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Title: Economy of the Round Dairy Barn

Author: Wilber John Fraser

Release Date: December 16, 2011 [EBook #38321]

Language: English

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
Agricultural Experiment Station

BULLETIN NO. 143

ECONOMY OF THE ROUND

DAIRY BARN
B Y WILBER J. FRASER
URBANA, ILLINOIS, FEBRUARY, 1910
 SUMMARY OF B ULLETIN NO. 143
1. Round barns would be more generally built if their advantages were known and if the few which
have been erected had been rightly constructed.Page 1.
2. The round dairy barn offers greater convenience in storing, handling and distributing the
feed.Page 5.
3. In the circular construction, much greater strength is secured with less lumber.Page 6.
4. The material for rectangular barns costs from 34 to 58 percent more than for round barns of the
same area and capacity.Page 7.
5. Round and rectangular barns compared.Page 11.
6. Round and rectangular barns, including silos, compared.Page 13.
7. Detailed account, with illustrations showing how the round barn at the University was built.Page
17.
8. Itemized statement of cost of a 60-foot round barn.Page 29.
9. Brief descriptions with illustrations and plans of several round dairy barns in actual use.Page
31.
10. Conclusions. The advantages of the round dairy barn are convenience, strength and
cheapness.Page 44.
 ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN
FULL SPECIFICATIONS AND DETAILED COST AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW SIXTY-FOOT CIRCULAR DAIRY
BARN AT THE UNIVERSITY. SAVING OF ROUND OVER RECTANGULAR BARNS. NOTES ON SEVERAL ROUND BARNS
ON DAIRY FARMS.[A]

BY W. J. FRASER, CHIEF IN DAIRY HUSBANDRY

The planning, construction, and arrangement of farm buildings do not usually receive the thought and study
these subjects warrant. How many dairymen have compared a circular, 40-cow barn with the common
rectangular building containing the same area? How many understand that the circular structure is much the
stronger; that the rectangular form requires 22 percent more wall and foundation to enclose the same space;
and that the cost of material is from 34 to 58 percent more for the rectangular building?

In a community in which everyone is engaged in the same occupation, one person is likely to copy
from his neighbor without apparently giving a thought as to whether or not there is a better way.
In a district of Kane county, Illinois, a certain type of dairy barn is used by nearly everyone, while in
the next county a distinctly different type prevails, and the dairy barns of another adjacent county
differ from those of either of the former, simply because the early settlers of this particular locality
came from an eastern state and started building the style of barn then common in Pennsylvania.
In a certain community in Ohio where a milk condensing factory is located, a large number of farmers
have barns 36 × 60 feet, with an “L” the same size. The loft of the “L” is used for the storage of straw,
and the cows run loose in the lower portion. These barns are all built on practically the same plan
and are usually of the same size, and this is the only community known to the writer where this form
of barn is used in this manner.
This tendency to imitate emphasizes the fact that men do not exercise sufficient originality. Because
most barns are rectangular is no reason that this is the best and most economical form.
[A] Special acknowledgment is made to Mr. H. E. Crouch and Mr. R. E. Brand for their assistance in
working out the detailed data which are the bases for the economic comparisons of the round and rectangular
barns made in this bulletin.

WHY M ORE ROUND BARNS ARE NOT BUILT

 FIG. 1. BARN NO. 5. 100 FEET IN DIAMETER, SCALE 20 FEET TO ONE INCH; SHOWING INCREASED MOW
CAPACITY GIVEN BY SELF-SUPPORTING ROOF.

In an early day when lumber was cheap, buildings were built of logs, or at least had heavy frames.
Under these conditions, the rectangular barn was the one naturally used, and people have followed in
the footsteps of their forefathers in continuing this form of barn. The result is that the economy and
advantages of the round barn have apparently never been considered. This is because they are not
obvious at first sight, and become fully apparent only after a detailed study of the construction. For
these reasons, the rectangular form still continues to be built, altho it requires much more lumber. As
the price of lumber has advanced so materially in recent years, the possible saving in this material is
a large item, and well worth investigating.
The objections to round barns have usually been made by those who have only a superficial
knowledge of the subject, and do not really understand the relative merits of the two forms. To the
writer's knowledge, there has never been published a carefully figured out, detailed comparison of a
properly constructed circular barn with the rectangular barn.
The difficulty with most round barns that have been built, thus far, is that they do not have a self-
supporting roof, and consequently lose many of the advantages of a properly constructed round barn.
This is the principal reason why round barns have not become more popular. A straight roof
necessarily requires many supports in the barn below. These are both costly and inconvenient, and
make the roof no stronger than a dome-shaped, self-supporting roof which nearly doubles the capacity
of the mow. See Fig. (1).
Many who have thus disregarded capacity have also wasted lumber and made a needless amount of
work by chopping or hewing out the sill and plate, thus requiring more labor and lumber, besides
sacrificing the greater strength of a built-up sill. Rightly constructed round barns are, however, being
built to a limited extent. One contractor has erected twenty-four round barns, with self-supporting
roofs, in the last nine years. These barns vary in size from 40 feet in diameter with 18-foot posts to
102 feet in diameter with 30-foot posts.
Another reason for the scarcity of round barns is the difficulty in getting them built. Most carpenters
hesitate to undertake the work because in the erection of a round barn the construction should be
entirely different from that of the rectangular form. Many new problems present themselves, but when
these are once understood, the round barn offers no more difficulties in construction than the
rectangular form. It is, however, important to have a head carpenter who is accustomed to putting up
round barns, as a man with ingenuity and experience can take advantage of many opportunities to save
labor and material.

KIND OF BARN NEEDED

The first thing to consider in the erection of a barn is a convenient arrangement for the purpose for
which it is to be used. At the University of Illinois, two years ago, a twenty-acre demonstration dairy
farm was started, the sole object being to produce the largest amount of milk per acre at the least
possible cost. To meet the requirements of a barn for this purpose, it became imperative to build one
that was convenient for feeding and caring for the cows, economical of construction, and containing a
large storage capacity in both silo and mow. These are the requirements of a barn for every practical
dairyman.

FIG. 2. FILLING THE SILO.

A silo was needed that could be fed from the year round. With the small number of cows kept, a deep
enough layer of silage could not be fed off each day to keep it good thru the summer, if the silo was
more than 12 feet in diameter. As this small diameter was a necessity, it would require two silos 33
feet deep to supply enough silage. Two silos of such small diameter would not only be costly, but
difficult to make stand, unless built of concrete. This difficulty was overcome by using the circular
barn and placing in the center a silo which is 12 feet in diameter and 54 feet deep, thus making the
one silo, with as much capacity as the two before mentioned, answer every purpose. This deep silo is
an important part of the round barn, as it not only forms a support for the roof, but is protected by the
barn, thus saving the cost of siding. Then, too, besides occupying the space least valuable for other
purposes, it being centrally located, is in the most convenient place for feeding. The silage chute
being open at the top forms a suction of air, which keeps the silage odor from the barn at milking time,
and also assists in ventilation when the door to the chute is open.
 ADVANTAGES OF THE ROUND BARN
The points of superiority that the round dairy barn shows over the rectangular form are convenience, strength,
and cheapness.

ROUND BARN M OST CONVENIENT

Considering that the barn on a dairy farm is used twice every day in the year, and that for six months
each year the cows occupy it almost continuously, and that during this time a large amount of the labor
of the farm is done inside the barn, it is evident that the question of its convenience is a vital one. The
amount of time and strength wasted in useless labor in poorly arranged buildings is appalling. People
do not stop to consider the saving in a year or a lifetime by having the barn so conveniently arranged
that there is a saving of only a few seconds on each task that has to be done two or three times every
day.

FIG. 3. INTERIOR OF BARN, SECOND FLOOR, SHOWING SILO AND LOCATION OF ENSILAGE CUTTER. (TEAM
UNHITCHED TO SHOW CUTTER.)

The round barn has a special advantage in the work of distributing silage to the cows. The feeding
commences at the chute where it is thrown down, and is continued around the circle, ending with the
silage cart at the chute again, ready for the next feeding. The same thing is true in feeding hay and
grain.
Still another great advantage is the large unobstructed hay mow. With the self-supporting roof, there
are no timbers whatever obstructing the mow, which means no dragging of hay around posts or over
girders. The hay carrier runs on a circular track around the mow, midway between the silo and the
outside wall, and drops the hay at any desired point, thus in no case does the hay have to be moved
but a few feet, which means a saving of much labor in the mowing.
To successfully embody all of the above discussed advantages in a dairy barn is one of the large
problems in milk production. In a careful study of the barn question it soon became apparent that it
was impossible to embody all of the requirements advantageously in anything but a circular form of
building, and the 60-foot round barn, which is here described, was built.

FIG. 4. SOUTH VIEW, SHOWING WELL LIGHTED STABLE.

CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION THE STRONGEST

The circular construction is the strongest, because it takes advantage of the lineal, instead of the
breaking strength of the lumber. Each row of boards running around the barn forms a hoop that holds
the barn together. A barrel, properly hooped and headed, is almost indestructible, and much stronger
than a box, altho the hoops are small. This strength is because the stress comes on the hoops in a
lineal direction. Any piece of timber is many times stronger on a lineal pull than on a breaking stress.
Take for example a No. 1 yellow pine 2 × 6, 16 feet long, with an actual cross section of 15⁄8 × 55⁄8
inches. If placed on edge and supported at the ends, as a joist, the limit of safety for a load evenly
distributed is 642 pounds, while the limit of safety for a load in the lineal direction of the same piece
of timber is 12,800 pounds, or twenty times as great.
 FIG. 5. IN COW STABLE, SHOWING SILO AND FEED ALLEY IN CENTER OF BARN; STANCHIONS ON RIGHT, MILK
SCALES AND RECORD SHEET ON LEFT.

All exposed surfaces of a round barn are circular, as both the sides and roof are arched, which is the
strongest form of construction to resist wind pressure; besides, the wind, in striking it, glances off and
can get no direct hold on the walls or roof, as it can on the flat sides or gable ends of a rectangular
structure. If the lumber is properly placed in a round barn, much of it will perform two or more
functions. Every row of siding boards running around the building serves also as a brace, and the
same is true of the roof boards and the arched rafters. If the siding is put on vertically and the roof
built dome-shaped, no scaffolding is required inside or out. These are points of economy in the round
construction.

RECTANGULAR BARNS REQUIRE 34 TO 58 P ERCENT M ORE M ATERIAL

In order to compare the amount and cost of material in round and rectangular barns, the following
figures have been carefully worked out by an expert barn builder. Two comparisons, based on wood
construction thruout, are made, in which round barns 60 feet and 90 feet in diameter are compared
with both plank and mortise frame rectangular barns containing the same number of square feet of
floor space, respectively. Since the most practical width of a rectangular dairy barn is 36 feet, its
length will depend upon the number of square feet required in the barn.
FIG. 6. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF MORTISE FRAME BARN, END VIEW.
 FIG. 7. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF PLANK FRAME BARN, SIDE VIEW.

Figures 6 to 9 are side and end views, showing the detail construction and size of the timbers of the
plank frame and mortise frame barns here figured. The detailed figures of the lumber bills for each of
these barns were carefully worked out, but are too voluminous for publication here. The total number
of feet of each kind of lumber required is given in Tables 1A and 1B. Since the proportion of the
different kinds of lumber and shingles varied for the different barns, to draw an exact comparison it
was necessary to base it upon the money value, and for this purpose the total cost of lumber has been
figured in each case. The lumber values used thruout are the best average prices that could be
obtained. As the same prices are used for the material of all the barns, the comparisons of cost are
correct, altho these exact prices will not hold for all localities and all times.

FIG. 8. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF PLANK FRAME BARN, END VIEW.

Since a silo cannot be economically built inside of a rectangular barn, the first comparison is made
with the barns simply enclosed, altho one of the chief advantages of a round barn is the deep silo
which it is possible to build so economically in the center.

FIG. 9. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF MORTISE FRAME BARN, SIDE VIEW.

Another item of economy in the circular barn is less framing lumber. This form has the strongest
possible construction with the least lumber in the frame, and the least bracing, not a single timber
larger than a 2 × 6 being required above the sill. The arched circular roof requires no supports, and
no scaffolding is needed inside during its construction.
The accompanying tables show the comparative amount and value of lumber and cubical content in
round barns 60 and 90 feet in diameter, and rectangular barns of equal area and height of posts.
TABLE 1A.—A COMPARISON OF THE COST OF MATERIAL IN ROUND AND RECTANGULAR BARNS OF THE
SAME AREA , Not Including FOUNDATION AND SILOS

Rectangular barn, 36 × 781⁄2 ft.

Round Barn
Plank frame Mortise frame
60 feet in diameter
Framing
13,976 ft. @ $25 = $349.40 19,833 ft. @ $25 = $495.83 29,074 ft. @ $25 = $726.85
lumber
Sheathing,
siding, and 12,971 ft. @ $22 = 285.36 15,355 ft. @ $22 = 337.81 15,355 ft. @ $22 = 337.81
flooring
Shingles 44,000 @ $3.75 = 165.00 45,000 @ $3.75 = 168.75 45,000 @ $3.75 = 168.75
Bolts 20.88
Total cost of
$799.76 $1023.27 $1233.41
lumber
Content, cubic
117,669 117,138 117,138
feet

TABLE 1B.

Rectangular barn, 36 × 1763⁄4 ft.

Round barn,
Plank frame Mortise frame
90 feet in diameter
Framing
30,899 ft. @ $25 = $772.48 38,815 ft. @ $25 = $970.38 59,481 ft. @ $25 = $1487.03
lumber
Sheathing,
siding, and 22,375 ft. @ $22 = 492.25 28,547 ft. @ $22 = 628.03 28,547 ft. @ $22 = 628.03
flooring
Shingles 97,000 @ $3.75 = 363.75 102,000 @ $3.75 = 382.50 102,000 @ $3.75 = 382.50
Bolts 26.76
Total cost of
$1628.48 $2007.67 $2497.56
lumber
Content,
322,952 270,570 270,570
cubic feet

ROUND AND RECTANGULAR BARNS COMPARED

In comparing the 60-foot round barn with a rectangular barn of the same area, the two barns should
afford the cows the same amount of space on the platform. Allowing each cow in the 60-foot round
barn 3 feet 6 inches in width at the rear of the platform, it will accommodate 40 cows and leave
space for two passage ways. But in a rectangular barn, only 3 feet 4 inches of platform space need be
allowed for each cow, and the 781⁄2 foot barn, with two 3-foot passage ways across it for convenience
in feeding, will accommodate 42 cows. While the rectangular barn has stall room for two more cows,
the round barn contains space in the center for a silo 18 feet in diameter.
The floor space and cubical content of the round barn 60 feet in diameter, and the rectangular barn
compared with it in these tables, are practically the same, and the barns are therefore directly
comparable. This being true, the percentages which were figured from the complete bills of material
for these barns show the exact saving in lumber on the 60-foot round barn over the plank and mortise
frame rectangular barns 36 × 781⁄2 feet. The lumber bills of the rectangular barns show an increase in
cost of 28 percent for the plank frame and 54 percent for the mortise frame. The round barn, 60 feet in
diameter, contains 1881⁄2, and the rectangular barn 225 lineal feet of wall. The rectangular barn has,
therefore, 22 percent more lineal feet of outside barn wall, requiring a proportional increase in both
paint and foundation.
The 1763⁄4-foot rectangular barn would hold 100 cows, allowing each cow 3 feet 4 inches in width
and providing for 3 passage ways of 3 feet each across the barn.
The 90-foot round barn would hold 100 cows in two rows headed together, 65 of which would be in
the outer circle, and have 3 feet 6 inches each in width at the gutter. This leaves sufficient room for
feed alleys and walks, and two passage ways, one three feet and the other seven feet wide for the
manure and feed carriers. All of this is outside of a central space for a silo 20 feet in diameter and 71
feet high, with a capacity for 620 tons of silage, and in the mow there would still be an excess, above
the capacity of the rectangular barn, of 33,000 cubic feet, which would[Pg 12]
[Pg 13] hold 66 tons of hay, or as much as the entire mow of a barn 32 × 36 feet with 20-foot posts.

TABLE 2A.—A COMPARISON OF THE COST OF MATERIAL IN ROUND AND RECTANGULAR BARNS, Including
FOUNDATION AND SILOS.

Round barn,
Rectangular barn, 36 × 781⁄2 ft.
60 feet in diameter
Plank frame Mortise frame
Lumber in barn, $799.76 $1023.27 $1233.41
Material in foundation, 86.89 105.90 105.90
Material in silo, 159.01 295.26 295.26
Total cost of material in barn, $1045.66 $1424.43 $1634.57
Actual money saved, $378.77 $588.91
Proportional cost, 100% 136% 156%

TABLE 2B.

Round barn,
Rectangular barn, 36 × 1763⁄4 ft.
90 feet in diameter
Plank frame Mortise frame
Lumber in barn, $1628.48 $2007.67 $2497.56
Material in foundation, 130.35 196.80 196.80
Material in silo, 265.00 513.52 513.52
Total cost of material in barn, $2023.83 $2717.99 $3207.88
Actual money saved, $694.16 $1184.05
Proportional cost, 100% 134% 158%

The square feet of floor space in the round barn 90 feet in diameter and rectangular barn 36 × 1763⁄4
feet are the same, but the cubical content of the former is more than that of the latter. The increase in
the lumber bill is 23 percent in the plank frame and 53 percent in the mortise frame barn. The round
barn 90 feet in diameter contains 283 and the rectangular barn 426 lineal feet of wall. The rectangular
barn has, therefore, 50 percent more lineal feet of outside barn wall, requiring a proportional
increase in both paint and foundation.
The smaller surface on the outside wall of the round barn requires less paint and makes a
proportional saving in keeping the round barn painted in after years.

ROUND AND RECTANGULAR BARNS, Including Silos, COMPARED

Owing to the fact that a silo is a necessity for the most economical production of milk, a barn is not
complete for a dairyman's purpose unless it includes a silo with capacity to store sufficient silage for
the herd. In the case of the round barn, the silo is most economically built inside, but in the
rectangular form would cause a waste of space, and for that reason is best erected outside. Therefore,
in comparing a round dairy barn with a rectangular dairy barn, silos should be included.
In figuring the cost of materials in the silos for the round and rectangular barns, the capacity needed in
each case was determined in the following manner: Allowing 40 pounds of silage per cow per day
for 7 winter months and 25 pounds per cow per day for 3 months during the summer, would require
for 40 cows 220 tons; then allowing one-eighth for waste would make the silage requirement 248
tons. As the silo in the round barn 60 feet in diameter is 53 feet deep, it would need to be only 16 feet
in diameter to hold 250 tons. This diameter is sufficiently small to allow summer feeding without
waste. To erect a silo outside of a barn, with sufficient stability to stand well, the height above ground
should not be much more than twice the diameter, and in order to avoid waste for summer feeding, the
diameter should not be greater than 16 feet for a herd of 40 cows. In order that a deep enough layer of
silage can be fed off each day during the summer to avoid waste, it is evident that to store 250 tons of
silage outside the barn, two silos would be required. One of these should be 16 feet in diameter and
36 feet deep, holding 154 tons, and the other 13 feet in diameter and 36 feet deep, holding 102 tons,
making a total silo capacity of 256 tons.
As the large barns hold 100 cows, the same allowance of silage per cow for the season would
require silo capacity for 620 tons. As the silo in the round barn 90 feet in diameter would be 71 feet
deep, it would need to be only 20 feet in diameter to hold 620 tons. To store 620 tons of silage in
silos built outside the rectangular barn would require two silos, each 20 feet in diameter and 44 feet
deep.[B] These are the sizes on which the figures for cost of silos of the Gurler type, given in Tables
2A and 2B, were used.
FIG. 10. INTERIOR OF COW STABLE, SHOWING WATER TROUGH WITH FLOAT VALVE, SALT BOX, AND DOOR INTO
DAIRY.

The table (page 12) is the final summing up of the cost of all the material for the completed dairy
barns, with silos, and shows a saving of from 34 to 58 percent in favor of the round barn and silo, or
an actual money saving in this case of from $379 to $1184, depending upon the size and construction
of the barns.
Thoughtlessly, men go on building rectangular barns, but what would this reckless disregard of a
possible saving of 34 to 58 percent mean in a year's business on the farm? Some illustrations may
help us to understand what this money saved in building a round barn really amounts to, and its
convenience is also a great saving. If the dairyman discarded the idea of a rectangular barn and built a
round barn instead, he could take the money thus saved and buy one of the best pure-bred sires for his
herd, and also three to ten pure-bred heifers or fine grade cows. Either of these purchases might
double the profit of the herd. Or, this saving, properly applied, would purchase many labor-saving
devices which would make life less of a drudgery on many dairy farms. Is not such a saving worth
while?
 FIG. 11. COW COMFORT IN A ROUND BARN.

When the comparative cost and merit of two constructions are known, it is a poor financier who will
pay extra for the one which is inferior. If a man received bids from contractors for a building, he
would be a foolish man who would accept one which is from 34 to 58 percent higher than the lowest
bidder, especially when he knew the lowest bidder would put up the most convenient and substantial
building.
[B] Since the deeper the silo the more firmly the silage packs, one silo 71 feet deep will hold as much as two
silos of the same diameter and 44 feet deep.
 DISADVANTAGES OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN
The disadvantages of the round dairy barn are, that it cannot be enlarged by building on as readily as
can the rectangular form, but as the round barn may be built higher to the eaves than a rectangular barn
36 feet wide, provision can be made for the growth of the herd by building so as to put cows in the
second story and still leave sufficient mow room for hay.
The objection is frequently raised that a round barn is difficult to light. This difficulty is entirely
overcome in a barn 90 feet or less in diameter, if a sufficient number of properly spaced windows are
used. See Figs. 4 and 30. With the same number of windows, the light is more evenly distributed in a
round barn and the sun can shine directly into some portion at all hours of the day during the winter.

FIG. 12. FIRST STORY WALL, AND FOUNDATION FOR SILO, FEED ALLEY, AND MANGER; SILL IN PLACE, READY
FOR JOISTS AND STUDS.

The objection has been raised that rectangular objects cannot be placed in a circle without a waste of
space, but this does not apply to a dairy barn, as the storage of hay and grain depends upon cubical
content, alone, and silos should always be circular, no matter where built. Cows, when lying down,
are decidedly wedge-shaped, requiring much less space in front than behind. The objection may be
raised, with round barns large enough for two rows of cows, that the row headed out does not use the
space as economically as in the rectangular form, because a cow needs more width at the rear of the
platform than at the manger. Where there are two rows of cows, the inner row is usually headed out,
and as only about one-third of the cows are in this row, this loss of space is counterbalanced by the
large number of cows in the outer circle using the space more economically than they do in the
rectangular barn.
Box stalls cannot be as conveniently arranged, but in a one-row barn, gates hung on the outside and
swung around to the manger, form stalls for cows at freshening time, and in a barn with two rows, box
stalls can be arranged in the inner circle.
 HOW THE ROUND BARN AT THE UNIVERSITY WAS BUILT
The barn is located on the side of a hill, sloping gently to the south and east. With this location, it was
an advantage to excavate 5 feet deep on the northwest and run out to the surface of the ground on the
southeast.

FIG. 13. SHOWING TEMPORARY BRACING TO HOLD STUDS IN PLACE WHILE SHIP LAP CEILING IS NAILED ON.

The footing for the foundation is 18 inches wide. A ten-inch brick wall was carried up nine feet
above the stable floor. This wall contains a 2-inch air space to prevent moisture from condensing on
the inner wall and making the barn damp. This is an important point, as barns with a solid stone or
brick wall are very objectionable on account of dampness. It has been proven by two years' use that
this difficulty is entirely obviated by the air space in the wall.
The foundation for the manger and feed alley is built up 2 feet above the stable floor. The foundation
for the silo extends 4 feet below the stable floor and is continued 9 inches above the floor in the feed
alley. This silo wall, together with the foundation under the manger, forms the foundation for the
center supports of the barn. Fig. 12 shows the foundation completed.
The silo, which is the Gurler type, was then started and carried up with the barn. It was built by
placing 2 × 4 studs around the circle, one foot on centers, and ceiling inside with 1⁄2 × 6-inch lumber.
This 1⁄2-inch lumber was obtained by re-sawing 1 × 6 yellow pine fencing. Common lath were then
put on horizontally in the regular way inside, without furring out, and plastered with rich cement
plaster.
The sill of the barn is 6 × 6, made up of 1 × 6s, and built on top of the wall. Building it up in this
manner makes a stronger sill than can be obtained in any other way, as it forms a continuous hoop
around the barn.

FIG. 14. SHOWING HEIGHT AND CONSTRUCTION OF SILO, SIDING COMPLETED, AND FOUR MAIN RAFTERS IN
PLACE.

The joists are 2 × 12s notched 6 inches to fit the sill, so that the outer ends rest on both the sill and the
brick wall. The outer span of joists is 14 feet and the inner ends of these joists rest on a similar sill
built of 1 × 6s on top of the 4 × 4 supports at the stanchions. The inner span of joists, between the
stanchions and the silo, is 8 feet, the outer end resting on the sill over the stanchions, and the inner end
on a 11⁄2 × 6-inch band, made up of three 1⁄2 × 6-inch pieces, running around the outside of the silo.
These joists are placed 21⁄2 feet apart at the outside of the barn, and half as many joists are used in the
inner span, making the joists at the silo one foot apart. The number of joists under the driveways are
doubled, being only 1 foot and 3 inches apart at the outside of the barn.
 FIG. 15. SHOWING ALL RAFTERS IN PLACE AND METHOD OF SHEATHING ROOF.

The studs, which are 2 × 6s, 20 feet long, were then placed on the sill, about 2 feet 6 inches apart,
being as evenly spaced between the windows as possible, and temporarily braced, as shown in Fig.
13, until the 8-inch ship lap ceiling could be nailed on the outside. This was carried up 5 feet to the
second scaffold, and then covered to this height with shingles laid 5 inches to the weather. The
scaffolding was then moved up and this process repeated until the siding was completed. The plate,
made up of five 1 × 4s, was then built in the notch in the top of the studs shown in Fig. 13.
 FIG. 16. SHOWING HEIGHT OF SILO, CAPACITY OF BARN, AND CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF.

The silo was completed, as before described. The rafters, which were framed on the ground, were
then erected, as shown in Fig. 14, the first eight going to the center of the roof, and the [Pg 20]
[Pg 21]remaining ones were cut to rest on the plate of the silo. There are 64 framed rafters, and these
are the only ones in the upper section of the roof. At the break in the roof, a header is cut in between
the framed rafters, and in the lower section a rafter is placed between these, thus making twice as
many rafters in the lower section of the roof as in the upper section. After the rafters were all in place
and temporarily braced, the 1 × 2-inch sheathing was put on, as shown in Fig. 15, and the shingles,
which were the best 5⁄2 red cedar, were laid 5 inches to the weather on the lower section of the roof,
and 4 inches to the weather on the upper section, as this had less pitch. No chalk line was necessary,
as the shingles were laid by the sheathing.
 FIG. 17. SHOWING ARRANGEMENT OF JOISTS AND HOW THE FLOOR IS LAID.

The floor was made of 1 × 8 ship lap, laid in four directions, as shown in Fig. 17. In the driveway an
extra layer of ship lap was used, making this portion of the floor 2 inches thick.
The doorways in the second story are 14 feet wide, and in the lower story 12 feet. These openings are
closed by two sliding doors, each door being made of two sections, hinged together so as to follow
the circular wall of the barn in opening.
The cow stable is on the ground floor, and well lighted by 16 windows having twelve 9 × 12 lights
each. There are also six windows in the doors. The windows are placed just below the ceiling and
admit an abundance of sunshine at all times of the day, which is one of the essentials of a good dairy
barn.
 FIG. 18. SHOWING PRESENT ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE. THERE ARE STANCHIONS AND MANGERS FOR 28
COWS, AND 2200 SQ. FT. OF FLOOR SPACE IN WHICH THE COWS CAN RUN LOOSE. THE GATES ARE SWUNG INTO
THE PRESENT POSITION WHEN BOX STALLS ARE NEEDED.

The floor, back of the manger, is of clay, except at the door, where a small portion is covered with
cement. The cows run loose [Pg 23]
[Pg 24]except at feeding and milking time, when they are placed in rigid stanchions. It must be
distinctly understood that rigid stanchions are strongly condemned as a cow tie, where cows are to
remain in them all night, but as they are here used merely to hold the cow during milking, they are
both economical and convenient.
FIG. 19. SHOWING CROSS SECTION OF 60-FOOT ROUND BARN.
FIG. 20. CLEANING OUT COW STABLE WITH THREE-HORSE MANURE SPREADER.

FIG. 21. COWS IN STANCHION AT MILKING TIME.

Running cows loose in this manner is an excellent method, where bedding is abundant and sufficient
space is available, as the cows are more comfortable, and all fertility is saved. There is no waste
from leaching, as when the manure lies exposed to the weather. This method saves the labor of
cleaning the stable, as the manure is loaded into the spreader and hauled directly upon the land
whenever convenient, and the land is in the best condition to receive it.[C]
Three gates are hung on posts at the outside wall, and when box stalls are needed, these are swung
around to the manger, as shown in Fig. 18. The south door in the cow stable can be closed by slatted
gates, thus affording an abundance of fresh air and sunshine on nice days, without letting the cows out
of the barn.
[C] For a more detailed discussion of the advantages of keeping cows in this manner, see Illinois Agricultural
Experiment Station Circular No. 93.

SYSTEM OF VENTILATION

FIG. 21. CONTINUED.

The system of ventilation is the "King." To economize space and lumber, the hay chute is used for a
ventilator. This chute, which extends to the cupola, is 21⁄4 × 31⁄2 feet, having a cross section area of 8
sq. ft., which, with a good draft, is sufficient for 40 cows. In order that this combination of ventilator
and hay chute prove practical, doors thru which the hay could be thrust were placed at intervals in the
side of the chute. These doors are hinged at the top, opening in, and close immediately after the hay
drops, thus maintaining a closed ventilator chute. The air is drawn in at the bottom, the amount being
regulated by means of a sliding door in the side. As this chute is 50 feet high, it creates a strong
suction.

THE M ILK ROOM

To economize space, the milk room, 12 × 16 feet, is located under the north driveway. The brick
walls under the drive form the sides of this room, and the floor of the drive, which is made of 2 × 6s
grooved on both edges, forms the roof. The grooves in the flooring were filled with white lead, and a
wooden strip, fitted to fill the grooves of both planks, was driven in, forming a water-tight floor. This
floor was covered with hot tar and sand 1⁄2 inch thick. The milk room is plastered on the inside, the
plaster being applied directly to the brick walls, excepting in the case of the ceiling, which is lathed.
The floor and cooling tank are of cement. The passage from the barn to the milk room is thru a small
hallway, which is open to the outside, thus preventing the stable air getting into the milk room.

FIG. 22. FEED ALLEY, SHOWING COMBINED HAY CHUTE AND VENTILATOR. A DOOR ON THE SIDE WHICH IS
HINGED AT THE BOTTOM, 3 FEET FROM THE FLOOR, IS LET IN TOWARD THE SILO, SLIDING THE HAY ONTO THE
FLOOR. IN HOT WEATHER THIS OPENING TAKES THE HEAT OUT OF THE BARN; DURING THE WINTER THIS DOOR IS
KEPT CLOSED AND THE VENTILATION IS REGULATED BY RAISING THE SLIDE, AS SHOWN IN THE CUT.

BARN SATISFACTORY
This round dairy barn above described has been in use for over two years at the University of
Illinois, and has given entire satisfaction.
FIG. 23. NORTHEAST VIEW, SHOWING DAIRY UNDER DRIVEWAY. THE BARN IS ON THE SAME SCALE AS THE
DRAWING ON PAGE 28.

FIG. 24. INTERIOR OF DAIRY; COOLING TANK ON LEFT.

 RE-ARRANGEMENT OF BARN TO ACCOMMODATE 40 COWS
If it is desired to keep cows in stalls in a round barn of this size, the circular manger can be enlarged
to 38 feet in diameter, which gives room for forty cows, as shown in Fig. 25, and the silo, to hold
sufficient silage to feed the year round, enlarged to 18 feet in diameter. The present mow room is
sufficient to store enough hay and bedding for this number of cows.
The barn on the Twenty-acre Demonstration Dairy Farm was built this large, as it was thought it might
be desired at some future time to increase the size of the farm and herd, and the barn could easily be
changed to accommodate a larger herd by simply enlarging the silo, without rebuilding the barn.

FIG. 25. SHOWING HOW THIS 60-FOOT BARN MAY BE ARRANGED TO ACCOMMODATE 40 COWS IN STALLS. TO
SUPPLY THIS SIZED HERD AND THE NECESSARY YOUNG STOCK WITH SILAGE FOR EIGHT MONTHS WOULD REQUIRE
A 370-TON SILO, OR ONE 18 FEET IN DIAMETER AND 56 FEET DEEP; WITH A SEVEN-FOOT FEED ALLEY AND A
21⁄2-FOOT MANGER, THE CIRCLE AT THE STANCHIONS WOULD BE 38 FEET IN DIAMETER, OR 1191⁄3 FEET IN
CIRCUMFERENCE; ALLOWING 41⁄4 FEET FOR TWO PASSAGE WAYS, THE STALLS WOULD BE 2 FEET 10-1/2 INCHES
WIDE AT THE STANCHION, AND 3 FEET 6 INCHES AT THE DROP.
 ITEMIZED COST OF THIS ROUND BARN

Excavating, foundation, and first story brick wall $904.00

Lumber:
149 pieces, 1 × 4 × 16 Y. P.
31 „ 1 × 4 × 14 Cypress
16 „ 1 × 4 × 12 „
165 „ 1 × 6 × 16 Y. P.
17 „ 1 × 6 × 14 „
226 „ 2 × 4 × 12 „
20 „ 2 × 4 × 16 „
6 „ 2 × 4 × 14 „
15 „ 4 × 4 × 14 „
120 „ 2 × 12 × 16 „
23 „ 2 × 12 × 14 „
100 „ 2 × 6 × 20 „
144 „ 2 × 6 × 16 „
67 „ 2 × 6 × 18 „
4 „ 2 × 6 × 26 „
60 „ 2 × 6 × 12 „
30 „ 2 × 6 × 22 „
4 „ 2 × 6 × 24 „
6 „ 2 × 8 × 10 „
9 „ 2 × 8 × 16 „
4 „ 2 × 10 × 14 „
11 „ 2 × 10 × 12 „
1 „ 2 × 10 × 22 „
1 „ 1 × 10 × 12 „
1 „ 1 × 10 × 14 Cypress
2 „ 1 × 12 × 14 „
22 „ 1 1⁄8 × 8 × 10 Cyp. S2S
2 „ 1 × 1 1⁄8 × 12 × 14 „
2 „ 1 × 1 1⁄8 × 12 × 16 „
6000 feet of 8-inch ship lap
3150 feet of 10-inch ship lap
71 M 5⁄2 red cedar shingles
165 Lineal feet of 2-inch Cr. molding
240 Lineal feet of Cr. molding
 270 feet of 4-inch Y. P. S1S
4000 feet of 6-inch rough pine
62 feet of 3⁄8-inch Y. P. Ceiling
850 feet of 6-inch No. 1 flooring
230 feet of 6-inch fence flooring
56 lineal feet of 1⁄2 × 3-inch battening
32 lineal feet of lattice
444 lineal feet of 4-inch cypress
3 10-foot cedar posts

Total cost of lumber $1,313.63

Mill work:
Window sash and doors $270.00
Window and door frames 71.00
Sawing lumber for silo, roof, bridge and stanchions 29.78
Cost of hardware 96.57

Carpenter work:
Head carpenter 518 hrs. @ 40c = $207.20
Carpenters 1057 hrs. @ 35c = 369.95
Common labor 429 hrs. @ 20c = 85.80

Total cost for carpenter work 662.95

Tiling around barn and silo, sewer from dairy room, retaining wall, cement floor in alley,
128.54
dairy, doorway of barn, and steps and tanks
Plastering dairy room and inside of silo 104.60
Painting 89.54
Total cost of barn $3670.61
 FIG. 26. BARN NO. 2. 80 FEET IN DIAMETER; ENGINE ROOM IN FOREGROUND.

The cost of this barn, if built on the ordinary dairy farm, could be materially reduced without
shortening the life of the barn. Owing to the conditions under which this barn was built, it was
necessary to pay for hauling all material to the farm, two and one-half miles from town. All of the
labor had to be hired, and as it was necessary for the men to board themselves the wages paid were
proportionately higher. The farmer usually does the excavating and hauls the brick, sand, and lumber
with his own teams, tends the mason, and does quite an amount of the rough work with his own help,
besides boarding the men, all of which would greatly reduce the cost. The construction could also be
cheapened by using drop siding to cover the outside, instead of shingles, which in this case were used
over ship lap on the side walls to improve the appearance. This barn could be still further cheapened
by putting hoops, five feet apart, around the studs, and covering with common 1 × 12 boards, put on
vertically, as is done in some cases. A saving could also be made on the mill work and large doors by
having the carpenters make these plainer and leave the windows out of them.
Anyone wishing to build a round barn can get local bids on the lumber bill, and determine
approximately the cost in his locality. This will vary with both the location and the year.
 OTHER ROUND DAIRY BARNS
BARN NO. 2
Built 1897.
Diameter, 80 feet.
Capacity, 75 cows in 2 rows, tails together, 51 head in outer circle, 24 head in inner circle.

FIG. 27. INTERIOR OF BARN NO. 2, SHOWING TWO ROWS OF STANCHIONS AND DRIVE BEHIND COWS WHICH IS
USED IN CLEANING BARN; SILO ON RIGHT.

Cost, $1800.
Studs, 2 × 6s, placed 21⁄2 feet on center.
Supports, two 2 × 6s in each stanchion.
Joists, main span 3 × 12s, 20 feet long, placed 14 inches on center. Short spans over feed alleys,
2 × 10s.
Plate, 1 × 10-inch boards sprung around near top of studs.
Roof supports, 6 × 6s placed 12 feet apart. Purline plate rests on these posts and consists of 1 × 8s
sprung to the circle.
Siding, 8-inch, put on horizontally, first story ceiled inside.
To clean out, a wagon is driven around between the two rows of cows.
The chief objection to this barn is insufficient light in the cow stable.
This barn and No. 3 are approximately the same in construction, and are more substantially built than
barns No. 4 and 5.

FIG. 28. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 2; TWO ROWS OF COWS TAILED TOGETHER. THE BARN
IS CLEANED BY DRIVING AROUND BEHIND THE COWS.
 FIG. 29. BARN NO. 3. 80 FEET IN DIAMETER.

BARN NO. 4

Built in 1900.
Diameter, 90 feet.
Capacity, 105 cows, two rows heading together.
Cost, $3000.
Foundation, width at base and top, 18 inches; depth in ground, 20 inches, (not sufficient).
Sills, 2 × 8s, sawed in short lengths, and placed flatwise.
Studding, 20-foot 2 × 8s, placed 3 feet on center and toenailed to sill.
Supports, first story 4 × 4s placed between stanchions in each row, making two rows of supports
between the outside wall and the silo; 4 × 4s cut to a circle placed on top of these supports. The
outside span, over cows, is 13 feet 6 inches; middle span, over feed alley, 6 feet 8 inches, and inside
span, over cows, 13 feet.
Joists, 2 × 8s placed 3 feet apart at studs on outside wall. There are as many joists in center of barn
as at the outside.
Supports, second-story, consist of one row of posts running around at a point immediately under the
break in the roof. These are 16 feet apart and are made of three 2 × 8s kept 2 inches apart by
horizontal braces which run from studding near the eave thru these posts to studding in silo. See Fig.
31.
Plate, rafter is set on top of each stud, and no plate is used.
Rafters, 2 × 6s resting on studs at outside and on circular plate at break in roof.

FIG. 30. BARN NO. 4. 90 FEET IN DIAMETER; ONE OF THE FEW DAIRY BARNS WITH SUFFICIENT LIGHT; SAME
SCALE AS DRAWING ON PAGE 37.
 FIG. 31. SILO IN CENTER OF BARN NO. 4; UPPER PORTION IN HAY LOFT. LOWER PORTION IN COW STABLE.

Siding, 8-inch drop siding, put on horizontally, nailed with 10d nails. Ends holding well.
Windows, 12 light, 10 × 12 glass; one window every six feet. This gives an abundance of light in the
center of the barn.
Doors, built on circle; (not satisfactory).
Silo, round; diameter, 24 feet over all; height, 53 feet, exclusive of 12-foot space for water tank on
top; capacity, 500 tons. Studs of silo, 2 × 4s placed 12 inches on center. Ceiled inside of studs with
two thicknesses of half-inch lumber with paper between.
 FIG. 32. INTERIOR OF BARN NO. 4, SHOWING STALLS AND FEED ALLEY.

Remarks: Considering its size, the construction of this barn is apparently too light to be substantial, as
the joists and studs are too small and too far apart, yet it has stood for nine years with no more
evidence of wear than is common with any barn.
Were the owner to build again he would place the studs only 21⁄2 feet apart and use 2 × 12 joists, 21⁄2
feet apart at the outside wall. He would also use cement plaster on inside of silo.
The owner says it would have cost him as much to have built a rectangular barn without the 500-ton
silo, and containing 1300 sq. ft. less floor space. In other words, he gained a 500-ton silo and 1300
sq. ft. of floor space, besides an immense amount of mow room, by building a circular barn.
 FIG. 33. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 4, 90 FEET IN DIAMETER; TWO ROWS OF COWS
HEADED TOGETHER.

BARN NO. 5
Built in 1906.
Diameter, 100 feet.
Capacity, 115 cows.
Cost, $3400.
Studding, 16-foot 2 × 6s, placed 3 feet on centers.
Supports, 3 rows 4 × 4s.
Joists, 2 × 10s, placed 3 feet on centers. Hemlock and yellow pine.
Floor, laid in eight directions.
Rafters, 2 × 6s spiked to studs. A band of two 1 × 6s is placed around the studs just below the rafters,
and helps support the rafters.
Supports for roof. There are three purline plates. Two of these are supported by posts, the other by
braces running out from the silo. The roof is straight from eaves to peak. The bracing is similar to that
of barn No. 4.
Silo, 18 feet in diameter, 56 feet deep, 2 feet in ground. Capacity, 350 tons.

FIG. 34. BARN 92 FEET IN DIAMETER; TWO ROWS OF COWS HEADED TOGETHER; SILO IN CENTER.
FIG. 35. VIEW OF 70-FOOT SELF-SUPPORTING ROOF ON BARN SHOWN IN FIG. 36; NOTE HOOPS ON STUDS IN
RIGHT FOREGROUND.

FIG. 36. BARN 70 FEET IN DIAMETER; FRAME HOOPED FOR PERPENDICULAR SIDING; LOWER SECTION SIDED.

THE SMALL DAIRYMAN'S BARN

 FIG. 37. BARN 40 FEET IN DIAMETER.

FIG. 38. BARN 48 FEET IN DIAMETER, 16-FOOT POSTS; NOTE METHOD OF TAKING HAY INTO SMALL ROUND
BARN.

The round barns previously described do not meet the needs of the man with only a few cows. He
usually wants a general-purpose barn. The circular form can be made satisfactory for this purpose if
proper attention is given to the plan. It is necessary that the cow stable be distinctly separated from
all other stock by a tight wall. Round barns with this arrangement are giving satisfaction in Illinois at
the present time.

FIG. 39. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF BARN IN FIG. 40. HOOPS IN PLACE READY FOR PERPENDICULAR SIDING;
ROOF SHEATHED FOR SHINGLES.
FIG. 40. BARN 102 FEET IN DIAMETER AND 85 FEET HIGH.
 DISADVANTAGES OF THE POLYGONAL BARN.
A polygonal barn has the disadvantages of both the rectangular and the round barn, and is less stable
than either. It must necessarily have a heavy frame, which is expensive, and as the siding cannot run
around the corners, it is very difficult to tie the different sides together sufficiently to prevent the barn
being racked by the wind.

BARN NO. 6

FIG. 41. BARN NO. 6; 85 FEET IN DIAMETER; SAME SCALE AS DRAWING ON OPPOSITE PAGE.

16-sided.
Built, 1888.
Diameter, 85 feet.
Height, 26-foot posts on 9-foot wall.
Capacity, 88 cows; 350 tons of hay.
Foundation and first story, cement wall 9 feet above cement floor.
Supports, 4 × 8s, placed just back of stanchions, 3 feet on center.
Studs, 2 × 10s, 26 feet long, placed 21⁄2 feet on center.

FIG. 42. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 6.

Joists 3 × 12s, 20 feet long, 14 inches on center for main span.

Rafters, self-supporting. Sheathed with 1 × 6s with no space between. This roof has a purline plate
thrown in the gambrel. The plate is supported only by the braces which tie the joints.
The barn has been racked three times by the wind, replumbed and heavy iron rods put in to brace it,
yet it is out of plumb at the present time.
 CONCLUSIONS
In summing up the data given in this bulletin, it is obvious that the advantages of the round barn are
convenience, strength, and cheapness.
The round barn is the more convenient, because of the unobstructed mow, which reduces the labor
required in mowing hay, and because of the greater ease and fewer steps with which the feed can be
gotten to the cows, owing to the central location of the supply.
The circular construction is the strongest because advantage is taken of the lineal strength of the
lumber. All exposed surfaces are circular, and withstand greater wind pressure, as the wind can get
no direct hold, as on the sides or gable ends of a rectangular barn.
In round numbers, rectangular barns require, according to their construction, from 34 to 58 percent
more in cost of material than round barns with the same floor area and built of the same grade of
material.

TRANSCRIBER NOTES:

Punctuation has been normalized without note.

Scale references in photos have not been retained.
Footnotes have been moved to the end of each section.
Hyphenation of words has been changed to be more consistent throughout the text.
Some page numbers are missing due to movement of tables from their original location.
Page 6: "betwen" changed to "between" (midway between the silo and the outside wall).

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