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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT INTERNSHIP

For a career-oriented applied education, has introduced a new and significant Civil Engineering students
Internship Programmed (CESIP) for students. This internship bridges the gap between theory and
practice and provides students with practical, field-based, real-world experiences during their years of
study. During this training period, we, the students learn how to relate our theoretical knowledge with
practical fields. What are the difficulties faced by an engineer? How to manage everything & what are
the duties of an Engineer. For these practical & technical skills we participated in CESIP under
“ACRANTON CIVIL CONSULTANT AND CONSTRUCTION”

Aim: The internship aims to develop our skills to implement theoretical knowledge into practical
fields.

Objectives:
1. To orient us with the practical CE works.

2. To allow us to apply our theoretical knowledge into practical fields.

3. To let us gaining practical experience.

4. To let us understand the planning, design, drawing of construction.

ACRANTON CIVIL CONSULTANT AND CONSTRUCTION:

Acranton civil consultant and construction is a promising name having already marked its success as one
of the distinct real estate companies. After establishing, the company has successfully come up to the
present through meticulous management and effective client satisfaction.

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1.2 ABOUT COMPANY

Fig 1. Company Logo

ACRANTON CIVIL CONSULTANT AND CONSTRUCTION

A registered firm rendering ACRANTON CIVIL CONSULTANT AND CONSTRUCTION Bangalore

and Davangere, Structural, Architectural and Project management consultants to various clients. We are
pioneers in Structural design of all types of structures including steel, concrete, wood and prestress
concrete structures. We have been associated with architects and have been designing structures for since
2017.

• RESOURSE PERSONS

Mr. SUSHANTH K C Founder and owner of ACRANTON CIVIL CONSULTANT AND

CONSTRUCTION

1.3 VISION OF THE COMPANY

Vision of the company is to provide the most compressive service. A trust worthy and ethical market
larder in our communities by providing innovative solutions, designs and unparallel value to customers.

1.4 MISSION OF THE COMPANY

Mission of the company is delivering pleasing service while honoring company’s vision, every time any
things from the foundation to the roof and out. Services provided by the company are consultation,
planning of 2D and 3D, construction, renovation, demolitions, interior designing, layout planning,
project estimations and turn key projects.

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1.5 RANGE OF SERVICES

• Structural Engineering Consultancy

• Structural Analysis and Design.

• Modeling and Analysis of New Designs.

• Structural Detailing and Structural Drafting.

• Cost Effective Design for Financial, Economic, Environmental and Social Sustainability.

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CHAPTER 2

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITES

2.1 ROLE OF PLANNING

• Planning is one of the most important parts of construction management.

• The role of construction planner is to develop a plan to complete a construction project based on
budget, work schedule and available resources.

• Construction planners define work tasks on daily basis.

2.2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROJECT MANAGER AT SITE

• Collaborate with engineers, architects etc. to determine the specifications of the project.

• Negotiate contracts with external vendors to reach profitable agreements.

• Obtain permits and licenses from appropriate authorities.

• Determine needed resources (manpower, equipment and materials) from start to finish with attention to
budgetary limitations.

• Plan all construction operations and schedule intermediate phases to ensure deadlines will be met.

• Acquire equipment and material and monitor stocks to timely handle inadequacies.

• Supervise the work of laborer’s, mechanics etc. and give them guidance when needed.

• Evaluate progress and prepare detailed reports.

• Performing daily inspection of any construction activity to ensure it conforms to the approved plans.

• Coordinating with field operators, the client, and designers.

• Obtaining approvals and any required permits for new projects.

• Ensuring that all construction plans conform to the customer expectations.

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2.3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF SITE ENGINEER AT SITE

The site engineer should possess basic knowledge about the practical construction procedures in site, along with
the details of how they are planned. This idea of planning and coordination will help him to have proper
execution of the activities in the site with desired performance.

A site engineer is very essential for a construction project. The responsibilities of a site engineer are wide as he
must provide sufficient advice and supervision when there are any technical issues, or for proper management
and for the preparation of day-to-day reports of the construction works.

1. Construction Site Responsibilities

The site engineer is the person who spends most of his time at the construction site compared with other
managers or designers. Site engineers are updated daily about the coming day’s design and activities based on
which he implements them at site.

2. Travelling
The site engineers are supposed to move from one site to another (based on the size of the project or number
of projects) for any special needs. He must also be required to reach with the procurement of resources to get
the materials as per the correct specifications if any discrepancies happen.

3. Technical Activities
Site activities like establishment of the level and the survey control, which is required for the control of contracts
must be performed by site engineer in required conditions. The works have to be set out as per the contract
drawings. This requires checks at regular basis on the construction site.
The records maintained have to be accurate and they have to satisfy with the organizational and the legal
requirements. The site engineer has to face any unexpected difficulties raised from the technical side at any point of
time. He must study the problem and resolve it in the most efficient manner as possible.

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5. Preparation of Reports and Schedules

The site engineer is the one who have to ensure that the site have adequate resources to complete the tasks. This
is conducted by having procurement schedules for the jobs carried out and liaises with the procurement department
regarding the same.

6. Site Engineer for Health and Safety

For highly dangerous work site, the site engineer will take up the role of safety engineer. He has to
ensure that the work carried out by the workers and other related activities are as per the safety regulation
of the respective state or area.
Every construction organization must possess a safe working culture and practice. Its implementation and
practice of following is supervised by the site engineers. There may be other safety, health officers for the
organization, but ensuring safety is a common need. Other responsibilities are to undergo construction
activities that will promote the environmental compliance. Each work has to be carried out safely within
the deadline.

6. Quality Assurance by Site Engineer

As we know, quality is a parameter that has to be kept in practice from the initial stage of planning to the
end of the project. The major issues with design and documentation can be corrected during the
construction by the site engineer based on advice from the structural engineers. Any undesirable activities
in construction bring high loss of quality and money. The site engineer assures quality by the following
means. Promoting the best construction practices.

7. Communication and leadership duties

As the site engineer have to know the technical details from the above levels and make it in practice in the site, he
must be efficient enough to coordinate the information that is communicated. He must take up the detail from the
higher levels accurately and pass them to the below contractors, supervisors or labour workers.
It not how efficiently you as a site engineer understands the idea, but it’s on how you convey it to your sub-workers.
This will reflect to have the need for leadership quality to convey and make the workers do the work.

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CHAPTER 3
BUILDING MATERIAL DETAILS

BUILDING MATERIALS
A building structure is composed of different types of the material these materials are either called as
building materials. The material uses in the building on basis of the availability and cost.

For construct a building the essential building material are as follow:

3.1 Cement
The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of compound of lime, silica
alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste which hardened and bind the aggregates (sand,
gravel, crushed rock, etc.) together to form a durable mass called the Concrete.
Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars together. Which is why it play the most critical role
in giving strength and durability to your building.

Fig 2. Cement Bags

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Cement uses for domestic building such as home are basically of three types.

a) Portland Slag Cement (PSC): A combination of good quality blast furnace slag (from the iron
steel industry) with clinker (which makes the OPC) and gypsum.

b) Portland Pozzolana Cement (PCC): It is a combination of fly ash (from thermal power plant)
with clinker and gypsum. pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding Portland cement clinker with
pozzolana. This type of cement is largely used in marine structure.

c) Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): A combination of clinker and gypsum of good quality.
Ordinary Portland cement is manufactured by first burning at a very high temperature the mixture
of calcareous (mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the
calcined product (i.e., clinker) with small amount of gypsum in to a fine power known as ordinary
Portland cement.

Good quality cement has the following features:

❖ Reduced water requirement
❖ Improve Workability
❖ Less permissible to moisture
❖ Improved resistance to acid and chlorides
❖ Reduced heat of hydration
❖ Easier to finish
❖ Reduced shrinkage
❖ Reduced leaching problems because it is low as Free lime

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3.2 Sand
These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, sub angular or flat fragments of
more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less
than 2 mm. Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica derived from the
disintegration of rock.

Fig 3. Sand

These are of three types:

a) Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6 mm and less than 2
mm.
b) Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of particles size greater than 0.2 mm and
less than 0.6 mm.
c) Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 0.2
mm, Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete
mixture.
It should be:
• Clear, angular and hard
• Free from clay, mica and soft
• Flaky material Graded, which means it should be a mix of fine, medium and coarse sand
• Free from contaminates like sea salt Consistent in moisture (water) content which should not
exceed 7%
• When mixing concrete, the moisture Content must be taken in to consideration

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3.3 Building Stone

Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in nature. The stones are used into construct the
foundation, super structure and many of the building components.

Fig 4. Granite

The various stones derived from these types of rocks are as follows:
a) Principal stones from igneous rocks: Granite, Basalt and Trap
b) Principal stones from sedimentary rocks: Sand stone, Shale, Lime stone
c) Principal stones from metamorphic rocks: Quartzite, slate and marble

Properties or requirement of good building stone:

A good building stone should possess several characteristics such as
• High strength (crushing strength>1000kg/cm)
• High durability
• Sufficient hardness (coefficient of hardness>14)
• High resistance to wear
• Specific gravity more than 2.7
• Crystalline structure
• High impact value (toughness index>13)
• Low water absorption (percentage absorption after 24 hour less than 0.6)
• Weather resistance and
• Better appearance

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3.4 Bricks
Bricks are distinguished by their base (row) material and size. Standard Cement bricks come in the size 8"
x 4" x 4". Modular bricks, rarely used because they are not easily available, come in the size 200mm x
100mm x 100mm (including mortar thickness) Fly ash bricks, sometimes also come in modular form.
Conventional bricks have a frog (depressed / raised portion) on one of the larger surfaces bearing the
Manufacturer’s brand. These also provide a good mechanical key for bonding (lock ability) with mortar.
The modular bricks do not have the frog on them. Fly ash bricks exhibit almost similar mechanical properties
as brunt clay bricks. Exposed brickwork with precise pointing is possible if the shapes are perfect.

Fig 5. Cement bricks Fig 6. Clay bricks

The four board categories of bricks used in construction:

a) 1st Class Brick:
➢ Perfect in Size/shape/ quality of burning
➢ Red to cherry red in color
➢ Do not absorb more than 15- 17% water of their own weight, if kept submerged for one hour
under water
➢ Suitable for floors & reinforced brick slabs

b) 2nd Class Brick

➢ Not so uniform as 1st class bricks in Size/shape/ quality of burning
➢ Red in color
➢ Do not absorb more than 22% water of their own weight, if kept submerged for one hour under water
➢ Used for internal walls

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c) 3rd Class Brick:

➢ Much interior to 2nd class bricks in terms of Size/shape/ quality of burning
➢ Dark red in color
➢ Do not absorb more than 25% water of their own weight, if kept submerged for one hour under water
➢ Used for interior construction works, where less rainfall occurs

d) 4rd Class Brick:

➢ Absolutely out shape of size, over burnet. Fused with more bricks with a honey comb texture
➢ Black in color
➢ Not used in building construction works & used as road metal, also in foundations

3.5 Aggregates
Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) material, which when bounded
together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are naturally occurring aggregates
such as Sand, crushed rock and gravel.

Fig 7. Coarse Aggregates

Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

a) Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 150 microns.
b) Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 4.75 micron.
c) All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or riverbed. It is sometimes used for
unimportant work without separating into different sizes.

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Properties of Natural Aggregates:

The properties should comply with the norms laid down in IS: 38-1970 Specification for C.A. and F.A.
from natural sources for concrete.
• Aggregates should be chemically inert, strong, hard, durable, of limited porosity (water absorption
when immersed in water for 24 hours should not be more than 10%.)
• Free from adherent coating, clay lumps, coal and coal residues
• Should contain no organic or other admixture that may cause corrosion of the reinforcement or
impair the strength or durability of the concrete
• The shape (rounded, irregular, angular and flaky) and sizes of the aggregates should conform to
the strength and workability requirements

Uses of the Aggregates:

1) Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for producing any type of good concrete
or R.C.C. for construction purpose
2) Broken brick aggregates are used to produce plain concrete but not suitable for R.C.C. which is
lighter than broken stone aggregate
3) Air- cooled blast furnace slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig iron, forms a stronger and
durable concrete when mixed with sand, and has a high fire resistance.

3.6 Reinforcement Steel

RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying capacity of the concrete it is
reinforced with steel bars of different diameters provided in an appropriate manner. Such concrete is called
reinforced concrete and the bars are called the reinforcement.
These bars are provided at various locations to resist the internal forces, which are developed due to the
loads acting on the structure.
Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete. Concrete has low tensile, but high
compressive strength.
The tensile deficiency is compensated by reinforcing the concrete mass through insertion of plain or twisted
mild steel bars. Both branded and unbranded bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the names of
which are marked on the steel. During construction make sure that steel reinforcement is provided exactly

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as the engineering design specification.

Fig 8. Reinforcement Steel

Precautions:
• Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust.
• Bars that cannot be easily bent manually or mechanically should be rejected.
• Optimum length bars must not be chosen to reduce wastage in cutting.
• To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted
• Welded length of the bars should not be accepted

3.7 Water
The strength and durability of concrete depends also on the amount of water mixed with it. Too much or too
little Water can adversely affect the strength of concrete. After concrete is cast, water is used to cure it so
that the temperature is controlled and concrete matures slowly. It is very important to use clean, potable
water in quality concrete production. Brackish or salty water must never be used. Contaminated water will
produce concrete mortars with lower durability, erratic set characteristics and inconsistent color.

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CHAPTER 4

TASKS PERFORMED

Works Carried Out During Internship:

Fig 9. Site Work

4.1 Work Office

In our 30 days’ internship we experienced, office works that are worked mostly includes;
1. Check list

2. Joint Measurement Record (JMR)

3. Reading and Interpreting Drawings

4. Bill of Quantity

5. Bar Bending Schedule

6. Quantity Estimation

1 Check list:

It helps to maintain control over the building and to be another set of eyes for mistakes. It is utilized
to identify, review and correct any conditions orhazards.

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2 Joint Measurement Record (JMR):

Any extra work carried out and approved by the client is recorded in a book called JMR, these
records are important for the contractor to maintain and help during billing claims.

3 Reading and Interpreting Drawings:

Drawings are the means by which the designer conveys the physical, quantitative and visual
description of the project to the contractor. The drawings are a two- dimensional representation of the
physical structure that meets the objectives of the owner. They are also known as plans or blueprints.

4 Bill of Quantity

The purpose of bills of quantities is to act as a uniform basis for inviting competitive tenders and to
assist in valuing completed work. Bills of quantity are first designed to meet the needs estimators,
although some estimators say the bill format has changed to assist the consultants, in cost planning
exercises through the widespread use of elemental bills.

5 Bar Bending Schedule

Bar bending schedule is used to know the amount of bar used on the site and to tell the bar bender
that the amount of bar needed in some portion of the building and its numbers. It’s a mathematical
calculation performed in the computer.

6 Quantity Estimation

During construction project planning and implementation, we need to know the quantities and costs
of various items required to meet the objective of project. An estimate is prepared by first obtaining
the quantity of the items required to complete the project and multiplied by unit cost of the items.

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4.2 Site Work:

The work tasks that we had executed at site are:

1) Reinforcement

2) Shuttering & De-shuttering

3) Concreting

4) Brick masonry work

5) Curing

6) Plastering

7) Mesh Fixing

1) Reinforcement

(a) Column Reinforcement

To place reinforcement required for the column as per BBS. The BBS is prepared by looking at the sheet
in structural drawings which contains structural notes given by structural designer. They will be connected
to the footing reinforcement using binding wires.

Fig 10. Column Reinforcement

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(b) Beam Reinforcement

Reinforcement of a structure involves Straightening, cutting and bending of all reinforcement bars are fixed
in accordance with design and BBS prepared. The reinforcement bars will not be straightened in any
manner that will injure the men and material All the reinforcement will be placed and maintained in
position

Tolerance on placing of reinforcement will be adopted (as per IS:456-2000) with following tolerance:

Effective depth of concrete less than 200mm thick = +/- 10mm. Effective depth of concrete more than
200mm thick = +/- 15mm.

Fig 11. Beam Reinforcement

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(c) Slab Reinforcement

At the time of designing the slab, it is considered that concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak
in tensile strength, so to make the structure safe against tensile stress, steel bars are provided. Steel bars
diameter and its spacing in RCC slab is calculated by designingthe slab according to load and span of the
slab. The slab reinforcement is done according to the BBS given by the engineer. Slabs could be simply
supported, continuous or cantilever. Thickness of the slab is decided based on span to depth ratio specified
in IS456- 2000. Min reinforcement is 0.12% (for HYSD bars) and 0.15% (for mild steel bars) of gross cross
section.

Fig 12. Slab Reinforcement

2) Shuttering & De-shuttering

A) Shuttering

The term shuttering or formwork includes all forms, molds, sheeting, shuttering planks, struts and
structures, ties, wedges and all other temporary supports to the concrete during theprocess of
sheeting. Any arrangement done to support the fresh concrete to attain its strength and structure
is referred to as formwork. It may be horizontal support or vertical support. A good Formwork
should satisfy the following requirements:

• It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads

• It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and

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vertically, so as to retain its shape.

• The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.

• Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences

without damage to the concrete.

• The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for
reuse.

Fig 13. Formwork for Beams and Slab

B) De-shuttering

It is a process of removal of shuttering after concrete achieving required strength. The sequenceof
orders and method of removal of formwork are as follows:

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• Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls beams and column sides should be
removed first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.

• Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.

• Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering

should beremoved in the

Sl.no Description of Structural Member Period of time

1. Walls, columns and vertical sides of Beams 1 – 2 days
2. Slabs 12 days
3. Beam soffit 7 days
4. Removal of props to slabs
a) For slab spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days
b) For slab spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
5. Removal of props to beams and arches
a) Spanning up to 6 m 14 days
b) Spanning over 6 m 21 days

Table 1. De-shuttering schedule

3) Concreting

Freshly mixed Concrete is in plastic state which can be mould into any shape. The relative quantities
of cement, aggregates and water mixed together, to control the properties of concrete in its fresh
and hardened state.

The manufacturing date of cement bag should be checked when each batch of cement bags arrives
Concrete shall be placed in its final position well before its initial setting time, so as to leave
sufficient time for proper compaction Concrete shall be placed in layers having a thickness of
maximum of 300 mm. Generally, the pour height of columns and wall shall be restricted to 1.5m
Before laying any subsequent layer of concrete, the previous layer shall be fully compacted.
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Bedding planes shall be kept horizontal & care shall be taken so that cold joint are not formed.
Concrete shall be well-compacted using immersion vibrator. Concrete shall be levelled & finished
in proper level as per the requirement of the drawing.

Fig 14. Concreting

4) Brick masonry work

Block work has become a very popular quick method of building external and internal walls. The
combination of moisture-resistance, strength and thermal insulation qualities makes it possible for
blocks to be used for a wide range of external and internal wall. Block work is carried out after de-
shuttering of the slab. Before block work, blocks are soaked in water. Initially marking course is
done by placing the first layer. Brick level is checked by usingplumb bob. Blocks are available
in many shapes and sizes as 4” 6” and 8”. The blocks sizeused in the site are 4” (100*200*400)
mm and 8” (200*200*400) mm. Strength of blocks is 3.5 KN/m. The blocks should be laid to a
regular bond, usually half bond where possible.

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Fig 15. Blocks used at site Fig 16. Block work

5) Curing

Curing shall start 24hrs after finishing the plastering. Curing shall be continued depending on the
temperature. In case of normal temperature curing shall be done for 7 days. In case moderate
temperature curing should be done for 10 days. In case of high temperature curing should be done
for 15 days.

Fig 17. Curing

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6) Plastering
A) Ceiling Plastering

The slab surface is hacked and cleaned. Mixture of cement and sand in the ratio 1:4 of 12 mm
thickness is done for ceiling plastering and mixed with water; it is done after bull marking.

Fig 18. Ceiling Plastering

B) Wall Plastering

The wall surface is cleaned and mixture of cement sand in the ratio 1:6 of 15mm thickness for
internal wall and a double layer of 25mm (15mm +10mm) thickness of 1:6 and 1:4 for external
wall.

Fig 19. Wall plastering

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7) Mesh Fixing
Vertical joints and horizontal joints of structural column and brick walls are treated by fixing
200mm width chicken mesh with wire nails, concrete nails by centering the mesh to the vertical and
horizontal wall joint.

Fig 20. Mesh fixin

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CHAPTER 5
FINAL OUTCOME

The Final Outcome from Internship:

1) I understood the difference between the theoretical and practical approach to execute various
construction activities. Practical knowledge reinforced with theoretical knowledge was a must to
commence, track activities in construction at the site.
2) Safety, a very important component of construction that is the most neglected part at the sites
generally. I understood the importance of PPE ‘s, measures that should be taken for various tasks
to ensure the utmost safety of all workers at the site especially with respect to the various works
executed at heights
3) Similar to safety, quality is also one which is not taken care of properly especially at the
construction. Quality can be ensured by strictly adhering to few procedures such as regular testing
of raw materials, inspection of work, checklists, proper documentation, calibration, action on the
previous problems encountered w.r.t quality.
4) Execution of Activities whether it is concreting, bar bending, placing of reinforcement, block
work, shuttering, excavation or plastering is a challenging task as many constraints are involved
w.r.t labour, materials, manpower, machinery, etc. The do and don’t, procedure to be strictly
followed before, during, after completion of respective tasks are a part of this activity.
5) Generally, the activities involved in construction are interlinked and some activities need to be
started/executed in tandem. Moreover, with various resources such as manpower, money
materials, machinery involved in a complex project.
6) Necessary to manage all these aspects by coordinating with different agencies and persons. This
aspect part of construction management is very important for the successful completion of project
within schedule and a budget. I was very briefly exposed to this aspect also.
7) Any project to be executed properly requires the understanding of construction drawings of various
components failing which mistakes can lead to disasters. This aspect was clearly explained to me
during the stay at the site and I also understood this aspect clearly.
8) Overall, it was a nice experience for me to interact with the various skills of people at the site

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ranging from helper to the General Manager. Exposures to various aspects of the construction
have changed my thinking. The practical knowledge will be helpful to me in understanding,
reinforcing the theoretical concepts.

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REFERENCES

(1) Dr. B.C. Punmia, Er. Ashok Kumar Jain, Dr. Arun K. Jain, “R.C.C. Designs
(Reinforced Concrete Structures)”.
(2) IS: 456-2000, ―Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of practice.
(3) Drawings from Project report.
(4) “Safety Manual”, from company.
(5) Company Project Profiles

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