Topic 03:

Selections and Conditionals

CS402 Programming Principles

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Lecturer
Mr. Mike Wong
Email: [email protected]

CS402 Programming Principles

 Motivations
If you assigned a negative value for radius to
calculate circle’s area, the program would print an
invalid result. If the radius is negative, you don't
want the program to compute the area. How can
you deal with this situation?

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CS402 Programming Principles
 The boolean Type and Operators
Often in a program you need to compare two
values, such as whether i is greater than j. Java
provides six comparison operators (also known
as relational operators) that can be used to
compare two values. The result of the
comparison is a Boolean value: true or false.

boolean b = (1 > 2);

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Relational Operators
Java Mathematics Name Example Result
Operator Symbol (radius is 5)

< < less than radius < 0 false

<= ≤ less than or equal to radius <= 0 false
> > greater than radius > 0 true
>= ≥ greater than or equal to radius >= 0 true
== = equal to radius == 0 false
!= ≠ not equal to radius != 0 true

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CS402 Programming Principles
 One-way if Statements
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * PI;
if (boolean-expression) { System.out.println("The area"
statement(s); + " for the circle of radius "
}
+ radius + " is " + area);
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Note
if i > 0 { if (i > 0) {
System.out.println("i is positive"); System.out.println("i is positive");
} }
(a) Wrong (b) Correct

if (i > 0) { if (i > 0)
System.out.println("i is positive"); Equivalent System.out.println("i is positive");
}

(a) (b)

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Exercise - Simple if
Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the
number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive. If the number is divisible
by 2, print HiEven.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Exercise - Simple if
Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the
number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive. If the number is divisible
by 2, print HiEven.
SimpleIfDemo.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: A Simple Math Learning Tool
This example creates a program to let a first grader
practice additions. The program randomly
generates two single-digit integers number1 and
number2 and displays a question such as “What is
7 + 9?” to the student. After the student types the
answer, the program displays a message to indicate
whether the answer is true or false.

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CS402 Programming Principles
Problem: A Simple Math Learning Tool
AdditionQuiz.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 The Two-way if Statement
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 if-else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println("The area for the “

+ “circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Multiple Alternative if Statements

if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A"); System.out.print("A");
else else if (score >= 80.0)
if (score >= 80.0) Equivalent System.out.print("B");
System.out.print("B"); else if (score >= 70.0)
else System.out.print("C");
if (score >= 70.0) else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("C"); System.out.print("D");
else else
if (score >= 60.0) System.out.print("F");
System.out.print("D"); This is better
else
System.out.print("F");

(a) (b)

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CS402 Programming Principles
Multi-Way if-else Statements

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the
same block.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To force
the else clause to match the first if clause, you must add a
pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");

This statement prints B.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Common Errors
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common
mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error or
a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 TIP
if (number % 2 == 0) Equivalent
even = true; boolean even
else = number % 2 == 0;
even = false;
(a) (b)

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CS402 Programming Principles
 CAUTION
if (even == true) Equivalent if (even)
System.out.println( System.out.println(
"It is even."); "It is even.");
(a) (b)

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: An Improved Math Learning Tool
This example creates a program to teach a first
grade child how to learn subtractions. The program
randomly generates two single-digit integers
number1 and number2 with number1 >= number2
and displays a question such as “What is 9 – 2?” to
the student. After the student types the answer, the
program displays whether the answer is correct.

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CS402 Programming Principles
Problem: An Improved Math Learning Tool
SubtractionQuiz.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on
weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight
in kilograms and dividing by the square of your
height in meters. The interpretation of BMI for
people 16 years or older is as follows:
BMI Interpretation

BMI < 18.5 Underweight

18.5 <= BMI < 25.0 Normal
25.0 <= BMI < 30.0 Overweight
30.0 <= BMI Obese

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Body Mass Index
ComputeAndInterpretBMI.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Computing Taxes
The US federal personal income tax is calculated based on the filing
status and taxable income. There are four filing statuses: single
filers, married filing jointly, married filing separately, and head of
household. The tax rates are shown below.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Computing Taxes, cont.
if (status == 0) {
// Compute tax for single filers
}
else if (status == 1) {
// Compute tax for married file jointly
// or qualifying widow(er)
}
else if (status == 2) {
// Compute tax for married file separately
}
else if (status == 3) {
// Compute tax for head of household
}
else {
// Display wrong status
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Computing Taxes, cont.
ComputeTax.java (part)

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Logical Operators
Operator Name Description

! not logical negation

&& and logical conjunction

|| or logical disjunction

^ exclusive or logical exclusion

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Truth Table for Operator !

p !p Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

true false !(age > 18) is false, because (age > 18) is true.

false true !(weight == 150) is true, because (weight == 150) is false.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Truth Table for Operator &&
p1 p2 p1 && p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

false false false (age <= 18) && (weight < 140) is false, because both

conditions are both false.

false true false

true false false (age > 18) && (weight > 140) is false, because (weight

> 140) is false.

true true true (age > 18) && (weight >= 140) is true, because both

(age > 18) and (weight >= 140) are true.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Truth Table for Operator ||
p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example (assume age = 24, weihgt = 140)

false false false

false true true (age > 34) || (weight <= 140) is true, because (age > 34)

is false, but (weight <= 140) is true.

true false true (age > 14) || (weight >= 150) is false, because

(age > 14) is true.

true true true

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Truth Table for Operator ^
p1 p2 p1 ^ p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

false false false (age > 34) ^ (weight > 140) is true, because (age > 34) is false

and (weight > 140) is false.

false true true (age > 34) ^ (weight >= 140) is true, because (age > 34) is false

but (weight >= 140) is true.

true false true (age > 14) ^ (weight > 140) is true, because (age > 14) is

true and (weight > 140) is false.

true true false

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Examples
Here is a program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2
and 3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and whether a
number is divisible by 2 or 3 but not both:

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Examples
TestBooleanOperators.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 The & and | Operators
If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(x > 1) & (x++ < 10)

If x is 1, what is x after this

expression?
(1 > x) && ( 1 > x++)

How about (1 == x) | (10 > x++)?

(1 == x) || (10 > x++)?

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Determining Leap Year?
This program first prompts the user to enter a year as
an int value and checks if it is a leap year.
A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by
100, or it is divisible by 400.
(year %? 4 == 0 &&
? year % ?100 != 0) ||
? ( year % 400
? == 0)

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CS402 Programming Principles
Problem: Determining Leap Year?
LeapYear.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Lottery
Write a program that randomly generates a lottery of a two-digit number, prompts
the user to enter a two-digit number, and determines whether the user wins
according to the following rule:
• If the user input matches the lottery in exact order, the award is $10,000.
• If the user input matches the lottery, the award is $3,000.
• If one digit in the user input matches a digit in the lottery, the award is $1,000.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Lottery
Lottery.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Lottery (cont.)
Lottery.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 switch Statements
switch (status) {
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid status");
System.exit(1);
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
switch Statement Flow Chart

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CS402 Programming Principles
 switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression
must yield a value of char, switch (switch-expression) {
byte, short, or int type and
must always be enclosed in case value1: statement(s)1;
parentheses. break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
The value1, ..., and valueN must break;
have the same data type as the …
value of the switch-expression.
The resulting statements in the case valueN: statement(s)N;
case statement are executed when break;
the value in the case statement default: statement(s)-for-default;
matches the value of the switch-
}
expression. Note that value1, ...,
and valueN are constant
expressions, meaning that they
cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 switch Statement Rules
The keyword break is optional, switch (switch-expression) {
but it should be used at the end of
case value1: statement(s)1;
each case in order to terminate the
remainder of the switch break;
statement. If the break statement case value2: statement(s)2;
is not present, the next case
statement will be executed. break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
The default case, which is break;
optional, can be used to perform default: statement(s)-for-default;
actions when none of the
specified cases matches the
}
switch-expression.
When the value in a case statement matches the value
of the switch-expression, the statements starting from
this case are executed until either a break statement or
the end of the switch statement is reached.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace switch statement
Suppose day is 2:

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace switch statement
Match case 2

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace switch statement
Fall through case 3

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace switch statement
Fall through case 4

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace switch statement
Fall through case 5

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace switch statement
Encounter break

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace switch statement
Exit the statement

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Chinese Zodiac
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a year and displays the
animal for the year.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Chinese Zodiac
ChineseZodiac.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Classification of Java Operators

There are three types of operators based on the number of operands.

An operator is called a unary, binary, or ternary operator based on
the number of operands.
If an operator takes one operand, it called a unary operator;
if it takes two operands, it called a binary operator;
if it takes three operands, it called a ternary operator.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Unary operator
A unary operator is an operator that operates on a single
operand. An operand can be a value or an expression.

Example :
b = b++;
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CS402 Programming Principles
 Binary operator
A binary operator operates on two operands.

Example :
b = c * d;
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CS402 Programming Principles
 Ternary operator
Java has one conditional operator. It is called a ternary
operator as it takes three operands.
The two symbols of “?” and “:” make the ternary operator.
If the boolean-expression evaluates to true, it evaluates the
true-expression; otherwise, it evaluates false-expression.

Example :
y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;
(boolean-expression) ? expression1 : expression2
is equivalent to
if (x > 0)
y = 1;
else
y = -1; 73
CS402 Programming Principles
 Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + “is even”);
else
System.out.println(num + “is odd”);
is equivalent to

System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + “is even” :
num + “is odd”);

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Operator Precedence
()
var++, var--
+, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var
(type) Casting
! (Not)
*, /, % (Multiplication, division, and remainder)
+, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
<, <=, >, >= (Relational operators)
==, !=; (Equality)
^ (Exclusive OR)
&& (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
|| (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Operator Precedence and Associativity
The expression in the parentheses is evaluated first.
(Parentheses can be nested, in which case the expression
in the inner parentheses is executed first.) When
evaluating an expression without parentheses, the
operators are applied according to the precedence rule and
the associativity rule.

If operators with the same precedence are next to each

other, their associativity determines the order of
evaluation. All binary operators except assignment
operators are left-associative.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same precedence
are evaluated, the associativity of the operators
determines the order of evaluation. All binary
operators except assignment operators are left-
associative.
a – b + c – d is equivalent to ((a – b) + c) – d
Assignment operators are right-associative.
Therefore, the expression
a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b += (c = 5))

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Example
Applying the operator precedence and associativity rule,
the expression 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1 is true or false?

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 Debugging
Logic errors are called bugs. The process of finding and
correcting errors is called debugging. A common approach
to debugging is to use a combination of methods to narrow
down to the part of the program where the bug is located.
You can hand-trace the program (i.e., catch errors by
reading the program), or you can insert print statements in
order to show the values of the variables or the execution
flow of the program. This approach might work for a short,
simple program. But for a large, complex program, the
most effective approach for debugging is to use a debugger
utility.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Debugger
Debugger is a program that facilitates debugging.
You can use a debugger to

Execute a single statement at a time.

Trace into or stepping over a method.
Set breakpoints.
Display variables.
Display call stack.
Modify variables.

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