pf ( p) p  50  p
E ( p)    =
f ( p) 50 p  20, 000 400  p
Example 2
The monthly demand for T-shirts is given by
p  0.05 x  25  0  x  400 
where p denotes the wholesale unit price in dollars
and x denotes the quantity demanded. The monthly
cost function for these T-shirts is
C ( x)  0.001x  2 x  200
2

1. Find the revenue and profit functions.


2. Find the marginal cost, marginal revenue, and
marginal profit functions.
3. Find the marginal average cost function. ……
Solution
1. Find the revenue and profit functions.
Revenue = xp
 x  0.05 x  25   0.05 x  25 x
2

Profit = revenue – cost



 0.05 x  25 x  0.001x  2 x  200
2 2

 0.049 x 2  23 x  200
2. Find the marginal cost, marginal revenue, and
marginal profit functions.
Marginal Cost = C ( x )
 0.002 x  2 ......
Solution
2. (cont.) Find the marginal revenue and marginal
profit functions.
Marginal revenue = R( x )
 0.1x  25
Marginal profit = P( x )
 0.098x  23
3. Find the marginal average cost function.
1
C ( x)  0.001x  2  200 x

C ( x)  0.001  200 x 2
Higher Derivatives
The second derivative of a function f is the derivative
of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the
first derivative.

Derivative Notations
d2y
Second f  dx 2
d3y
Third f  dx 3
(4) d4y
Fourth f dx 4
 n dny
nth f
dx n
Example of Higher Derivatives
Given f ( x)  3x5  2 x3  14 find f ( x).


f ( x)  15x  6 x
4 2

f ( x)  60 x  12 x
3

f ( x)  180 x 2  12
Example of Higher Derivatives
2x 1
Given f ( x)  find f (2).
3x  2

2  3x  2   3  2 x  1 7 2
f ( x)    7  3x  2 
 3x  2  2
 3x  2  2

3 42
f ( x)  14  3x  2   3 
 3x  2 3

42 42 21
f (2)   3 
 3(2)  2  3
4 32
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem:
1. Assign a variable to each quantity.
Draw a diagram if appropriate.
2. Write down the known values/rates.
3. Relate variables with an equation.
4. Differentiate the equation implicitly.
5. Plug in values and solve.
How to find stationary point?
1) Given an equation.

f ( x)  5  2 x  3 x 2

2) f ' ( x)  6 x  2
2) Find f’(x). 6x  2  0
3) Equate f’(x)=0. Hence, find x. x  1/ 3
4) Based on value of x in (2),
3) x  1 / 3
substitute x into (1).
4) f ( x)  5  2(1 / 3)  3(1 / 3) 2
5) If x is positive, it is maximum
f ( x)  14 / 3
point. If x is negative, it is
 Stationary Po int  (1 / 3,14 / 3)
minimum point.
5) Minimum
Find stationary point(s)
10000
Cx   4 x   1000
x
10000
 C x   4 
A shop takes x deliveries a year x2
of cereal. At stationary points C´(x) = 0
10000
The suppliers are willing to 
make 4 0
x2
between 20 and 200 deliveries a  x2 
10000
 2500
4
year.  x  50
The annual cost of these Examine end-points and
deliveries can be calculated from stationary point(s)

C 20   4  20 
10000
 1580
the formula: 20
C 200   4  200 
10000 10000
 1850
Cx   4 x   1000 ; 20 ≤ x ≤ 200 200
x
C 50   4  50 
10000
 1400
What is the manager’s best 50

strategy to minimise the costs. Optimum strategy: Order 50 times a


year. This will minimise costs at £1400.
Exercises
Differentiate
(a) 3x5 + 4x3 – x – 3
(b) 3x2 + 2x
(c) 4
3
x

(d) 2x  x
 x2
( e) f ( x )  3 x 5

( f ) f ( x)  2 x  4 x  3x  4
3 2

( g ) f ( x)  4 x  5
3
( h) y  5 x 2

x
x5
(i ) y 
x
(a) 15x4 + 12x2 –1

1
(b)3 x  2 x  3 x  2 x
2 2 2

dy  12 1
  6x  x  6x 
dx x

1
3 2x  x 2x x 2

(c)4   4  3x 1 (d ) 2
1
 2  2  2x  x
 32

x x x x
dy 3 dy 2 3 2
5

 2
 3x   2   2 x  2 x
dx x dx
h)
e)

f)

i)

g)
Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

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