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Lecture 13

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34 views16 pages

Lecture 13

Uploaded by

muhammadarsalank01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric Machines

AUTOTRANSFORMER

On some occasions it is desirable to change voltage levels by only a small


amount.

For example, it may be necessary to increase a voltage from 110 to 120 V or from
13.2 to 13.8 kV .

These small rises may be made necessary by voltage drops that occur in power
systems a long way from the generators.

In such circumstances, it is wasteful and excessively expensive to wind a


transformer with two full windings, each rated at about the same voltage.

A special-purpose transformer, called an autotransformer is used instead.


A diagram of a step-up auto transformer is shown in Figure.

In Figure (a) the two coils of the transformer are shown in the conventional
manner.

In Figure (b), the first winding is shown connected in an additive manner to


the second winding.
Now, the relationship between the voltage on the first winding and the
voltage on the second winding is given by the turn's ratio of the transformer.

However, the voltage at the output of the whole transformer is the sum of
the voltage on the first winding and the voltage on the second winding.

The first winding here is called the common winding, because its voltage
appears on both sides of the transformer.

The smaller winding is called the series winding, because it is connected


in series with the common winding.
A diagram of a step-down autotransformer is shown in Figure.

Here the voltage at the input is the sum of the voltages on the series winding and
the common winding.

while the voltage at the output is just the voltage on the common winding.
Because the transformer coils are physically connected, a different
terminology is used for the autotransformer than for other types of
transformers.

The voltage on the common coil is called the common voltage Vc.

The current in that coil is called the common current Ic.

The voltage on the series coil is called the series voltage VSE,

The current in that coil is called the series current IsE


The voltage and current on the low-voltage side of the transformer are
called VL and IL , respectively,

while the corresponding quantities on the high-voltage side of the


transformer are called VH and IH .

The primary side of the auto transformer (the side with power into it) can
be either the high-voltage side or the low-voltage side, depending on
whether the auto transformer is acting as a step-down or a step-up
transformer.
The voltages and currents in the coils are related by the equations
Voltage and Current Relationships in an Autotransformer

What is the voltage relationship between the two sides of an autotransformer?


They are also used as variable transformers, where the low-
voltage tap moves up and down the winding.

This is a very convenient way to get a variable ac voltage


The principal disadvantage of autotransformers is that, unlike ordinary
transformers, there is a direct physical connection between the primary
and the secondary circuits, so the electrical isolation of the two sides is
lost.

The internal impedance of an autotransformer is small as compared to a


conventional two-winding transformer and it can be a serious problem in
some applications where the series impedance is needed to limit current
flows during power system faults (short circuits)
The Voltage and Frequency Ratings of a Transformer

The voltage rating of a transformer serves two functions.

One is to protect the winding insulation from breakdown due to an


excessive voltage applied to it

The second function is related to the magnetization curve and


magnetization current of the transformer.
Thus, if a 60-Hz transformer is to be operated on 50 Hz, its applied
voltage must also be reduced.

This reduction in applied voltage with frequency is called derating.

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