2nd MID SEMESTER EXAM PAPER

SRIKANTH THOTA 201011013 M.Tech CASE. Part II. 6) Vector Overlay : Overlay of vector data is complicated because it must update the topological tables of spatial relationships between points, lines and polygons. Overlay of vector data results in the creation of new line and area objects with additional intersections or nodes that need topological overylay. Vector overlay operations can be classified via two methods: 1. Through the elements contained in the layers to be overlaid. 2. By operation type(for example, the user wants to generate a layer comprising the Union, Intersection, or some other Boolean operation of the 2 input layers)

Raster Overlay : Raster Overlay with more than 2 data layers is easier as compared with overlay of vector data, because it does not include any topological operations but only pixel by pixel operations. but instead of being smooth objects will be uneven due to use of cells. Example: the well locations are given a value of 1, the roads are coded as 2, cells with code 3 refer to agricultural lands, 4 to settlements and 5 to non agricultural lands including water bodies. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Location of wells 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Road Map

3 3 3 5 5

3 3 3 5 3

5 3 5 5 3

0 5 5 5 4

5 5 0 4 4

Land use map

3 3 3 0 0

3 3 4 0 3

0 3 0 0 3

0 1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0

Point in polygon Overlay

3 3 3 0 0

3 3 3 2 2

0 5 2 0 3

2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

Line in polygon Overlay

Raster vs Vector Buffering: Conceptually buffering is very simple to understand but very complex to operate. Creating buffer in raster is rather simple as we need to consider only the number of grid cells away from the features. Raster buffering provides a unique distance for each cell, This approach can better be called as proximity analysis than a buffering. In contrast, while doing buffering operation in vector data structures, one has to remember that the topological information must be explicitly coded for each polygon produced as buffer.

9) One of the biggest problems with data obtained from the external sources is that they can be encoded in many different formats because no single format is appropriate for tasks and applications. Unfortunately There seems to be no single best method that can be used for all situations which explains in part the massive investment in manpower and money in effective database management systems as a computer programs are known that controlled data input, output, storage and retrieval from a digital database. It is not possible to design a format that supports,

Ex:-Both fast rendering in police command and control systems and sophisticated topological analysis in nature in natural resource information system the two are mutually incomputable. Many GIS software systems are now available to read directl in AutoCAD DWG and DXF, Microstation DGN, and shape file, VPF and many image formats unfortunately direct read support can only easily be provided for relatively simple product oriented formats. Complex formats , such a SDTS were designed for a change purposes and require more advanced processing before they can be viewed. Data can be transferred between systems by direct read in to memory or via an intermediate file format. Spatial Data Access Methods Introduction Fundamental to all information systems is the need to search through a large quantity of data, in order to find a subset that satisfies the users query. The distinguishing characteristics of geographical data retrieval is that it is expressed in terms of spatial locations and spatial relationships. As shown before in general in the introduction, spatial queries may be either location-based (geometry-based) or phenomenon-based (attribute-based), or a combination of the two (see B-AN: Spatial Queries). Attribute-based queries (phenomenon-based) This type of request selects features or records geographic features that satisfy a statement expressing a set of conditions that forms the basis for the retrieval. The expression considers only conditions for the attributes describing the features. In this case the required result may be generated from the intersection of several layers corresponding to particular thematically specific phenomena.

Geometry-based queries (location-based) The need to access data specified in terms of geometry (points, lines and polygons) and of spatial relationships between them, has introduced the requirement for specialized storage and data-search procedures. This is because, in such a case we

need to be able to retrieve records based on some spatial properties, which are not stored explicitly in the database. In a relatively simple case, known as a range search, the query may request all data or particular classes that are inside a rectangular spatial window defined by ranges of coordinates in two dimensions. Stored geometric objects may actually lie within the ranges, i.e. be entirely inside, in which case they can be retrieved as a whole. Alternatively they may overlap the range, in which case the overlapping objects may need to be clipped at the boundary of the ranges of the search region to find the part that are inside.

Topological relationships Queries that include topological relationships between phenomena may make use of stored topological relations. Commonly used procedures are those to test whether a point, a line or polygon is located inside a specified polygon. Other related procedures test whether geometric objects are coincident or adjacent with each other.

8) Accessibility measures Measurements that can be used to analyze variable sets of historic land use and travel time data, including data from the freeway networks and surface streets, transit systems, and non-motorized travel to understand accessibility. These measures can be used in a variety of operational planning and public involvement activities of transportation agencies to ascertain how investments, transportation strategies, and land use policies affect the performance of the transportation-land use system. Several accessibility measures were reviewed and demonstrated in this report. Cumulative opportunity and gravity-based measures tend to be similar when travel time is less than or equal to 30 minutes. The gravity-based measure is widely used in the literature yet cumulative opportunity tends to be easier to understand. It was clear that similarities exist in all of the studied measures of accessibility. Similarities were observed using both visual and statistical methods. Several measures of accessibility were conducted for Twin Cities region using estimated travel time obtained from Metropolitan Councils transportation planning model. The availability of a comprehensive dataset including work and resident information at the census block level analysis allowed the testing of a new accessibility measure: place rank. Place rank is a new accessibility measure that accounts for the number of opportunities that an individual foregoes in a zone to reach an opportunity in another zone. Since origins and destination of actual choices are known (jobs and residence), the impedance function that is used in traditional gravity-based accessibility measures is embedded in the origin and destination matrix. Place rank shares some similarities with other commonly used measures of accessibility. Place rank appears to be a promising measure of accessibility, but more work is needed to determine the appropriate unit of analysis that can be used to generate such measure. The major disadvantage of this measure is in terms of the complexity of calculations and the diminishing effect that zones with low levels of attractiveness are observing. The major advantage is that travel time is not needed and accordingly no estimations are incorporated in the analysis. The data used in place rank can be obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau. Effects of Accessibility It was clear from chapter five that accessibility measures do have an effect on home sale values. Place rank measure of accessibility did show a similar effect as all the other measures of accessibility on home sale values. Accessibility to jobs did show a statistically significant and positive effect on home sale value, while resident workers do show a statistically significant negative effect on home sale value too. The value of accessibility to individuals is reflected in the home sale price, which highlights how it affects willingness to pay relative to location.

7) RAINFALL INTERPOLATION TECHNIQUES a)Thin plate spline technique The TPS technique is a general technique for smoothing a continuous surface by minimizing the curvature where P is the observed rainfall at the centroid of theof the surface. To equilibrate the variance of the noise across the rainfall data network and to reduce the skew in the raw data, the square root transforms were applied to the observed rainfall values by using

where f is a smooth function of the longitude (x), latitude (y), and elevation h, and rainfall r. b)Thiessen polygon technique The Thiessen polygon technique was introduced to estimate equivalent uniform depth This technique assumes that an average value over the same area of a Thiessen polygon is taken to be equivalent to the point value located at the centroid of this polygon. A hypothetical basin with three rainfall stations is shown For this basin, encompassing n Thiessen polygons, the areal rainfall over the basin (P) is computed from

where P is the observed rainfall at the centroid of the ith polygon, and the weighting factor T, is given by

c)Isohyetal technique An isohyetal map shows lines of equal precipitation. The fitted isohyets were generated using the bivariate TPS technique by considering only two independent variables namely the longitude (x) latitude(y), using this techniches it ic calculated by

Part-III 10) GIS is used to carry out a suitability analysis and site selection process because it can handle a large amount of data and information, is a powerful tool to visualize new and existing data can help produce new maps and allows the effective management of the data.

Slope Slope refers to how steep the surface of the land is. Steep slopes are a limitation for Power plant development, not only because of the cost and transportation but also water that can find pathway from the drain to flow on the surface. Basically the slope limitations for any development are slight if the slope is less than 8%, moderate if the slope is 8-15% and severe if the slope is greater than 15%.

River River limitations refer to the location of rivers and potential for flooding by streams or rivers around Power plant in the study area. On the other words, the area without river, stream or big tributary drainage with their buffer can be assumed as a suitable area for GPP based on the river.

Faults In geology, faults are discontinuities (cracks) in the earth's crust that have been responsible for many destructive earthquakes. Blewitt et al. (2003) indicated that at a regional scale, geothermal plumbing systems might be controlled by fault planes. Therefore fractures and faults play an important role in geothermal fields, as fluid mostly flows through fractures in the reservoir rocks.

Socioeconomical dataset Socioeconomic study and conditions are usually hard to identify and investigate, as they are related to the human beings and their characteristics, which usually differ widely within the same community and from one community to another.

Population Center The location and distribution of Villages, single buildings, agro nomads camping, sheep farming, stadium and sport centers, burial grounds, mosques and etc considered as population center data layer. To avoid of selection or affect these areas, 500 meter buffer size applied around these features to make the population center limited data layer. Access Road One of the important parts of every socioeconomic study is the condition of road network.

Technical data set Like all forms of electric generation, both renewable and non-renewable, geothermal power generation has some technical requirements. In this study the most important requirements including anomaly zone, well locations and hot springs categorized in to the technical data set in Power plant.

Anomaly zone Geothermal fluids can be transported economically by pipeline on the Earth's surface only a few tens of kilometers, and thus any generating or direct-use facility must be located at or near the geothermal anomaly zone.

To treat or reject a site for the establishment of a new Power plant all the factors mentioned here above must be checked

11) 1. STUDY AREA The Andaman and Nicobar Islands arc situated in the Bay of Bengal within 6 and 14 N latitude, 92 and 94 E longitude. For administrative purposes, the Islands arc divided into two districts, namely Andaman and Nicobar. The former consists of two sub divisions, namely South Andaman and Mayabundcr consisting of Ibur tahsils. The Nicobar district is divided into Car Nicobar and Nancowry tahsil. The four tahsils of Andaman district are Diglipur, Mayabundcr, Rangat and South Andaman. The South Andaman tahsil is further bifurcated into two tahsils namely, Port Blair and Ferrargunj. At present 36 islands in Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited. The population as per 1991 census is 2,80,661 and as per 2001 census it is over 3,50,000 in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Of the total population, the majority (90%) is settlers from outside the islands. Island wise wind monitoring station in Andaman & Nicobar Islands Wind monitoring stations report on places such as Ramakrishnagram, Pokkadero, Phoenix bay, Barkath line, South Bay, Minyuk and Chukrnachi reveals that the general wind direction is towards South - SW and its energy varies from 55.30 W/M2 to 106.20

Wind power density S.No Latitude Longitude Station (WINI2) at 20m Altitude 106.60 62.60 66.20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10 34 08 15 08 13 13 14 12 53 11 39 11 40

92 26 93 08 93 10 92 57 92 54 92 45 92 44

South Bay Minyuk Chukmachi

Ramkrishnagram 55.30 Pokkadcro Barkath line Phoenix hay 63.10 63.00 68.50

Low wind energy is observed at the mainland whereas at the shore the wind energy is high. Moreover the windward side of the elevation has maximum wind energy whereas at its leaward side wind energy is reduced because of its thick canopy cover and scattering of the winds due to elevated regions. Generally the small islands situated at the Icaward side of the larger islands whieh has an elevation greater than 60rn could not be proposed for windmills because of its elevation and canopy effects. Whereas in the case of North Passage Island it is surrounded by islands such as Baratang in East, Middle Andaman in North and Strait in South. Though it is surrounded by largest elevated islands the geographical location is well suited for windmills (Figure 3). Eastern side of the north passage has got a passage, Homfreys strait. It acts as a funnel for wind flow. The surrounding elevation of this island is less than 60m and it is about 7 km away

from the shore of Baratang island. Hence, this island has got an excellent geographical location for utilizing it for windmill erection. For North Passage Island the slope analysis is carried out using Arc View GIS software reveals that the majority of the island falls within the slope of 100. The area proposed for windmill erection is within a 50 slope. This slope is most suitable for erecting wind mills continuously in the terrain. Topography of the study area reveals that there is a U shaped valley found between northern and eastern portion of the island. The peak height of the northern part of the island is 64 meters and the eastern part of the island is 84 meters. This valley region is surrounded by sea and favorable amount of air flow is observed due to this U shaped topography.