Problem 1 .

Problem 2

A · 2 in B 12in C 12inD

·
So
Je
Sc
B

"
·
for steel :
Tal

Pau
=
8500

8500 X8X12
psi
OfAs OfTo 24
0648 rad
=
= 0 .
.

2 x 106 x
=
11 .

& 19/)
For aluminium Tal 6500 psi 8B
· : =

=
PBELBE
6500X8X12 HE
Pau =

= 0 . 107 Tad .

39x106 x 3/

: Maxi
angle of twist = 0 . 0648 ed = 3 71 .
PBE =
&Be Af
-120x/d12) x29x16
L BE
10

= 106 27 X .
O
=
Stress)
Varg
·
(single shee U Normal
=
=
Sc = Pef Lof
↑ Shear stress
Varg =
·
[doubleshear] = AE

3 #2) Xzaxis
E normal strain
A I [bearing stress]
Scat /5
Ub Par
=
·
= =
=
=
240X

W Shear stain
Smaximum shebistress) 8
==
=

im
·

=
118 63 .
x10 &

stain] & [deformation]

E [Normal -2)
63x100(24)
· :

77x10P (12)
=

Ma = 0 106 .
+ 118 .
-

36/220) =
0

: 0 = 1 9185
. x10- rad
Below yield stress : O = EE E =

Young's modulus

↳ Hooke's Law
X53
>
(a) PBE = 106 LLX10.
x 1 9185
.
: 204 81b .

==
deformation 8 103 x 1 3
,
PCF = 118 . 63 x .
9185 x 10 = 227 . 6 Ib

(b) Up = 360 =
36/1 9185x10- 3) . = 69 . 1x10- =
0 . 06919n .

subjected to significant bending moments due

distance from centre to POI to
- · Beams are

·
T = [shear stress in a shaft] distributed load over their length Deep
. bears provide greater
↳ section modulus which enhances the beaig ability to
carry
Polar moment of Inertia construction use
deep becaus
more loads
. >
- Why large spal .

compression week in tension When concrete

=
4
-solid shaft in , .

· j concrete is strong
into compression and the
·

is loaded the top part goes

E (r -5 : ") shaft bear
strongintension when
· J = > hollow
-
Steel is
,

into tension
bottom goes
.

concrete bean where the

part of the
· G =
T G =

2) +v) placed in
the bottom
they take up thsile stresses
L
S
forces are the greatest ,

Tensile
Why in concrete
beams
,
modulus of rigidity handle -
concrete cannot
,
.

that the bottom

.
rebarsin
the
langle of twist] to have steel
P
· =

E Thot.
it is

lads and reduce stress concentration When

heavy machine
Bearing pads distributes
.

surface of bearing
operates ,
it generates normal stress It .
pad According to
-
normal stress >
- bearing pads in heavy construction
larger
.
- = ald reduces

machines.

need hiIher compressive strength and need to

materials used for beingpads eastate
significant deformation Rubber has high
·

without
.

load
withstand heavy
durablity required for the heavy
but may
not provide the stability and

loads
. >
- material choice forbearing pads
.