Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 1

Thailand
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

POPULATION
Total population as of 1 July (million) 62.24 62.60 62.96 63.32 63.69 64.05 64.42 64.79 65.17 65.54 65.92 66.33 66.74 67.16 67.57 67.98 68.24 68.89 69.11 69.31 69.51 69.69 69.85
Population density (persons/km²) 121 122 123 123 124 125 126 126 127 128 128 129 130 131 132 132 133 134 135 135 135 136 136
Population (% annual change) 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2
Urban populationa (% of total population) 31.1 31.4 31.6 31.9 32.2 32.5 32.9 33.2 33.5 33.9 42.0 43.4 44.7 46.0 47.3 48.6 50.0 51.0 52.3 53.6 54.8 56.0 57.1

LABOR FORCEb calendar year (’000) 33,224 33,813 34,262 34,902 35,718 36,132 36,429 36,942 37,700 38,427 38,644 38,360 38,746 38,661 38,576 38,548 38,267 38,100 38,434 38,178 38,544 38,700 39,903
Employed 31,293 32,104 33,061 33,841 34,729 35,257 35,686 36,249 37,017 37,706 38,037 37,953 38,324 38,217 38,077 38,016 37,693 37,458 37,865 37,613 37,680 37,751 39,221
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 13,830 13,612 14,042 13,880 13,634 13,617 14,171 14,306 14,699 14,693 14,547 12,485 13,164 13,042 12,733 12,272 11,747 11,783 12,168 11,821 11,810 12,025 11,919
Mining and quarrying 45 50 45 47 50 57 58 63 58 51 41 50 68 62 69 79 66 64 73 61 74 53 48
Manufacturing 4,650 4,927 5,052 5,299 5,476 5,588 5,504 5,619 5,453 5,374 5,350 6,001 6,269 6,294 6,393 6,454 6,289 6,108 6,259 6,125 5,976 5,921 6,276
Electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply; water supply;
sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 112 98 89 95 100 107 107 102 204 201 159 197 172 191 223 188 217 226 190 216 221 214 182
Construction 1,504 1,645 1,787 1,881 2,080 2,129 2,151 2,149 2,214 2,303 2,356 2,204 2,335 2,388 2,269 2,282 2,352 2,160 2,112 2,191 2,232 2,209 2,205
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 4,374 4,688 4,946 5,199 5,540 5,553 5,514 5,574 5,754 6,048 6,236 6,357 6,195 6,200 6,185 6,176 6,331 6,321 6,277 6,245 6,277 6,254 6,749
Transportation and storagec 964 1,005 1,009 1,050 1,100 1,108 1,072 1,058 1,117 1,141 1,108 1,122 1,087 1,144 1,192 1,216 1,199 1,232 1,260 1,301 1,326 1,362 1,463
Accommodation and food service activitiesd 1,810 1,918 2,043 2,147 2,256 2,349 2,275 2,343 2,384 2,593 2,654 2,923 2,551 2,536 2,568 2,644 2,729 2,778 2,827 2,850 2,870 2,782 2,908
Information and communicationc 75 73 76 231 272 265 248 242 231 220 199 196 222 201 238
Financial and insurance activities 270 303 272 289 297 317 340 342 373 375 367 461 493 526 527 539 546 525 501 516 525 497 514
Real estate activities 480 495 500 557 624 647 672 717 685 698 715 945 160 165 159 194 186 204 184 202 233 249 372
Otherse 3,254 3,364 3,277 3,397 3,571 3,785 3,823 3,976 4,000 4,157 4,430 4,979 5,559 5,405 5,512 5,732 5,799 5,837 5,813 5,890 5,912 5,984 6,346
Underemployed 1,021 883 783 697 787 754 578 597 508 605 518 384 348 336 256 273 275 303 292 250 485 585 273
Unemployed 1,194 1,124 823 754 739 663 552 509 522 572 402 254 254 282 323 341 377 451 404 373 651 748 527
Unemployment rate (%) 3.6 3.3 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.7 1.9 1.3
Labor force (% annual change) 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.9 2.3 1.1 0.9 1.4 2.1 1.9 0.6 –0.7 1.0 –0.2 –0.2 –0.1 –0.7 –0.4 0.9 –0.7 1.0 0.4 3.1
Labor force participation rate (%) 71.5 71.9 71.9 72.2 72.4 72.5 72.2 72.4 72.6 72.8 72.3 72.1 71.8 71.1 70.3 69.8 68.8 68.1 68.3 67.5 67.8 67.8 68.1
Male 77.1 80.6 80.6 80.8 81.2 81.1 80.9 81.1 81.2 81.2 80.7 80.3 79.9 80.4 79.3 78.6 77.6 76.9 77.1 76.2 76.4 76.3 76.6
Female 60.9 63.3 63.3 63.9 63.8 64.3 64.0 64.2 64.5 64.5 64.3 64.3 64.2 63.2 62.0 61.6 60.6 59.8 60.1 59.4 59.8 59.9 60.3

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS calendar year (B billion)

At Current Prices
GDP by industrial origin at current market prices 5,070 5,345 5,770 6,317 6,954 7,614 8,401 9,076 9,707 9,659 10,808 11,307 12,357 12,915 13,230 13,743 14,590 15,489 16,373 16,889 15,661 16,167* 17,367*
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 431 459 502 596 646 700 790 848 978 945 1,137 1,311 1,422 1,462 1,335 1,219 1,237 1,302 1,343 1,373 1,363 1,408* 1,532*
Mining and quarrying 119 128 137 155 175 222 265 286 331 327 367 401 483 497 496 431 400 386 417 412 324 352* 381*
Manufacturing 1,439 1,487 1,645 1,869 2,046 2,255 2,534 2,776 2,966 2,846 3,343 3,279 3,457 3,563 3,648 3,762 3,960 4,184 4,374 4,328 4,002 4,394* 4,693*
Electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply 125 144 153 167 186 196 214 222 236 249 264 270 292 313 331 343 373 396 422 446 397 400* 490*
Water supply; sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 25 27 27 29 31 32 30 31 33 36 38 38 42 48 52 55 59 62 66 69 68 73* 76*
Construction 152 155 167 176 197 227 245 263 267 271 303 307 341 345 337 380 400 395 410 419 422 438* 438*
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 845 882 906 948 1,028 1,100 1,179 1,265 1,338 1,382 1,516 1,571 1,710 1,729 1,816 1,966 2,187 2,380 2,581 2,744 2,651 2,637* 2,687*
Transportation and storage 331 352 373 379 418 453 504 560 566 579 607 616 666 694 721 779 865 921 955 984 749 737* 805*
Accommodation and food service activities 199 208 217 214 230 231 255 278 299 285 312 350 413 473 498 600 697 817 923 1,031 605 515* 778*
Information and communication 110 132 142 154 169 182 192 207 218 208 222 243 265 291 301 327 337 362 388 431 436 459* 491*
Financial and insurance activities 193 231 277 317 367 417 449 493 524 554 581 645 745 871 961 1,038 1,121 1,181 1,241 1,267 1,290 1,345* 1,438*
Real estate activities 216 208 230 241 248 258 280 283 287 279 294 306 318 319 325 332 354 377 400 418 428 437* 448*
Professional, scientific, and technical activities 95 92 98 111 129 146 162 181 190 170 196 214 259 267 268 261 255 275 285 291 275 274* 295*
Administrative and support service activities 67 80 96 113 133 144 162 158 169 156 172 189 228 234 231 237 240 252 263 271 212 202* 216*
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 300 317 341 360 393 438 483 530 577 606 640 681 733 766 803 843 882 917 957 992 1,026 1,053* 1,075*
2 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023

Thailand
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Education 203 210 215 228 262 289 319 350 372 394 418 454 503 528 565 594 612 630 651 675 691 705* 733*
Human health and social work activities 101 110 119 121 136 145 155 163 172 193 206 219 236 251 271 288 307 328 351 371 388 410* 446*
Arts, entertainment, and recreation 25 24 24 29 37 44 44 37 38 37 45 51 60 65 66 70 81 91 102 117 102 108* 111*
Other service activities 77 82 85 91 105 115 123 125 132 124 130 142 163 175 182 186 194 204 216 223 203 193* 206*
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and
services-producing activities of households for own use 17 18 18 20 19 18 17 18 17 17 18 21 23 23 25 28 28 27 27 28 29 29* 29*
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Net factor income from abroad –100 –149 –203 –258 –302 –341 –312 –309 –354 –338 –453 –273 –566 –825 –681 –709 –685 –694 –791 –621 –344 –576* –503*
GNI 4,970 5,196 5,567 6,059 6,652 7,273 8,088 8,767 9,353 9,320 10,355 11,034 11,791 12,090 12,550 13,035 13,905 14,795 15,582 16,268 15,318 15,590* 16,865*

Structure of Output (% of GDP at current market prices)

Agriculture 8.5 8.6 8.7 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.4 9.3 10.1 9.8 10.5 11.6 11.5 11.3 10.1 8.9 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.1 8.7 8.7* 8.8*
Industryf 33.7 33.4 34.0 35.1 35.1 35.5 36.2 36.5 36.7 35.8 37.1 35.3 34.6 34.2 34.2 33.4 32.8 32.5 32.2 31.1 30.6 32.3* 32.5*
Servicesg 57.8 58.0 57.3 55.4 55.6 55.3 54.4 54.1 53.2 54.4 52.4 53.1 53.9 54.4 55.7 57.7 58.7 59.1 59.6 60.8 60.7 59.0* 58.7*

Expenditure on GDP at current market prices 4,987 5,282 5,648 6,238 6,899 7,528 8,252 9,062 9,571 9,590 10,706 11,073 12,095 12,690 13,140 13,916 14,816 15,584 16,229 16,738 15,626 16,040* 16,977*
Final consumption expenditure 3,433 3,714 3,971 4,331 4,798 5,292 5,709 6,033 6,599 6,669 7,347 7,813 8,603 8,901 9,197 9,410 9,757 10,103 10,653 11,137 11,096 11,407* 12,544*
Household final consumption 2,692 2,936 3,154 3,455 3,823 4,184 4,498 4,691 5,117 5,028 5,538 5,876 6,460 6,655 6,814 6,912 7,151 7,429 7,852 8,248 8,158 8,311* 9,323*
NPISHs final consumption 53 57 57 59 62 68 76 79 90 97 102 112 122 132 144 145 146 150 153 158 150 144* 149*
Government final consumption 688 720 760 817 912 1,040 1,134 1,264 1,392 1,543 1,708 1,825 2,021 2,113 2,238 2,353 2,461 2,524 2,648 2,731 2,787 2,952* 3,072*
Gross capital formation 1,130 1,235 1,312 1,505 1,786 2,316 2,269 2,314 2,740 1,993 2,741 3,029 3,463 3,546 3,165 3,072 3,079 3,552 4,129 4,021 3,718 4,628* 4,840*
Gross fixed capital formation 1,094 1,202 1,264 1,455 1,729 2,110 2,255 2,310 2,567 2,232 2,593 2,921 3,336 3,278 3,263 3,371 3,460 3,579 3,731 3,812 3,635 3,805* 4,065*
Public 410 402 390 392 433 535 576 626 639 650 661 644 728 737 691 865 931 926 958 963 1,007 1,059* 1,041*
Private 684 800 874 1,063 1,296 1,575 1,680 1,684 1,928 1,582 1,932 2,277 2,608 2,541 2,572 2,506 2,529 2,654 2,773 2,849 2,629 2,747* 3,024*
Changes in inventories 36 34 48 50 57 206 14 4 173 –239 147 108 127 268 –98 –299 –381 –27 398 210 82 823* 776*
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
Exports of goods and services 3,287 3,381 3,499 3,887 4,588 5,208 5,769 6,251 6,932 6,224 7,186 8,011 8,521 8,675 9,049 9,296 9,786 10,327 10,616 10,052 8,064 9,480* 11,425*
Exports of goods 2,731 2,803 2,838 3,233 3,823 4,407 4,838 5,212 5,831 5,190 6,100 6,745 7,076 6,991 7,360 7,308 7,533 7,921 8,115 7,535 7,099 8,665* 9,997*
Exports of services 556 578 661 653 765 802 931 1,039 1,101 1,034 1,086 1,267 1,445 1,685 1,688 1,987 2,253 2,406 2,501 2,517 965 815* 1,428*
Less: Imports of goods and services 2,862 3,048 3,134 3,485 4,273 5,288 5,495 5,537 6,700 5,296 6,567 7,781 8,492 8,432 8,270 7,862 7,806 8,398 9,170 8,473 7,252 9,475* 11,832*
Imports of goods 2,266 2,430 2,445 2,770 3,390 4,264 4,324 4,295 5,256 4,117 5,259 6,376 7,073 6,977 6,801 6,407 6,271 6,816 7,394 6,708 5,818 7,389* 9,630*
Imports of services 597 618 690 716 883 1,024 1,171 1,241 1,444 1,179 1,308 1,405 1,419 1,455 1,469 1,455 1,536 1,582 1,775 1,766 1,434 2,086* 2,202*
Statistical discrepancy 82 63 121 80 56 86 149 14 136 69 102 234 263 226 91 –173 –226 –96 145 151 36 126* 390*

Structure of Demand (% of GDP at current market prices)

Household final consumption 54.0 55.6 55.8 55.4 55.4 55.6 54.5 51.8 53.5 52.4 51.7 53.1 53.4 52.4 51.9 49.7 48.3 47.7 48.4 49.3 52.2 51.8* 54.9*
Government final consumption 13.8 13.6 13.5 13.1 13.2 13.8 13.7 13.9 14.5 16.1 16.0 16.5 16.7 16.7 17.0 16.9 16.6 16.2 16.3 16.3 17.8 18.4* 18.1*
Gross capital formation 22.7 23.4 23.2 24.1 25.9 30.8 27.5 25.5 28.6 20.8 25.6 27.4 28.6 27.9 24.1 22.1 20.8 22.8 25.4 24.0 23.8 28.9* 28.5*
Changes in inventories 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.8 2.7 0.2 – 1.8 –2.5 1.4 1.0 1.1 2.1 –0.7 –2.1 –2.6 –0.2 2.5 1.3 0.5 5.1* 4.6*
Exports of goods and services 65.9 64.0 61.9 62.3 66.5 69.2 69.9 69.0 72.4 64.9 67.1 72.4 70.4 68.4 68.9 66.8 66.0 66.3 65.4 60.1 51.6 59.1* 67.3*
Imports of goods and services 57.4 57.7 55.5 55.9 61.9 70.2 66.6 61.1 70.0 55.2 61.3 70.3 70.2 66.5 62.9 56.5 52.7 53.9 56.5 50.6 46.4 59.1* 69.7*
Statistical discrepancy 1.7 1.2 2.1 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.8 0.2 1.4 0.7 1.0 2.1 2.2 1.8 0.7 –1.2 –1.5 –0.6 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.8* 2.3*

At Chained Prices
GDP by industrial origin at 2002 market pricesh 5,254 5,435 5,770 6,184 6,573 6,849 7,189 7,580 7,710 7,657 8,232 8,302 8,903 9,142 9,232 9,521 9,849 10,260 10,693 10,919 10,257 10,410* 10,680*
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 486 501 502 561 555 555 577 588 605 603 601 638 656 660 658 616 609 638 677 670 648 663* 679*
Mining and quarrying 126 127 137 150 153 172 187 194 207 209 224 221 238 243 239 245 247 232 225 229 208 197* 168*
 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 3

Thailand
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Manufacturing 1,482 1,511 1,645 1,813 1,948 2,030 2,145 2,301 2,356 2,278 2,537 2,414 2,581 2,630 2,631 2,670 2,731 2,810 2,907 2,883 2,729 2,857* 2,868*
Electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply 129 142 153 159 172 181 187 200 210 220 235 238 262 257 265 278 286 291 298 312 287 287* 293*
Water supply; sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 25 27 27 28 31 32 30 30 31 32 34 33 36 39 40 43 47 50 53 56 56 59* 61*
Construction 157 158 167 172 186 204 207 215 203 210 228 218 236 235 229 269 290 281 288 292 296 303* 294*
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 864 889 906 950 995 1,012 1,063 1,136 1,134 1,107 1,207 1,208 1,271 1,280 1,270 1,341 1,423 1,515 1,611 1,682 1,629 1,656* 1,707*
Transportation and storage 334 345 373 373 403 416 434 465 460 454 489 497 539 567 584 608 640 691 718 737 570 554* 593*
Accommodation and food service activities 204 214 217 215 233 235 258 267 279 274 299 336 384 421 431 496 542 601 649 698 440 374* 521*
Information and communication 104 130 142 156 187 213 250 271 296 294 312 339 369 404 425 468 479 498 542 604 614 647* 681*
Financial and insurance activities 227 245 277 309 328 346 344 355 353 392 407 432 499 560 602 653 698 745 772 786 828 873* 881*
Real estate, renting, and business activities 207 204 230 248 263 274 298 303 308 295 308 319 328 332 339 344 368 393 414 430 437 444* 454*
Professional, scientific, and technical activities 94 91 98 110 125 138 147 164 163 145 161 172 201 205 202 199 195 207 213 217 206 200* 202*
Administrative and support service activities 67 80 96 111 128 134 143 138 139 127 135 143 167 168 164 170 172 177 183 188 147 136* 138*
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 314 324 341 350 351 369 379 408 422 438 456 473 493 495 502 507 510 514 521 528 537 538* 535*
Education 211 214 215 223 234 245 253 264 266 274 289 296 311 317 324 324 324 325 328 333 337 338* 341*
Human health and social work activities 105 112 119 119 126 130 133 138 142 158 167 175 185 192 202 209 215 224 234 243 251 260* 276*
Arts, entertainment, and recreation 25 24 24 29 36 42 42 36 35 34 42 48 56 61 61 67 81 91 102 116 101 106* 106*
Other service activities 78 82 85 89 101 106 110 109 109 102 104 112 125 132 135 140 145 152 158 163 150 141* 144*
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and
services-producing activities of households for own usei 19 19 18 19 18 18 17 18 16 18 18 19 19 18 17 18 18 17 17 17 17 17* 17*
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Net factor income from abroad ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
GNI 5,155 5,286 5,567 5,931 6,285 6,540 6,921 7,321 7,435 7,394 7,891 8,107 8,507 8,574 8,776 9,041 9,385 9,792 10,163 10,500 10,011 9,991* ...*

Growth of Output (% annual change)

GDP 4.5 3.4 6.1 7.2 6.3 4.2 5.0 5.4 1.7 –0.7 7.5 0.8 7.2 2.7 1.0 3.1 3.4 4.2 4.2 2.1 –6.1 1.5* 2.6*
Agriculture 6.8 3.1 0.1 12.0 –1.1 –0.1 3.9 1.9 2.9 –0.2 –0.5 6.3 2.7 0.7 –0.3 –6.5 –1.2 4.8 6.1 –1.0 –3.3 2.3* 2.5*
Industryf 2.1 2.5 8.6 9.6 7.2 4.8 5.6 6.8 2.9 –2.3 10.6 –4.1 7.3 1.6 0.2 1.9 2.3 2.2 3.0 –0.1 –5.7 3.7* –0.3*
Servicesg –4.7 4.0 5.6 5.0 7.0 4.5 5.0 5.1 0.9 –0.1 7.0 3.5 8.2 4.0 1.9 5.9 5.0 5.4 5.0 4.2 –6.8 0.4* 4.6*

Expenditure on GDP at 2002 market pricesh 5,176 5,336 5,648 6,056 6,434 6,702 7,067 7,464 7,606 7,580 8,153 8,235 8,813 9,024 9,119 9,410 9,726 10,113 10,530 10,777 10,120 10,268* 10,547*
Household final consumption 2,855 3,023 3,211 3,447 3,703 3,859 3,967 4,014 4,128 4,091 4,314 4,393 4,715 4,760 4,785 4,910 5,051 5,207 5,446 5,661 5,617 5,651* 6,009*
NPISHs final consumption
Government final consumption 716 735 760 799 830 896 917 995 1,044 1,153 1,256 1,302 1,396 1,417 1,457 1,494 1,526 1,530 1,571 1,596 1,617 1,677* 1,676*
Gross capital formation 1,206 1,225 1,312 1,474 1,704 2,074 1,949 1,975 2,157 1,622 2,140 2,197 2,452 2,540 2,226 2,274 2,188 2,428 2,823 2,728 2,598 2,963* ...
Gross fixed capital formation 1,169 1,191 1,264 1,424 1,651 1,889 1,938 1,971 2,024 1,787 1,997 2,098 2,324 2,300 2,250 2,340 2,404 2,449 2,546 2,596 2,470 2,547* 2,623*
Public 430 403 390 379 401 467 477 500 460 498 493 451 482 487 453 581 636 628 645 646 679 702* 673*
Private 739 788 874 1,045 1,250 1,421 1,461 1,471 1,565 1,289 1,504 1,647 1,842 1,813 1,797 1,759 1,768 1,822 1,901 1,951 1,791 1,845* 1,939*
Changes in inventories 37 34 48 50 54 188 11 3 139 –183 107 68 93 183 –64 –112 –341 –69 258 117 126 318* 226*
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
Exports of goods and services 3,305 3,304 3,499 3,819 4,377 4,717 5,226 5,691 6,047 5,313 6,068 6,645 6,889 7,062 7,086 7,175 7,368 7,750 8,010 7,773 6,243 6,936* 7,408*
Exports of goods 2,749 2,721 2,838 3,173 3,657 3,960 4,379 4,764 5,088 4,404 5,129 5,579 5,700 5,706 5,750 5,615 5,628 5,931 6,154 5,926 5,584 6,439* 6,520*
Exports of services 555 582 661 646 720 757 847 927 960 910 937 1,065 1,189 1,358 1,339 1,566 1,750 1,828 1,865 1,856 718 575* 953*
Less: Imports of goods and services 2,908 2,951 3,134 3,482 4,189 4,867 5,011 5,221 5,816 4,608 5,666 6,368 6,727 6,840 6,478 6,478 6,414 6,813 7,377 6,995 6,022 7,091* 7,382*
Imports of goods 2,282 2,325 2,445 2,773 3,345 3,906 3,943 4,112 4,563 3,588 4,555 5,209 5,580 5,681 5,323 5,335 5,213 5,600 6,043 5,695 5,094 6,020* 6,345*
Imports of services 625 624 690 709 844 962 1,071 1,112 1,255 1,022 1,114 1,164 1,151 1,163 1,157 1,145 1,199 1,215 1,335 1,299 953 1,105* 1,100*
4 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023

Thailand
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Growth of Demand (% annual change)

Household final consumptionj 7.0 5.9 6.2 7.3 7.4 4.2 2.8 1.2 2.8 –0.9 5.5 1.8 7.3 1.0 0.5 2.6 2.9 3.1 4.6 4.0 –0.8 0.6* 6.3*
Government final consumption 2.8 2.6 3.4 5.1 3.9 8.0 2.3 8.6 4.9 10.4 8.9 3.7 7.2 1.5 2.8 2.5 2.2 0.3 2.7 1.6 1.4 3.7* –0.0*
Gross capital formation 3.1 1.5 7.1 12.3 15.6 21.7 –6.0 1.3 9.2 –24.8 32.0 2.6 11.6 3.6 –12.3 2.1 –3.8 11.0 16.3 –3.4 –4.8 12.6* ...
Exports of goods and services 15.8 0.0 6.0 9.0 15.0 8.0 11.0 9.0 6.0 –12.0 14.0 10.0 4.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 –3.0 –19.7 11.1* 6.8*
Imports of goods and services 26.0 1.5 6.2 11.1 20.3 16.2 2.9 4.2 11.4 –20.8 23.0 12.4 5.6 1.7 –5.3 0.0 –1.0 6.2 8.3 –5.2 –13.9 17.8* 4.1*

Investment Financing at Current Prices

Gross capital formation 1,130 1,235 1,312 1,505 1,786 2,316 2,269 2,314 2,740 1,993 2,741 3,029 3,463 3,546 3,165 3,072 3,079 3,552 4,129 4,022 3,718 4,628* 4,840*
Gross national saving 1,501 1,462 1,514 1,703 1,896 2,014 2,354 2,850 2,766 2,758 3,099 3,322 3,312 3,289 3,546 4,027 4,614 5,043 5,043 5,204 4,376 4,295* 5,432*
Gross domestic saving 1,555 1,569 1,677 1,907 2,101 2,237 2,543 3,029 2,972 2,921 3,359 3,259 3,491 3,789 3,943 4,506 5,059 5,481 5,576 5,600 4,536 4,671* 5,617*
Net factor income from abroad –100 –149 –203 –258 –302 –341 –312 –309 –354 –338 –453 –273 –566 –825 –681 –709 –685 –694 –791 –621 –344 –576* –503*
Net current transfers from abroad 46 43 40 54 97 119 123 131 148 176 193 335 387 326 284 229 241 255 259 224 189 238* 318*

Savings and Investment (% of GDP at current market prices)

Gross domestic saving 30.7* 29.3* 29.1* 30.2* 30.2* 29.4* 30.3* 33.4* 30.6* 30.2* 31.1* 28.8* 28.3* 29.3* 29.8* 32.8* 34.7* 35.4* 34.1* 33.2* 29.0* 28.9* 32.3*
Gross national saving 29.6* 27.3* 26.2* 27.0* 27.3* 26.4* 28.0* 31.4* 28.5* 28.6* 28.7* 29.4* 26.8* 25.5* 26.8* 29.3* 31.6* 32.6* 30.8* 30.8* 27.9* 26.6* 31.3*
Gross capital formation 22.3* 23.1* 22.7* 23.8* 25.7* 30.4* 27.0* 25.5* 28.2* 20.6* 25.4* 26.8* 28.0* 27.5* 23.9* 22.4* 21.1* 22.9* 25.2* 23.8* 23.7* 28.6* 27.9*

At Current Market Prices (B)

Per capita GDP 81,459 85,388 91,642 99,766 109,196 118,877 130,398 140,079 148,952 147,364 163,956 170,467 185,159 192,327 195,807 202,152 213,553 225,126 236,927 243,658 225,311 231,985* 248,635*
Per capita GNI 79,852 83,000 88,420 95,689 104,452 113,546 125,550 135,312 143,520 142,200 157,088 166,356 176,675 180,034 185,733 191,723 203,521 215,041 225,478 234,700 220,368 223,715* 241,437*

PRODUCTION INDEXES period averages

Agriculture; 2005 = 100 ... ... ... ... ... | 100.0 106.3 110.9 113.0 116.1 117.1 127.1 131.2 130.0 130.6 127.3 127.5 136.0 145.3 146.1 140.7 141.9 143.2
Manufacturing; 2000 | 2016 = 100 100.0 102.7 112.0 127.7 142.6 149.8 159.3 172.2 178.9 170.0 194.2 91.6 100.8 102.7 98.6 98.7 | 100.0 101.7 105.6 102.0 92.3 97.7 98.1

ENERGY annual values

Crude petroleum (t ’000 )
Production 2,899 3,090 3,771 4,807 4,280 5,684 6,435 6,716 7,203 7,688 7,644 6,987 7,455 7,460 6,913 7,605 8,161 7,049 6,448 6,283 5,857 4,872 3,935
Exports 1,505 1,906 2,312 3,334 2,828 3,273 3,266 2,597 2,295 2,050 1,495 1,622 2,054 1,241 334 39 1,545 1,631 1,428 1,386 1,229 807 672
Imports 33,686 35,554 36,359 38,721 43,534 41,308 41,388 40,137 40,613 40,093 40,734 39,637 43,048 43,321 40,171 43,690 42,648 45,265 47,465 42,732 41,869 43,080 45,581
Consumption 29,002 27,992 29,432 31,159 34,391 34,439 33,664 33,303 31,749 32,111 32,604 33,666 35,527 36,419 36,635 38,295 39,917 40,723 41,490 42,195 37,301 35,164 44,906

Coal (t ’000 )
Production ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18,095 17,566 18,258 21,327 18,066 18,111 17,982 15,151 16,979 16,259 14,852 14,078 13,251 14,222 13,641
Exports ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 75 39 21 6 10 9 24 21 36 46 84 60 63 152 187
Imports 4,182 4,937 5,596 7,107 7,546 8,566 11,211 14,268 16,012 16,382 16,957 16,328 18,606 18,017 20,887 21,890 21,775 22,329 24,987 21,686 23,835 24,083 21,533
Consumption 4,183 4,945 5,599 7,110 7,550 8,568 11,215 14,482 16,017 16,389 16,965 16,337 18,614 18,030 20,933 21,932 38,714 38,478 39,346 35,681 37,272 38,606 35,566

Natural gas (scf million)

Production 1,948 1,900 1,986 2,077 2,158 2,292 2,353 2,515 2,778 2,990 3,506 3,577 3,996 4,044 4,073 3,850 3,767 3,620 3,527 3,623 3,262 3,204 2,648
Exports ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Imports 164 496 617 686 726 857 869 906 828 803 853 928 950 1,013 1,025 1,262 1,249 1,358 1,385 1,394 1,437 1,521 1,626
Consumption 1,976 2,296 2,495 2,657 2,774 2,997 3,086 3,288 3,444 3,564 4,039 4,143 4,534 4,568 4,669 4,764 4,714 4,682 4,676 4,762 4,368 4,395 4,143
 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 5

Thailand
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Electricity (kWh million)

Production 98,488 103,869 111,254 118,411 127,511 134,798 141,919 147,026 148,221 148,358 164,829 164,090 179,484 181,205 186,024 192,246 199,654 201,166 204,428 212,050 206,034 209,717 215,824
Exports 150 168 188 206 253 501 586 745 961 1,306 1,314 1,335 1,912 1,794 2,066 2,267 1,436 1,106 1,093 2,882 2,618 1,969 2,062
Imports 2,966 2,882 2,812 2,473 3,378 4,372 5,152 4,488 2,784 2,460 7,254 10,774 10,527 12,572 12,260 14,414 19,825 24,427 26,669 25,547 29,551 33,356 35,472
Consumption 92,467 97,887 100,091 106,987 115,101 121,240 127,879 133,113 135,520 135,181 149,301 148,855 161,779 164,341 168,685 174,833 182,847 185,124 187,832 192,960 187,046 190,468 197,209

Retail prices (B/L)

Gasoline, premiumk 15.6 15.5 15.3 16.6 19.1 23.9 27.6 26.2 29.0 27.5 | 32.4 36.5 38.0 38.9 38.9 27.6 24.5 27.2 29.0 27.7 21.9 28.5 37.9
Diesel 12.9 13.4 13.1 14.0 14.6 20.0 25.6 25.7 31.3 24.8 28.7 29.5 30.4 30.0 29.7 24.5 23.3 25.6 28.4 26.5 22.6 28.0 33.1

PRICE INDEXES period averages; 2019 = 100

Consumer (national) 68.3 69.4 69.9 71.1 73.1 76.4 80.0 81.7 86.2 85.5 88.3 91.7 94.4 96.5 98.3 97.4 97.6 98.3 99.3 100.0 99.2 100.4 106.5
Food and nonalcoholic beverages 50.7 51.0 51.2 53.1 55.5 58.3 60.9 63.4 70.7 73.9 77.9 84.1 88.1 91.1 94.7 95.8 97.3 97.3 97.7 100.0 101.2 101.1 108.1
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and narcotics 50.7 53.9 55.0 54.8 54.3 55.3 60.0 60.9 62.6 68.0 71.3 71.3 73.5 77.7 81.4 83.1 93.1 95.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 102.3
Clothing and footwear 96.0 96.9 97.3 97.5 97.7 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.8 96.6 95.6 96.1 97.1 97.9 98.7 99.3 99.7 99.6 99.9 100.0 100.0 99.8 99.8
Housing, water, electricity, gas, and other fuelsl 90.1 91.5 91.5 91.0 91.5 92.6 94.6 94.7 91.7 90.1 91.9 93.1 95.6 97.4 98.8 99.4 98.4 98.6 99.6 100.0 99.0 97.3 101.9
Furnishings, household equipment, and routine household maintenance
Healthm 82.7 84.4 85.2 86.0 87.4 88.9 90.1 90.8 91.8 92.9 93.7 94.5 95.5 96.3 97.2 98.2 99.0 99.3 99.8 100.0 100.3 100.5 101.6
Transport 73.7 75.9 77.0 79.4 82.7 90.9 99.1 101.2 107.5 96.8 100.4 102.2 103.7 105.1 105.2 98.4 96.6 98.9 101.2 100.0 95.5 102.8 112.2
Communication
Recreation and culture 97.1 98.1 99.1 99.0 100.6 101.5 102.3 103.6 105.1 98.1 94.8 95.3 95.7 96.2 96.8 97.7 98.5 99.1 99.4 100.0 100.1 99.6 99.8
Education
Restaurants and hotels
Miscellaneous goods and services ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Consumer (Bangkok) 70.2 71.3 71.7 72.8 74.7 78.0 81.5 83.2 87.0 86.1 88.4 91.7 94.5 96.4 97.8 97.4 97.5 98.0 99.1 100.0 99.3 100.3 106.3
Food and nonalcoholic beverages 54.0 54.2 54.3 56.3 58.6 61.2 63.4 65.8 72.5 75.1 78.4 84.9 89.5 92.2 94.8 95.5 96.9 96.8 97.7 100.0 100.9 101.3 109.3
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and narcotics 61.7 65.4 66.8 66.3 65.7 66.8 72.7 74.1 76.2 82.3 86.1 86.0 88.6 93.8 97.9 100.0 92.9 95.7 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.3 102.7
Clothing and footwear 97.7 98.8 99.5 99.5 99.6 100.0 100.3 100.2 100.4 98.5 97.2 97.2 98.0 99.1 100.1 100.6 100.6 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.1 99.8 99.8
Housing, water, electricity, gas, and other fuels 88.0 89.4 89.4 88.7 89.1 90.3 92.2 92.3 89.6 89.3 91.3 92.4 94.7 96.6 98.0 99.3 98.5 98.7 99.7 100.0 99.0 97.2 101.7
Furnishings, household equipment, and routine household maintenance
Healthm 82.5 84.4 85.4 86.1 87.7 89.4 90.6 91.5 92.4 93.3 93.9 94.6 95.8 96.6 97.5 98.4 98.7 98.9 99.6 100.0 100.4 100.9 102.4
Transport 74.2 76.6 77.4 79.7 83.0 91.7 101.1 103.3 108.5 96.6 99.4 100.7 102.1 103.2 103.4 98.2 96.7 98.5 100.4 100.0 96.3 102.6 111.1
Communication
Recreation and culture 95.8 96.7 97.6 97.6 99.2 100.0 100.1 101.0 102.7 96.7 93.7 94.2 94.7 95.3 95.9 97.0 98.3 99.0 99.3 100.0 100.2 99.6 99.9
Education
Restaurants and hotels
Miscellaneous goods and services ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Producer (national); 2010 | 2015 = 100 60.6 62.1 63.2 65.7 70.1 76.5 81.9 84.5 95.0 91.4 100.0 105.5 106.6 106.9 107.0 | 100.0 98.8 99.5 100.0 99.3 97.7 102.3 112.9
Wholesale (national); 2002 = 100 72.8 78.4 100.0 116.6 133.5 132.1 132.5 137.1 138.1 130.5 143.6 154.0 186.1 181.4 170.8 181.1 200.4 201.4 208.1 215.1 211.3 229.3 253.0
Retail (national); 2002 = 100 81.0 87.9 100.0 112.9 131.4 142.5 148.2 149.1 154.9 144.1 172.8 190.2 226.1 225.9 212.4 212.8 215.3 229.1 254.1 262.2 235.2 257.7 283.1
Implicit GDP deflator; 2002 = 100 96.4 98.3 100.0 102.1 105.8 111.1 116.6 119.4 125.5 126.0 130.9 135.7 138.0 140.1 141.9 142.2 145.6 148.2 150.1 151.0 149.5 151.8 158.5

Price Indexes (% annual change)

Consumer price index (national) 1.6 1.6 0.7 1.8 2.9 4.4 4.7 2.2 5.5 –0.9 3.3 3.8 3.0 2.2 1.9 –0.9 0.2 0.7 1.1 0.7 –0.9 1.2 6.1
Food and nonalcoholic beverages index (national) –1.1 0.6 0.6 3.7 4.5 5.0 4.5 4.1 11.5 4.5 5.4 8.0 4.9 3.4 3.9 1.1 1.6 – 0.4 2.3 1.2 –0.1 6.9
Producer price index 3.9 2.5 1.8 4.0 6.7 9.1 7.1 3.2 12.4 –3.8 9.4 5.5 1.0 0.3 0.1 –4.1 –1.2 0.7 0.5 –0.7 –1.6 4.7 10.4
Implicit GDP deflator 1.3 1.9 1.7 2.1 3.5 5.1 5.0 2.4 5.1 0.4 3.9 3.7 1.7 1.5 1.3 0.2 2.4 1.8 1.3 0.6 –1.0 1.5 4.4
6 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023

Thailand
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

MONEY AND INTEREST RATES as of end of period (B billion)

Net foreign assets 887.7 1,215.5 1,632.4 1,851.5 2,099.5 2,388.9 2,947.1 3,594.3 4,132.3 4,569.9 4,883.9 5,426.3 4,942.9 5,007.1 5,040.9 5,873.4 6,151.5 6,410.0 6,714.9 6,823.0 7,775.4 7,762.8 7,571.7
Domestic claims 5,870.2 5,612.9 6,222.8 7,722.4 8,081.9 8,454.5 8,549.0 8,886.4 9,570.6 10,017.0 11,017.9 12,781.2 14,721.7 15,891.3 16,730.6 17,607.6 18,396.1 19,264.6 20,196.2 20,750.0 22,299.7 24,396.4 25,421.3
Claims on central government (net) 190.9 264.9 272.0 296.4 261.3 221.7 96.8 132.1 203.8 291.8 155.3 200.9 352.1 234.9 399.3 417.6 481.6 500.0 408.2 463.9 1,115.2 2,276.9 2,532.3
Claims on other financial corporations ... ... ... 1,116.0 835.8 752.4 665.3 573.9 520.2 624.8 668.4 698.5 845.9 891.8 902.8 954.8 1,011.5 1,078.7 1,071.6 1,102.3 1,127.3 1,131.8 1,213.5
Claims on state and local government units – – – 0.3 0.8 1.8 2.6 3.5 5.1 5.6 18.3 18.4 22.3 24.8 22.1 18.9 17.7 16.3 13.8 12.3 10.0 8.6 8.7
Claims on public nonfinancial corporations 355.9 381.6 348.1 361.0 365.3 331.8 313.0 348.1 324.9 366.2 372.2 392.2 353.9 334.2 322.0 290.7 287.1 306.2 338.8 372.9 400.3 455.2 652.5
Claims on private sector 5,323.4 4,966.4 5,602.7 5,948.7 6,618.7 7,146.8 7,471.2 7,828.8 8,516.5 8,728.5 9,803.9 11,471.2 13,147.4 14,405.6 15,084.4 15,925.5 16,598.1 17,363.4 18,363.7 18,798.6 19,646.8 20,523.9 21,014.2
Broad money liabilities (M2) 6,040.6 6,389.5 6,472.5 7,062.1 7,470.9 7,926.4 8,572.5 9,108.5 9,943.2 10,616.2 11,778.1 13,559.1 14,965.7 16,062.5 16,809.0 17,554.6 18,295.7 19,212.9 20,109.6 20,841.0 22,958.4 24,061.6 24,994.5
Currency outside depository corporations 402.7 436.4 490.4 538.9 597.2 630.7 652.9 720.1 752.3 844.0 937.2 1,036.0 1,136.3 1,188.9 1,200.3 1,251.0 1,336.0 1,437.6 1,504.4 1,590.8 1,812.7 2,069.5 2,110.6
Transferable deposits 108.5 132.4 160.5 211.0 232.2 259.0 257.7 278.9 287.7 329.8 364.5 377.5 460.8 472.4 482.1 527.1 528.2 601.3 590.7 623.5 717.2 814.2 863.2
Other deposits 5,225.8 5,496.5 5,653.5 6,284.9 6,592.0 6,946.3 7,458.0 7,582.9 8,283.1 8,726.8 9,486.4 10,570.3 13,001.7 14,227.9 14,834.8 15,579.5 16,219.9 16,987.0 17,908.5 18,538.2 20,388.3 21,131.6 21,974.7
Securities other than shares 303.6 324.3 168.2 27.2 49.5 90.4 203.9 526.7 620.0 715.7 990.0 1,575.2 366.8 173.3 291.7 197.1 211.7 187.0 106.0 88.4 40.3 46.3 46.0
Liabilities excluded from Broad Money –717.3 –438.9 –1,382.7 –2,511.8 –2,710.5 –2,917.0 –2,923.6 –3,372.2 –3,759.7 –3,970.7 –4,123.7 –4,648.4 –4,698.9 –4,835.9 –4,962.5 –5,926.4 –6,251.9 –6,461.7 –6,801.5 –6,732.0 –7,116.7 –8,097.6 –7,998.5

Money Supply (M2) (% annual change) 4.1 5.8 1.3 9.1 5.8 6.1 8.2 6.3 9.2 6.8 10.9 15.1 10.4 7.3 4.6 4.4 4.2 5.0 4.7 3.6 10.2 4.8 3.9
M2 (% of GDP at current market prices) 119.1 119.5 112.2 111.8 107.4 104.1 102.0 100.4 102.4 109.9 109.0 119.9 121.1 124.4 127.0 127.7 125.4 124.0 122.8 123.4 146.6 148.8 143.9

Deposit Money Banks

Demand deposits 129.5 144.1 166.3 219.7 259.3 299.7 296.7 357.5 350.3 419.2 460.7 464.7 581.8 590.9 630.7 694.7 672.2 750.2 723.1 755.7 872.9 1,043.4 1,084.0
Savings deposits 1,354.0 1,624.2 1,797.9 2,259.5 2,585.2 2,678.0 2,370.2 2,656.6 2,773.0 3,329.6 3,805.9 4,056.2 4,840.3 5,135.3 5,734.1 6,387.9 6,855.6 7,431.0 7,878.5 8,072.8 10,039.3 11,095.8 11,543.4
Time deposits 3,410.6 3,316.6 3,230.5 2,949.2 2,816.0 3,181.1 3,848.4 3,514.4 3,957.7 3,324.1 3,202.1 3,416.0 4,737.6 5,373.2 5,305.0 4,997.8 4,836.4 4,800.6 4,968.7 5,287.2 4,685.5 4,122.7 4,367.9
Domestic credits outstanding 4,606.3 4,309.4 4,613.6 4,715.1 5,112.1 5,534.7 5,738.4 6,221.8 7,368.6 7,675.6 8,591.4 9,612.3 11,075.0 12,148.9 12,615.0 13,019.5 13,415.9 14,487.0 14,889.9 15,372.7 16,563.5 17,575.0 18,060.8

Interest Rates period averages (% per annum)

On deposits
Savings 2.5 1.8 1.5 0.8 0.8 1.9 2.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4
Time: 6 monthsn 3.0 2.4 1.8 1.0 1.0 2.8 4.1 2.1 1.8 0.7 1.4 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.7
12 monthso 3.5 2.9 2.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 4.5 2.3 1.9 0.8 1.6 2.9 2.4 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.0

GOVERNMENT FINANCE fiscal year ending 30 September (B billion)

General Government
Revenue ... ... 1,015.2 1,250.0 1,381.1 1,621.6 1,700.5 1,788.7 1,953.2 1,842.8 2,223.9 2,411.7 2,518.8 2,861.6 2,821.6 3,052.6 3,122.9 3,216.4 3,471.7 3,526.5 3,243.0 3,204.7 3,437.8*
Taxes ... ... 847.0 997.8 1,130.7 1,334.3 1,407.1 1,473.3 1,586.7 1,481.8 1,738.1 2,005.9 2,071.4 2,381.5 2,282.3 2,423.4 2,450.0 2,519.9 2,694.8 2,725.6 2,462.8 2,517.1 2,743.4*
Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains ... ... 279.3 332.6 407.9 491.8 576.7 614.9 712.7 638.4 682.9 852.7 863.3 943.2 881.6 895.2 894.1 893.8 975.0 1,031.9 912.6 923.8 1,064.1*
Payable by individuals ... ... 103.2 111.4 128.7 138.4 159.3 177.2 187.5 177.9 187.7 214.3 241.0 268.0 237.1 268.3 283.0 275.9 281.1 298.4 297.3 295.3 329.9*
Payable by corporations and other enterprises ... ... 176.1 221.2 279.2 353.4 417.3 437.7 525.3 460.5 495.2 638.5 622.3 675.2 644.4 626.9 611.1 617.8 693.9 733.5 615.4 628.5 734.2*
Other taxes on income, profits, and capital gains ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0*
Taxes on payroll and workforce ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0*
Taxes on property ... ... 10.9 11.6 13.2 14.1 16.6 18.3 17.1 28.4 24.7 17.3 22.4 23.7 32.4 33.5 33.8 38.0 38.4 37.5 6.2 5.7 36.1*
Taxes on goods and services ... ... 455.4 535.6 595.8 698.6 704.2 737.9 747.8 724.6 924.0 1,023.5 1,056.6 1,288.5 1,247.4 1,376.6 1,406.3 1,478.8 1,566.6 1,539.1 1,441.8 1,477.1 1,523.6*
Taxes on international trade and transaction ... ... 97.5 112.7 107.1 111.5 97.8 91.6 96.5 76.9 92.8 99.4 115.6 110.0 105.5 100.4 97.5 90.6 93.8 98.0 84.2 93.0 100.2*
Other taxes ... ... 4.0 5.3 6.7 18.4 11.7 10.6 12.6 13.5 13.7 13.1 13.5 16.0 15.4 17.7 18.4 18.7 21.0 19.0 18.0 17.4 19.4*
Social contributions ... ... 30.2 46.0 62.0 73.3 74.0 79.8 84.9 82.8 132.4 98.3 103.2 103.1 128.2 144.8 145.7 153.5 162.1 172.1 151.3 107.2 119.9*
Grants ... ... 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.1 2.7 2.1 2.7 1.6 2.2 5.4 1.5 3.0 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.4 2.0 2.1*
Other revenue ... ... 134.8 203.6 186.2 212.0 217.7 233.8 279.4 275.5 351.3 304.8 342.6 374.8 405.8 483.0 524.3 540.5 612.4 627.1 627.4 578.3 572.3*
Expense ... ... 1,141.6 915.9 1,067.8 1,145.7 1,254.4 1,493.2 1,689.8 1,839.5 1,960.6 2,147.9 2,246.5 2,429.7 2,535.7 2,545.7 2,741.0 2,893.1 3,046.9 3,053.8 3,480.0 3,924.9 3,765.6*
 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 7

Thailand
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Compensation of employees ... ... 327.8 351.4 392.6 465.5 581.1 639.3 693.4 744.5 849.7 891.8 792.5 847.3 859.8 898.1 946.0 964.0 981.3 966.7 956.7 955.4 972.3*
Use of goods and services ... ... 259.0 296.5 292.8 323.4 342.8 487.1 553.2 649.6 737.5 666.0 708.9 754.6 813.1 829.9 890.5 919.0 1,010.6 987.7 989.4 1,072.0 1,180.2*
Consumption of fixed capital ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102.6 95.0 110.3 125.8 186.2 162.1 176.2 182.4 209.9 229.9*
Interest ... ... 71.6 67.6 85.1 90.8 112.8 93.3 89.8 97.6 126.2 133.4 142.5 144.1 147.6 136.7 122.2 143.6 165.0 170.8 153.8 201.9 226.0*
Subsidies ... ... 43.8 46.5 67.7 88.9 26.8 33.6 69.7 42.4 45.2 169.0 162.7 169.7 197.4 152.4 132.5 135.5 133.3 152.4 178.8 168.6 165.1*
Grants ... ... 3.8 1.6 1.7 0.3 2.1 2.4 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 1.1 1.8 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.1*
Social benefits ... ... 83.5 88.1 142.6 102.0 123.5 181.6 199.0 235.7 121.7 120.4 249.6 271.4 283.9 305.8 364.5 389.2 420.4 454.6 505.4 541.5 618.9*
Other expense ... ... 352.1 63.8 85.0 40.1 30.0 17.3 42.4 20.2 22.8 100.0 117.0 137.7 136.6 110.1 157.1 154.5 172.4 144.4 512.5 773.9 372.1*
Net operating balance ... ... ... 334.1 313.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 431.9 285.9 506.9 381.9 323.3 424.8 472.7 –237.0 –720.2 –327.8*
Gross operating balance ... ... –126.4 334.1 313.3 475.9 446.1 295.5 263.4 3.3 263.3 263.8 272.3 534.5 381.0 617.2 507.7 509.5 586.9 648.9 –54.6 –510.3 –97.8*
Transactions in Nonfinancial Assets
Net/gross investment in nonfinancial assets ... ... 233.0 212.1 201.4 257.0 279.8 276.0 232.7 284.4 343.0 327.1 373.3 356.6 379.4 483.5 324.8 383.8 396.3 401.9 472.0 359.5 423.5*
Fixed assets ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 398.7 379.4 483.6 554.2 384.4 397.1 463.6 509.3 474.9 423.5*
Inventories ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... –0.5 –0.1 –0.2 2.3 –0.7 –0.8 1.3 0.2 0.6 0.0*
Valuables ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 – –*
Nonproduced assets ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... –41.6 0.1 0.0 –231.7 0.0 –0.1 –63.0 –37.6 –115.9 –0.1*
Expenditure ... ... 1,374.5 1,127.9 1,269.2 1,402.7 1,534.3 1,769.2 1,922.5 2,123.9 2,303.6 2,475.0 2,619.8 2,786.3 2,915.1 3,029.2 3,065.8 3,276.9 3,443.2 3,455.7 3,952.0 4,284.4 4,189.1*
Net lending/Net borrowing ... ... –359.4 122.0 111.9 218.9 166.2 19.5 30.7 –281.1 –79.7 –63.3 –101.1 75.3 –93.5 23.5 57.1 –60.5 28.5 70.8 –709.0 –1,079.7 –751.3*
Primary balance ... ... –287.7 189.6 197.0 309.7 279.0 112.8 120.5 –183.5 46.4 70.1 41.4 219.3 54.1 160.2 179.4 83.1 193.6 241.6 –555.2 –877.8 –525.2*
Transactions in Financial Assets and Liabilities (Financing)
Net acquisition of financial assets ... ... 31.9 139.9 318.7 255.2 352.3 162.2 93.5 192.8 172.4 277.0 261.6 318.7 66.5 168.5 445.0 395.3 413.6 224.1 267.1 170.7 –10.3*
Domestic ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 318.7 66.5 168.5 445.0 395.3 413.6 224.1 267.1 170.7 –10.3*
External ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 – –*
Net incurrence of liabilities ... ... 391.3 17.9 206.8 36.3 186.1 142.8 62.9 473.9 252.2 340.2 362.7 263.4 192.4 165.4 361.4 404.4 441.4 122.7 953.3 1,386.2 802.4*
Domestic ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 120.4 152.3 197.3 318.4 298.2 360.1 90.7 1,031.5 1,190.8 740.6*
External ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 143.1 40.1 –31.9 43.0 106.2 81.3 32.0 –78.2 195.4 61.8*

Government Finance (% of GDP at current market prices)

Revenue ... ... 17.6 19.8 19.9 21.3 20.2 19.7 20.1 19.1 20.6 21.3 20.4 22.2 21.3 22.2 21.4 20.8 21.2 20.9 20.7 19.8 19.8*
Taxes ... ... 14.7 15.8 16.3 17.5 16.7 16.2 16.3 15.3 16.1 17.7 16.8 18.4 17.3 17.6 16.8 16.3 16.5 16.1 15.7 15.6 15.8*
Taxes payable by individuals ... ... 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9*
Taxes payable by corporations and other enterprises ... ... 3.1 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.0 4.8 5.4 4.8 4.6 5.6 5.0 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.3 3.9 3.9 4.2*
Expenditure ... ... 23.8 17.9 18.3 18.4 18.3 19.5 19.8 22.0 21.3 21.9 21.2 21.6 22.0 22.0 21.0 21.2 21.0 20.5 25.2 26.5 24.1*
Net lending/Net borrowing ... ... –6.2 1.9 1.6 2.9 2.0 0.2 0.3 –2.9 –0.7 –0.6 –0.8 0.6 –0.7 0.2 0.4 –0.4 0.2 0.4 –4.5 –6.7 –4.3*
Primary balance ... ... –5.0 3.0 2.8 4.1 3.3 1.2 1.2 –1.9 0.4 0.6 0.3 1.7 0.4 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.2 1.4 –3.5 –5.4 –3.0*

Expenditure by Function, General Government

Total expenditure ... ... 1,374.6 1,127.9 1,269.4 1,402.7 1,534.3 1,769.2 1,922.5 2,123.9 2,303.6 2,540.5 2,619.8 2,786.3 2,915.1 3,029.2 3,065.8 3,276.9 3,443.2 3,455.7 3,952.0 4,284.4 4,189.1*
General public services ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 999.8 1,059.4 1,020.3 1,109.2 1,096.7 1,101.9 1,126.8 1,232.1 1,423.8 1,220.7*
Defense ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 181.6 176.4 190.4 210.3 204.0 202.8 211.2 219.1 205.3 200.5*
Public order and safety ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 141.8 148.3 172.0 180.5 177.2 190.4 199.4 209.3 205.5 203.0*
Economic affairs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 417.6 473.9 514.4 339.3 531.4 570.0 560.7 576.3 679.5 792.9*
Environmental protection ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3.2 3.1 4.2 4.8 6.0 7.7 9.5 11.0 15.0 10.5*
Housing and community amenities ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 72.9 57.0 72.8 81.0 72.7 92.9 53.2 51.0 54.3 53.1*
Health ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 137.3 140.1 156.0 167.2 184.7 202.3 219.1 222.8 289.7 332.7*
Recreation, culture, and religion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 28.6 27.2 37.1 37.6 46.7 94.7 57.7 60.5 58.9 55.4*
Education ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 475.7 492.6 516.7 530.8 519.7 500.3 501.0 485.5 508.8 470.1*
Social protection ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 327.7 337.1 345.3 405.1 437.9 480.2 517.0 884.4 843.6 850.2*
8 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023

Thailand
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Expenditure by Function (% of GDP at current market prices)p

Education ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.7*
Health ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.8 1.9*
Social protection ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.1 5.6 5.2 4.9*

EXTERNAL TRADE calendar year (B billion)

Exports, fob 2,730.9 2,802.5 2,837.7 3,233.1 3,822.8 4,406.7 4,838.2 5,212.2 5,831.1 5,189.9 6,099.9 6,744.7 7,075.8 6,990.7 7,360.4 7,308.4 7,533.4 7,920.7 8,114.9 7,534.8 7,099.3 8,665.1 9,997.2*
Imports, fob 2,265.6 2,429.5 2,444.7 2,769.7 3,390.1 4,264.4 4,324.1 4,295.4 5,255.5 4,117.1 5,259.5 6,376.2 7,073.4 6,977.2 6,801.0 6,407.0 6,270.8 6,815.8 7,394.4 6,707.9 5,832.3 7,630.5 9,629.6*
Trade balance 465.4 373.0 393.0 463.4 432.7 142.2 514.1 916.8 575.5 1,072.8 840.4 368.5 2.4 13.5 559.4 901.3 1,262.5 1,104.9 720.4 826.9 1,267.0 1,034.6 367.6*

External Trade (% annual change)

Exports 27.0 2.6 1.3 13.9 18.2 15.3 9.8 7.7 11.9 –11.0 17.5 10.6 4.9 –1.2 5.3 –0.7 3.1 5.1 2.5 –7.1 –5.8 22.1 15.4*
Imports 39.7 7.2 0.6 13.3 22.4 25.8 1.4 –0.7 22.4 –21.7 27.7 21.2 10.9 –1.4 –2.5 –5.8 –2.1 8.7 8.5 –9.3 –13.1 30.8 26.2*

Direction of Trade calendar year ($ million)

Exports, total 68,963 65,113 68,850 80,322 96,218 110,162 130,561 153,856 175,894 151,901 193,359 220,203 227,355 224,437 224,695 210,685 213,762 235,925 250,607 245,370 229,256 266,292 283,504
1. United States 14,706 13,246 13,522 13,669 15,492 16,950 19,626 19,449 20,096 16,630 20,243 21,585 22,646 22,587 23,643 23,682 24,334 26,519 27,809 31,289 34,103 41,080 47,026
2. China, People’s Republic of 2,806 2,863 3,553 5,707 7,098 9,105 11,810 14,844 16,029 16,072 21,479 25,969 26,702 26,806 24,825 23,356 23,625 29,447 30,072 29,083 29,601 36,584 34,012
3. Japan 10,164 9,964 10,000 11,395 13,452 14,979 16,492 18,122 19,879 15,669 20,317 23,613 23,299 21,875 21,479 19,743 20,353 22,023 24,740 24,470 22,619 24,583 24,415
4. Viet Nam 838 797 947 1,267 1,873 2,348 3,094 3,803 4,968 4,666 5,846 6,986 6,443 7,065 7,801 8,765 9,357 11,561 12,858 12,081 11,076 12,330 13,097
5. Hong Kong, China 3,474 3,298 3,699 4,331 4,924 6,123 7,214 8,695 9,950 9,449 11,257 11,827 13,041 12,982 12,481 11,650 11,402 12,277 12,434 11,697 11,187 11,397 9,976
6. Malaysia 2,813 2,722 2,835 3,887 5,295 5,781 6,656 7,820 9,781 7,640 10,569 12,265 12,351 12,803 12,631 10,027 9,564 10,323 11,553 10,334 8,669 11,864 12,548
7. Australia 1,615 1,358 1,640 2,167 2,460 3,151 4,379 5,938 7,896 8,544 9,372 7,917 9,710 10,179 9,201 9,616 10,246 10,484 10,689 10,208 9,750 10,722 11,038
8. Singapore 5,997 5,287 5,554 5,873 7,009 7,641 8,411 9,610 9,999 7,552 9,003 11,301 10,763 11,056 10,338 8,614 8,183 8,275 9,227 8,862 9,419 8,863 10,142
9. Indonesia 1,338 1,366 1,678 2,274 3,207 3,953 3,336 4,819 6,259 4,654 7,347 9,971 11,142 10,702 9,409 7,705 8,126 8,827 10,162 9,086 7,535 8,718 10,214
10. India 566 482 413 641 910 1,520 1,822 2,663 3,308 3,215 4,395 5,128 5,440 5,101 5,552 5,212 5,121 6,464 7,569 7,323 5,446 8,399 10,403

Imports, total 61,923 62,057 64,721 75,824 94,407 118,143 130,605 141,294 179,168 134,734 185,121 229,092 250,453 249,577 227,895 201,790 195,103 223,707 249,373 238,924 207,092 266,713 303,590
1. China, People’s Republic of 3,377 3,711 4,928 6,067 8,182 11,153 13,801 16,381 20,149 17,162 24,526 30,553 37,327 37,595 38,528 40,902 42,247 44,701 50,158 50,865 50,160 66,375 71,202
2. Japan 15,315 13,881 14,902 18,267 22,379 26,026 26,034 28,655 33,535 25,210 38,320 42,268 49,030 40,979 35,551 31,126 30,841 32,386 35,433 33,586 27,824 35,580 34,650
3. United States 7,291 7,198 6,197 7,185 7,270 8,724 9,782 9,641 11,501 8,502 10,885 13,501 12,590 14,583 14,598 13,815 12,104 14,957 15,053 17,524 14,833 14,379 18,057
4. Malaysia 3,344 3,078 3,640 4,540 5,549 8,092 8,599 8,702 9,726 8,642 10,857 12,352 13,190 13,238 12,760 11,872 10,847 11,703 13,306 12,915 10,203 11,984 14,546
5. United Arab Emirates 1,766 1,529 1,428 2,039 3,711 5,699 7,219 6,898 11,160 6,720 8,886 14,498 15,753 17,366 12,724 8,134 6,011 7,474 10,473 7,452 5,280 9,494 17,425
6. Taipei,China 2,895 2,599 2,905 3,229 3,977 4,501 5,175 5,788 6,217 4,835 6,898 7,519 8,262 7,572 7,545 7,502 7,157 8,227 8,679 8,174 8,288 10,482 11,872
7. Korea, Republic of 2,165 2,121 2,527 2,919 3,590 3,888 5,198 5,338 6,857 5,461 8,167 9,234 9,058 9,043 8,560 7,013 7,323 8,081 8,922 8,761 7,709 9,893 10,161
8. Indonesia 1,299 1,364 1,559 1,771 2,323 3,130 3,484 4,025 5,420 3,832 5,759 7,403 8,145 8,066 7,290 6,536 6,361 7,380 7,995 7,300 5,815 8,101 9,723
9. Singapore 3,416 2,854 2,904 3,270 4,153 5,375 5,760 6,342 7,104 5,761 6,368 7,803 7,883 8,180 7,894 7,141 6,546 7,972 7,723 7,667 7,516 7,343 8,278
10. Viet Nam 331 327 240 337 439 890 909 1,122 1,448 1,399 1,414 2,035 3,003 3,269 3,941 4,033 4,438 5,006 5,729 5,506 5,465 6,922 7,973

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS calendar year ($ million)

Current account balance 9,328 5,114 4,685 4,784 2,767 –7,642 2,315 15,584 931 22,189 11,486 9,427 –4,899 –8,833 11,643 27,753 43,438 43,952 28,479 38,256 20,933 –10,646 –17,230
Balance on goods 5,466 2,494 2,739 3,759 1,460 3,402 13,670 26,640 17,348 31,202 26,678 12,186 30 40 17,216 26,116 35,776 32,581 22,388 26,725 40,402 32,354 10,814
Exports 67,889 63,070 66,092 78,105 94,941 109,362 127,941 151,258 175,233 151,764 192,903 221,399 227,655 227,455 226,638 213,364 213,488 233,688 251,108 242,701 226,984 270,564 285,375
Imports 62,423 60,576 63,353 74,346 93,481 105,960 114,272 124,618 157,885 120,562 166,225 209,213 227,625 227,416 209,422 187,248 177,711 201,107 228,720 215,976 186,582 238,210 274,561
Balance on services 4,650 4,475 5,007 5,062 5,294 –6,873 –8,002 –7,957 –12,897 –4,225 –6,993 –4,553 850 7,401 6,693 15,564 20,275 24,296 22,535 24,323 –14,469 –32,433 –22,132
Credit 13,869 13,024 15,391 15,801 19,050 19,925 24,612 30,114 33,125 30,204 34,340 41,545 46,521 54,804 51,940 58,082 63,786 70,964 77,474 81,178 30,997 25,438 40,578
Debit 9,219 8,549 10,384 10,739 13,756 26,798 32,614 38,071 46,021 34,430 41,333 46,097 45,671 47,403 45,247 42,518 43,511 46,668 54,939 56,855 45,466 57,871 62,710
 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 9

Thailand
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Balance on primary income –1,373 –2,454 –3,664 –4,978 –6,121 –8,371 –8,046 –8,693 –10,194 –9,927 –14,314 –9,140 –18,241 –26,901 –20,994 –20,622 –19,427 –20,462 –24,458 –19,973 –11,056 –18,009 –14,771
Credit 4,234 3,919 3,419 3,152 3,247 2,453 3,333 5,599 4,988 4,334 5,663 6,645 8,057 6,530 7,359 4,896 6,463 8,529 8,730 11,117 12,173 14,700 15,266
Debit 5,607 6,373 7,083 8,130 9,368 10,824 11,379 14,292 15,182 14,261 19,978 15,785 26,299 33,431 28,353 25,518 25,891 28,991 33,188 31,091 23,229 32,708 30,037
Balance on secondary income 585 599 603 941 2,134 4,200 4,693 5,594 6,674 5,139 6,116 10,934 12,462 10,627 8,728 6,695 6,814 7,537 8,015 7,182 6,057 7,442 8,859
Credit 951 987 980 1,326 2,483 4,778 5,321 6,279 7,502 7,998 8,812 13,692 15,563 14,180 12,373 10,475 10,585 11,161 11,799 13,385 11,131 12,557 14,212
Debit 366 388 377 385 349 578 628 686 828 2,859 2,696 2,758 3,101 3,554 3,645 3,780 3,771 3,624 3,784 6,203 5,074 5,116 5,353
Capital account – – ... ... ... – – – – 68 245 –41 234 281 100 0 13 –112 –611 4 43 0 35
Credit ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 68 245 65 234 281 100 0 13 29 – 4 43 0 35
Debit ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... – – 105 – – – – – 141 611 – – – –
Financial account –10,261 –3,474 –1,845 –4,759 3,628 7,857 7,389 –183 17,289 1,386 23,573 –8,269 12,790 –2,488 –15,955 –16,799 –20,195 –10,472 –12,299 –14,762 –11,698 –5,980 2,208
Direct investment 3,371 4,631 3,164 4,614 5,786 7,664 7,877 7,087 6,222 415 6,615 –4,702 –1,362 3,814 –766 3,937 –9,906 –5,897 –3,380 –4,645 –23,544 –4,511 1,815
Portfolio investment –712 –881 –1,606 –73 3,071 6,494 4,912 –3,910 159 –429 4,870 6,163 3,398 –4,766 –12,013 –16,508 –2,798 –2,152 –5,760 –8,798 –11,997 –11,894 5,761
Financial derivatives –529 –894 –179 –174 174 130 –610 539 –341 966 903 303 118 134 822 –410 –1,156 203
Other investmentq –12,920 –7,224 –3,403 –9,300 –5,229 –5,772 –4,507 –3,181 11,082 1,226 11,957 –9,120 10,214 –1,195 –4,141 –5,131 –7,794 –2,541 –3,292 –2,141 24,253 11,581 –5,572
Net errors and omissions –684 –323 1,394 118 –660 5,207 3,038 1,702 6,473 484 –3,979 97 –2,860 5,991 3,001 –5,095 –10,412 –7,412 –8,303 –9,916 9,074 9,529 4,756
Overall balance –1,617 1,317 4,234 143 5,735 5,422 12,742 17,102 24,693 24,127 31,324 1,214 5,265 –5,049 –1,210 5,859 12,845 25,957 7,266 13,583 18,353 –7,097 –10,232
Reserves and related items –1,617 1,317 4,234 143 5,735 5,422 12,742 17,102 24,693 24,127 31,324 1,214 5,265 –5,049 –1,210 5,859 12,845 25,957 7,266 13,583 18,353 –7,097 –10,232
International investment position –58,883 –50,702 –44,517 –54,579 –50,966 –53,835 –55,153 –55,069 –13,417 –4,678 –41,869 –41,112 –81,073 –69,645 –97,279 –42,727 –33,115 –48,904 –24,966 –22,627 39,002 33,203 –14,736

Balance of Payments (% of GDP at current market prices)

Exports 53.7 52.4 49.2 51.3 54.9 57.8 57.7 57.5 60.1 53.9 56.6 59.7 57.3 54.1 55.6 53.2 51.6 51.2 49.6 44.6 45.4 53.5 57.6
Imports 49.4 50.4 47.2 48.8 54.1 56.0 51.5 47.4 54.2 42.8 48.7 56.4 57.3 54.1 51.4 46.7 43.0 44.1 45.1 39.7 37.3 47.1 55.4
Balance on goods 4.3 2.1 2.0 2.5 0.8 1.8 6.2 10.1 6.0 11.1 7.8 3.3 0.0 0.0 4.2 6.5 8.7 7.1 4.4 4.9 8.1 6.4 2.2
Balance on services 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.1 –3.6 –3.6 –3.0 –4.4 –1.5 –2.1 –1.2 0.2 1.8 1.6 3.9 4.9 5.3 4.4 4.5 –2.9 –6.4 –4.5
Current account balance 7.4 4.3 3.5 3.1 1.6 –4.0 1.0 5.9 0.3 7.9 3.4 2.5 –1.2 –2.1 2.9 6.9 10.5 9.6 5.6 7.0 4.2 –2.1* –3.5*
Overall balance –1.3 1.1 3.2 0.1 3.3 2.9 5.7 6.5 8.5 8.6 9.2 0.3 1.3 –1.2 –0.3 1.5 3.1 5.7 1.4 2.5 3.7 –1.4 –2.1

INTERNATIONAL RESERVES as of end of period ($ million)

Total 32,661 33,041 38,915 42,148 49,831 52,065 66,985 87,455 111,008 138,418 172,129 175,124 181,609 167,289 157,108 156,514 171,853 202,562 205,641 224,322 258,128 245,985 216,596
Gold, national valuation 645 686 869 1,071 1,167 1,374 1,693 2,234 2,347 2,935 4,599 7,735 8,282 5,961 5,854 5,248 5,696 6,442 6,345 7,505 9,385 14,248 14,323
Foreign exchange 31,933 32,350 38,042 40,965 48,498 50,502 65,147 85,110 108,317 133,599 165,656 165,200 171,106 159,022 149,064 149,291 164,148 194,048 197,031 214,573 246,034 224,804 195,582
Reserve position in the IMF 0 0 0 111 165 188 143 111 213 361 377 695 725 806 777 624 698 681 900 877 1,284 1,238 1,263
SDRs 83 5 4 0 1 1 1 0 131 1,523 1,497 1,494 1,497 1,500 1,412 1,351 1,311 1,392 1,366 1,367 1,426 5,695 5,428

EXCHANGE RATES (B–$)

End of period 43.27 44.22 43.15 39.59 39.06 41.03 36.05 33.72 34.90 33.32 30.15 31.69 30.63 32.81 32.96 36.09 35.83 32.68 32.45 30.15 30.04 33.42 34.56
Average of period 40.11 44.43 42.96 41.48 40.22 40.22 37.88 34.52 33.31 34.29 31.69 30.49 31.08 30.73 32.48 34.25 35.30 33.94 32.31 31.05 31.29 31.98 35.06

EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS as of end of year ($ million)

Total debt outstanding and disbursed 79,830 67,297 62,922 58,453 58,417 58,467 62,493 62,779 66,619 80,824 106,358 115,440 148,244 151,653 146,034 132,186 139,220 161,647 172,494 179,773 200,015 210,982 ...
Long-term debt 61,778 52,286 50,497 47,371 46,797 42,332 44,554 44,350 46,033 46,019 54,207 66,662 88,572 88,262 88,580 78,266 83,454 91,528 107,740 118,649 123,803 131,101 ...
Public and publicly guaranteed 29,462 26,218 22,534 17,712 14,911 12,602 10,687 8,941 9,859 10,668 15,929 20,456 26,542 25,804 25,205 22,396 23,169 29,521 35,878 39,207 35,408 36,136 ...
Private nonguaranteed 32,316 26,069 27,963 29,660 31,887 29,730 33,867 35,410 36,174 35,351 38,278 46,206 62,030 62,459 63,375 55,869 60,285 62,007 71,862 79,442 88,395 94,965 ...
Short-term debt 14,880 13,223 11,919 10,956 11,488 16,014 17,812 18,295 20,455 33,284 50,657 47,288 58,181 61,896 56,048 52,576 54,462 68,738 63,405 59,782 74,814 74,214 ...
Use of IMF credit 3,172 1,787 506 126 131 121 127 134 130 1,521 1,494 1,490 1,491 1,494 1,406 1,345 1,304 1,382 1,349 1,342 1,397 5,667 ...
10 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023

Thailand
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

External debt (% of GNI) 64.4 57.6 48.6 40.0 35.3 32.3 29.3 24.7 23.7 29.7 32.5 31.9 39.1 38.5 37.8 34.7 35.3 37.1 35.8 34.3 41.0 43.2 ...
Total long-term debt (% of total debt) 77.4 77.7 80.3 81.0 80.1 72.4 71.3 70.6 69.1 56.9 51.0 57.7 59.7 58.2 60.7 59.2 59.9 56.6 62.5 66.0 61.9 62.1 ...
Short-term debt (% of total debt) 18.6 19.6 18.9 18.7 19.7 27.4 28.5 29.1 30.7 41.2 47.6 41.0 39.2 40.8 38.4 39.8 39.1 42.5 36.8 33.3 37.4 35.2 ...
Debt service (% of exports of goods and services) 16.3 25.4 23.2 15.5 11.0 13.7 9.4 11.8 8.0 6.8 4.7 3.9 5.4 4.9 9.0 6.7 5.1 4.7 5.5 8.1 7.7 5.9 ...

Debt service transactions during the year ($ million)

Principal repayments on long-term debt 8,961 15,720 15,811 12,559 11,213 16,464 12,794 20,333 15,417 11,313 9,386 8,815 13,317 12,705 24,236 17,304 12,332 13,452 16,891 24,927 18,734 16,653 19,411
Interest on long-term debt 3,777 2,617 2,099 1,729 1,284 1,074 1,093 883 1,092 1,086 1,076 1,176 1,354 688 793 786 1,530 818 1,162 1,605 1,568 768 1,597
Interest on short-term debt 905 562 419 382 384 503 761 789 470 321 499 486 666 616 563 520 510 520 575 549 658 669 ...

Average terms of new commitments

Interest rate (% per annum) 1.5 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.7 3.3 5.4 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 – – 4.0 0.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.6 4.0 ...
Maturity (years) 29.0 6.9 24.9 6.6 3.0 13.6 5.8 17.2 15.5 21.3 18.8 19.7 20.1 – – 19.9 16.0 19.7 19.3 18.7 6.8 31.4 ...
Grace period (years) 6.8 3.6 4.6 3.6 3.0 9.1 2.2 5.2 11.4 13.7 17.3 19.0 18.5 – – 5.9 9.6 19.7 19.1 18.7 3.5 31.4 ...
Grant element (%) 36.6 12.5 23.6 13.0 9.0 10.5 –1.6 24.5 30.3 37.3 35.7 36.6 37.2 – – 8.7 35.0 36.6 35.7 34.5 14.9 14.9 ...

... = data not available; | = marks break in series; 0 or (-/+) 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed; – = magnitude equals zero; * = provisional, preliminary, estimate; $ = United States dollars; B = baht; fob = free on board; GDP = gross domestic product; GNI = gross national income; IMF = International Monetary Fund; km² = square kilometer;
kWh = kilowatt-hour; L = liter; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households; scf = standard cubic foot; SDRs = special drawing rights; t = metric ton.

a For 2010 onward, data include non-Thai citizens who are listed in the civil registration.
b Labor force refers to the population aged 15 years and older, and includes the seasonally inactive labor force in addition to those employed and unemployed. Data refer to the average of the four labor force survey rounds. Prior to 2011, the survey used the classification suitable to Thailand’s industries based on the International Standard
Industrial Classification. From 2011 onward, the labor force survey used the third revision of the Thailand Standard Industrial Classification (2009 TSIC). 2022 use Population Projection for Thailand 2010 - 2040 (Revised Edition).
c For 2000–2007, data on transportation and storage and information and communication are consolidated under transportation and communication.
d Refers to hotels and restaurants.
e Includes all industries other than those named, and is derived as residual.
f Includes mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply; water supply; and sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities.
g Includes construction.
h Chain volume series are not additive. Thus, the sum of the components will not add up to the total.
i Refers to activities of households as employers.
j Includes NPISHs final consumption.
k From July 2010, premium gasoline was no longer available in Thailand. For 2010 onward, data pertain to Gasohol 95.
l Includes furnishings, household equipment, and routine household maintenance.
m Includes miscellaneous goods and services.
n For 2001, actual range of rates is 2.25%–2.50%.
o For 2001, actual range of rates is 2.75%–3.00%.
p For 2013–2022, ratios are calculated using the latest GDP from Thailand’s Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council.
q For 2000–2004, includes financial derivatives.

Sources:

Population Government of Thailand, National Economic and Social Development Council. Official communication, 17 March 2023; past communication.

Labor Force Government of Thailand, National Statistics Office. Official communication, 14 March 2023; past communication.

National Accounts Government of Thailand, National Economic and Social Development Council. Official communication, 17 March 2023; past communication.

Production Indexes Bank of Thailand (BOT). Official communication, 20 March 2023; past communication.

Energy Government of Thailand, Ministry of Energy. Official communication, 08 March 2023; past communication.
 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 11

Thailand

Price Indexes BOT. Official Communication, 20 March 2023; past communication.

Money and Interest Rates BOT. Official Communication, 20 March 2023; past communication.

Government Finance Government of Thailand, Ministry of Finance. Official communication, 11 April 2023; past communication.

External Trade BOT. Official Communication, 20 March 2023; past communication.

Direction of Trade International Monetary Fund (IMF). Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/ (accessed 30 June 2023).

Balance of Payments BOT. Official Communication, 02 April 2023; past communication.

International Reserves IMF. International Financial Statistics. https://data.imf.org/ (accessed 30 June 2023).

Exchange Rates IMF. International Financial Statistics. https://data.imf.org/ (accessed 30 June 2023).

External Indebtedness World Bank. International Debt Statistics. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/international-debt-statistics# (accessed 30 June 2023).