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These findings reveal important compounds that are present in different plant parts of P. bullata.
Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Visit our dedicated information
section to learn more about MDPI. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters
from MDPI journals. Kaempferol is an isomer of luteolin with molecular formula C 15 H 10 O 6. The
total phenols assay by FCR is simple, convenient, and has produced a large body of comparable data.
Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. This might be due to the
presence of different polar and nonpolar phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids, and they might exist
at different amounts in different plant parts. Leaves (Tomato), a botanical with promising in vitro
anticancer potential,” Evid. John’s wort for depression: a meta-analysis of well-defined clinical trials.
The size of these bubbles grow over the period of a few cycles until reach a critical point, then these
bubbles collapse and release a great quantity of energy, which would generate extreme temperatures
(5000 K) and pressures (1000 atmospheres) at room temperature. Based on the mass transfer kinetics
and particle size distribution experiments, it was observed that UT-UAE could uniform particle
distribution and increase extraction speed. Taken together, this study provides valuable evidence that
the P. Apart from the extraction techniques mentioned above, disintegration of the cell membrane in
plant materials by pulsed electric field (PEF) technology also has been suggested as a non-thermal
extraction method to enhance the extraction yield of bioactive molecules from plants. Mice were
anaesthetized and their dorsal skin tissues were collected at the end of experiment (4 weeks). Xu D-
P, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Zhang J-J, Li H-B. Study of Antioxidant Activity of
Some Medicinal Plants Having High Content of Caffeic Acid Derivatives. Visit our dedicated
information section to learn more about MDPI. However, generally, both in water and water-
ethanolic extracts, the dominant phenolic acid was 5-CQA (5- O -caffeoylquinic acid). The presence
of terpenes in methanolic extract was also observed in S. DPPHS: DPPH scavenging; HRS: hydroxyl
radical scavenging. It was concluded that ethanol concentration and liquid-to-solid ratio were the
important parameters. Normally, antioxidant system occurring in human body can scavenge these
radicals, which would keep the balance between oxidation and anti-oxidation. The plants were
acclimatized in a greenhouse located at Universiti Putra Malaysia under ambient temperature for a
month prior to analysis. Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked nor stands in
the way of sinners. The results obtained were calculated and expressed in percent of DPPH free
radical scavenging activity using the following formula. Thus they were tentatively identified as
isorhamnetin-3- O -glucoside and isorhamnetin-7- O -glucoside, respectively. The method developed
for the simultaneous determination of 3 phenols, 3 monoterpenoids, 2 flavonoids was validated by
HPLC-DAD ( Table 3 ). Electric fields of few to several hundred microseconds are capable of
inducing pore formation in the cell membrane, which is called “electroporation”. This slight
temperature increment confirmed that pulsed electric field processing provided a non-thermal
condition.
The cheapest way to obtain plant extracts is preparation with water to extraction; although, better
results are observed when using ethanol or methanol, however methanol, because of toxicity, cannot
be used in food production. Microphylls are characteristic of which types of plants. Paper should be
a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for.
How to choose a suitable extraction process for natural antioxidant(s): The selection of a suitable
extraction process for natural antioxidant(s) is the result of a comprehensive consideration regarding
extraction efficiency, economic feasibility and environment aspects of non-conventional extraction
techniques. Scheme of water and water-ethanolic extract preparation. It induces physical processes
and chemical reactions including the production of shock waves, the emission of high-intensity UV
light and the generation of hydroxyl radicals via water photodissociation. Study of Antioxidant
Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Having High Content of Caffeic Acid Derivatives. This article is
an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). Animal
experiments and all procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Southern
Medical University (Guangzhou, China). Compounds 64, 66, and 68 were accurately identified as
hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, and octadecanoic acid by comparing them with their
reference standards. Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors
of MDPI journals from around the world. Furthermore, PLE is an automated extraction process, and
the operation is simplified. In general, DCFH trapped within cells is easily oxidized to fluorescent
dichlorofluorescein (DCF) by ABAP-generated peroxyl radicals in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2
cells. ROS plays a significant role in UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Pictures of Paeonia
suffruticosa flowers at the different flowering stages. ( A ) P. suffruticosa flowering bud; ( B ) P.
Extraction efficiency of non-conventional extraction techniques is clearly advantageous compared
with the conventional extraction methods in case of time, energy, and extraction yield. It was found
that caffeoyloquinic acids (3-CQA, 5-CQA, 4-CQA) and dicaffeoylquinic acids (3,4-diCQA, 3,5-
diCQA, 4,5-diCQA) were present in aqueous and aqueous-ethanolic extract of caraway and coltsfoot
and in aqueous-ethanolic extract of tarragon, however 3-CQA, 5-CQA and 4-CQA content was
found in aqueous and aqueous-ethanolic extract of lovage and white mulberry. The absorbance was
read at 510 nm using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. In both studies, these results showed that
CAA values were significantly associated with total phenolic content. DPPHS: DPPH scavenging;
HRS: hydroxyl radical scavenging. Rutin was used to calculate the standard curve, and the
absorbance was determined at 510 nm by spectrophotometer. Also, the authors wish to thank
Universiti Putra Malaysia for funding the Master of Science Degree of Munirah Adibah Kamarul
Zaman under Graduate Research Fellowship (GRF) scheme. This technique is a green extraction
method due to its reduced solvent usage, less extraction time, less operation steps and light- and
oxygen-free environment. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Study of
Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Having High Content of Caffeic Acid Derivatives.
The mechanism is based on the cavitation phenomenon. The outline of extraction of antioxidants
from foods and medicinal plants. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the extraction yield of
orcinol glucoside using EUMAE was higher (92.13%) than those of extracts obtained by hot water
extraction (65.11%), UAE (76.19%), MAE (73.37%) and UMAE (82.42%). The results indicated
that EUMAE showed a higher yield with less energy consumption, and better selectivity. Humans
consume antioxidants for reducing chances of getting oxidative damages due to elevated production
of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Extracts from dandelion contained compounds such as CTA (caftaric acid), CCA-1 (chicoric acid
isomer 1) and CCA-2 (chicoric acid isomer 2), which were not detected in other plant extracts
examined in this work. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). In
order to prepare extracts, raw plant material was freeze-dried in lyophilizer (type 5411, BOC Ltd.,
Edwards, England) and crushed in an electric mill (FA-5485 SP-742, TZS First, Austria). Some
parameters such as purge time and flush volume are relatively fixed and high enough to ensure the
recovery of components extracted. Percentage concentration of caffeic acid derivatives in water
extracts. The static extraction time and the number of cycles are also the related extraction
parameters. The numbered compounds were consistent with that in Table 2. Compared with
conventional extraction, UAE showed several merits in terms of extraction yield and extraction time.
While mechanisms exist for repairing oxidatively damaged biomolecules, some damage remains.
Meanwhile, the results of chemometric analysis proved that the multiple ingredients in P. It is useful
for a broad range of sample types, including raw fruit and vegetable extracts, plasma, and pure
phytochemicals. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. The
absorbance was read at 510 nm using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Besides, a protocol of
pressurized solvent-free microwave assisted extraction (PSFME) method was developed for
extraction of antioxidants from Hippophae rhamnoides L. By using our site, you agree to our
collection of information through the use of cookies. Find support for a specific problem in the
support section of our website. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article
numbers instead of page numbers. These natural antioxidants, especially polyphenols and
carotenoids, exhibit a wide range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-
atherosclerosis and anticancer. What result would support the conclusion that Charophytes should be.
MAE is not adaptable for the extraction of the thermally labile antioxidants due to the thermal effect
from microwave irradiation, which might result in the reduction of extraction yield. This article is an
open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC-BY) license ( ). The dried leaf, root, and stem were ground using a blender, and 10 g of dried P.
Study of Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Having High Content of Caffeic Acid
Derivatives. The homogenates used for the biochemical analysis were obtained by centrifugation at
12,000. Besides, liquid to solid ratio, incubation temperature and time are factors that should not be
neglected during processing. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent.
Polyphenols are plant non-nutrient natural products or the so-called plant secondary metabolites
found in fruits, vegetables and seeds that we consume daily. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare
no conflict of interest. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). The water-ethanol
extracts were characterised on average by about 9-times higher contents of caffeic acids derivatives
level than water extract.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). In stem, trans -farnesol
terpenoid and fatty acids (n-hexadecanoic acid and 9-octadecenamide) were detected in the extract.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Research conducted by this author
confirmed the occurrence of phenolic acid in coltsfoot extracts, as well as other phenolic acids such
as dicaffeoylquinic and quinic acid. Obviously, among these varieties showing strong antioxidant
activities, the antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of medicinal plants were significantly
higher than those of fruits, vegetables and cereals. Other groups of 9 and 8 mutations belong to
SYNE1 and MYPN. Flavonoids in which the B ring is connected to position 3 of the C ring are
called isoflavones. The non-conventional techniques described have potential to replace or enhance
existing extraction techniques due to the less extraction time, energy consumption, and usage of
harmful organic solvents, as well as higher extraction yields to recover antioxidant compounds from
food and medicinal plants. It was reported that plant extracts were characterised by various contents
of caffeic acid derivatives depending on the types of plant and solvent used ( Table 1 ). Due to the
lipid solubility of carotenoids, the absorption mainly depends on their preparation with oils or fats.
Keywords: Maximum Density, SNI, compressive strength of Concrete. Anish K Sharma, PhD is an
Assistant Professor (academician and researcher) in Biotechnology Department, School of Sciences
of P.P. Savani University. His area of interest lies in Plant Biotechnology, Microbial Molecular
Biology and Environmental Biotechnology. The volume of solvent need to be sufficient to soak the
plant material completely in the solvent during the microwave irradiation process, whereas a higher
ratio of solvent to material would not exhibit higher extraction efficiencies due to non-uniform
distribution and exposure to microwaves. Based on the results presented in Figure 3 and Figure 4,
differences in the percentage concentration of all caffeic acid derivatives can be observed.
Flavonoids are C6-C3-C6 phenylpropanoids consisting of two phenyl rings (rings A and B) and one
heterocyclic ring (ring C). Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.
There may be several local names for the same plant, depending on the region and country, for the
use of traditional medicines, and there may also be a similar name for another plant. Journal of
Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD). Despite extensive research into the chemical
composition of various plants, detailed information on the content of caffeic acid derivatives in herb
and spice plant extracts is not collected in the scientific literature. Due to the low content, they are
not considered to be of great nutritional interest. Microphylls are characteristics of which types of
plants. Protein levels in skin homogenates were measured using the Pierce BCA protein assay kit
(Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). The presence of terpenes in methanolic extract was also
observed in S. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the
scientific editors and must receive. Concrete with dense and continuous gradation is expected to
reduce the levels of air and increases the unit weight of concrete and add to the strength of
concrete.Concrete mixture was planned SNI method with 25 MPa compressive strength with cement
and water factor variation and 15 sample units. The combined filtrate was evaporated under vacuum
to yield the ethanolic extract. This study aimed at screening of major phytochemicals and assessing
total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of P. How to design extraction process of natural
antioxidant(s): Different types of antioxidants (phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins and
carotenoids) can be extracted using non-conventional extraction techniques through adjusting
extraction conditions according to the characteristics of components and matrices. Editors select a
small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly. They
are consumed in the fresh form, after drying or in the form of plant extracts.
Apart from the extraction techniques mentioned above, disintegration of the cell membrane in plant
materials by pulsed electric field (PEF) technology also has been suggested as a non-thermal
extraction method to enhance the extraction yield of bioactive molecules from plants. Lignans are
biphenolic compounds formed from the oxidative coupling of two monolignol (hydroxycinnamic
alcohol) units. However, they also showed that this plant was a stronger antioxidant than caraway,
the tendency of which was also noticeable in this study. These assays have been used for ranking the
antioxidant plants and recommending best antioxidant foods for consumption. Approximately 0.2
mL of each sample extract was mixed with 3 mL of 0.1 mM DPPH solution. The mixture was
incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 min. The numbered compounds were consistent
with that in Table 2. The numbered compounds were consistent with that in Table 2. Flavonoids are
abundant in most edible fruits and vegetables. As shown in Table 2, a total of 68 compounds,
including 12 monoterpenoids, 20 flavonoids, 15 phenols and their derivatives, 9 fatty acids, and 12
others, were identified or tentatively identified in this study. Phenols and flavonoids in the BEE and
FEE appear to be useful against the chronic effects of UV light. Plant Polyphenols, More than Just
Simple Natural Antioxidants: Oxidative Stress, Aging and Age-Related Diseases. In general, DCFH
trapped within cells is easily oxidized to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF) by ABAP-generated
peroxyl radicals in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. Table 3 shows the correlations between the
content of caffeic acid derivatives and antioxidant activity in water and water-ethanolic extracts
from medicinal plants. The results obtained were calculated and expressed in percent of DPPH free
radical scavenging activity using the following formula. Multiple requests from the same IP address
are counted as one view. Among them, paeoniflorin ( 28), oxypaeoniflorin ( 21 ), and
benzoylpaeoniflorin ( 54 ) were precisely identified by the comparison to their reference standards,
respectively. The peroxidation of the lipid components is monitored at 234 nm by UV spectrometer
for conjugated dienes. However, the methanolic extracts from both tissues displayed the best
antioxidant capacity. Percentage concentration of caffeic acid derivatives in water-ethanolic extracts.
Plants with microphyll leaves occur early in the fossil record and few such plants. The antioxidant
capacities of some foods and medicinal plants. This article is an open access article distributed under
the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). Comparison of
non-conventional extraction techniques is displayed in Table 2. DPPH assay is widely used in
antioxidant capacity screening of fruit and vegetable juices or extracts, for it is easy, rapid and
requires only a UV-vis spectrophotometer to test. In this study, from different solvent extracts, the
leaf methanolic extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content
(TFC), total terpenoid content (TTC), and total antioxidant activity. For example, the price of
enzymes is relatively high, which influences the application, and the activity of enzymes varies with
the environmental factors such as temperature and nutrient availability, therefore this method needs
further improvement for its application in industrial scale. The system was operated using the Analyst
TF 1.6 software (AB SCIEX, Foster City, CA, USA). International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health (IJERPH). The study on the relationship between phytochemicals and
bioactivity during the flowering stages is less documented, which is a limitation to the development
of products originated from the P. The volume of solvent need to be sufficient to soak the plant
material completely in the solvent during the microwave irradiation process, whereas a higher ratio of
solvent to material would not exhibit higher extraction efficiencies due to non-uniform distribution
and exposure to microwaves.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). Findings by Connolly
et al. (1996) and Paarakh and Khosa (2009) revealed three alkaloids in P. Xu, D.-P.; Li, Y.; Meng, X.;
Zhou, T.; Zhou, Y.; Zheng, J.; Zhang, J.-J.; Li, H.-B. Xu D-P, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng
J, Zhang J-J, Li H-B. The present chapter focuses on the role of antioxidants in disease prevention
and their potential in Indian medicinal plants. Therefore, careful scientific and clinical studies of the
herbal medicine for the safety and toxicity are required. However, the methanolic extracts from both
tissues displayed the best antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacities of some foods and
medicinal plants. The BEE and SEE also had stronger activity than BHT. Monoterpenoids are
present as ubiquitous chemical compounds in P. It was shown that the application of ultrasound
increased its global yield at the pressure of 15 MPa, without affecting the quality of the extracts. Visit
our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Find support for a specific problem in
the support section of our website. The homogenates used for the biochemical analysis were obtained
by centrifugation at 12,000. Overall, these results showed that different categories exhibited diverse
antioxidant capacities and the variation was very large. The results showed that the highest global
yield (8.01%) was obtained using CE method, whereas the separation efficiency of pachypodol (a
potential anticancer compound) from the extracts achieved by SFE was 3.7 times higher than that
achieved by CE. Keywords: Maximum Density, SNI, compressive strength of Concrete. Slump with
maximum density method and SNI method shows the same value, then the level of work ability is
also the same. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page
numbers. Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). The application of non-
conventional techniques in the extraction of antioxidants from some foods and medicinal plants. This
review is aimed at summarizing the extraction methods of natural antioxidants, assessment methods
of antioxidant activity and their main resources from food and medicinal plants. 2. Extraction
Methods of Antioxidants from Foods and Medicinal Plants Extraction is the first and crucial step for
studying the natural antioxidants from plants ( Figure 1 ). It was concluded that these parameters
significantly affected the extraction yield of polyphenols. Comparison of some in vitro and in vivo
methods to assess the antioxidant capacity of Argentinean red wines. But many studies have
demonstrated that there is no sign of toxicity in animal models after feeding the animals with plant
methanolic extracts (Viswanad et al. 2012; Abbas et al. 2018; Ebohon et al. 2020; Nguenang et al.
2020). The methanol traces can also be eliminated by heating the extracts using a rotary evaporator
or nitrogen stream. UVB irradiation led to excessive damage to the morphology and integrity of the
mouse skin. In the current study nine plants (Neem, Tulsi, Papaya, Mint, Wheat, Lemon Grass,
Curry, Mustard and Bajra) were used. To improve the extraction efficiency of antioxidant
components from plant materials, several green non-conventional methods have been developed for
reducing operational time and usage of organic solvents, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction,
microwave-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical
fluid extraction, high hydrostatic pressure extraction, pulsed electric field extraction and high voltage
electrical discharges extraction. Q3C-Tables and List Guidance for Industry (Revision 4). Please let
us know what you think of our products and services.
Thus, there is increasing interest in the antioxidant properties of phytochemicals found in plant foods.
In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition
Disease (GUCDD). However, the phenolics contents in these plants are lower than in P. bullata. In
Mentha spicata, the flavonoids content was detected higher than P. They are consumed in the fresh
form, after drying or in the form of plant extracts. Acetonitrile was bought from POCh (Gliwice,
Poland). Isorhamnetin with molecular formula C 16 H 12 O 7, was 30 Da (CH 2 O) higher than
luteolin. For assessing the antioxidant activity of plant materials, several assays are suggested, such
as the determination of total polyphenolic content by FCR, scavenging free radical ability by TEAC,
metal-reducing activity by FRAP, and a kind of cellular-based assay. Results showed that the
extracts obtained by EASCFE doubled recovery of crude extracts, elevated level of phenolic
contents, and enhanced radical scavenging capacity and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation in
comparison with the control. Significantly high activity was also seen in cotton flowers, wheat
leaves, Ocimumroots and Papaya leaves. Apart from possessing high extraction efficiency, the
extraction methods must show their economic feasibility. After 10 min of incubation at room
temperature in the dark, the absorbance was measured with a Rayleigh UV-2601 spectrophotometer
(Beijing, China) at 517 nm. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research
(JTAER). The authors present the effects of plant flavonoids and other phenolic substances on the
promotion of human health, curing and prevention of diseases, including their antioxidant,
antibacterial, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, immune system promoting, anti-inflammatory and skin
protective actions. Tajner-Czopek A, Gertchen M, Rytel E, Kita A, Kucharska AZ, Sokol-Letowska
A. These same basic units are also used by plants to synthesize lignin, present in the walls of the
conducting vessels. Correlation analysis between phytochemicals and bioactivities. Coumarins are
benzopyrone (1,2-benzopyrones or 2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones) derivatives widely distributed in
nature. Obvious variation was easily found in the four extracts from the different flowering stages.
For example, the price of enzymes is relatively high, which influences the application, and the
activity of enzymes varies with the environmental factors such as temperature and nutrient
availability, therefore this method needs further improvement for its application in industrial scale.
The biggest difference was observed in white mulberry extracts, where antioxidant activity was 3-
fold higher. In order to have the excellent antioxidant and anti-photoaging activities and high levels
of bioactive phytochemicals, the optimal time to harvest the P. Indeed, EtOH is one of the least toxic
solvents for humans and more environmentally friendly than other organic solvents, such as
methanol. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). Subscribe to receive issue
release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. The hydroxyl radical was produced by the
Fenton reaction between ferrous sulphate and hydrogen peroxide. Cellulase, pectinase, hemicellulase
and ?-glucosidase are extensively used in the EAE. Microphylls are characteristic of which types
plants. When developing an extraction process, a key parameter to decide is solvent selection.
Moreover, the solvation capacity influences the solubility of phytochemicals.