A Research Paper

Presented to

COLLEGE OF INFORMATICS AND COMPUTING SCIENCES

Batangas State University JPLPC - Malvar

JAPAN: A HOLISTIC STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION

In Partial Fulfillment

For the completion of The Contemporary World

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology - 1106

By

Barbas, John Lloyd F.

Chavez, Arth Christopher D.

Macato, Justinerj B.

Mendoza, Samuel Paul M.

Morcilla, Heinrich C.

November 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I. Introduction……………………………………………………...
………………...…

Brief History………………………………………………………………..…………...
Ethnic
Groups…………………………………………………………………………………
……
Languages………………………………………………………………………………
…………..
Religion…………………………………………………………………………………
…………..
Settlement Patterns………………...
………………………………………………………………..
Geological Framework………………….
…………………………………………………………..
Constitutional
Framework………………………………………………………………………….
Government and Society…………………..
………………………………………………………..
Education………………………………………………………………………………
…………...
 Chapter I: Introduction

Japan, an archipelago nestled in the Pacific Ocean, is a nation with a rich

tapestry of history, culture, and resilience. In the story of Japan's history, the nation's
beginnings are marked by periods of seclusion and change. Starting as an isolated
place, the evolution of this archipelago is influenced by a mix of historical, cultural,
and socio-political factors. Japan's emergence as a distinct country is woven into a
historical narrative that goes beyond its borders. This context is crucial to
understanding how globalization has affected Japan, shaping its path in the broader
world.

This study takes a comprehensive approach, aiming to explore the complex

relationship between Japan's historical identity and the impact of globalization.
Through navigating this nuanced landscape, our goal is to provide a thorough
understanding of Japan's position in the global context, emphasizing the delicate
balance of harmonies and discordances that characterize its contemporary role in the
global symphony.

Brief History
 Approximately 35,000 years ago, Japan's historical narrative began with the
settlement of Paleolithic people arriving from the Asian mainland. This marked the
inception of a cultural evolution that unfolded over millennia. Around 10,000 years
ago, following the conclusion of the last Ice Age, the Jomon culture emerged,
characterized by skilled hunter-gatherers proficient in crafting fur clothing,
constructing wooden dwellings, and creating intricate clay pottery. Some studies even
suggest potential genetic connections between the Jomon people and the Ainu
community, underscoring the intricate web of Japan's cultural roots.

A subsequent wave of migration introduced the Yayoi people, bringing

transformative elements such as metalworking, rice cultivation, and weaving.
Believed to have originated from Korea, this cultural infusion laid the foundation for
the Kofun era (A.D. 250-538), a period recorded as the first in history. It was marked
by monumental burial mounds and influential warlords who embraced Chinese
traditions, reflecting Japan's openness to external influences. The Asuka period (538-
710) saw the introduction of Buddhism and the Chinese writing system to Japan,
leading to the organization of society into clans. The subsequent Nara period (710-
794) ushered in a centralized government. The elite embraced Buddhism and Chinese
calligraphy, while rural communities maintained their connection with Shintoism,
showcasing the diversity within Japanese societal beliefs.

The Heian era (794-1185) emerged as a pivotal period for Japan's cultural
development. The royal court became a hub for creating enduring art, poetry, and
stories. Simultaneously, the samurai, a warrior class, gained prominence. In 1185, the
samurai assumed control, with leaders known as "shogun" ruling on behalf of the
emperor until 1868, demonstrating the dynamic interplay between governance
structures and cultural evolution.

The Kamakura Shogunate (1185-1333) defended Japan against external

threats, including Mongol attacks, highlighting the nation's strategic geopolitical
position. In 1331, a civil war ensued, settling by 1392. During this time, powerful
local lords, referred to as "daimyo," gained influence, a trend persisting through the
Edo period until 1868, known as the Tokugawa Shogunate, showcasing Japan's
internal resilience and political dynamics.

In 1868, Japan underwent a transformative period as it embraced

constitutional monarchy under the Meiji Emperor. Successive rulers, such as Taisho,
introduced democratic reforms in response to health concerns, showcasing Japan's
adaptability to changing societal needs. World War I witnessed Japan's expansion,
asserting control over Korea and parts of China, underscoring its evolving role in
global geopolitics. The Showa Emperor, Hirohito, played a significant role in Japan's
expansion during World War II, a period that reshaped its geopolitical standing. Post-
surrender, Japan experienced a comprehensive transformation into a modern and
industrialized nation, a testament to the profound impact of globalization on its
historical trajectory.

Ethnic Groups

The Japanese people make up the vast majority of the population. They are
ethnically related to other eastern Asian peoples. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period
(1603-1867), the population was divided into four classes: warrior, farmer, craftsman,
and merchant, with a peer class on top and an outcast class on the bottom. This social
class system has practically vanished, with the exception of the burakumin (literally,
"people of Hamlet"), the descendants of the previous outcast class. The burakumin, on
the other hand, continue to face varied degrees of discrimination.

Insofar as a social class system exists, it lacks the ethnic base that can exist in
multiracial communities, because the Japanese consider themselves to be part of a
single ethnic group. Those designated as resident aliens (especially Koreans) and
Japanese nationals of Ainu and, to a lesser extent, Okinawan descent are the only
exceptions. Japan also has a small Chinese-descent community. Before and during
World War II, when Korea was a Japanese colony, hundreds of thousands of Koreans
migrated to Japan (many against their will) and worked primarily as laborers; those
who remained after the war and their descendants, the latter born and raised in Japan,
do not have Japanese citizenship and face significant discrimination.
 Historically, both Ainu and Okinawans were considered second-class citizens.
The indigenous Ainu were mainly integrated into the broader population centuries
ago; but, a few small, dispersed communities have retained their identity on
Hokkaido. Prior to the war, there was a tendency to identify Okinawans from other
Japanese due to perceived physical and cultural distinctions; this tendency has
lessened but not totally eliminated. Okinawan culture, including its dialect and
religion, has been acknowledged as sharing many characteristics with Japanese
culture, and Okinawans have been more integrated into Japanese society. However,
Okinawans have long considered that the prolonged presence of US military soldiers
on Okinawa constitutes a kind of discrimination by the Japanese government against
them. There has also been a resurgence among Okinawans who want to maintain their
distinctive cultural identity.

Languages

The national language is Japanese, and Ainu is nearly extinct. The Japanese
language belongs to the Altaic linguistic group and is particularly similar to Korean,
albeit the vocabulary diverge. Some linguists believe that Japanese incorporates
features of Southeast Asian languages. Around the 4th century CE, the introduction of
the Chinese writing system and literature expanded the Japanese language. Until that
time, Japanese had no written form, and Chinese letters (called kanji in Japanese)
were utilized to write it; by the 9th century, two syllabaries (katakana and hiragana)
were produced from them. Since then, written Japanese has employed a blend of kanji
and kana. Although 3,000 to 5,000 kanji are in common usage, the number of
characters required for a basic vocabulary was reduced to around 2,000 following
WWII, and the writing of these characters was simplified. Thousands of Western
loanwords, mostly from English, have also been adopted.

The distribution of Japanese is approximately identical to Japan's territory.

Standard Japanese, based on the dialect spoken in Tokyo, was formed in the late
nineteenth century as a result of the establishment of a national educational system
and increased communication. There are numerous local dialects that are frequently
mutually incomprehensible, although standard Japanese, which is commonly used in
broadcasting, is understood throughout the country.

Japanese is linguistically separated into two primary dialects: Hondo and

Nant. The Hondo dialect is widely spoken throughout Japan and may be broken down
into three primary subdialects: Eastern, Western, and Kyushu. The Eastern subdialects
became known as the Azuma ("Eastern") language in the 7th and 8th century. After
the 17th century, there was a significant influx of the Kamigata (Kinai) subdialect,
which served as the foundation for standard Japanese. The Kinki form was long the
standard language of Japan among the Western subdialects, however the current
Kamigata subdialect of the Kyto-saka region is of recent origin. The Kyushu
subdialects have remained outside the mainstream of linguistic change in Western
dialects, retaining some of the latter's 16th-century forms. They reach as far south as
the islands of Tanega and Yaku. Okinawan residents utilize the Nant dialects from the
Amami Islands in Kagoshima prefecture to Yonaguni Island at the archipelago's
western edge. They have long been considered outside the mainstream of linguistic
development, and they stubbornly retain their ancient forms.

Religion

Shint, Japan's indigenous religion, coexists alongside numerous sects of

Buddhism, Christianity, and some ancient shamanistic rituals, as well as other "new
religions" (shink shuky) that have evolved since the nineteenth century. There is no
dominant religion, and each is influenced by the others. As a result, it is common for
one person or family to believe in multiple Shint gods while also belonging to a
Buddhist sect. Except among believers of some of the new religions, intense religious
impulses are often nonexistent. Typically, Japanese youngsters do not receive official
religious education. On the other hand, many Japanese homes have a Buddhist altar
(butsudan) where various rituals, some of which are performed daily, commemorate
deceased family members.

The religion of shint is polytheistic. People, most notably famous historical

individuals, as well as natural objects, have been elevated to the status of gods. Some
Hindu deities and Chinese ghosts were also brought and Japaneseized. Each rural
settlement has its own shrine, and there are several national shrines, the most
important of which is the Grand Shrine of Ise in Mie prefecture. Shint is involved
with many of the ceremonies associated with childbirth and the rites of passage into
maturity. Shint was reorganized as a state-supported religion following the Meiji
Restoration (1868), but this institution was dismantled following World War II.

Buddhism, which has the most followers after Shint, was officially brought
into the imperial court from Korea in the mid-6th century CE. Direct contact was
maintained with central China, and various sects were imported. Buddhism was
adopted as the national religion in the eighth century, and national and provincial
temples, nunneries, and monasteries were built throughout the kingdom. Tendai
(Tiantai) and Shingon sects were created in the early 9th century and have remained
influential in some parts of Japan to this day. Zen Buddhism, whose origins stretch
back to the late 12th century, has a huge following. Most main Buddhist sects in
modern Japan, however, are descended from those that were modified in the 13th
century by monks such as Shinran, who founded the True Pure Land sect (Jdo Shinsh)
of Pure Land (Jdo) Buddhism, and Nichiren, who founded Nichiren Buddhism.

In the mid- to late-16th century, Jesuit and then Franciscan missionaries

brought Christianity to Japan. It was favorably embraced at first, both as a religion
and as a symbol of European culture. Christians were persecuted after the founding of
the Tokugawa shogunate (1603), and Christianity was outright banned in the 1630s.
Until the Meiji government abolished the ban in 1873, inaccessible and remote islands
and the western Kyushu peninsula were home to "hiding Christian" settlements.
Western missionaries reintroduced Christianity, establishing a number of Russian
Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant congregations. Christians constitute only a
small percentage of the total population.

The vast bulk of what are generally referred to as "new religions" emerged
after the mid-nineteenth century. Most have Shint and shamanic roots, but they have
also been influenced by Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, and Christianity. The Ska
Gakkai ("Value Creation Society"), one of the largest, is based on a Nichiren
Buddhist sect. The Rissh Ksei-kai is another new Nichiren sect that has gained a huge
following. Tenriky and Konkky are new Shint cults.
Settlement Patterns

Japan's settlement patterns began a developmental phase in the 7th century

during the Taika Era, when villages (Ri) were organized into districts (Gun).
Together, these districts made up 60 provinces (Kuni), each of which was designed to
function autonomously and promote a decentralized structure. The capital, Kinai, was
located in the center and was moved around a lot during this time.

The regions bordering major mountains, Arachi, Fuwa, and Suzuka, evolved
into Kanto and Kansai throughout the Nara and Heian periods. In contrast to Kanto,
which stands for the eastern regions, Kansai eventually came to designate the middle
area surrounding the capital. To reflect the decentralized administration arrangement,
areas outside of direct government control were designated as Ezochi. Provinces
(kuni) were categorized after the tenth century according to how close they were to
Kyoto; this led to the introduction of divisions like Kingoku for nearby regions,
Chugoku for intermediate areas, and Engoku for distant territories. This
organizational structure demonstrated a sophisticated approach to administrative
divisions by extending to small islands.

More than 300 ancient fiefs were transformed into prefectures as the feudal
system gave way to the prefectural/ken system by 1871. Originally administered by
feudal lords who later became governors, the system was simplified by 1888 and
comprised 43 ken, 3 fu (major metropolitan prefectures: Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto), and 1
Do (Hokkaido). The Kuni system was abolished when elected and appointed
governors took the place of feudal lords. The creation of eight chiho, or areas, in the
early 20th century marked a significant shift that was carefully planned to improve
administrative control. This change was a calculated reaction to changing social
demands.

Urbanization has left its mark on rural villages, which exhibit a variety of
patterns such as agglomerated, dispersed, elongated, or scattered, while retaining
historical aspects of Japanese society. Rigid rice and fishing communities survived,
while hunting villages in the mountains declined as a result of increased migration to
metropolitan centers due to a shortage of arable land. Strategically established urban
communities, such as international ports, naval bases, castle towns, shrine towns, and
industries, frequently coincide with raw material sources or power hubs. This
urbanization trend highlights a dynamic response to economic and industrial shifts
that is defining current Japanese settlement patterns.

Soil and Climate

Japan's soils are traditionally categorized into three zones: weak podzolic
(soils with a thin organic mineral layer above a gray leached layer), brown earth, and
red earth. There are some regional differences. The area with brown forest soils
includes the northern part of the Thoku area of northern Honshu. The northern point
of Hokkaido is classified as a subzone of podzolic soils, while the rest of the island is
classified as an acidic brown forest soils subzone. The majority of western Honshu is
in a transitional zone. Yellow-brown forest soils can be found throughout the Pacific
coast from southern Thoku to southern Kyushu, although red and yellow soils are
only found on the Ryukyu Islands. The widespread reddish soils are generally
regarded as the products of a former warmer, more humid climate. Immature volcanic
ash soils occur on the uplands.

Kuroboku soils (black soils with high humus content) are common on terraces,
hills, and gentle slopes across Japan, whereas gley soils (sticky, blue-gray compact
soils) are common in poorly drained lowlands. The moors of Hokkaido and Thoku are
dominated by peat soils. Years of rice cultivation have resulted in muck (dark soil
with a high percentage of organic matter) and gley paddy soils. Polder soils (sea-
reclaimed soils) are widely spread. Soil fertility rises in agricultural lowlands due to a
mix of natural alluvium washed down from the uplands and decades of intensive
reworking of the soil medium by rice growers.

Japan's climate is monsoonal (marked by wet and dry seasonal breezes). The
country's latitudinal extent, the surrounding waters, and its proximity to the
neighboring Asian mainland are the primary effects. As a result of relief features,
there are significant local climate variances. From late September to late March, the
high pressure zone over eastern Siberia and the low pressure zone over the western
Pacific cause an eastward flow of cold air (the winter monsoon) that gathers up
moisture across the Sea of Japan. The winter monsoon deposits moisture on the side
of Japan facing the Sea of Japan as rain or snow and sends dry, windy weather on the
Pacific side. During the summer, the pressure systems are reversed, and air flows
from the east and south (the summer monsoon) bring warmer temperatures and rain
from mid-April to early September. During late summer and early fall, cyclonic
storms and numerous and destructive typhoons (tropical cyclones) occur, particularly
in the southwest.

The warm waters of the Kuroshio (Japan Current), which corresponds to the
Gulf Stream of the Atlantic in latitude and general directional movement, run
northward along Japan's Pacific coast as far as latitude 35° N. The Tsushima Current
flows westward from the Kuroshio off the coast of southern Kyushu, washing the
coastlines of Honshu and Hokkaido along the Sea of Japan; it is this current that
contributes moisture to the winter monsoon. The chilly Oya (Kuril) Current, the
Pacific counterpart to the Atlantic's Labrador Current, travels southeastward from the
Bering Sea down the east coast of Hokkaido and northern Honshu. Its waters mix
with those of the Kuroshio, resulting in intense sea fogs in the summer, particularly
around Hokkaido.

The rugged backbone of the islands has the greatest influence on climate. The
ranges disrupt the monsoonal winds, resulting in dismal weather and heavy snows
along the Sea of Japan coast and bright and windy weather along the Pacific.
Temperatures and annual precipitation are roughly the same on both coasts, although
they fall precipitously in the hilly interior.

Plants and Animals

Japan, an archipelago nestled amidst the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean,
harbors an astonishing diversity of plant and animal life. With over 3,000 species of
plants and a rich tapestry of fauna, Japan's biosphere is a testament to the intricate
balance and resilience of nature.

The country's flora is a reflection of its varied climate and topography. From
the subtropical evergreen forests of Kyushu to the coniferous woodlands of Hokkaido,
Japan's plant life showcases a remarkable adaptability. Iconic trees like the Japanese
cedar, ginkgo, camellia, and bamboo adorn the landscapes, while azaleas, irises, and
chrysanthemums add splashes of color to gardens and parks. The lotus, a symbol of
purity and beauty, thrives in ponds, its delicate blooms adding a touch of serenity to
the surroundings.

The animal kingdom of Japan is equally diverse, showcasing a blend of Asian

and Eurasian species. The Japanese macaque, the most northerly distributed monkey
species in the world, roams the forests, while the flying dog, collar bear, sika deer,
and brown bear inhabit different ecosystems. Foxes, weasels, stone martens, ermines,
minks, badgers, and raccoon dogs add to the faunal tapestry, each playing a vital role
in the delicate balance of nature. Cattle, once a common sight in Japan, are now rarely
seen, primarily kept in sheds due to limited grazing land. Sadly, the Japanese wolf has
succumbed to extinction, while several other species face the threat of endangerment,
including the Iriomote cat, the Tsushima cat, the Blakiston fishing owl, and the
Japanese river otter.

Japan's avifauna is equally impressive, with over 450 species recorded. Cranes
grace the landscapes of Hokkaido, while little white herons flutter amidst the green
rice fields. Seabirds, waterbirds, and birds of prey fill the skies, each playing a vital
role in the ecosystem. The cormorant, a master of fishing, is trained to assist in
traditional fishing practices, while the Japanese crested ibis, once a common sight,
now teeters on the brink of extinction.

The reptilian and amphibian world of Japan is equally rich, with geckos,
skinks, and the Japanese giant salamander, the largest amphibian in the world, adding
to the diversity. Two species of poisonous snakes, including the habu on Okinawa,
coexist with harmless species like the Japanese rat snake. Ponds teem with turtles,
each species adding to the intricate web of life. Freshwater fish, including cyprinids,
salmon, trout, and crayfish, populate the rivers and lakes, while koi, bred for their
vibrant colors, adorn ornamental ponds. The coastal waters teem with marine life,
including whales, seals, walruses, and sea turtles. Tuna, mackerel, mullet, sardine, sea
bream, herring, and cod are among the many fish that grace the Japanese culinary
scene. Crabs, shrimps, oysters, and mussels further enrich the marine bounty.

As they strive to preserve this precious natural heritage, we recognize the

importance of conservation efforts, ensuring that Japan's bountiful biosphere
continues to flourish for generations to come. Through careful stewardship and
sustainable practices, we can safeguard the delicate balance of ecosystems and ensure
that Japan's rich biodiversity continues to thrive.

Geological Framework

Japan's geological framework is marked by intense seismic and volcanic

activity, making it one of the most geologically unstable regions globally. The country
experiences approximately 1,000 tremors annually, with occasional major
earthquakes, such as the devastating ones in Tokyo-Yokohama in 1923 and Kobe in
1995, resulting in significant loss of life and widespread destruction. The frequent
occurrence of violent volcanic eruptions, with at least 60 active volcanoes within
historical time, adds to the geological complexity.

This instability is deeply rooted in the tectonic movements of Earth's major

crustal plates surrounding the Japanese archipelago. A crucial geological phenomenon
is the subduction, or sinking, of the Pacific Plate in the north and the Philippine Plate
in the south beneath the Eurasian Plate, forming the foundation on which Japan lies.
This dynamic interaction has given rise to six distinct mountain arcs along the
northeastern coast of Asia, shaping the diverse landscapes of the region. The
geological features, such as conical volcanoes like Mount Fuji and steep lava domes
like Mounts Dai and Unzen, are a result of this intricate tectonic dance. Japan's
scarcity of shield volcanoes and lava plateaus, coupled with the prevalence of
calderas, further characterize its volcanic areas. Lakes Kutcharo, Towada, and Ashi
exemplify these basin-shaped volcanic depressions, offering a glimpse into the
geological forces shaping Japan's topography.

In essence, Japan's geological instability is not merely a natural phenomenon but a

fundamental aspect of its existence, intricately connected to the ongoing tectonic
movements of Earth's crustal plates, shaping the nation's landscapes and influencing
its societal adaptation to the challenges posed by seismic and volcanic events.

Constitutional Framework

Japan's post-World War II constitution stands as a poignant embodiment of the

nation's dedication to democratic principles and pacifism. Examining its trajectory up
to 2023 requires a contextualization within the expansive scope of globalization, a
force that profoundly influences Japan's political landscape. The preamble, instituted
on May 3, 1947, articulates Japan's unwavering commitment to fundamental
principles such as democracy, human rights, and international peace. Over the
decades, as globalization has become an omnipresent force, these principles have
become integral to Japan's interaction with the global community. The
interconnectedness facilitated by globalization has mandated a constitutional
framework aligning with international norms, positioning Japan as a conscientious
global participant.

Articles 1 to 9 delineate the role of the Emperor, emphasizing the renunciation

of war and highlighting the authority vested in the people. Globalization has
intricately linked Japan to global security concerns, influencing the interpretation and
application of Article 9. Japan's active participation in international peacekeeping
operations and strategic alliances accentuates the dynamic interplay between
constitutional principles and the imperatives of a globalized world. Chapters V to IX,
addressing the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, financial matters, and
local governance, constitute the enduring stability of Japan's constitution, unaltered
since 1947. This stability resonates resiliently in the face of global uncertainties, with
the constitutional requirement for amendments embodying a judicious approach that
balances domestic needs with international expectations.

Globalization has left an indelible mark on Japan's electoral landscape, evident

in the constitutional framework ensuring free and fair legislative elections. The
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and its coalition partner maintaining their majority in
the July upper house elections of 2023 reflect the constitution's adaptability to
evolving geopolitical dynamics shaped by globalization. These dynamics significantly
influence Japan's political alliances and partnerships, contributing substantially to the
nation's stability and continuity.

The constitution's emphasis on human rights, outlined in Chapter III, aligns

seamlessly with global endeavors to champion individual freedoms. In a world where
human rights issues draw international scrutiny, Japan's commitment to upholding
these rights indicates its integration into the global human rights discourse. Economic
globalization, a pivotal factor in Japan's constitutional narrative, is evident in Chapter
VIII, focusing on financial matters. The constitution's adaptability to changing global
economic landscapes is exemplified by the government's decision to review programs
such as the foreign technology trainee program, showcasing responsiveness to global
labor standards and a commitment to addressing exploitative conditions.

Japan's constitution, conceived in the postwar era, has evolved harmoniously

with the forces of globalization up to 2023. The constitutional framework,
characterized by an unwavering commitment to democratic principles and
adaptability to global challenges, positions Japan as a responsible and engaged
participant in the international community. The constitution's pivotal role in shaping
Japan's identity, navigating global complexities, and ensuring domestic stability
attests to its enduring significance amidst an interconnected and rapidly changing
world.

Government and Society

Japan's government operates under a constitution mandating the separation of

the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The emperor, with a largely
ceremonial role, appoints the prime minister and the chief justice of the Supreme
Court. The legislative authority rests with the Diet, comprising the House of
Representatives and the House of Councillors. The cabinet, led by the prime minister
and chosen by the House of Representatives, holds executive powers. Japan is divided
into 47 prefectures, each with its governing structure. Local assemblies and chief
executive officers, elected directly by the public, address various issues like labor,
education, social welfare, health, land preservation, development, disaster prevention,
and pollution management.

The judicial system comprises the Supreme Court, eight high courts, and
district and family courts in each prefecture, along with summary courts for minor
offenses. Judges are appointed by the government, and the Supreme Court has the
highest authority to review the legality of statutes, orders, regulations, and official
conduct. Under the 1947 constitution, Japan's political landscape allows the formation
of political parties. The Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP) has been dominant since the
mid-1950s, with other notable parties like the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the
Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) serving as significant players. The Japanese
Communist Party (JCP), though smaller, maintains a presence on the political
spectrum. This constitutional framework reflects Japan's commitment to democratic
governance, ensuring representation of citizens' voices through elected officials and
maintaining checks and balances for a fair and just society.

In essence, Japan's political puzzle consists of three main pieces—the

legislative, executive, and judicial branches—working in harmony to make and
enforce rules while ensuring fairness. The emperor's role, though largely ceremonial,
contributes to the functioning of these branches. The Diet, acting as the decision-
making hub, includes the House of Representatives as a star player, and the executive
powers lie with the cabinet led by the prime minister. At the local level, Japan's
governance extends to its 47 prefectures, where local assemblies and elected
executives directly address diverse issues affecting communities. The judicial system,
acting as referees, ensures fair play, with the Supreme Court holding the highest
authority.

Politically, Japan accommodates various teams with different ideas, including

the long-standing dominance of the Liberal-Democratic Party. The political landscape
is dynamic, with shifts and alliances among parties like the Social Democratic Party,
the Democratic Party of Japan, and the Japanese Communist Party. This intricate
political game reflects the adaptability of Japan's constitutional framework to the
evolving needs of its society and the broader global context.
 Chapter II: Discussion
Demography

As of 2023, the population in Japan has reached 123,294,500 or 1.54% of the

world population, and it changes every day, whether it increases or decreases. This
year, there has been a recorded -0.53% decrease in Japan's population, indicating a
declining population rate. On the global scale, Japan holds the 12th position in terms
of population size.

Since 2009, Japan's population has been on a downward trend, starting at 128.56
million and projected to be around 126.48 million by the end of 2020. Experts predict
a further decline, with expectations that it may fall below 100 million by 2058. The
primary factor driving this decline is a decrease in the number of births. In 2019, only
864,000 babies were born in Japan, significantly fewer than in 2018. The fertility rate,
indicating the average number of babies per woman, stands at 1.4, well below the 2.1
threshold required to maintain a stable population. This marks the lowest fertility rate
recorded since tracking began in 1899.

In 2022, Japan is ranked 42nd globally in population density. The country

experiences a notably high population density, with 340 individuals per square
kilometer across its total area and 1,523 people per square kilometer on habitable
land. As of December 2022, the population comprises 125,543,793 households, and a
significant 91.7% of residents are situated in urban areas. This demographic
distribution is influenced by various factors, including a decrease in birth rates and
changes in the male-to-female ratio since the last measurements in 2022. According to
the Japanese Health Ministry, projections indicate a decrease in the population from
125.58 million to 86.74 million by the year 2060, underlining the ongoing
demographic shifts within Japan.

In the aftermath of World War II, Japan underwent demographic shifts driven
by wartime circumstances and subsequent post-war developments. During the war, to
evade bombings, many individuals migrated from cities to rural areas, leading to a
temporary reduction in the size of cities like Ōsaka. However, the post-war period
witnessed repatriation efforts, as people returned to their urban dwellings. The
repatriation, coupled with a significant baby boom, contributed to a rapid population
increase, marking a distinct phase in Japan's demographic history.

Additionally, language plays a crucial role in Japan's demographic landscape.

The prevalent use of the Standard Japanese Language, commonly known as Nihongo,
is prominent in official domains such as media and education. Approximately 99% of
the population utilizes this language rather than local dialects. However, linguistic
diversity exists in Japan, with people speaking languages like Ryukyuan, Okinawa
languages, Ainu, and more, particularly on different islands across the nation. This
linguistic richness adds a layer of cultural diversity to Japan's demographic tapestry.

While Standard Japanese is widely used, its prevalence is primarily

concentrated on the four major islands: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku.
Notably, Okinawa, despite being a significant island, has a distinct linguistic identity,
primarily utilizing the Okinawan language instead of Nihongo. This linguistic
diversity within Japan reflects the cultural nuances that contribute to the country's
demographic mosaic.

Furthermore, the demographic landscape of Japan extends to language

proficiency, particularly in English. Despite being a global language, English
proficiency is not widespread in Japan. Only about 30% of the population possesses
some knowledge of English, and an even smaller percentage, possibly ranging from 2-
8%, can be considered fluent in the language. This linguistic aspect adds an
international dimension to Japan's demographic profile, emphasizing the varying
degrees of global connectivity within the population.

Education

Within the framework of globalization, Japan's educational system presents

distinct features while aligning with international norms. Despite a comparatively
lower total compulsory instruction time for primary and lower secondary education,
totaling 7,338 hours over nine grades, Japan's approach signifies a delicate balance
between efficiency and academic depth.

Examining enrollment patterns in upper secondary education provides

valuable insights into Japan's dedication to offering diverse educational pathways.
Notably, 46% of 15–19-year-olds engage in general upper secondary education, while
12% opt for vocational upper secondary education, surpassing OECD averages. This
commitment to both general and vocational education reflects a nuanced response to
the evolving demands of the global workforce, emphasizing the cultivation of a
versatile skill set.
 Japan's financial commitment to education is underscored by an annual
expenditure of USD 13,006 per full-time equivalent student, surpassing the OECD
average. This substantial investment not only reflects Japan's acknowledgment of
education as a crucial component of national development but also positions it as a
notable contributor to global educational standards. With spending equivalent to 30%
of per capita GDP, Japan places significant emphasis on education's pivotal role in
shaping its socio-economic landscape within the broader global context.

A closer examination of teacher salaries further elucidates Japan's approach to

valuing its educators. While the annual statutory salaries for upper secondary teachers
in general programs may appear lower than the OECD average, the adjusted
purchasing power of USD 47,349, equivalent to JPY 5,549,000, emphasizes Japan's
commitment to maintaining competitive compensation for its educators on the global
stage.

In conclusion, Japan's educational system, influenced by the forces of

globalization, exhibits a nuanced blend of efficiency, adaptability, and financial
commitment. The strategic focus on diverse educational pathways, substantial
financial investments, and ensuring competitive teacher salaries showcases Japan's
proactive efforts to navigate the intricate global educational landscape while
preserving its unique educational identity.

The Japanese educational system consists of preschool, six years of

elementary school, three years of lower secondary school, three years of upper
secondary school, and finally six years of secondary education that leads to a broad
range of higher education options. Education is required for nine years during the
primary and lower secondary levels of schooling.

To educate young children, there are kindergartens (幼稚園 yochien), day care
facilities (保育所 hoikusho), and pre-school education centers (認定こども園 nintei-
kodomo-en). Primary schools ( 小 学 校 shogakko) are the normal educational
establishments for elementary education, whereas lower secondary schools ( 中学校
chugakko) and upper secondary schools ( 高 等 学 校 kotogakko) are the typical
establishments for secondary education. Additionally, there are special education
schools (批別支援学校 tokubetsu-shien-gakko) with departments for students with
disabilities in kindergarten, elementary, lower secondary, and upper secondary
education.

Furthermore, 6-year Secondary Education Schools ( 渭 等 教 育 学 校 chuto-

kyoiku-gakko) combining upper and lower secondary education were made possible
in 1998, and Compulsory Education Schools ( 義 務 教 育 学 校 gimu-kyoiku-gakko)
combining elementary and lower secondary education were made possible in 2016.

In addition, there are correspondence courses (通濡制 tsushin-sei) that provide

distance education, upper division of Secondary Education Schools, upper secondary
schools, and 高等専濮学校 koto-senshu-gakko, which is Upper Secondary Courses
of Specialized Training Colleges (専濮学校高等課程 senshu-gakko-koto-katei).

Infrastructure

Japan's national infrastructure, a relic from the economic boom of the 1960s
and 70s, is now facing significant challenges, providing an opportunity for
international collaboration, particularly with U.S. companies specializing in
infrastructure examination and diagnosis. As the International Trade Administration
(2023) highlights, the majority of Japan's critical infrastructure, including highways,
bridges, tunnels, dams, ports, and railways, were constructed during this period.
However, the aging of these structures has become a pressing concern, marked by
high-profile collapses leading to fatalities in recent years.

The country's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transportation (MLIT)

plays a pivotal role in overseeing and addressing these infrastructure challenges. With
more than 730,000 bridges, 11,000 tunnels, and other critical components reaching
the 50-year mark, MLIT recognizes the urgency of early detection and repair to
prevent serious incidents. The potential savings through such proactive measures are
substantial, estimated at $46 billion through 2048.

In response to the aging infrastructure crisis, MLIT initiated a push for Digital
Transformation (DX) in infrastructure management in 2021. Despite the slow pace of
adoption, the ministry encourages municipalities, which manage various aspects of
infrastructure, to embrace new technologies for inspection. Approximately 60 percent
of service providers across the country still rely on conventional approaches such as
visual examination and hammering. However, MLIT's recent initiatives are prompting
entities to revise their guidelines, advocating for lower-cost maintenance inspections
using innovative technologies like drones, artificial intelligence, Real Time Kinematic
(RTK) measurement, remote controls, and 5G-powered edge computing.

The shift towards embracing cutting-edge technologies for infrastructure

inspection not only aligns with global trends but also presents an opportunity for
international collaboration, especially with U.S. companies. Commercial Service
Japan actively encourages such collaboration, urging U.S. firms with expertise in
advanced inspection technologies to explore partnerships with Japanese maintenance
service providers. This collaborative approach not only addresses Japan's
infrastructure challenges but also fosters a synergistic relationship in the context of
globalization, where sharing expertise and technology is crucial for the sustainable
development of nations.

Economy

Japan's economic trajectory, as reflected in the recent data for Q3 2023, unveils a
complex interplay of factors influenced by the forces of globalization. Over the years,
Japan has been a prominent player in the global economy, and its recent economic
slowdown raises questions about the impact of global dynamics on this East Asian
powerhouse.

The slowdown in economic growth during Q3 2023 is notably linked to

factors such as high inflation and a deceleration in global trade growth. Globalization,
which has been a driving force in Japan's economic landscape, has both fueled growth
and introduced vulnerabilities. The interconnectedness of economies worldwide has
made Japan susceptible to fluctuations in global trade dynamics. The nowcast
projecting a quarter-on-quarter growth of 0.75% reflects the intricate dance between
domestic and global factors, highlighting the challenges of navigating a world
economy marked by uncertainties.
 The stabilization of the CEIC Leading Indicator in July after six months of
robust improvement serves as a critical signal in understanding Japan's economic
state. The composite index, while inching up, suggests a potential peak, hinting at a
nuanced economic landscape shaped by the aftermath of the pandemic. The data
underscores how global events, such as the pandemic and subsequent recovery,
reverberate through Japan's economic cycles, emphasizing the intricate relationship
between the local and global dimensions.

On a positive note, the FocusEconomics consensus GDP median forecast for

the full year 2023, upgraded to a 1.2% growth rate in July, showcases Japan's
resilience and adaptability in the face of challenges. The growth in private
consumption and stable fixed investment indicate the nation's efforts to maintain
domestic economic stability. However, the emphasis on private non-residential
investment growth also reflects a strategic response to global economic trends,
showcasing Japan's continued efforts to align with evolving global business dynamics.

Despite these positive indicators, the downward revisions in foreign trade

projections by FocusEconomics highlight the volatility and uncertainty in the global
economic landscape. The decline in export growth projections from over 2% at the
beginning of the year to a mere 0.5% signifies the challenges Japan faces in the
competitive global market. The interconnected nature of trade relationships and the
global supply chain intricacies impact Japan's export-dependent economy, exposing
vulnerabilities that accompany the benefits of globalization.

The inflationary trends, as indicated by Now-Casting Economics, further

underscore the global influences on Japan's economic health. The expected rise in the
Consumer Price Index (CPI) by 3.4% year-on-year in August reflects the intricate
web of global factors contributing to inflationary pressures. This trend, coupled with
the forecasted continuation of inflation at 3.5% in September, points to the challenges
of managing inflation within the context of global economic dynamics.

In summary, Japan's economic landscape, as illuminated by recent data, paints

a vivid picture of a nation navigating the complexities of a globalized world. The
interplay between domestic policies and global forces underscores the need for a
nuanced and adaptive approach. Japan's economic trajectory in Q3 2023 serves as a
microcosm of the broader challenges and opportunities that arise in the era of
globalization, where local and global dynamics intricately intertwine, shaping the
destiny of nations.

Major Recession

In the first quarter of the year, Japan experienced a notable economic rebound,
surpassing expectations and signaling a promising recovery from recession. This
resurgence was propelled by a post-COVID surge in domestic consumption,
countering global challenges and instilling optimism for a prolonged economic
upswing. However, amidst these positive domestic developments, concerns emerged
due to signs of decelerating growth in major economies such as the U.S., Europe, and
China. The implications of this deceleration cast a shadow over Japan's export-
dependent economy, prompting intensified discussions about the timing of the central
bank's potential withdrawal from its substantial stimulus initiative.

Yoshiki Shinke, the chief economist at Dai-ichi Life Research Institute,

provided insights into the nuanced nature of Japan's economic recovery. He noted that
while the removal of COVID restrictions stimulated domestic spending, the overall
economic recovery is expected to be moderate, primarily due to weak overseas
demand. This delicate balancing act between robust domestic demand and sluggish
exports defines the current economic landscape in Japan.

Official government data unveiled the impressive growth of Japan's economy,

the world's third-largest, at an annualized rate of 1.6 percent in January-March—
surpassing the anticipated 0.7-percent gain. Notable contributors to this growth
included private consumption, constituting over half of the economy, which
outperformed predictions with a 0.6 percent increase. Moreover, capital expenditure
defied expectations by expanding 0.9 percent, contradicting projections of a 0.4-
percent decline. Despite these positive domestic indicators, a cause for concern arose
with a significant 4.2 percent decline in exports during the same period—the first drop
in six quarters. The strain on manufacturers from slowing global growth was further
evidenced by external demand, or net exports, subtracting 0.3 percentage points from
gross domestic product (GDP).

Economist Toru Suehiro from Daiwa Securities underscored the global

weakness in demand for goods and the softness in industrial production, expressing
reservations about manufacturers' future performance. Adding to the complexities,
rising fuel and food costs propelled Japan's consumer inflation beyond the central
bank's 2 percent target, posing a potential threat to consumption unless accompanied
by sustained wage increases. In January-March, inflation-adjusted wages for earners
fell by 2.3 percent year-on-year, surpassing the 1.8 percent drop in the previous
quarter, highlighting the increasing financial strain on households amidst escalating
living costs.

In conclusion, Japan's recent economic performance paints a multifaceted

picture of recovery and challenges. The first quarter exhibited a resilient rebound
driven by robust domestic demand, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID surge
in consumption. Despite positive indicators such as the growth in private consumption
and unexpected expansion in capital expenditure, concerns lingered with a significant
decline in exports, signaling potential vulnerabilities in the face of global economic
headwinds. The delicate balancing act between domestic resilience and external
uncertainties adds a layer of complexity to the nation's economic outlook. Rising
consumer inflation and a substantial drop in inflation-adjusted wages further
underscore the challenges faced by households. As Japan navigates these intricacies,
the outlook for its export-dependent economy remains closely entwined with
developments in major economies like the U.S., Europe, and China, making the
timing of the central bank's withdrawal from its stimulus program a pivotal factor in
the nation's journey toward sustained recovery.

Music as an Instrument for Reconciliation and Unification

Japan's art history tells the story of how foreign customs were modified to suit
regional tastes. Although local art forms have been on the island for as long as people
have, many of the surviving artworks of the archipelago have been imported and
altered. For example, the sixth century CE saw the advent of Buddhism. The faith had
an impact on Japanese sculpture, music, literature, and art. Similarly, Japanese arts
have been affected by Chinese and Korean literature, music, textiles, and architecture.
Despite having similar beginnings, Japanese music and art are distinct and constantly
changing.

The two most well-known performing arts in Japan are kabuki drama and Noh
theater. A centuries-old musical performance, noh is usually presented as a sequence
of plays. Its actors perform epic tales, comedies (known as kyogen), and tragedies,
frequently donning masks. Kabuki emerged as a reaction to Noh's formality a little
later on. It highlights the talent of its musicians, singers, and actors, who are almost
exclusively men. In addition to these well-known schools, puppet theater in the form
of bunraku exists.

Japan's musical traditions are only partially reflected in theater. Buddhist and
Chinese court rites provided the inspiration for the oldest musical traditions that are
still in use today. Japanese poetry evolved in tandem with gagaku, the formal music of
the courts. Common people composed their own tunes for pleasure, parties, and work
throughout the interim. Enthusiastic audiences were entertained by roadside
performers and musicians around the islands. Eventually, distinct geographic regions
developed into authorities in their respective musical genres and instrumentations.
The term min'yō is now used to designate to this entire genre.

The stringed shamisen, wadaiko and taiko drums, biwa lutes, and the koto, a
type of zither, are among the traditional musical instruments of Japan. Even though
these are some of the instruments that are currently most frequently utilized, the
nation's classical musicians have access to a much wider variety of instruments.
Drums, flutes, zithers, lutes, and bells are examples of common instruments.

Noh music utilizes a shared set of melodic and rhythmic patterns. There is a
great unity and similarity between the various shōdan of a play, as well as within a
single module (shōdan), where many of the same patterns appear multiple times.
However, the multitude of variations and tempos, the adaptability of the pattern
sequencing into longer phrases, and the unique expressive inflection of individual
plays and performances more than make up for this apparent limitation.
 The "Noh Theater" of Japan is performed while donning masks and costumes.
Noh plays are traditionally all-day affairs, with one play from each of the five
categories (devil, warrior, woman, deity, and lunatic). Each category has its own mask
and outfit. The crap plays the main part. There are more uses for the waki. The
kyogen kata explains the play to the audience. Noh plays are performed on a square
stage that has four pillars at each corner and a simple pine tree painted on the rear.
The chorus, which can consist of up to eight members, is positioned on the right side
of the stage, while the instrumentalists are seated at the rear.

Health

The intersection of Japan's engagement with globalization and its welfare

landscape paints a nuanced picture of challenges and advancements. The positive
impacts of globalization on Japan are evident in its economic growth and
technological strides, propelling the nation into a prominent role on the global stage.
However, accompanying this success are demographic challenges, such as an aging
population and a declining birth rate, which pose potential strains on the welfare
system, particularly in the realms of pension and healthcare.

In response to these challenges, Japan has taken proactive measures,

leveraging technological innovations to fortify its welfare infrastructure, especially in
healthcare and social services. This strategic integration aligns with Japan's
commitment to maintaining the effectiveness of its social welfare programs in the face
of changing demographic and economic conditions spurred by globalization.

The increased connectivity facilitated by globalization has allowed Japan to

actively participate in global collaborations addressing pressing issues like climate
change and public health. While this participation showcases Japan's global
responsibility, it also exposes the nation to economic fluctuations and uncertainties.
The resilience of Japan's social welfare programs, traditionally robust in areas of
healthcare, education, and social security, reflects an adaptability to navigate the
challenges posed by a globally interconnected world.
 Japan's reputation for high standards of living, safety, and cleanliness persists,
but the impact of globalization on income inequality, job security, and work-life
balance remains an ongoing consideration. The nation grapples with balancing its
economic success with the well-being of its citizens, a delicate task that necessitates
continuous evaluation and adjustment.

Recent legal reforms proposed in August 2023 underscore Japan's

commitment to aligning its legal framework with evolving societal dynamics
influenced by globalization. The emphasis on prioritizing the child's best interest in
divorce and custody arrangements signifies a responsiveness to changing family
structures, acknowledging the impact of remarriage and stepfamilies. Although these
reforms are yet to be enacted into law, they signify a broader conversation about the
evolving needs and challenges faced by Japanese families, indicative of a growing
awareness among policymakers and the public. This integration of legal and social
considerations highlights Japan's dedication to adapting its systems to meet the
changing demands of an interconnected and dynamic global landscape while ensuring
the welfare of its citizens.
 Chapter III: Consclusion

Conclusion

Japan's economic growth has been achieved by expanding "external" globalization

through trade expansion and outward foreign direct investment (FDI). On the other hand,
"internal" globalization through inbound FDI lags and is unable to capitalize on future growth
prospects. The Japanese economy's globalization is defined by tight relationships with quickly
rising Asian countries via production networks.

For Japan to achieve additional economic growth, it must deal with three risks:
COVID-19 and other future contagious diseases, the trade war and battle for supremacy
between the United States and China, and protectionism. Individual as well as collective
strategies are available to mitigate these hazards. Among the shared measures, the formation
and execution of international rules, as well as human resource development, are critical for
the Japanese government and businesses.

When we examine the globalization of the Japanese economy through GDP ratios of
trade and FDI, we see that trade has increased since the early 1990s and FDI has increased
since the 1980s (Figure 1). However, in comparison to trade and outbound FDI, inward FDI
development has been extremely modest. When compared to the situation in other nations,
Japan's low amount of inward FDI stands out.

In comparison to other nations, Japan's FDI is quite distinct in terms of the wide
disparity between outbound and inward FDI, as well as the low level of inward FDI. The
current FDI position demonstrates that the Japanese economy's globalization has achieved
significant progress outside but is hindered within.

In this section, we will first study the globalization of Japanese enterprises, that is, the
external globalization of the Japanese economy, and then examine the internal globalization,
focusing on the entry of foreign firms into Japan.
Description
Japan is an island country located off the east coast of Asia. It's made up of a long
chain of islands that form a curve stretching about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) across the western
North Pacific Ocean. The main part of Japan consists of four large islands: Hokkaido in the
north, Honshu in the center, Shikoku, and Kyushu in the south. Honshu is the biggest of these
islands, followed by Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku.

Apart from these main islands, there are also many smaller islands. Some important
groups of these smaller islands include the Ryukyu Islands, which include Okinawa and are
located to the south and west of Kyushu. Additionally, there are the Izu, Bonin (Ogasawara),
and Volcano (Kazan) islands, found to the south and east of central Honshu.

Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is situated in the eastern part of Honshu and is one of the
most populous cities in the world.
Ch.1

Overview of the education system (EAG 2023) Japan

https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=JPN&treshold=10&topic=EO

Kallie Szczepanski (2019) History of Japan

https://www.thoughtco.com/japan-facts-and-history-195581

Marius B. Jansen (2023) Ethnic groups, language, and religion

https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/People

Taro Sakamoto (2023) Geological Framework

https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/Geologic-framework

Geological Survey Of Japan (2023) Geology of Japan

https://www.gsj.jp/en/education/geomap-e/geology-e.html

(di mahanap author and year)

https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html

Ch.2
Japan - Overview of the education system (EAG 2023)
https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=JPN&treshold=10&topic=EO

Japan’s History (2021)

https://www.thoughtco.com/japan-facts-and-history-195581

Japan’s Ethnic groups, language, and religion.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/People

Geological framework
https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/Geologic-framework

Geology of Japan (2023)

https://www.gsj.jp/en/education/geomap-e/geology-e.html

The Constitution of Japan

https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html

Shujiro Urata (2022) progress of the country & globalization.

https://worldinsight.com/news/business/globalization-of-japanese-economy-reality-and-
impacts/

Stefoff, R.(2023) Plants and animals

https://theworldofinfo.com/japan/plants/