Chapter -1

1. Focus Areas of Oracle Database?

 Infrastructure Grids: Low-cost servers and storage, manageability, high availability, and
performance
 Information Management: Content management, information integration, and information
lifecycle management areas. (Markup Language (XML), text, spatial, multimedia, medical
imaging, and semantic technologies)
 Application Development: Capabilities to use and manage PL/SQL, Java/JDBC, .NET and
Windows, PHP, SQL Developer, and Application Express.
 Oracle Cloud: The Oracle Cloud is an enterprise cloud for business. It provides an integrated
collection of application and platform cloud services
2. Features of Oracle Database?
 Manageability: Enterprise Manager Database Express 19c is a web-based tool for managing
Oracle databases. The useful features that promote better management are Database Replay
facility, the SQL Performance Analyzer, the Automatic SQL Tuning facility, and Real-Time
Database Operations Monitoring.
 High Availability: Can reduce the risk of down time and data loss. These features improve
online operations and enable faster database upgrades.
 Performance: Oracle Database 19c enables organizations to manage large, scalable,
transactional, and data warehousing systems that deliver fast data access using low-cost
modular storage.
 Security: Oracle Database 19c helps organizations protect their information with unique
secure configurations, data encryption and masking, and sophisticated auditing capabilities.
Delivers reliable and fast access to all types of information.
 Information Integration: It supports advanced information lifecycle management
capabilities. Helps to manage the changing data in the database.
3. How many Types of Services of Oracle Cloud?
 Oracle Cloud provides three types of services:
 Software as a Service (SaaS) - SaaS generally refers to applications that are delivered
to end users over the Internet (Oracle CRM on Demand).
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) - The platform typically includes databases, middleware,
and development tools, all delivered as a service via the Internet.
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - IaaS refers to computing hardware (servers,
storage, and network) delivered as a service. Example: Amazon’s Elastic Compute
Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage Service (S3). We can deploy a database within a
virtual machine in a laaS platform.
4. What is Oracle Exadata?
 Which is a pre-integrated and optimized hardware platform that supports both OLTP and DW
workloads.
5. How many are Cloud Deployment Models?
 There are 4 types of Cloud Deployment Models:
 Private cloud: A single organization uses a private cloud, which it typically controls,
manages, and hosts in private data centers.
 Public cloud: Multiple organizations uses cloud on a shared basis, hosted and
managed by a third-party service provider is called public cloud.
 Community cloud: A group of related organizations, who want to make use of a
common cloud computing environment is called community cloud. It is hosted
internally or externally.
 Hybrid cloud: A single organization that wants to adopt both private and public
clouds for a single application is called hybrid cloud. Hybrid cloud is maintained by
both internal and external providers.
6. Features of Relational and Object Relational Database Management Systems:
 Relational model and object relational model
 User-defined data types and objects
 Fully compatible with relational database
 Supports multimedia and large objects
 High-quality database server features
7. Oracle server supports both the relational and the object relational database models.
8. Object relational database model that provides on Oracle Server:
 Object-oriented programming,
 Complex data types,
 Complex business objects,
 Full compatibility with the relational world.
9. Data means pieces of information.
10. A database is an organized collection of information.
11. DBMS - Database Management System
12. What is DBMS?
 A DBMS is a program that stores, retrieves, and modifies data in databases on request.
13. How many types of Databases?
 There are four main types of databases: hierarchical, network, relational, and object
relational
14. Which is the most recent database?
 Object Relational
15. Who proposed relational database model?
 Dr. E. F. Codd in 1970.
16. Relational Database is the basis for the relational database management system (RDBMS).
17. Components of the Relational Model:
 Collection of objects or relations –
 Set of operators to act on the relations –
 Data integrity for accuracy and consistency –
18. Definition of a Relational Database?
 A relational database is a collection of relations or two-dimensional tables controlled by the
Oracle server.
19. What is Data model?
 The model through which data flow is represented is called data model.
20. Purpose of Models:
 Communicate
 Categorize
 Describe
 Specify
 Investigate
 Evolve
 Analyze
 Imitate
21. What is ER Model?
 The model through which the relationship shown between Entities are called ER
Model.
22. Benefits of ER Modeling?
 Documents information for the organization in a clear, precise format
 Provides a clear picture of the scope of the information requirement
 Provides an easily understood pictorial map for database design
 Offers an effective framework for integrating multiple application
23. Key Components of ER Model:
 Entity
 Attribute
 Relationship
24. What are Entities?
 Entities are singular and unique name, name in uppercase, soft box, optional synonym
names in uppercase within parentheses ().
25. What are Attributes?
 Singular name in lowercase, Asterisk (*) tag for mandatory attributes, Letter “o” tag for
optional attributes is called attributes.
26. Each direction of the relationship contains label, optionality, degree.
27. UID  Unique Identifier - A unique identifier (UID) is any combination of attributes or
relationships, or both, that serves to distinguish occurrences of an entity.
28. #  Primary Key
29. (#)  Foreign Key
30. Dashed line  Optional element indicating “maybe”
31. Solid line  Mandatory element indicating “must be”
32. Crow’s foot  Degree element indicating “one or more”
33. Single line  Degree element indicating “one and only one”
34. Cardinality is a synonym for the term degree.
35. Guidelines for Primary Keys:
 You cannot use duplicate values in a primary key.
 Primary keys generally cannot be changed.
36. Guidelines for Foreign Keys:
 Foreign keys are based on data values and are purely logical (not physical) pointers.
 A foreign key value must match an existing primary key value or unique key value; otherwise,
it must be null.
 A foreign key must reference either a primary key or a unique key column.
37. A relational database can contain one or many tables.
38. A table is the basic storage structure of an RDBMS.
39. A primary key must contain a value and the value must be unique.
40. A foreign key is a column that defines how tables relate to each other. A foreign key refers to a
primary key or a unique key in the same table or in another table.
41. What is SQL?
 Structured query language (SQL) is ANSI standard language for operating relational
databases, efficient, easy to learn and use, functionally complete.
42. SQL is also compliant to ISO Standard (SQL 1999).
43. SQL provides statements for a variety of tasks, including:
 Querying data
 Inserting, updating, and deleting rows in a table
 Creating, replacing, altering, and dropping objects
 Controlling access to the database and its objects
 Guaranteeing database consistency and integrity
44. There are two development environments for this course:
 The primary tool is Oracle SQL Developer.
 SQL*Plus command-line interface can also be used.