GCSE Maths – Geometry and Measures

Units of Measurements
Notes

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Units of Measures
A unit is a type of measurement and describes a quantity. Units can be both metric and
imperial. There are standard units to measure: length, area, volume, capacity, mass, time,
and money. Questions may ask or imply to convert between different types of units as we
may need to measure something bigger or something smaller.

Length
A length measures how long something is. Type of length units includes, centimetres,
metres, kilometres. A metre is the standard metric unit of length.

This diagram shows how to convert between metric length units.

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐦𝐦

× 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

km m cm mm

÷ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ÷ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ÷ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

Example: Convert 3.9 km into millimetres

Use the diagram to work through the length units to convert to millimetres.

First convert from kilometres to metres.

3.9 km × 1000 = 3900 m

Then convert metres to centimetres.

3900 m × 100 = 390 000 cm

Finally, convert centimetres to millimetres.

390 000 cm × 10 = 3 900 000 mm

So, we have found:
𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 = 𝟑𝟑 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

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Imperial Units of Length
Imperial units are other measures that can be used as units. Imperial units of length include
inch, feet, yard, mile. Here are some conversion ratios between imperial units that may be
given in the question.
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
You will also need to convert between imperial units and metric units.

𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 ≈ 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Example: Jenny drives 96 km. Hiten drives 75 miles.

Jenny says, “I drove a further distance.” Is Jenny correct?

1. Convert all values so that they are in the same units.

In this question, it makes sense to take all measurements as miles. You

could alternatively convert all the measurements into kilometres.

2. Use ratios to convert 96 km to miles

8 km ≈ 5 miles
× 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
96 km ≈. . . miles

The equation carried on one side must be applied to the other. Therefore,
we must multiply by 12 on the other side.

5 × 12 = 60

8 km ≈ 5 miles
× 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
96 km ≈ 60 miles

3. Work out who travels the longer distance.

Jenny drives 60 miles and Hiten drives 75 miles.

Since 60 < 75, Jenny is incorrect, she drives less than Hiten.

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Area
Area measures the size of a surface. Area units are length measurements squared, such
as mm2, cm2, m2 and km2.

In order to convert between area units, we need to square the scale factors of the length
conversions.

(10)2 mm2 = 1 cm2  𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐

(100)2 cm2 = 1 m2  𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐜𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐

(1000)2 m2 = 1 km2  𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐

Another way to explain this conversion is by drawing squares:

Here is a 1 cm by 1 cm square. This could also be written as a 10 mm by 10 mm square.

• The area of this square in cm2 is

1 × 1 = 1 cm2

• The area of this square in mm2 is

10 × 10 = 100 mm2 .

Therefore, the conversion factor for area between cm2

and mm2 is 100 ÷ 1 = 100.

This method also works for m2 and km2.

Example: Convert 480 mm2 into cm2

1. Find the conversion from mm2 to cm2 .

.

100 mm2 = 1 cm2

cm2 → ÷ 100 → mm2

2. Convert the required value.

480 ÷ 100 = 4.8

So,

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝐜𝐜𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐

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Volume
Volume measures the amount of space in a 3D object. Volume units are length
measurements cubed, such as mm3, cm3, m3 and km3.

To convert between volume units, we need to cube the scale factors of the length
conversions.

(10)3 mm3 = 1 cm3  𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑

(100)3 cm3 = 1 m3  𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐜𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑

(1000)3 m3 = 1 km3  𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑

Another way to explain this conversion is to consider a cube.

Here is a 1cm-by-1cm-by-1cm cube.

This means it is also a 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm cube.

The volume of this cube in cm3 is

𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑 .

The volume of this cube in mm3 is

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑 .

Therefore, the conversion factor for area between cm3 and mm3 is 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ÷ 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.

This method also works for m3 and km3.

Example: Convert 0.68 cm3 to mm3

1. Find the conversion from mm3 to cm3 .

1000 mm3 to 1 cm3

1000 mm3 = 1 cm3

cm3 → ÷ 1000 → mm3

2. Convert the required value.

0.68 cm3 × 1000 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑

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Capacity
Capacity measures the amount of liquid something can hold. It is similar to volume but
generally capacity is a unit measure of liquid.

Type of capacity units include millilitres, centilitres, litres. A litre is the standard metric
unit of capacity.

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒍𝒍
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒍𝒍

Imperial Units of Capacity

Imperial units of capacity include pints and gallons. Here are the conversion ratios
between imperial units that may be given in the question.

𝟖𝟖 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈

You will also need to convert between imperial units and metric units.

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑

𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈

Example: Peter buys 3 pints of milk. Alex buys 0.37 gallons of milk. Who buys more milk?

1. Convert all values to one, common unit.

We will convert all values to gallons. Alternatively, you could choose to convert to pints.

2. Use ratios to convert 3 pints to gallons.

3 8 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 1 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
×
8 3 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = . . . 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

The operation applied on one side must be applied to the other side. Therefore, we must
3
multiply the right-hand side by .
8

3
1× = 0.375
8

3 8 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 1 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 3
× ×
8 3 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.375 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 8

3. Conclude who buys more milk.

Peter buys 0.375 gallons and Alex buys 0.37 gallons. Since 0.37 < 0.375, Peter buys
more milk.

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Capacity and Volume
The terms capacity and volume are interchangeable as the definitions are similar.
By definition,
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍.

Example: Convert 500 ml to cm3

1. Find the conversion between millilitres to litres.

1000 ml = 1 litre
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 → ÷ 1000 → 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
2. Convert the given value into litres

500 ml ÷ 1000 = 0.5 litres

3. Convert litres to cm3 by the definition 1000 cm3 = 1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙.

1000 cm3 = 1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

500 cm3 = 0.5 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙.

Therefore, 0.5 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 500 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3 .

So, our calculations show that 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒄𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 .

Mass
Mass measures the amount of matter in an object. Units of mass include milligrams,
grams, kilograms, and tonnes.

A gram is the standard metric unit of mass.

This diagram shows the conversion between capacity units

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐠𝐠
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐠𝐠 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭

× 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

tonne kg g mg

÷ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ÷ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ÷ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

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 Example: Convert 0.45 tonnes to grams
Use the diagram to work through the mass units to convert to grams.

First convert tonnes to kilograms:

0.45 × 1000 = 450 kg

Then convert kilograms to grams:

450 kg × 1000 = 450 000 g

So, we have:

𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐠𝐠

Imperial Units of Mass

Imperial units of mass include ounces, pounds, and stones. Here are some conversion
ratios between imperial units that may be given in the question.

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

You will also need to convert between imperial units and metric units using the following
approximations:
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒈𝒈 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

Example: Deepthi buys 3 ounces of tomatoes. Hana buys 8 tomatoes each weighing 10g.
Who bought more tomatoes by mass?

1. Calculate the mass of tomatoes Hana buys in grams.

8 × 10 g = 80 g

2. Convert all values to one, common unit. Here, we will convert all values to grams.

1 ounce = 28 g
×3
3 ounces = . . . grams
The operation applied to one side must be applied to the other. Since 28 × 3 = 84, we
have
1 ounce = 28 g
3 ounces = 84 grams
3. Work out who buys more tomatoes.
Deepthi buys 84 g of tomatoes. Hana only buys 80 g. Therefore, Deepthi buys more
tomatoes in mass.

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Time
Time can be measured in various units including milliseconds, seconds, minutes, hours,
days and weeks.

In questions, the most common conversions are between seconds, minutes, and hours.
However, it is useful to know other time conversions.

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬

𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝

𝟕𝟕 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰

𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡

× 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

hour min sec

÷ 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 ÷ 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

Example: Convert 2 days into minutes

Use the diagram to work through the time units to convert to hours.

1. Convert days to hours.

There are 24 hours in a day. Therefore, there are 2 × 24 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

hours in 2 days.

2. Convert hours to minutes.

48 hours × 60 = 2880 minutes

Therefore,
𝟐𝟐 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦.

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Money
Money is measured in pounds (£) or pence (p).

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐩𝐩 = £𝟏𝟏

However, in different countries money has different units. For example, in Germany,
money is measured in euros (€) and in the USA money is measured in dollars ($).

To convert between different currencies, questions will give an exchange rate.

Example: Khushi goes to a shop and buys bread costing 79p, milk
costing £1.03, chocolate costing 34p and biscuits costing £1.45.
What is the total cost of her shop in pounds?

1. Convert all the prices to 1 unit.

We convert all units into pounds:

79𝑝𝑝 = £0.79
34𝑝𝑝 = £0.34

2. Add up all the prices now they are in the same unit.

0.79 + 0.34 + 1.03 + 1.45 = £3.61

Khushi’s total shop costs £𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

Example: Aadya is going on holiday to India. She has £420 that needs to
be converted to rupees before she goes.
How many rupees will she receive if the exchange rate is £1 = 102 rupees?

1. Use ratios to convert £420 to rupees.

£1 = 102 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
× 420
£420 = . . . 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

The operation applied on one side must be applied to the other side.
Therefore, we must multiply the right-hand side by 420:

102 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 420 = 42840

£1 = 102 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
× 420 × 420
£420 = 42840 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

Aadya will receive 42840 rupees for £420.

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 Units of Measures – Practice Questions

1. Rachel and Phoebe go running. Rachel runs 1 km to Phoebe’s house and together
they run 5 miles. Rachel then runs back home.
How many kilometres does Rachel run?

2. The volume of a box is 3000000 cm3. What is the volume in m3?

3. Rosa is having a party. She mixes 4 litres of Apple Juice with 1800 ml of Mango
Juice and 500 ml of Orange Juice. What is the total capacity of her drink?

4. Convert 3 stones to grams using the conversion 6.4 kg = 1 stone.

5. Madeleine buys some vegetables. She buys 1.5 kg of potatoes, 400 g of tomatoes,
2390 grams of onions and a butternut squash weighing 1.1 kg. She carries them with
2 bags. Each bag can hold a mass of up to 2500 grams. Will Madeleine be able to
carry the vegetables with two bags?

6. Covert 2,160,000 seconds to hours.

7. Ava is travelling on a train to Brooklyn. She leaves at 11:05. Her journey takes 1 hour
and 57 minutes. What time is her train due to arrive in Brooklyn?

8. Keith is going on holiday to Japan. He wants to change £150 into yen. The exchange
rate is £1 = ¥168. How many Yen will Keith receive?

9. Marcus buys 2 pens at 64p each, 3 binders at £1.09 each and 1 rubber at £1.19. He
pays with a £10 note. Work out how much change Marcus should get from £10.

Worked solutions for the practice questions can be found amongst the worked solutions for the
corresponding worksheet file.

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