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Economics of Power Generation

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Shubham Ladukar
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38 views16 pages

Economics of Power Generation

Uploaded by

Shubham Ladukar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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+A load curve is plot ofthe load demand (on the y-axis) versus | the time (on the x-axis), Connected load: A consumer, for example a domestic com may have several appliances rated at different wattages. The ‘gum of these ratings (s his or her connected load, ; Maximum demand: It is the maximum load used by a consumer at any time. It can be less than or equal to the connected load The maximum demand is usually measured in units of kW or MW bya maximum demand indicator. (Usually, in the case of HT consumers, the MD is measured In terms of kVA or MVA.) |. Load factor of a power station is defined as a. maximum demand/average load b. average load x maximum demand . average load/maximum demand d. (average load x maximum demand)x365 lAns: c. average load/maximum demand 1 Load factor:- The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period is known as Loud factor = “Niax, demand ifthe plant isin operation for T hour Lond fictor = . 35.1 % ; 46.5 % . 55.1 % ; 36.5 % 36.5 % : 55.1 % b, 35.1 % ; 46.5 % fed increased penalty factor between a generating plai i system load current is to i . decrease load on the generating plant p. increase load on the plant hold the plant load constant increase power factor ns: a. decrease load on the generating plant 4.Which of the following is considered as an operational cost for a power system? fa. Fuel Cost fb. Insurance fc fd. . Initial cost Taxes and Interest Ans: a. Fuel Cost [25.The load curve is useful in deciding /.. The operating schedule of generating units 2. The total installed capacity hich of the above statement is/are correct? Ja. 1 only fb. 2 only Ic. Both 1 and 2 ld. Neither 1 and 2 {Ans: c. Both 1 and 2 I26.Which of the following is the ratio of the area under the load curve to the time? Peak demand . Average demand . Difference between the average and the peak demand None of these lAns: b. Average demand 127. Determine the average load from the load curve. thermal power station Is 72] Se and Share every moment with friends! Bee = j .The daily energy produced in a thermal power sta MWh ata load factor of 0.6. What is the maximum of the station? . 40 MW . 72. MW 30 MW 50 MW 9.1f a power plant has no reserve capacity, then the plant capacity factor is equal to the demand factor . diversity factor lc. load factor . plant use factor fans: c. load factor 130.The maximum demand on a power station is 200 KW. If the annual load factor is 50%, calculate the total energy generated in a year. fa. 876 « 10° kWh fb. 438 « 10° kWh, Jc. 876 x 10° kWh id. 438 « 10° kWh Ans: a. 876 « 10° kWh Utilization factor of a power station is the ratio of: . Maximum demand of a power station to the sum of individual maximum demands. lb. Average demand to the rated capacity of the power station. Sum of individual maximum demands to maximum demand of a power station. Maximum demand on the power station to the rated capacity of the power station. ns: d. jaximum demand on the power station Rated capacity of the power station A generating station has a maximum demand of 35 MW and] has connected load of 60 MW. The annual generation of units is 24 » 107 kWh. Calculate the load factor any demand factor respectively. - 56.3% he 78.28 % Ib. 78.28 % & 58.3% Utilization Factor Cer) he total expenditure to be incurred annually is called the ‘ani economy of the project is judged from this cost (but not from jotal investment) i) The running cost or operating cost % The cost of fuel: The higher the number of units (kWh) generated, the higher is the fue! consumption The maintenance and repair cha 9s of the equipment in all the sam) and the cost of the {ii) The fixed charges (not fixed capital) Huge investment running into, maybe, several hundreds of crores Normally, a part of this m the public, offering them a certain rate est has to be paid annually, whether or not rent and clerical staff. Block-Rate Tariff (iv) Two-Part Tariff +(v) Maximum Dema + (vi) Power Factor (vil) Three Part Tariff Tart wh % When there is a fixed rate per unit of energy consumed, itis called a simple tariff or uniform rate tariff. The price charged annual running charges + annual fixed charges the fotal number of units supplied to the g |# Advantage: +The only merit of this tariff is simple in calculations to un yall the consumers. ic rar t onrgrar i= LS Ching te ater the e lower will nes more o increase the load ff of generation. a measure for the y for residential and tal energy charges = Rs. (a = KW +b x kWh) aree of connected load and bi ° med. This type 0 medium industrial o Acartage: = Thee mca of this tartare that it can easily be understood, ccumsumers ane Gepends upon the maximum demand it recovers the fixed Advantage: j The advantages of this tariff are that it can easily be understoot Consumers and depends upon the maximum demand it recov charges. J+ The drawbacks of this tariff are that it lacks a measure for the demand of the consumer and itis suitable only for residential and small commercial ‘consumers, DTS % Intthis tarif, the maximum demand of the consumer is actually ‘measured by installing a ‘maximum demand meter’ in the consumer's premises, Thus, the fixed charges component will be proportional to the (ac maximum demand rather than to the connected load, Total energy charges = Rs. (a x kW + b x kWh) Where ‘of connected load and Wh of energy consumed This type of tariffs suitable for big industrial consumers. MS a i (@) kVA maximum demand tariff (b) kWh and KVArh tariff rfactor tari (Doherty Rate) % In this type of tariff, the total charge to be made from the consumer is split into three parts: % Thus, the fixed charges component will be proportional tothe (actual) maximum demand rather than to the connected load. Total eneray charges = Rs. (a+b KW +c x kWh) where. made during billing period, b is the charge per KW of connected demand, and of energy consumed ee ‘The average motor load of a consumer is 250 kW at a pf 0.85 Jag. The consumer is charged electricity at the tariff of 50 Rs,/kVA of maximum demand plus 10 paise per unit ‘consumed. Determine the consumer's annual bill for a load factor of 70%. ‘Tariff on electrical energy where the consumer is according to his maximum demand and energy consumption is expressed as z = a + by is known a BB wih Advantage: j ‘The advantages of this tariff are that it can easily be understoo consumers and depends upon the maximum demand it recove charges. + The drawbacks of this tariff are that it lacks a measure for the demand of the consumer and itis suitable only for residential and small commercial consumers. CSE Jn this tariff, the maximum demand of the consumer is actually measured by installing a ‘maximum demand meter, in the consumer's premises. Thus, the fixed charges component will be proportional to the (actual) maximum demand rather than to the connected load Total energy charges = Rs. (a x kW +b x kWh) Where ‘of connected load and of energy consumed, % This type of tariff is suitable for big industrial consumers, % (a) KVA maximum demand tariff % (b) kWh and kVArh tariff (Doherty Rate) In this type of tarif, the total charge to be made from the consumer is split into ree parts: i) fixed charg & (ji) semifixed chi © Thus, the fixed charges component will be proportional to the (actual) maximum demand rather than to the connected load % Total energy charges = Rs. (a+b » KW +c x kWh) % where made during billing period, b is the charge per kW of connected demand, and of energy consumed |. The average motor load of a consumer is 250 kW at a pf 0.85 lag. The consumer is charged electricity at the tariff of 50 Rs./KVA of maximum demand plus 10 paise per unit consumed. Determine the consumer's annual bill for a load factor of 70%. . Tariff on electrical energy where the consumer is, according to his maximum demand and energy ‘consumption is expressed as z = a + by is known a . Doherty rate ». Fla snr ft are LS Nee SD aT Ee .. Doherty rate . Flat demand rate , . Straight meter rate Hopkinson demand rate ins: d. Hopkinson demand rate Total charge 2 = a+ by a= charge of the Maximum Demand by = charge of the Energy Consumption by the load The bill of power consumption depends only on. the Maximum Demand of the load. The total bil is divided into two parts. The fixed charge is because of the maximum demand and the second TTwevpart fate depends on the energy consumption by the load. tariff Zaa+by The total costs are divided into 3 sections: Fixed cost, ‘semi-fixed costs, and running costs—» energy consumption. The generation of the bills depends on the energy ‘consumption of the load, Z=by, 1Q. The data of a power station as follows: capital cos Rate of interest and depreciation = 20%. Jannual cost of fuel oil, salaries, and taxation = Rs. 40 * 10% Load factor = 0.5. Determine the cost of generation and the cost of saving per Wh if the annual load factor is raised to 0.6. Q. The annual load duration curve of a certain power station can be considered as a straight line from 20 MW to 4 MW. To meet this load, three turbine-generator units, two rated at 10 MW each and one rated at 5 MW are installed. Determine (i) installed capacity (li) plant factor (i generated per annum (Iv) load factor and (v) util fannual load factor is 45%. Calculate the diversity factor and the number of units generated annually. MCS care

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