BIO 1 Lecture 15

Packaging of DNA in a Eukaryotic Chromosome

Lecture 15

Molecular Genetics

Sugar–phosphate
backbone
Nitrogenous bases
The structure of a DNA strand
The DNA double helix
5 end
5 end C G
C G Hydrogen bond
3 end
G C
Thymine (T) G C T A

3.4 nm
T A

G C G C
C G
Adenine (A) A T

1 nm C G
T A
C G
Cytosine (C) G C
C G A T

A T 3 end
A T
0.34 nm
Phosphate T A 5 end
Guanine (G) (a) Key features of (b) Partial chemical structure (c) Space-filling
DNA structure model
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
DNA Nitrogenous base
nucleotide 3 end

Structural Differences between DNA and RNA

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BIO 1 Lecture 15

Replication

A T A T A T A T
C G C G C G C G
T A T A T A T A
A T A T A T A T
G C G C G C G C

(a) Parent molecule (b) Separation of (c)“Daughter” DNA molecules,

strands each consisting of one
parental strand and one
new strand

Primase

3
Topoisomerase
5 RNA
3 primer
5
3

Helicase

5
Single-strand binding
proteins

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Gene Expression
Nuclear
envelope

TRANSCRIPTION
DNA

Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING

mRNA
DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

mRNA
Ribosome TRANSLATION Ribosome
TRANSLATION

Polypeptide Polypeptide

(a) Bacterial cell (b) Eukaryotic cell

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BIO 1 Lecture 15

Promoter
Nontemplate strand
DNA
5′ T A T AAAA 3′ 1 A eukaryotic
3′ ATAT TT T 5′ promoter
TATA box Start point Template
strand
Transcription
factors

5′ 3′ 2 Several
3′ 5′ transcription
factors bind
to DNA.
RNA polymerase II
Transcription factors

5′ 3′
5′ 3′ 3 Transcription
3′ 5′
initiation
RNA transcript complex
forms.

Transcription initiation complex

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DNA
template 3 5 DNA
strand A C C A A A C C G A G T molecule

T G G T T T G G C T C A
3 Gene 1
5
TRANSCRIPTION
Gene 2
U G G U U U G G C U C A
mRNA 5 3
Codon
TRANSLATION

Protein Trp Phe Gly Ser

Gene 3
Amino acid

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Translation

Amino
Polypeptide acids

tRNA with
amino acid
attached
Ribosome

tRNA
C
G
Anticodon
U G G U U U G G C

5 Codons 3
mRNA

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BIO 1 Lecture 15

Missense mutation and sickle-cell anemia

Expression of the human β-globin gene. U5 and U3 represent untranslated

regions at the 5' and 3' end, respectively. Note that the mature β-globin protein
does not contain the initiating methionine for protein synthesis.

VIRUS
DNA
Capsid 3 Transcription and
1 Entry and manufacture of
uncoating capsid proteins

HOST
CELL
2 Replication
Viral DNA
▪ 135,086,622 bp mRNA

▪ 1,224 genes Viral DNA

Capsid
proteins

4 Self-assembly of
new virus particles
and their exit from
the cell

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BIO 1 Lecture 15

Phage Daughter cell

DNA The phage injects its DNA. with prophage
Many cell
divisions
Phage DNA create many
Tail fiber
circularizes. infected
Phage bacteria.
Bacterial Prophage exits
chromosome chromosome.

Lytic Lysogenic
cycle cycle
Prophage is copied
The cell lyses, with bacterial
releasing Prophage chromosome.
phages.

Phage DNA and proteins Phage DNA integrates

are synthesized and into bacterial
assembled. chromosome.

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