MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 3
Laplace Transforms and Differential Equations
Useful Results
[ ] 1
L ect = (s > c)
s−c
s
L [cosh ωt] = (s > |ω|)
s − ω2
2
ω
L [sinh ωt] = (s > |ω|)
s − ω2
2
s
L [cos ωt] = (s > 0)
s + ω2
2
ω
L [sin ωt] = (s > 0)
s + ω2
2
c!
L [tc ] = c+1
(s > 0, c > −1)
s
Question 2 18 marks
(a) Calculate each of the following.
[ ]
(i) L 4t2 − cosh2 t . (3)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 4
∫ ∞
(ii) te−2t sin t dt. (3)
0
[ ]
−1 s/2
(iii) L . (4)
s2 + 4s + 6
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 5
(iv) u(t − 5) ∗ u(t − 1). (Hint: Apply the Laplace transform and then use the convolution
theorem.) (4)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 6
(b) Consider a function f (t) whose Laplace transform is F (s).
(i) Use the fact that [ ] ∫ ∞
f (t)
L = F (σ) dσ
t s
to obtain a formula to calculate L−1 [F (s)].
[ ]
−1 3s
(ii) Use the result of part (i) to find L . (4)
(s2 − 25)2
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 7
Question 3 20 marks
(a) Find the general solution to the following homogeneous differential equation.
y (3) + 3ÿ + 3ẏ + y = 0 (3)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 8
(b) Solve the following Cauchy-Euler equation.
t2 ẍ − 3tẋ − 2x = 0 (5)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 9
(c) Use the method of the variation of parameters (for first order equations) to solve the
differential equation
t2 ẋ + tx = 1. (6)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 10
(d) Solve the exact differential equation
( 2 )
y − x2 dx + 2xy dy = 0. (6)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 11
Linear Algebra
Question 4 15 marks
(a) A 4 ×
4 invertible
matrix M has eigenvalue 3 with corresponding eigenvector
1/3
−1/3
u=
1/6 . Find
1
(i) M −1 u, and
(ii) (M 2 + 9I)u where I is the 4 × 4 identity matrix. (3)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 12
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 3 −3 1
(b) Matrix A = has eigenspaces E−2 = span and E5 = span . Use this
4 1 4 1
information to solve the system of differential equations
x′ (t) = 2x(t) + 3y(t)
y ′ (t) = 4x(t) + y(t)
subject to x(0) = 5 and y(0) = 1. (3)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 13
1 −1 2
4 0 3
(c) Consider the vectors v1 =
5 , v2 =
−1
and v3 =
5 .
6 −2 7
9 −1 8
(i) Obtain the orthogonal complement of the subspace W = span (v1 , v2 , v3 ) of R5 . (4)
(ii) Use your answer in part (i) to deduce whether the set {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly inde-
pendent. Give a clear explanation. (1)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 14
(d) Let subspace W be the intersection
of the planes 2x + y − 3z = 0 and 4x + 3y − z = 0.
−3
Obtain the projection of b = 2 onto W . (4)
1
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 15
Question 5 17 marks
1 1 1
−1
2 , 1
(a) Let
, be a basis for a subspace W of R4 .
0 −1 1
1 1 5
(i) Use the Gram-Schmidt process to transform this to an orthogonal basis. (5)
3
4
(ii) Hence find the projection of vector b =
8 onto the subspace W . (3)
1
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 16
1 −4 2
(b) The eigenvalues of the symmetric matrix M = −4 1 −2 are λ1 = −3 and λ2 = 6.
2 −2 −2
(i) Determine the algebraic multiplicities of λ1 and λ2 using the trace of M . (1)
(ii) Obtain bases for the eigenspaces E−3 and E6 . (5)
(iii) Identify an orthogonal matrix that diagonalizes M . (3)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 17
Complex Analysis
Question 6 14 marks
(a) Show that all the values of (−1)i are real. (2)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 18
(b) (i) Write sin z (z ∈ C) in standard form u + i v where u and v are real functions of the
real variables x and y. (1)
(ii) Use this to show that f (z) = sin z is differentiable everywhere in the complex plane
df
and to find (as a function of z). (4)
dz
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 19
(c) (i) Show that u(x, y) = 2x3 − 6xy 2 + 5y + 3 is harmonic and find a function v(x, y) such
that f = u + i v is holomorphic.
(ii) Express f explicitly as a function of z. (7)
MATHEMATICS 2B: MATH248 2 November 2019 20
Question 7 8 marks
Let γ be the circle |z − 1| = 2 traversed counterclockwise. Sketch γ and evaluate the
following integrals over this contour.
I
(a) z̄ dz, (4)
γ
I
z+i
(b) dz. (4)
γ (z + 3)(z − 2)2
