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Frequency Domain Analysis

This document provides an introduction to frequency domain analysis using Fourier transforms. It discusses: 1) The Fourier method decomposes signals into sinusoids based on whether they are continuous or discrete, and periodic or aperiodic. This leads to four categories of transforms: Fourier series, Fourier transform, discrete time Fourier transform, and discrete Fourier transform. 2) Fourier transforms express a signal as a combination of simple sinusoidal basis functions at various frequencies. Inverse transforms can then reconstruct the signal by summing its constituent frequencies. 3) Fourier transforms have many applications in fields like telecommunications, signal processing, music, and more that involve filtering, correlation, feature extraction, and spectral analysis.

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24 views16 pages

Frequency Domain Analysis

This document provides an introduction to frequency domain analysis using Fourier transforms. It discusses: 1) The Fourier method decomposes signals into sinusoids based on whether they are continuous or discrete, and periodic or aperiodic. This leads to four categories of transforms: Fourier series, Fourier transform, discrete time Fourier transform, and discrete Fourier transform. 2) Fourier transforms express a signal as a combination of simple sinusoidal basis functions at various frequencies. Inverse transforms can then reconstruct the signal by summing its constituent frequencies. 3) Fourier transforms have many applications in fields like telecommunications, signal processing, music, and more that involve filtering, correlation, feature extraction, and spectral analysis.

Uploaded by

almuhseen24
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS

FOURIER REPRESENTATION OF
SIGNALS
INTRODUCTION
• Fourier method of description of signals is based
on decomposing signals into sinusoids.
• Fourier method can be broken into four
categories based on whether a signal is either
continuous or discrete, periodic or aperiodic.
• Fourier Transform is the name used for
processing of Aperiodic-Continuous signal
– Fourier Series – Periodic-Continuous signal
– Discrete Time Fourier Transform – Aperiodic-Discrete
Signal.
– Discrete Fourier Transform – Periodic- Discrete Signal.
INTRODUCTION
• Recall, the primary objective of signal transformation
is to express a signal in terms of a combination of a
set of simple elementary signals, known as the basis
functions.
• In Fourier transform the basic elementary signals are
a set of sinusoidal signals (sines and cosines) with
various periods of repetition (frequency).
• In inverse Fourier transform a signal can be
synthesized by adding up its constituent frequencies.
• The applications of the Fourier transform in telecom
and signal processing include filtering, correlation,
music processing, signal coding, signal synthesis,
feature extraction for pattern identification as in
speech or image recognition, spectral analysis and
radar signal processing.
INTRODUCTION

• The following three sinusoidal component


form the basis function of Fourier analysis.
Fourier Series Equations
Fourier series Equations
• Ck conveys the amplitude (a measure of the
strength) and the phase (or time delay) of the
frequency content of the signal.
• The set of Ck is known as the frequency
spectrum of the signal x(t).
• By Fourier representation; Signal x(t) in
equation above is represented as a sum of its
constituent harmonics (Ck/ frequency content)
Fourier Transform Equations
Fourier Transform Equations
• Notice that:
• The discrete summation sign Σ in fourier series analysis
equation is replaced by the continuous summation
integral sign ∫, in its fourier transform equivalent
• The discrete harmonics of the fundamental frequency
kF0 is replaced by the continuous frequency variable f,
and
• The discrete frequency spectrum ck is replaced by a
continuous frequency spectrum say X ( f ) .
• In summary, the difference between the frequency
analysis of continuous- time periodic signal and its
aperiodic counterpart is that; the spectrum of the latter
is continuous while the former is discrete
DISCRETE TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM
DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM(DFT)
DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM(DFT)
• When a non-periodic signal is sampled, its
Fourier transform becomes periodic but
continuous function of frequency (DTFT).
• The discrete Fourier transform (DFT)is derived
from sampling the Fourier transform of a
discrete-time signal at N discrete-frequencies
corresponding to integer multiples of the
frequency sampling interval 2π/N.
• The DFT is effectively the Fourier series of a
sampled signal.
Conceptual evolution from Fourier series of a
periodic signal to DFT of a sampled signal
Some Useful Fourier Transform Pairs
Some properties of the Fourier
Transform for Discrete Time Signals
EXAMPLE

• Solution:
EXAMPLE
• Find the spectrum of an N-sample segment of a
complex sinewave with a fundamental frequency
F0=1/T0.

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