Unit I: Internet Concepts

Introduction – Internet Connection Concepts – Connecting to

Dial-up Internet Accounts – High Speed Connections : ISDN,
ADSL, and Cable Modes – Intranets : Connecting LAN to the
Internet

Identify each of the ARPANET and the INTERNET

• ARPANET (The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ) was the
network that became the basis for the Internet.
• in 1967, ARPANET was developed under the direction of the U.S.
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
• In 1969, the idea became a modest reality with the interconnection of four
university computers.
• The initial purpose was to communicate with and share computer resources
among mainly scientific users at the connected institutions.
Basic Internet Definition
• ARPANET - The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network which is
the precursor to the Internet.
• ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The de facto
world wide standard code for alphanumeric characters.
• URL - Uniform Resource Locator. A unique name that identifies an Internet
site.
• WWW - World Wide Web. The universe of hypertext servers.
• Browser - A program that is specifically used to look at various WWW
resources.
• Domain Name - A unique name that identifies an Internet site.
• E-mail - Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via a
computer.
• Client - Any computer that makes use of services available from other
computers.
• Host - A computer or software package which provides a specific kind of
service to other computers. One that is seen by other computers on the
Internet.
• Server - Any computer that makes services available to other computers.
• Modem - A device that allows a computer to use a phone line to
communicate with another computer.
• Protocol - The rules of conduct which enables a computer to communicate
with another computer.
 • PPP - A protocol that allows a computer to use a telephone line and a
modem to make TCP/IP connections.
• TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. This is the
protocol which defines the Internet.
• Fire Wall - A combination of hardware and software that separates a LAN
into two or more parts for security purposes.

Introduction to Internet
• The internet in simple terms is a network of the interlinked computer
networking worldwide, which is accessible to the general public.
• These interconnected computers work by transmitting data through a
special type of packet switching which is known as the IP or the internet
protocol.
• The World Wide Web (www) is only a portion of what makes up the
internet, but it is the fastest growing part of the internet.
• The Web lets people, organizations and companies publish information
for other people to see.
• The Web is a large number of computer documents or "Web pages" .
• They are stored on computers around the world and are connected to
one another using hyperlinks.
• These Web pages can be seen by anyone through their computer's
"Web Browser”.
• A group of Web pages that follow the same theme and are connected
together with hyperlinks is called a "Web site" .
• Web sites and Web pages are written in a coding language that makes it
possible to add pictures, sound and interactivity to plain old text
Services through the net
Major services:
• Email – Electronic Mail
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol
• Gopher
• Newsgroups
• Telnet – Remote session
• WAIS – Wide Area Information System
• WWW – World Wide Web

How to Connect to the Internet

You need an Internet service provider (ISP). An ISP can be one of the following
types:
• dial-up,
 • broadband,
• wireless,
• wireless mobile, or
• satellite.

Internet Connection: Wired

Dial-up Broadband Options

Cable DSL FiOS

• Least • Offered by • Uses • Fastest of the

expensive your cable telephone three broadband
• Use regular TV line to carry alternatives
phone line provider digital • Speeds top out at
to connect • Cable signal 50 Mbps
to network speeds • Average • Can carry Internet
• $10-$30 range from speeds of , phone, and TV
per month 1 Mbps – 384 Kbps – over fiber optic
• Very slow, 50 Mbps 7 Mbps cables
maxing out
at 56 Kbps

What are the Browsers & Search Engines

• A Web Search Engine is designed to search for information on the World
Wide Web.
• The search results are generally presented in a line of results often referred
to as search engine results pages (SERPs).
• Google is the most popular search engine in the world, and a multinational,
publicly-traded organization built around the company's hugely popular
search engine.
 User can search for any information by writing what he is looking for
in the search text box.
  Google can view the searched information as a web pages, pictures
and there is a part for Maps, YouTube, and news.
 Google have its own E-Mail Application called “Gmail”.
Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
• The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular computer on
the Internet.
• However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML document resides
on that computer.
• To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on Uniform
Resource Locator (URL).
• URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:
 What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
 The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
 The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on which the
file resides
 The name of the file
Uniform Resource Locators (URL)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• Tells your computer what type of page you are looking at.
• If you see HTTPs, it is a secure Webpage.
• FTP is for File Transfer Protocol.
• WWW represents the computer or server on the site you are viewing

Domain Name
The name always has two or more parts separated by a dot. The last part of the
name identifies the site
• Top-Level Domains:
 • .edu – Educational Institutions
• .com – Company / Commercial Organizations
• .org – Non-profit Organizations
• .net – Network, network of sites
• .mil – Military Installations
• .gov – Government sites
• Sub Domains:
• .sa – Saudi Arabia
• .in - India
• .jp - Japan
• .uk – United Kingdom

Connecting to Dial-up Internet Accounts

There are many connections that can be used for internet access. All the
connections have their own speed range that can be used for different
purposes like for home, or for personal use.

Dial-Up Connection
• A dial-up connection is established between computer and the ISP
server using a modem.
• A dial-Up Connection is a cheap and traditional connection that is
not preferred these days as this type of connection is very slow.0
seconds of 17 seconds Volume 0%
• To access the internet connection in the dial-up connection we need
to dial a phone number on the computer and that’s why it requires a
telephone connection.
• It requires a modem to set up a dial-up connection, which works as
interference between computer and the telephone line. In this
connection, we can use either an internet connection or telephone
at a time.
 • Dial Up Connection

Advantages of ISDN :

1. It is faster than dial-up connection as its maximum speed is upto 128

Kbps (HRT) compared to 56 Kbps of dial-up connection.
2. It allows you to access Internet and talk on the phone simultaneously
3. It is suitable for accessing the Internet in a LAN provided a limited
number of computers(2 to 8) are attached to it.

Disadvantages of ISDN :

1. It is difficult to set up and troubleshoot

2. It is not widely available as it is only available in some limited areas.
3. It is expensive as compared to dial-up connection as per minute
charges can make it costly when a lot of Internet access is required.
4. It has limited expendability. It is not practical for more than 6
computers depending upon the usage.

Broadband Connection
 Broadband refers to high-speed internet access that is faster than
traditional dial-up access.
 It is provided through either cable or telephone composition. It does
not require any telephone connection that’s why here we can use
telephone and internet connection simultaneously.
 In this connection, more than one person can access the internet
connection simultaneously.
 It is a wide bandwidth data transmission that transports several
signals and traffic types.
 In this connection, the medium used is coaxial cable, optical fiber
cable, radio, or twisted pair cable.

•
• Broadband Connection

DSL
• DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line . It provides an internet
connection through the telephone line(network).
• DSL is a form of broadband communication that is always on, there
is no need to dial a phone number to connect.
• DSL connection uses a router to transport data and the speed of
this connection range between 128k to 8Mbps depending on the
service offered.
• A DSL connection can translate data at 5 million bytes per second,
or 5mbps.
• DSL service can be delivered simultaneously with wired telephone
service on the same telephone line due to high-frequency bands for
data.
 • DSL

Some of the most common DSL are:

o Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)

o Rate adaptive DSL (RADSL)
o Very high bit-rate DSL (VSDL)
o Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
o High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)
o ISDN DSL (IDSL)

Advantages of DSL connection:

1. It is always on connection and users need not wait as in case of dialup

connection.
2. It allows you to use a telephone and Internet simultaneously.
3. It is ideal for downloading video games, watching movies online,
online video conferencing etc.
 4. It is faster than ISDN and dial-up connection.
5. It eliminates the performance overhead associated with standard dial-
up connection as there is no need to convert analog signal to digital
signal and digital to analog signals.

Disadvantages of DSL Connection:

1. Limited Availability Availability only in limited areas.

2. It is expensive in terms of setup and equipment costs.
3. Upload speed is much slower than download speed.

CABLE TV INTERNET CONNECTION

Cable TV Internet Connection is a high speed Internet connection service

provided through existing Cable TV lines.

We can watch TV in a normal manner and at the same time access the
Internet.

The cable TV lines use the coaxial cable which transfers data at much higher
speed than common telephone lines.

Its speed usually ranges from 256 Kbps to 1 Mbps

In order to access this service, a cable modem is used which is provided by

a Cable TV operator.

A cable modem typically has two connections, one for the Internet service
and other for the Cable TV signals.

These modems are specially designed so that data transmission doesn't

interfere with TV signals, making it possible to use both the services
simultaneously.

Advantages of Cable TV Internet Connection:

 1. Data transfer speed is very fast.
2. It provides continuous and instantaneous connectivity i.e. connection
is always ON.
3. There is no internet login required and the user never gets busy
signals as in case of dialup connection.

Disadvantages of Cable TV Internet Connection:

1. As the connection may be shared by multiple customers this may

slow down the connection to the Internet during peak time.)
2. Only available in areas with Cable TV connections
3. Customers are not able to telecommunicate host websites, use video
teleconferencing and many other bandwidth eating applications.
4. It is inexpensive as compared to other types of connections though.
5. Its initial cost may be high
6. Customers sharing the same cable network with other customers
poses certain security risks such as unauthorized monitoring and
hacking, denial of service etc.
What is intranet

The intranet is a private network that belongs to a particular

organization. It is designed for the exclusive use of an organization and its
associates, such as employees, customers, and other authorized people.

It offers a secure platform to convey information and share data with

authorized users. Confidential information, database, links, forms, and
applications can be made available to the staff through the intranet. So, it is
like a private internet or an internal website that is operating within an
organization to provide its employees access to its information and records.
Each computer in intranet is identified by a unique IP Address.

Connecting a Local Area Network (LAN) to the Internet typically involves

setting up an intranet. An intranet is a private network within an
organization that uses internet technologies to securely share information,
resources, and services among its members. Here are the general steps to
connect a LAN to the Internet through an intranet:

1. Infrastructure Setup:
Ensure that your LAN infrastructure is properly set up,
including routers, switches, and networking devices. Make sure all
devices are connected and configured appropriately.
2. Internet Connection:
Obtain a reliable and high-speed Internet connection from an
Internet Service Provider (ISP). This can be a broadband
connection like DSL, cable, fiber-optic, or other suitable options.
4. Router Configuration
Connect your LAN to the Internet through a router. The router
serves as the gateway between your internal network and the
Internet. Configure the router with the necessary settings provided
by your ISP.
4. Static or Dynamic IP Address:
Decide whether your network will use static or dynamic IP
addressing. Static IP addresses provide a fixed address for each
 device, while dynamic IP addresses are assigned automatically by
the router. Most ISPs use dynamic IP addresses, but static IPs
might be necessary for certain applications.
5. Network Address Translation (NAT):
Implement Network Address Translation (NAT) on your router.
NAT allows multiple devices within your LAN to share a single
public IP address, providing a layer of security by hiding internal IP
addresses from the outside world.
6. Firewall Configuration:
Set up a firewall to protect your network from unauthorized
access and potential security threats. Configure the firewall rules to
control the traffic entering and leaving network.
7. Intranet Server Setup:
If your organization requires internal servers (e.g., web server,
email server), set them up within your LAN. Ensure that these
servers are configured to provide the necessary services securely.
8. Domain Name System (DNS):
Configure DNS settings to translate human-readable domain
names to IP addresses. This helps users access resources on the
Internet using easily remembered domain names rather than IP
addresses.
9. Security Measures:
Implement security measures such as encryption (e.g.,
WPA2/WPA3 for Wi-Fi), Virtual Private Network (VPN) for remote
access, and regular software updates to protect your network from
vulnerabilities.
10. Monitoring and Maintenance:
Regularly monitor your network for any issues and perform
maintenance tasks, including updating firmware, checking security
logs, and addressing any performance issues.

By following these steps, we can effectively connect the LAN to

the Internet through an intranet while ensuring security and
optimal performance.