UNIVERSITY OF CEBU (UC)

CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE ENCHANCEMENT COURSE 3
MODULE SET
PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES – (FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS)

Statics is a branch of mechanics which studies the effects and distribution of forces of rigid
bodies which are and remain at rest. In this area of mechanics, the body in which forces are
acting is assumed to be rigid. The deformation of non-rigid bodies is treated in Strength of
Materials.

PROBLEM 1:
Determine the x and y components of the
F 3 x = -45 ( 135 ) = - 17.31 kN
forces shown.
= -45 ( ) = - 41.45 kN
12
F3 y
13

PROBLEM 2:
Find the components in the x, y, u, and v
directions of the force P = 10 kN.

SOLUTION:
F 1 x = 58 cos 30˚ = 50.23 kN F 4 x = 40kN

F 1 y = -58 sin 30˚ = 29 kN F 4 y= 0

SOLUTION:
F 2 x =-50cos45˚ = 35.36kN

F 2 y= -50sin45˚ = 35.36 kN
P x = 10 cos 60˚ = 5kN

P y = 10 sin 60˚= 8.66 kN Problem 4

Two forces P and Q pass through a point A
Pu= 10 cos 40˚ = 7.66 kN which is 4 m to the right of and 3 m above a
Pv = 10 sin 40˚ = 6.43 kN moment center O. Force P is 890 N directed
up to the right at 30° with the horizontal and
PROBLEM 3: force Q is 445 N directed up to the left at
60° with the horizontal. Determine the
Determine the angle between vector A and
moment of the resultant of these two forces
the y-axis.
with respect to O.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
A y = A xy sin 40˚

A xy = A sin 30˚ = 0.5

A
A y = 0.5Asin40˚=
0.321A
R X= P X- Q X

R X = 890 cos30° - 445 cos60°

cos θ y = 0.321 θ y = 71.3˚
R X = 548.26 N (to the right)

R y= P y- Q y

R y = 890 sin30° +445 sin60°

R y = 830.38 N (upward)

M o= 4 R y - 3 R x 830.38 N (upward)

M o = 4(830.38) - 3(548.26)

M o = 1676.74 N.m (counterclockwise)

 STATICS OF RIGID BODIES – (RESULTANTS OF FORCE SYSTEMS)

Resultant of a force system is a force or a

couple that will have the same effect to the a common point, thus concurrent. In x-y
body, both in translation and rotation, if all plane, the resultant can be found by the
the forces are removed and replaced by the following formulas:
resultant.

The equation involving the resultant of force

system are the following

1. R x = F x = F x 1 + F x 2 + F x 3 +…

The x-component of the resultant is equal

to the summation of forces in the x-direction.
Rx = Fx
2. R y = F y = F x 1 + F x 2 + F x 3 +…
Ry = Fy
The y-component of the resultant is equal to
the summation of forces in the y-direction.
√
R = Rx 2+ R
y2

3. R z = F z = F x 1 + F x 2 + F x 3 +…
Ry
tanθ x =
Rx
The z-component of the resultant is equal to Resultant of Spatial Concurrent Force
the summation of forces in the z-direction. System
Spatial concurrent forces (forces in 3-
dimensional space) meet at a common point
Note that according to the type of force
but do not lie in a single plane. The resultant
system, one or two or three of the equations
can be found as follows:
above will be used in finding the resultant.

Resultant of Coplanar Concurrent Force

System
The line of action of each forces in coplanar
concurrent force system are on the same
plane. All of these forces meet at

Rx = Fx
Ry = Fy

Rz = Fz

√
R = Rx 2+ R
y 2 +R
z2

Rz
cosθ x =
R
Ry
cosθ y =
R
Ry = Fy
R
cosθ z = z
R R y = 30 sin37° + 50 sin45° - 80 sin60°
PROBLEM 1: R X = -15.87 Ib
Three ropes are tied to a small metal ring. At R X = 15.87 Ib downward
the end of each rope three students are
pulling, each trying to move the ring in their R = √ 51.402 +15.872
direction. If we look down from above, the
R = 53.79 Ib
forces and directions they are applying are
shown in Fig. P-011. Find the net force on the R y 15.87
ring due to the three applied forces. tanθ x = = = 17.16°
R x 51.40

PROBLEM 2:
Two couples act on the beam with the
geometry shown. Find the magnitude of F so
that the resultant couple moment is 1.5 kN.m
clockwise.

SOLUTION:

Rx = Fx

R X = 30 cos37° - 50 cos45° - 80 cos60°

R X = -51.40 Ib

R X = 51.40 Ib to the left

SOLUTION:

+ Σ M = - F (0.9) + (2) (0.3)

= - 0.9 F + 0.6 – 1.5 kN.m = - 0.9F + 0.6
F = 2.33 kN
SOLUTION:
PROBLEM 3: + Σ F RX = 50 (sin 30) + 100 (3/5) = 85 kN
A 2d force system with geometry as shown. + Σ F Ry = 200 + 50 (cos 30) -100 (4/5)
Find the equivalent resultant force and couple
moment acting at A and then the equivalent Σ F Ry = 163.3 kN
single force location measured from A. + M RA = 200 (3) + 50 (cos 30) (9) –
100(4/5)(6)
M RA = 509.7 kN.m

F R = (852 + 163.32 ¿1 /2 = 184 kN

θ = tan −1 (163.3/85) = 62.5˚

d = M RA / F Ry = 509.7 / 163.3 = 3.12 m

 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES – (EQUILIBRIUM)

The body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant of all forces acting on it is zero. There are
two major types of static equilibrium, namely, translational equilibrium and rotational
equilibrium.

In static, a body is said to be in equilibrium when the force system acting upon it has a zero
resultant.

Conditions of Static Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces

The sum of all forces in the x-direction or horizontal is zero.

F x = 0 or FH= 0

The sum of all forces in the y-direction or vertical is zero.

F y = 0 or FV= 0

Important Points for Equilibrium Forces

*Two forces are in equilibrium if they are equal and oppositely directed.
*Three coplanar forces in equilibrium are concurrent.
*Three or more concurrent forces in equilibrium form a close polygon when connected in head-
to-tail manner.
PROBLEM 1:
The cable and boom shown in Fig. P-308 PROBLEM 2:
support a load of 600 lb. Determine the
The frame supports part of the roof of a
tensile force T in the cable and the
small building. The tension in the cable is
compressive for C in the boom.
150 kN. Determine the reaction at the fixed
end E.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

4.5
𝚺 F x = 0: E x+ (150kN) = 0 E x = -90
FH= 0 7.5
kN
C cos45 ° = T cos30°
6
C = 1.2247T 𝚺 F y = 0: E y -4(20kN) - (150 kN) = 0
7.5

FV= 0 E y = 200 kN

T sin30° + C cos45 ° = 600 Σ M E = 0: = 20kN(7.2m)+20kN(5.4m)

6
T sin30° + (1.2247T) cos45 ° = 600 +20kN (3.6m)+20kN(1.8m)– (150kN)
7.5
1.366T = 600 (4.5)+ M E = 0
M E = 180 kN.m
T = 439.24 Ib
C = 1.2247(439.24) = 537.94 Ib
 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES – (ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES)

There are many kinds of structure. This section will limit to those that are pin-connected. Two
types of pin-connected structures will be covered here; pin-connected trusses and pin-connected
frames. In the actual structure, the joints may be welded, riveted, or bolted to a gusset plate at the
joint. However as long as the center-line of the member coincide at the joint, the assumption of a
pinned joint maybe used.

Analysis of Simple Trusses

An ideal truss is a structure which is composed completely of axial members that are assumed to
be weightless. Members are connected by pinned joints, forming triangular substructures within
the main structure and with the external loads applied only at the joints.

In real trusses, of course, the members have weight, but it is often much less than the applied
load and may be neglected with little error. Sometimes, the weight maybe included by dividing
the weight in half and allowing half the weight to act at each end of the member.

Our primary interest is to know the forces acting in the bars and upon the pins of the structure.
Each member of the truss is either in tension or compression. A member in tension causes forces
which pull away from its end joints whereas a member in compression causes forces which push
towards the end joints.
PROBLEM 1: PROBLEM 2:
Compute for the force in members DB, and Determine the horizontal and
BC
vertical components of B as its acts
upon member CD. (Specify the directions).

SOLUTION:
Σ ME = 0
SOLUTION:
R A (20) = 2000(15) + 3000(5) + 4000(10)
FBD of AB FBD of CD
R A = 4250LB

Σ F v = 0: 4250+ R E = 9000 R E = 4750LB

Tan60˚ = y/5
y = 5tan60˚
y = 8.66 Σ MD = 0 Σ MA = 0
Σ Fv = 0 300 (6) + BH (4) = 0 200(2)+ BV (4)=
-2000 + 4250 – BCsin60˚ =0 BV (4)

BC =2598.08LB T BH = -1800/4 400 + 4 BV = -450(4)

Σ MC = 0 BH = -450 BV = -550 as it acts

-2000 (5) + BD(8.66) + 4250(10) = 0 Σ FH = 0 upon CD

BD = 3752.89 LB C BH + 300 - D H =0

D H = -450 +300

D H = - 150
 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES – (FRICTION)

Friction is the contact resistance exerted deformation of the solid materials

by one body when the second body moves subjected to cyclical loading. As
or tends deformation undergo during loading,
to move past the first body. Friction is a internal friction may accompany this
retarding force that always acts opposite deformation.
to the
motion or to the tendency to move. Elements of Dry Friction
N= Total reaction perpendicular to the
contact surface
Types of Friction
f = Friction force
Dry Friction
μ = Coefficient of friction
Dry friction, also called Coulomb friction,
R = Resultant of f and N
occurs when unlubricated surfaces of two
ϕ = angle of friction
solids
are in contact and slide or tend to slide
from each other. If lubricant separates
these two surfaces, the friction created is
called lubricated friction. This section
will deal only with dry friction.
Fluid Friction
Fluid friction occurs when layers of two
Formulas for dry friction
viscous fluids moves at different
f = μN
velocities. The relative velocity between
layers causes frictional forces between f
tan ϕ =
fluid elements, thus, no fluid friction N
occurs when there is no relative velocity.
tan ϕ = μ

Skin friction
Skin friction also called friction drag is a
component of the force resisting the Consider the block shown to the right that
motion of a solid body through a fluid. weighs W. It is placed upon a plane that
inclined at an angle θ with the
Internal Friction horizontal.
Internal friction is associated with shear
 * If ϕ< θ the maximum available friction * If ϕ > θ the maximum available
force f is less than Wx thus, the block will frictional resistance f is greater than Wx thus,
slide down the plane. the block is stationary.
* If ϕ=θ= the friction force f will just We can therefore conclude that the maximum
equate to Wx thus, the block is in impending angle θ that a plane may be inclined without
motion down the plane. causing the body to slide down is equal to the
angle of friction ϕ.

PROBLEM 1:
A 100-lb force is pulling a 200-lb block as
shown. The coefficient of static friction
PROBLEM 2:
between the block and the floor is µk = 0.4. a.)
What is the friction force between the block A 10-lb force is pushing the 40-lb block
and the floor? shown. The incline angle of the plane is α =
40˚. The coefficient of static friction between
the block and the incline is µs = 0.75 and the
coefficient of kinetic friction is µk = 0.65.
Will the block slide on the plane? If it does,
SOLUTION: will it slide up or down the plane? What is the
friction force between the block and the
plane?
Σ f x = 0 yields f = 100

Σ f y = 0 yields f = 200

µN = {
µ s N =( 0.6 )( 200 ) =120lb
µk N =( 0.4 ) ( 200 )=80 lb
SOLUTION:
A free body diagram is provided. The
condition cannot be used because an extra
external force is applied. Although a similar
result should be expected. Assuming no
tipping
Σ f x = yields -10- 40 sin40˚+ f = 0
f = 35.71 lb
Σ f y = 0 yields N = W cos 40˚ = 30.64

f = 100 < µs N = f max = 120

 The max value of f max = µN = (0.75) (30.64)
f max = 22.98 lb

Problem 3:
What weight W is necessary to start the system of blocks shown in Fig. P-510 moving to the
right? The coefficient of friction is 0.10 and the pulleys are assumed to be frictionless.

N 1= 60 kN

f 1= μ N 1 = 0.10(60)=6 kN

N 1 = f 1= 6 kN

N 2= 40cos30° =34.64 kN

f 1= μ N 2=0.10(34.64)=3.46 kN

W = 40sin30° +T 1+ f 2

W = 20+6+3.46 = 29.46 kN
 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES – (CENTROIDS AND CENTER OF GRAVITY)

PROBLEM 1: PROBLEM 2:
Three boxes are distributed along χ axis as Locate the centroid of the road bent into the
shown. Find the distance from the origin to shape of a parabolic are as shown below.
center of gravity of the system.

SOLUTION:
The total weight is: SOLUTION:
W = Σ W i = 90 N dL = √ ¿ ¿dy

W x̄ = Σ ¿) dL = √ ¿ ¿dy
❑ 1m
(90 N) x̄ = (50 N) (0) + (10N) (1.2m) +
30N(2m) ∫ x̄ dL ∫ x ❑√ 4 y 2 +1 dy
L 0
x̄ = ❑ = 1m =
72 N . m
x̄ =
90 N
∫ dL ∫ √ 4 y +1 dy
2

L 0
1m
x̄ = 0.8 m
∫ y 2 √ 4 y 2+1 dy
0
1m

∫ √ 4 y 2 +1 dy
0
 0.6063 ❑ 1m
x̄ =
1.479
= 0.410m ∫ ȳ dL ∫ y √ 4 y 2+ 1dy 0.8484
L 0
ȳ= ❑ = = =
1m
1.479
∫ dL ∫ √ 4 y 2 +1 dy
L 0
0.574m

PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES – (MOMENT OF INERTIA; PRODUCT OF INERTIA)

Moment of Inertia
Moment of inertia, also called the
second moment of area, is the product of
area and the square of its moment arm
about a reference axis.
PROBLEM 1:
Find the moment of inertia of the rectangle
about the y axis using square differential
elements d A.

SOLUTION:

❑
I y = ∫ x dA
2

= ∫ x2 ¿ ¿
0

=∫ x 2 ℎ dx
0
 b

= h ∫ x 2 dx
o PROBLEM 2:
3
x b Two balls are connected by a rod, as shown
=h ¿0
3 in the figure below (ignore the rod’s mass).
What is the moment of inertia of the system?
1 3
I y= ℎb
3

SOLUTION:

m x = 300 grams ≈ 0.3 kg

m y = 500 grams ≈ 0.5 kg

r x = 0 cm ≈ 0 m

r y = 30 cm ≈ 0.3 m

I = m x r x 2 + m y r y2
I = (0.3) (0 ¿ ¿2+ (0.5) (0.3 ¿ ¿2
I = 0.045 kg m2
 UNIVERSITY OF CEBU (UC)
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE ENCHANCEMENT COURSE 3
MODULE SET

PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES – (POSITION, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION)

Dynamics is the branch of mechanics which Symbols and Notations

deals with the study of bodies in motion. s = distance
x = horizontal displacement
Branches of Dynamics y = vertical displacement
v = velocity
Dynamics is divided into two branches vf = final velocity
called kinematics and kinetics. vi = initial velocity
a = acceleration
Kinematics is the geometry in motion. g = acceleration due to gravity
This term is used to define the motion of a t = time
particle or body without consideration of
the forces causing the motion.

Kinetics is the branch of mechanics that

relates the force acting on a body to its
mass and acceleration.
 ( )
m 1
PROBLEM 1: t = 11 s m t = 2.42 s
4.55 2
s
A race car accelerates from rest to a speed of
287 km/h in 6.8 seconds. What is its average
acceleration?
SOLUTION:
PROBLEM 4:
v
a= Two cars travel in the same direction along a
t
straight highway, one at a constant speed of

( )( )( 3600 )
km 1 1000 1 55 mi/h and the other at 70 mi/h. (a)
a = 287 Assuming that they start at the same point,
ℎ 6.8 s 1 km
how much sooner does the faster car arrive at
m a destination 10 miles away? (b) How far
a = 12 2
s must the faster car travel before it has a 15-
minute lead on the slower car?
PROBLEM 2:
SOLUTION:
The space shuttle undergoes an acceleration

( )
of 53.9 m/ s2. How fast is it traveling at the 1
end of 55.2 s? t 1= 10 mi mi = 0.143 h
70
SOLUTION: ℎ

( )
V = at 1
t 2= 10 mi mi = 0.182 h
55
(
V = 53.9
m
s )
2 (55.2 s)
ℎ

Time difference: 0.182h – 10.143h = 0.039 h

m
V = 2980
s 0.039 h ( 601min
ℎ )
= 2.3 min

(b). 15 min lead – ahead by distance equal to

PROBLEM 3: that traveled by slower car in 15 min.
You are in an elevator that is
accelerating you upward at
15 min ( 601min
ℎ
) = 0.25 h
4.55 m/ s2. How much time till you are d = vt

traveling at 11 m/s?
SOLUTION:
(
d = 55
mi
ℎ )
(0.25)

d = 13.75 mi
v
t=
a
 DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES – (RECTILINEAR MOTION)

Rectilinear Motion
Motion with constant acceleration
Motion of a Particle v f =v i +at
1 2
s=v i t+ a t
2
Particle is a term used to denote an object
2 2
of point size. A system of particles which v f =v i + 2as

formed into appreciable size is termed as

body. These terms may apply equally to Free-falling body

the same object. The earth for example v=¿

may be assumed as a particle in 1 2

ℎ= g t
2
comparison with its orbit, whereas to an 2
v =2 gℎ
observer on the earth, it is a body with
appreciable size. In general, a particle is
Note: From motion with constant
an object whose size is so small in
acceleration, set vi = 0, vf = v, s = h, and a
comparison to the size of its path.
= g to get the free-fall formulas.

Rectilinear Translation (Motion Along a

Motion with constant acceleration
Straight Line)
dv
s=vt a=
dt
ds
v=
dt
vdv=ads
 (t – 4) (t + 3) = 0
t=4
Height of balloon from ground at this instant
H = 60 + 4 (5)
H = 80 m

PROBLEM 1:
A stone is dropped from a balloon going up
with a uniform velocity of 5 m/s. If the
PROBLEM 2:
balloon was 60 m high when the stone was
dropped, find its height when the stone hits A car is moving with speed 60 km/h and a
the ground. Take g=10m/s. bird is moving with speed 90 km/h along the
same direction as shown in figure. Find the
SOLUTION:
distance travelled by the bird till the time car
reaches the tree?
SOLUTION:

1 2 Time taken by a car to reaches the tree:

S = ut + at
2
240 m 0.24
(t) = = hr
1 60 km/ℎ 60
-60 = 5(t) + (-10) t 2
2
-60 = 5t – 5t 2
s = 90 ( 0.24
60 )
5t 2 – 5t – 60 = 0 s = 360 m
2
t – t – 12 = 0
2
t – 4t + 3t – 12 = 0
Position Vector, Velocity and For the y-component of motion, ay = -g.
Acceleration Notice that the first three formulas that
follow are taken from motion with
Projectile motion follows a parabolic constant acceleration.
trajectory. The vertical component of v By =v oy −> ¿
projectile is under constant gravitational 1 2
y=v oy t − g t
acceleration and the horizontal component 2
2 2
is at constant velocity. For easy handling, v By =v oy − 2 gy

resolve the motion into x and y From x = voxt, t = x/vox. Substitute t =

components and use the formulas in x/vox to y = voyt - ½ gt2.
rectilinear translation.

( ) ( )
2
x 1 x
y=v oy − g
v ox 2 v ox

(v ) 2 (v )
2
Form the figure below: x 1 x
y=v oy − g 2
v ox=v o cos θ ox ox

y=v sin θ ( )
v oy =v o sin ⁡θ x 1
o − g¿
v cos θ 2o

2
xsin θ gx
y= −
cos θ 2 v o2 cos 2 θ
2
gx
y=x tan ⁡θ − 2 2
2 v o cos ⁡θ

At point A
At any point B At the highest point or summit, vAy = 0.
For the x-component of motion, v oy
2
H=
acceleration is zero (constant velocity), 2g
thus ax = 0. v oy
t=
g

v Bx =v ox
At point C
x=v ox t
x = R, y = 0, vC = vo, and vy = -voy
 2
v o sin 2 θ z?
R=
g FORMULA:
2 v oy 2 v o sin ⁡θ v Ay =vo y −>¿
t= =
g g 2 2
v Ay =vo y − 2 gy
SOLUTION:
Note:
m
 vy is positive if directed upward and v o=15
s
negative if directed downward m
v {ox }=15 ¿ ( 60 ) =7.5
∘

 At any point D below the origin O, s

the sign of y is negative. m
v {oy }=15 ¿ ( 60 ) =12.99
∘
s

v Ax =v ox =7.5 m/s
PROBLEM 1:
v Ay =7.5 tan ( 30 ° )=4.33 m/s
A projectile is fired up the inclined
plane at an initial velocity of 15 m/s.
v Ay =vo y −>(1),
The plane is making an angle of 30°
from the horizontal. If the projectile 4.33=12.99 −9.81 t (2), t=0.8828 s,
was fired at 30° from the incline, x=vox t=7.5 (0.8828)=6.62 m
compute the maximum height z
measured perpendicular to the incline 2 2
v Ay =vo y − 2 gy (1),
that is reached by the projectile. 4.33=12.99 −2 ( 9.81 ) y (2),
Neglect air resistance. y=7.64 m(3),
GIVEN: a=x tan 30 °❑=6.62 tan 30 °❑=3.82 m

z
cos 30 °= , z=( y − a ) cos 30 ° ,
y −a
z=( 7.64 − 3.82 ) cos 30 ° , z=3.31 m
answer

ANSWER:

ASKED: z=3.31 m answer

 SOLUTION:
PROBLEM 2: v 29.81
y max= 124.36 =788.19 m
o
A bullet is fired at an initial velocity
H max=120+ y max=120+ 788.19=908.19 m
of 150 m/s and an angle of 56° at the
answer
top of a 120 m tall building.
Neglecting air resistance, determine
the following:
1 2
1. The maximum height above the y=voyt − >t
2
level ground that can be reached
1 2
−120=124.36 t − ( 9.81 ) t
by the bullet. 2
2
4.905 t − 124.36 t −120=0
2. The time for the bullet to hit the t=26.284 sec answer
ground.
3. The velocity with which the v Gx=v ox =83.88 m/sec
bullet will hit the ground.
2 2
v Gy =v oy −2 gy v Gy =133.49 m/sec
GIVEN: 2
v Gy =124.36 × 124.36 −2 ×(9.81× −120)
vox=150 cos 56 ∘=83.88 m/sec 2
v Gy =133.49 m/sec
voy=150 sin ⁡56 ∘=124.36 m/sec

v G=√ v Gx 2 +v Gy 2=√ 83.882 +133.492=157.656 m/sec

v G=157.656 m/sec answer

ANSWER:
H max=908.19 m
t=26.284 sec
v G=157.656 m/sec
ASKED:

FORMULA: