Mathematical Logical Connectives

A logical Connective is a symbol which is used to connect two or more propositional or predicate logics in
such a manner that resultant logic depends only on the input logics and the meaning of the connective used.

Generally there are five connectives which are

1. AND ∧ − Conjunction
2. OR ⋁ − Disjunction
3. Negation/Not (¬)
4. Implication/ if – then →
5. Biconditional/ If and only if ⇔
The truth value of propositions is presented in a truth table. A truth table displays the relationships
between the truth values of propositions. Truth tables are especially valuable in the determination of the
truth values of propositions constructed from simpler propositions.
The truth table for CONJUNTION
DEFINITONS:
Let 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 be propositions 𝑝 𝑞 𝑝∧𝑞
1. Conjunction (AND - ∧) : The AND operation of two
T T T
propositions 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 is true if both T F F
the propositional variable 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 is true
F T F
F F F
2. Disjunction (OR - ∨) : The OR operation of two The truth table for DISJUNTION
propositions 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 is true p 𝑞 𝑝∨𝑞
if at least any of the propositional variable 𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑞 is true.
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
3. Negation/NOT (¬) : The negation of a proposition p The truth table for NEGATION
( written as ¬p ) is false when p is true and is true when
p is false
𝑝 ¬𝑝

T F

F T
4. Implication/ If – then → : An implication 𝑝 → 𝑞 is the The truth table for IMPLICATION/ IF – THEN
proposition If p, Then q. It is false if p is true and q is false. The
rest cases are true
𝑝 𝑞 𝑝→𝑞
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
5. Biconditional/If and only If ⇔ : 𝑝 ⇔ 𝑞 is bi – conditional
logical connective which is true when 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 are same, i.e. The truth table for BICONDITIONAL/
both are false or both are true IF and only If
𝑝 𝑞 𝑝⇔𝑞
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
p 𝑞 𝑝∨𝑞
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
𝑝 ¬𝑝
T F
F T

𝑝 𝑞 𝑝∧𝑞
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
B. Translate the following into logical expressions:
 .You can access the internet from campus only if you are an Info Tech student or you are
not a freshman
Solution:
Let p = be the proposition “you can access the Internet from campus”
q = be the preposition “you are an Info Tech student”
¬r = be the proposition “you are not a freshman”

You can access the internet from campus only if you are an Info Tech student or you are not a freshman

𝑝 → ( 𝑞 ∨ ¬r )
In symbol:
= 𝒑 → 𝒒 ∨ ¬𝐫 answer
 Let’s consider a propositional language where
𝒑 means “Paola is happy:’; 𝒒 means “Paola paints a picture”,
𝒓 means “Renzo is happy”
Formalize the following sentences:
1. “If Paola is happy and paints a picture then Renzo isn’t happy”
2. “If Paola is happy, then she paints a picture”
3. “Paola is happy only if she paints a picture”

Solution:
1. “If Paola is happy and paints a picture then Renzo isn’t happy”

𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ¬r

In symbol: 𝒑 ∧ 𝒈 → ¬𝐫 answer
Note: if, then 𝒑 → 𝒒
2. “If Paola is happy, then she paints a picture”

𝑝 → 𝑞
In symbol: 𝒑 → 𝒒 answer
Note: if, then 𝒑 → 𝒒

3. “Paola is happy only if she paints a picture”

𝑝 ⇔ 𝑞
In symbol: 𝒑 ⇔ 𝒒 answer
Note: If and only If ⇔ : 𝑝 ⇔ 𝑞
 Let A = “Aldo is Italian” and B = “Bob is English”
Formalize the following sentences:
1. “Aldo isn’t Italian”.
2. “Aldo is Italian while Bob is English”
3. “If Aldo is Italian then Bob is not English”
4. “Aldo is Italian or if Aldo isn’t Italian then Bob is English”
5. “Either Aldo is Italian and Bob is English, or neither Aldo
is Italian nor Bob is English”

Solution:
1. “Aldo isn’t Italian”.
¬𝐀
2. “Aldo is Italian while Bob is English”

𝐴 ∧ 𝐵
In symbol: 𝑨 ∧ 𝑩 answer

3. “If Aldo is Italian then Bob is not English”

𝑨 → ¬𝐁
In symbol: 𝑨 → ¬𝐁 answer
Note: if, then 𝒑 → 𝒒
4. “Aldo is Italian or if Aldo isn’t Italian then Bob is English”

𝐴 ∨ ¬𝐀 𝐁
Note: if, then 𝑝 → 𝑞
𝑨 ∨ ¬𝐀 → 𝐁
In symbol: 𝑨 ∨ ¬𝐀 → 𝐁 answer

5. “Either Aldo is Italian and Bob is English, or neither Aldo is Italian nor Bob is English”
A B ¬𝐀 ¬𝐁

𝐴∧𝐵 ∨ ¬𝐀 ∧ ¬𝐁
In symbol: 𝑨 ∧ 𝑩 ∨ ¬𝐀 ∧ ¬𝐁 answer
Assignment 9: Template 12
A. Make a truth table for the given expression.
1. ¬𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ∨ 𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 2. 𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 ∨ 𝑟
3. ¬ 𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 ∨ ¬𝑝 4. 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 ∧ ¬ ¬𝑞 ∧ 𝑟
5. ¬𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ∨ ¬𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 6. ¬ 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 ∧ ¬𝑞
7. 𝑞 ∧ 𝑟 ∧ ¬𝑝 8. 𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞 ∨ ¬𝑟
9. 𝑞 ∧ ¬𝑝 → 𝑟 10. 𝑞 ∧ ¬𝑝 → ¬𝑟
B. Let’s consider a propositional language where
A = “Angelo comes to the party”
B = “Bruno comes to the party”
C = “Carlo comes to the party”
D = “David comes to the party”
Formalize the following sentences
1. “If David comes to the party then Bruno and Carlo come too”
2. “Carlo comes to the party only if Angelo and Bruno do not
come”
3. “David comes to the party if and only if Carlo comes and Angelo
doesn’t come”
4. “If David comes to the party, then, if Carlo doesn’t come then
Angelo comes”
5. “Carlo comes to the party provided that David doesn’t come,
but, if David comes, then Bruno doesn’t come”
6. “A necessary condition for Angelo coming to the party, is that, if
Bruno and Carlo aren’t coming, David comes”
7. “Angelo, Bruno and Carlo come to the party if and only if David
doesn’t come, but, if neither Angelo nor Bruno come, then David
comes only if Carlo comes”
C. Translate some sentences into the logical notation
Let 𝒑 = the store is open today
𝒒 = Mary is going to the store today
𝒓 = John is going to the store today
Formalize the following sentences
8. “Either John or Mary (or both) are going to the store today
9. “John is going to the store today but Mary isn’t”
10. The store is open today, and either John or Mary is going”
D. Express the following in words
Let 𝒑 = “Willis is a good teacher”
𝒒 = “Carla is a good teacher”
𝒓 = “Willis’ students hate math”
𝒔 = “Carla’s students hate math”
1. ¬𝑟 4 𝑟 ∨ ¬𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 7. 𝑟 ∧ ¬𝑟
2. ¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 5. 𝑞 ∨ ¬𝑞 8. ¬𝑠 ∨ ¬𝑟
3. 𝑝 ∨ 𝑟 ∧ ¬𝑞 6. ¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑠 ∨ 𝑞 9. ¬ 𝑞 ∨ 𝑠
10. ¬ 𝑝 ∧ 𝑟