ECU 102: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS II

Prerequisites: ECU 100: Chemistry for Engineers I

Objective
The objective of the course is to provide the students with the basics of
physical chemistry.

Course Description
1. Properties of gases
2. Chemical equilibria
3. Acids and Bases
4. Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility
5. Chemical Kinetucs. Kinetics-Reaction
6. Electrochemistry

Mode of Delivery
Lectures: 2 hours per week; Tutorials: 1 hour per week and 3 hours per
week Laboratory work.

Assessment
Ordinary Examination at end of Semester 70%; Continuous Assessment
30% where: 20% shall be continuous assessment for tests, 5% shall be for
assignments, and 10% for laboratory exercises. Each laboratory session shall
be marked out of 10 marks and then aggregated under the laboratory unit

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 1

for the semester in which this course is offered.

Practical work/Laboratory Exercises

Each student is required to conduct at least four of the experiments listed
below.
1. Titration experiments to determine the molarity of a base or acid.
2. Determination of the titration curves for weak acid/ strong base or
strong base /strong acid or strong acid /weak base.
3. Experimental determination of the Avogadro's number
4. Relationship between Reactivity and Acid Strength: Reaction of
Carboxylic Acids with Magnesium or any other such experiment.
5. Demonstration catalysis and of Le Chatelier's principle: Test for water
in acid catalyzed esterification.
6. Effect of Concentration on the Rate of a Reaction

Suggested Textbooks and References

1. Suggested Textbooks
 Chemistry For Engineers: An Applied Approach by Mary Jane Shultz,
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006
 Chemistry in Context by Graham Hill and John Holman, Nelson
Thornes publishers, 2000.
2. References
 Inorganic Chemistry by Gary Miessler and Donald A Tarr, Prentice
Hall 2008.
 Physical Chemistry by Thomas Engel and Philip Reid, Benjamin

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 2

 Cummings Publishers, 2005.
 Chemistry by Steven S. Zumdahl and Susan A. Zumdahl, Houghton
Miffin Company, 2007.
 Introduction to Engineering Chemistry by S. Dara, Chand (S.) and Co
Ltd, India, 2005.
 Schaum's Outline of College Chemistry, 9th edition, by Jerome
Rosenberg, Lawrence M. Epstein and Peter Krieger, McGraw-Hill,
2007.

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 3

1. PROPERTIES OF GASES
1.1. Introduction: The states of matter.
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter includes
things we can see and touch (such as trees, water, earth), as well as things
we cannot (such as air). The various substances that make up matter can be
roughly divided into three categories namely: gases, liquids and solids. These
are often referred to as the three states of matter.
The gaseous state is characterized by a marked sensitivity of the
volume to changes of temperature and pressure, and also by the fact that a
gas normally has no bounding surface. It therefore tends to fill completely
any available space.
A liquid, like a gas, has no definite shape and so it takes the shape of
the vessel in which it is placed. There is however a difference between a gas
and a liquid; whereas the former has no surface at all, the latter has a surface
which places a limit on the extent of space or volume it can occupy. As a
general rule liquids are denser i.e they have a greater density than gases, but
there are certain conditions under which the densities become similar in
value.
Solids differ markedly from liquids and gases in the respect that they
have a definite shape; like liquids however there volumes do not alter
greatly when subjected to changes of temperature and pressure. From their
general behavior, it may be concluded that the properties of liquids are
intermediate between those of gases and solids.
The order of increasing complexity of the states of matter is thus: gas,
liquid, solid.

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 4

1.2. Characteristics of gases
Gases are simpler than liquids or solids in many ways. Molecular
motion in gases is totally random, and the forces of attraction between gas
molecules are so small that each molecule moves freely and essentially
independently of other molecules.
When subjected to changes in temperature and pressure, it is easier to
predict the behavior of gases. The laws that govern this behavior have
played an important role in the development of atomic theory of matter
and the kinetic molecular theory of gases. The following elements exist as
gases under normal atmospheric conditions:
a) Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine exist as gaseous
diatomic molecules i.e H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2
b) An allotrope of oxygen, ozone (O3), is also a gas at room temperature
c) All elements in Group 8A, the noble gases, are monoatomic gases: He,
Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn

Majority of molecular compounds are liquids or solids are room

temperature, however there are some for example: CO, CO2, HCl, NH3 and
CH4 (methane)- are gases. These gases are summarized in a table 1. 1

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 5

TABLE 1.1 SOME SUBSTANCES FOUND AS GASES AT 1 ATM AND 25°С
H2 (molecular hydrogen) HF (hydrogen Flouride)
N2 (molecular nitrogen) HCL (hydrogen chloride)
O2 (molecular oxygen) HBr (hydrogen bromide)
O3 (ozone) HI (hydrogen iodide)
F2 (molecular fluorine) CO (carbon monoxide)
Cl2 (molecular chlorine) CO2 (carbon dioxide)
He (helium) NH3 (ammonia)
Ne (Neon) NO(nitric oxide)
Ar (argon) NO2(nitrogen dioxide)
Kr (krypton) N2O (nitrous oxide)
Xe (xenon) SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
Rn (radon) H2S (hydrogen sulfide)

Of the gases listed in table 1.1, only O2 is essential for our survival.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are deadly poisons.
CO, NO2, O3 and SO2, are somewhat less toxic. The gases He, Ne and Ar
are chemically inert; that is, they do not react with any substance.
Most gases are colorless. Exceptions are F2, Cl2 and NO2. The dark-
brown color of NO2 is sometimes visible in polluted air. All gases have the
following characteristics:
 Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers
 Gases are the most compressible of the states of matter
 Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the same
container
 Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 6

1.3. The Gas Laws
The gas laws are the product of countless experiments on the physical
properties of gases that were carried out over several centuries. These
experiments have revealed that FOUR variables are usually sufficient to
define the state of a gas namely: temperature (T), pressure (P), volume (V)
and the quantity of the gas which is generally expressed as the number of
moles (n). The equations that express the relationship among these variables
T, P, V and n are known as the gas laws or equations of state.

1.3.1 The pressure-Volume Relationship: Boyles Law

In the 17th century, Robert Boyle a British Chemist studied the
behavior of gases systematically and in one series of studies, He investgated
the pressure-volume relationship of a gas sample. Typical data collected by
Boyle is shown in table 1.2 below:

TABLE 1.2 Pressure –Volume relationship

P(mmHg) 724 869 951 998 1230 1893 2250
V(arbitrary 1.50 1.33 1.22 1.18 0.94 0.61 0.58
units)
PV 1.09x103 1.16x103 1.16x103 1.18x103 1.2x103 1.2x103 1.3x103

Note that as the pressure (p) is increased at constant temperature, the

volume (V) occupied by a given amount of gas decreases.
Clearly there is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume
of a gas at constant temperature. As the pressure is increased, the volume of
the gas decreases.
This relationship is known as Boyle’s law which states that:

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 7

 At constant temperature, the volume of a definite mass of gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure.
In order to perform this experiment Boyle used the following apparatus (fig
1.1)

Figure 1.1. Apparatus used for studying the relationship between pressure and volume of
a gas.

(a) Levels of mercury are equal and the atmospheric pressure of the gas is
equal to the atmospheric pressure (760mmHg). The gas volume is 100ml.
(Note that the tube is open at the top and is therefore exposed to
atmospheric pressure)
(b) Doubling the pressure by adding more mercury reduces the gas volume
to 50ml i.e reduces by half.
(c) Tripling the pressure decreases the gas volume to one-third of the
original value. The temperature and the amount of gas are kept constant.
NB: The Volume of the gas decreased as the pressure increased

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 8

This inverse relationship can be expressed mathematically as:
1
p
V
where the symbol α means proportional to. We can change α to equal sign
and write
1 1
P  k1 x or P=constant X (1.1)
V V

where k1 is a constant called the proportionality constant. Equation 1.1 is the

mathematical expression of Boyle’s Law. It can be rearranged to obtain
PV=constant (1.2)
This form of Boyle’s Law says that the product of pressure and volume of a
gas at constant temperature and amount of gas is a constant .
Illustration of the concept. (football match: daily income of
say a stadium depends on both the price of the ticket for a
given match and the number of tickets sold. Assuming that the
stadium charges one price for all tickets, we write:
Income=(kshs/ticket)X number of tickets sold
Because the no. of tickets sold varies from day to day, the
income on a given day is said to be proportional to the number
of tickets sold:
Income α number of tickets sold=C X number of tickets sold
where C, the proportionality constant, is the price per ticket.

Boyle’s findings can be expressed graphically as follows (fig 1.2):

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 9

 Fig 1.2 graphs showing variation of the volume of the gas to the pressure
exerted on the gas at constant temperature.
(a) is a graph of the equation PV  k1 or PV=constant while (b) is a graph

1
of the equivalent equation p  k1 x
V
Although the individual values of pressure and volume can vary
greatly for a given sample of gas, as long as the temperature is held constant
and the amount of gas does change, PV is always constant (always equal to
the same constant. Therefore for a given sample of gas under two different
sets of conditions at constant temperature, we have:
P1V1  k1  PV
2 2

or (1.3)
P1V1  PV
2 2

The value of Boyle’s law lies in its usefulness for calculating the volume of a
gas at any required pressure, if the volume at another pressure is known.
The result of Boyle’s law may be represented graphically by plotting
the pressures as ordinates and the corresponding volumes, at constant
temperature as abscissae as in fig 1.3

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 10

 Fig 1.3 Boyle’s isotherms for an ideal gas.
The curve drawn thro’ the resulting points will then be a rectangular
hyperbola if Boyle’s law is obeyed. The general term isothermal or isotherm
is used to describe a curve, which gives the variation of volume with
pressure of a gas at constant temperature. For each temperature a different
hyperbola is obtained as shown in the graph (1.3), where the temperature t 2
is higher than t1.

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 11

Example 1: The volume of a gas at 1atm pressure is 390cm3. Calculate the
volume that the gas will occupy if the pressure is increased to 1.5 atm at
constant temperature.
PV
P1V1  PV
2 2  V2 
1 1
P2
P1  1atm; V1  390cm3 ; P2  1.5atm
1X 390
V2   260cm3
1.5
Example 2: A given mass of gas occupies a volume of 240ml at a pressure of
1.25 atm; by how much would the volume change if the pressure were
altered to 0.75 atm at the same temperature? What would be the volume of
the given mass of gas at the latter pressure?

Let V ml be the volume at 0.75 atm; then by Boyle's law

P1V1  PV
2 2  1.25 X 240 = 0.75 X V
1.25 X 240
V=  400 ml
0.75
The volume has therefore increased by 400-240=160ml as a result of the pressure change
practice exercise
Calculate the volumes which would be occupied by a given gas at the given
final pressure by the gases whose initial volumes are given. The temperature
remains constant.
Initial volume/cm3 Initial pressure Final pressure
1 152 750mmHg 760 mmHg
2 180 760mmHg 720mmHg
3 5250 1 atm 1.35atm
4 1540 1.01 x 105 Pa 7.35 x 104Pa

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 12

1.3.2 The Temperature-Volume Relationship: Charles and Gay-Lussac’s Law
The variation of the volume of a gas with temperature, at constant
pressure, is expressed by the generalization often called Gay-Lussac’s law
(J.L. Gay- Lussac, 1802); it is also referred to as Charles’s Law, because
similar results were obtained by J.A.C. Charles in 1787, although they were
not published at that time.
These two were able to show that, if pressure is kept constant, the
volume of a sample of gas varies linearly with temperature. Therefore
volume is directly proportional to temperature. In the simplest form, the
law states that:
At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of any gas increases by the
same fraction for every degree rise in temperature
If Vo (V “nought”) is the volume of a definite mass of gas at 0°С (at a given
pressure) then, the volume Vt at the temperature t°С (at the same pressure)
will be given by:
Vt  Vo  ( vVo )t  Vo (1   v t ) (1.4)
Where  v is called the coefficient of expansion which is found to be 1/273.
t
Therefore, Vt  Vo (1  ) (1.5)
273
If V1 and V2 are the volumes of the same mass of gas at the two
temperatures t1 and t2 respectively, at a constant pressure, then

t1
V1  Vo (1  ) (1.6)
273
and
t2
V2  Vo (1  ) (1.7)
273

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 13

Upon dividing equation 1.6 with 1.7 we get:

V1 273  t1
 (1.8)
V2 273  t2
Suppose a new scale of temperature is devised in which the degree has
the same size as the Celsius degree, but the zero is 273° below the zero on
the Celsius scale; i.e, the zero on the scale is at -273°С. Temperatures T on
the new scale are then obtained by adding 273° to the Celsius temperature
t,
T  273  t
The temperatures on the new scale are called absolute temperatures,
because there are reasons for believing that the zero on this scale is the
lowest conceivable temperature. The symbol °K (degrees Kelvin), is most
frequently employed to represent absolute temperatures.

NB: At any given pressure, the plot of volume versus temperature yields a
straight line. By extending the line to zero volume, we find the intercept on
the temperature axis to be -273.15°С. At any other pressure, we obtain a
different straight line for the volume-temperature plot, but we get the same

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 14

zero-volume temperature intercept at -273.15°С. This was identified by Lord
Kelvin as absolute zero, theoretically the lowest attainable temperature.
Thus the absolute temperature scale is called Kelvin temperature scale, with
absolute zero as the starting point.
Making use of the definition of absolute temperatures, equation 1.8
becomes:
V1 T1 V1 V2
 or  (1.9)
V2 T2 T1 T2
where V1 and V2 are the volumes of the gas at temperatures T1 and T2 (both
in kelvins) respectively.
V
Therefore we can conclude that  constant=k 2 (1.10)
T

(k2 is equal nR/P)

These are alternative expressions of Gay Lussac’s and Charles Law and their
significance may be put into words in form of the following statement of the
law:
The volume of a given mass of gas at constant pressure is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature (V α T)
Another form of Charles's law shows that at constant amount of gas
and volume, the pressure of a gas is proportional to temperature

P T
P  k3T

P
Or  k3 (1.11)
T

From equation (1.11) we have

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 15

 P P
 k3  2
T T2

P1 P2
Or  (1.12)
T1 T2

where P1 and P2 are the pressures of the gas at temperatures T1 and T2,
respectively. (k3=nR/V)

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 16

Examples 4. At 0°С the volume of a given gas is 546cm3. Calculate the
volume the same gas would occupy at 14°С.
solution
V1 V2
  V1  546cm3 , T1  0 C  273  273 ; T1  14 C  273  287 K
T1 T2
V1T2 546cm3 X 287 K
V2    574cm3
T1 273K

Example 5. The volume of a given mass of gas is 360 ml at 15°С; at what

temperature will the volume be 480 ml, assuming constant pressure?
Solution
The absolute temperature corresponding to 15C is 273+15=288K; the volume is then 360ml.
Let T be the absolute temp at which the volume is 480ml; then according to e.q 1.9
360 480

288 T
480 X 288
T  384K The corresponding Celsius temperature is thus 384-273=111C
360

1.3.3 The Volume-Amount Relationship: Avogadro’s Law

The work of the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro complemented the
studies of Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac. He stated that the volume of any
given gas must be proportional to the number of moles of molecules
present. i.e

V n
V  k4 n (1.13)

where n represents the number of moles and k4 represents the

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 17

proportionality constant. Equation (1.13) is the mathematical expression of
Avogadro’s law, which states that:
at constant pressure and temperature, the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the number of moles of the gas present. k 4 =RT/P
According to Avogadro’s law we see that when two gases react with
each other their reacting volumes have a simple ratio to each other. If the
product is a gas, its volume is related to the volume of the reactants by a
simple ratio. For example, consider the synthesis of ammonia from
molecular hydrogen to molecular nitrogen:
3H 2 ( g )  N 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g )
3mol 1mol 2mol

3H 2 (g) + N2 ( g)  2 NH 3 ( g )
3 molecules + 1 molecule  2 molecules
3 moles + 1 mole  2 moles
3 volumes + 1 volume  2 volumes
Because, at the same temperature and pressure, the volumes of gases are
directly proportional to the number of moles present, we can write:
3H 2 ( g )  N 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g )
3 volumes 1 volume 2 volumes

The volume ratio of molecular hydrogen to molecular nitrogen is 3:1, and

that of ammonia (the product) to molecular hydrogen and molecular
nitrogen (the reactants) combined is 2:4, or 1:2.

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 18

Schematic illustrations of Boyle’s law, Charles,s law and Avogadro’s law

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 19

1.4. The Ideal Gas Equation
Let’s summarize the gas laws we have discussed so far:
1
Boyle ' s law: V (at constant n andT )
P
Charles's law: V T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro's law: V n (at constant P and T)

We can combine all three expressions to form a single master equation for
the behavior of gases:
nT
V
P
nT
V R
P
or
PV  nRT (1.14)
where R , the proportionality constant is called the gas constant.
Equation (1.14), which is called the ideal gas equation, describes the
relationship among the four variables P, V,T, and n. An ideal gas is a
hypothetical gas whose pressure volume-temperature behavior can be
completely accounted for by the ideal gas equation. The ideal gas equation
can also be given as :
W
PV  nRT  RT
M (1.15)
where W is the weight of the gas taken and M is the molecular weight.
The molecules of an ideal gas do not attract or repel one another, and their
volume is negligible compared with the volume of the container. Although
there is no such thing as an ideal gas, the ideal gas approximation works
Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 20
rather well for most reasonable temperature and pressure ranges. Thus we
can safely use the ideal gas equation to solve many gas problems.
1.41. The gas constant
Before we can apply the ideal gas equation to a real system, its important to
evaluate the gas constant R at 0°С (273K) and 1 atm pressure. Under these
conditions, 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies is 22.4L or 22.4 x10 -3m3. The gas
constant, R can be obtained by substituting values of P=1atm,V=22.414L,
n=1 mol, T=273.14K (0°С) in equation 1.14 .

PV (1atm)(22.414 L)
R 
nT (1mol )(273K )
=0.0821L.atm/K.mol

The conditions 0°С and 1 atm are called standard temperature and pressure,
often abbreviated as STP.

Alternatively in SI units its standard value is given as 8.314JK-1mol-1.

PV (101325 Nm 2 )(22.4 x103 m3 )
R 
nT (1mol )(273K )
=8.314Jmol 1K 1 (J=Nm)

Example 6. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very reactive

gas. Calculate the pressure (in atm) exerted by 1.82 moles of the gas in a
steel vessel of volume of volume 5.43L at 69.5°С. R=0.0821L.atm/K.mol.

Solution: The problem gives the amount of the gas and its volume and
temperature. Because no changes in gas properties occur, we can use the
ideal gas equation to calculate the pressure.

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 21

 nRT
P
V
(1.82 mol)x0.0821x(69.5+273)K
=
5.43L
=9.42 atm

Practice Exercise
Calculate the volume (in liters) occupied by 2.12 moles of nitric oxide
(NO) at 6.54 atm and 76°С.

The ideal gas equation is also useful for problems that DO NOT
involve changes in P,V,T, and n for a gas sample. Thus if we know any three
of the variables we can calculate the fourth one using the equation. At times
however, we need to deal with changes in pressure, volume, temperature
and even amount of gas. When conditions change we must employ a
modified form of the ideal gas equation that takes into account the initial
and final conditions. We derive the modified equation as follows: from
equation (1.14 ),
PV PV
R 1 1
(before change) and R= 2 2 (after change)
n1T1 n2T2
Therefore,
PV PV
1 1
 2 2
n1T1 n2T2 (1.16)

All the gas laws can be derived from equation (1.16). If n1  n2 , as is usually
the case because the amount of gas normally does not change, the equation
PV PV
1 1
 2 2
the becomes: T1 T2 (1.17)

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 22

Example 7. An inflated helium balloon with a volume of 0.55L at sea level
(1.0 atm) is allowed to rise to a height of 6.5km, where the pressure is about
0.40 atm. Assuming that the temperature remains constant, what is the final
volume of the balloon?

Solution: The amount of gas inside the ballon and its temperature remain
constant, both the pressure and the volume change. What gas law do we
need?

PV PV
1 1
 2 2
n1T1 n1T2
Because n1  n2 and T1  T2 ,
1 1  PV
PV 2 2

which is Boyle’s law. We are given the following information:

initial conditions Final conditions
P1  1.0atm P2  0.40atm
V1  0.55L V2  ?
P1
V2  V1 x
P2
1.0atm
 0.55 L x
0.40atm
=1.4L

Practice exercise: A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 ml at a

pressure of 726mmHg. Calculate the pressure of the gas (in mmHg) if the
volume is reduced at a constant temperature to 154ml.

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 23

Example 8: Argon is an inert gas used in light bulbs to retard the
vaporization of the tungsten filament. A certain light bulb containing argon
at 1.20 atm and 18°С heated to 85°С at constant volume. Calculate its final
pressure (in atm)

Solution:
Because n1  n2 and V1  V2 , equation (1.17) becomes
P1 P2

T1 T2
which is Charles's law
initial conditions Final conditions
P1  1.20atm P2  ?
T1  (18  273) K T2  (85  273) K  358 K

The final pressure is given by

T2
P2  P1 x
T1
358 K
=1.20atm x
291K
=1.48atm

1.4.2 Density calculations

If we rearrange the ideal gas equation, we can calculate the density of a gas:
n P

V RT
The number of moles of the gas, n, is given by
m
n
M
Where m is the mass of the gas in grams and M is its molar mass. Therefore
m P

MV RT

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 24

Because density, d is mass per unit volume, we can write
m PM
d  (1.18)
V RT

Unlike molecules in condensed matter (i.e liquids and solids), gaseous

molecules are separated by distances that are large compared with their size.
Consequently, the density of gases is very low under at atmospheric
conditions. For this reason, gas densities are usually expressed in grams per
litre (g/L).

Example 9 Calculate the density of carbon dioxide (CO2) in grams per litre
at 0.990 atm and 55°С
PM (0.990atm)(44.01g / mol )
d   1.62 g / L
RT (0.0821L.atm / K .mol )(273  55) K

Alternatively , we can solve for the density by writing

mass
density 
volume
Assuming that we have I mole of CO2, the mass is 44.01g. The volume of
the gas can be obtained from the ideal gas equation
nRT
V
P
(1 mol)(0.0821)(328)
=  27.2 L
0.990
Therefore, the density of CO2 is given by
44.01g
d  1.62 g / L
27.2 L

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 25

1.4.3 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
So far we have concentrated on the behavior of pure gasesous
substances, but experimental studies often involve mixture of gases. For
example for a study of air pollution, we are interested in the pressure-
volume-temperature relationship of a sample of air, which contains several
gases. In all cases involving mixture of gases, the total pressure is related to
partial pressures, i.e the pressures of individual gas components in the
mixture.
In 1801 Dalton formulated a law, now known as Dalton’s law of partial
pressure, which states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is just the
sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were present alone.

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 26

 1. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very reactive gas.
Calculate the pressure (in atm) exerted by 1.82 moles of the gas in a steel
vessel of volume of volume 5.43L at 69.5°С.
2. Calculate the volume (in liters) occupied by 2.12 moles of nitric oxide
(NO) at 6.54 atm and 76°С.
3. Calculate the volume (in liters) occupied by 7.40g of NH 3 at STP
4. What is the volume occupied by 49.8g of HCL at STP?
5. A faulty barometer reads a pressure of 750mm of Hg when the actual
pressure is 760mmHg. The evacuated part of the barometer is 20.0mm
long. Calculate the actual pressure when the barometer reads 730mm
6. A one litre bulb is filled at 300K with acetylene at 1.00bar and oxygen
at 5.00 bar, and the mixture is exploded. Calculate the final pressure if
the final temperature is (i) 300K, (ii) 353K, (iii) 600K. Aqueous tension
at 300K is 26.7mm of Hg and 353K is 353mm of Hg.
7. 2 glass bulbs of equal volume are connected by a narrow tube and are
filled with gas at 273.15K and 1.00 bar. One of the bulbs is then
placed in melting ice and the other in a water bath at 62°С. What is
the new value of P inside the bulb?
8. 2 glass bulbs of volume 3 litres and 1 litre respectively are connected
by a narrow negligible volume. Air at a pressure of 1 bar at 30°С is
contained in the apparatus which is then hermitically sealed. If the 3-
litre bulb is now suddenly immersed in steam at 100°С, what would
be the pressure of air in the bulbs?
9. An inflated helium balloon with a volume of 0.55L at sea level (1.0
atm) is allowed to rise to a height of 6.5km, where the pressure is
Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 27
 about 0.40 atm. Assuming that the temperature remains constant,
what is the final volume of the balloon?
10. A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 ml at a pressure
of 726mmHg. Calculate the pressure of the gas (in mmHg) if the
volume is reduced at a constant temperature to 154ml.
11. Argon is an inert gas used in light bulbs to retard the vaporization of
the tungsten filament. A certain light bulb containing argon at 1.20
atm and 18°С heated to 85°С at constant volume. Calculate its final
pressure (in atm)
12. A sample of oxygen gas initially at 0.97 atm is cooled from 21°С to -
68°С at constant volume. What is its final pressure (in atm)?
13. A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where the
temperature and pressure are 8°С and 6.4 atm, to the water’s surface,
where the temperature is 25°С and the pressure is 1.0 atm. Calculate
the final volume (in ml) of the bubble if its initial volume was 2.1 ml.
14. A gas initially at 4.0 L, 1.2 atm and 66°С undergoes a change so that
its final volume and temperature are 1.7L and 42°С. What is its final
pressure? Assume the number of moles remains unchanged.

Properties of Gases Dorothy W. Maina 28