1

Shiv Chhatrapati Shikshan Sanstha’s

Sant Tukaram National Model School, Latur
Subject: Chemistry Class – IX
Subject Teacher: Mrs. Varsha Shete
1) Matter in our surrounding
Index

1) Introduction 2) Main concepts and sub concepts

3) Gist of lesson 4) Video

5) Activity 6) Mind map

7) Bibliography 8) Question Bank

1) Introduction:
Air, water, stones, sand, clouds, pencils, books – Everything is made up of matter. Matter
is everything in this universe that occupies space and has mass.According to the early
Indian philosophers, every living and non-living thing is made of five basic elements
called the Panchtatva – Air, Water, Earth, Sky, and Fire. Therefore, matter is a
composition of these five constituents.
Non-matter includes the light from a torch, the heat from a fire, and the sound of a police
siren. You cannot hold, taste, or smell these things. They are not types of matter, but forms of
energy.

Things That Are Not Matter

Here are several things that don't meet the definition of matter:

• Time
• Sound
• Sunlight
• Rainbow
• Love
• Thoughts
• Gravity
• Microwaves
• Heat

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• Memories
• Information
• Reflections
• Energy

Other examples include dreams, magnetism, radio, and hate.

2) Main concepts and sub concepts

1) Physical Nature of Matter

2) Characteristics of Particles of Matter
3) States of Matter
4) Effect of Change of Temperature
5) Effect of change of Pressure
6) Evaporation and factors affecting on evaporation
7) How evaporation causes cooling

3) Gist of the lesson:

1) Physical Nature of Matter

Is matter continuous or particulate?

Matter is particulate in nature. This means that matter

consists of particles as you can see in the microscopic image
of a cube above.
For Example, If we put a drop of red colour in water the
colour of the water turns red. This happens because the
particles of red colour mix with the particles of water.

What is the size of these particles?

i) The size of the particles of matter is very small.

ii) They can be broken into further particles as
well. For Example, On dilution of a colourful
solution, as shown in the figure below, we can
still see the colour. This means there are millions of particles present in the colour which
just divide themselves on dilution.
iii) Which of these is matter – happiness, air, sandwich, thoughts, juice, and eraser? Air,
sandwich, juice, and eraser as they have mass, occupy space and can be broken into
further particles.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

Particles of matter have three characteristics:
1. Particles of matter have spaces between them.

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2. Particles of matter are moving all the time.

3. Particles of matter attract each other.
4. Matter is made up of very minute particles.

1. Particles of Matter have spaces between them;

Have you ever wondered what causes salt to
get dissolved in water?
Salt gets dissolved in water because its particles
have spaces between them. The particles of the
salt get in between the spaces between the
particles of water and a mixture is formed. We cannot see these particles through naked
eyes.

2. Particles of Matter are continuously moving

Particles are continuously moving

i)Particles of matter are in motion all the time. Hence, they
possess kinetic energy.
ii)Kinetic Energy – Energy due to motion
iii)The particles of a matter intermix on their own with
other particles of a matter. For Example, Salt in water,
Various gases in the air, Ink in water.
iv)Diffusion – The process of mixing two different types of
particles together is called diffusion. Diffusion becomes
faster on heating.

iv)The kinetic energy of particles also increases on heating.

3. Particles of Matter attract each other

i) The particles of matter are always held together because of a force of attraction
between them.
ii) The amount of this force between the particles varies in different forms of matter, as
shown in the figure below:
iii)Solids have the highest force of attraction. That is why we cannot move our hands
through a solid object. The particles are so tightly bound.
iv) Similarly, particles of gases have the least force of attraction in them. We can move
our hands easily in the air, can’t we? This is because the particles of air are loosely
bound.
iv)We can arrange the force of attraction between different types of matter (solids,
liquids, and gases) in increasing order as:
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v) We can also move our hands through water or liquid matter but not as freely as we can
in the air. This means that they are also loosely bound to some extent.
Gas < Liquid < Solids

States of Matter

Now we know that particles of matter have a

force of attraction between them. Based on this
criterion, we can say that matter is present in
three different states: solid state, liquid state,
and gaseous state.

The Solid State

i) Solids are the objects that have these three properties:
o They have a specific shape.
o They have distinct boundaries.
o They have a volume.
ii) There is less kinetic energy among the particles in solids. They are generally arranged
in order. Thus they possess a fixed shape. They cannot be compressed.
iii) The force of attraction is the maximum among the particles of solids. There is not
much space between the particles. Therefore, they cannot be compressed.
iv) Which of these are solids: Rubber band, Sponge, Salt?
o All of them are solids. All of these follow the properties of solids. A rubber band
and sponge change their shape only when we apply force on them. It might appear
to you as if salt is taking the shape of the container in which you put it but actually
each grain has its own definite shape.

The Liquid State

i) Liquids have the following properties:
o Liquids have a fixed volume
o Liquids do not have a fixed shape.
ii) The force of attraction in liquid particles is less than in solids. Therefore, there is a
space between the particles of liquids and they can flow easily. They cannot be
compressed. That is why they are also called fluids.
iii) Particles of liquids arrange each other and are not fixed. You might have seen that
liquids take the shape of the container in which we put them. This is because the particles
of liquids have high kinetic energy, they always keep on moving.
iv) Can other matter diffuse into liquids?
o Yes, other matter can diffuse into liquids whether it is solids, liquids, or gases. This
is so because there is a space between the particles of liquid so particles of other
matter can slip into those spaces.
o Diffusing solids into liquids: Mixing sugar in tea
o Diffusing liquids into liquids: Mixing ink in water
o Diffusing gases into liquids: The presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water

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The Gaseous State

i) Gases have the following properties:
o They do not have a fixed volume.
o They do not have a fixed shape.
ii) The particles of gases have the least or almost no force of attraction between them.
Therefore, the particles have a large number of spaces between them and they can freely
move in any direction.
iii) Also, they can be easily compressed and put into a small container, unlike solids and
liquids.
iv) Since there is a lot of space between the particles, different gases can diffuse into
each other easily.
v) The kinetic energy between the particles is the maximum in the case of gases.
Therefore, the particles move around freely at high speed and there is no fixed shape of
gases.
The difference in the characteristics of states of matter:
Solid Liquid Gas
Definite shape Indefinite shape Indefinite shape
Definite volume Definite volume Indefinite volume
Maximum force of attraction fewer forces of attraction Negligible force of
between particles between particles compare to attraction between
solid particles

Cannot be compressed Cannot be compressed Can be compressed

Kinetic energy of particles is Kinetic energy of particles is Kinetic energy of
minimum more than solid particles is maximum
Particles cannot move rather they Particles can slide over one Particles can move freely
vibrate only at their fixed another
position

Highest density Density is lower than solid Lowest density

Cannot flow Flow Flow

Can Matter Change its State?

Water exists in three states:
• Ice – solid
• Water – liquid
• Water Vapour – Gas
This is an indication that matter can change its states.

Effect of Change of Temperature

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What happens to matter when we heat it?

1. Solids:
i) As we heat solids, the kinetic energy between the particles of solids increases which
decreases the force of attraction between them.
ii) They start vibrating and changing their positions. Slowly, due to heat the particles
become free and a solid converts into liquid.
iii) Melting Point – The temperature at which solid melts to become a liquid at
atmospheric pressure. For Example, the melting point of ice is 273.16 Kelvin.
iv) Fusion – The process of melting a solid into liquid is called Fusion.

v) In the melting process, once a solid

reaches its melting point, its temperature
does not increase further. So where does all
the heat go? The heat present in the solid at
the time of melting is used by the particles
to diminish the force of attraction between
each other. The heat energy is therefore
considered hidden.
vi) Latent Heat – The heat energy which is used to break the force of attraction
between the particles of matter is known as latent heat. Since the heat is hidden
therefore it is called Latent Heat.
vi) Latent Heat of Fusion – The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid
into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the Latent Heat of
Fusion.
vii) Atmospheric Pressure – Pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere.

2. Liquids:
i) Just like in solids, the kinetic energy of particles of liquid increases, the force of
attraction among them decreases and they start moving freely.
ii) As we keep on supplying the heat, a point comes when the particles overcome the
forces of attraction completely.
• This is when a liquid starts changing
into gas.

iii) Boiling Point - The temperature at which a

liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric
pressure is known as its Boiling Point. For
Example, The boiling point of water is 373 Kelvin.
iv) Latent Heat of Vaporization – the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of
a liquid into a gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is known as Latent Heat
of Vaporisation.

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What happens when we decrease the temperature?

1. Gases:
• The kinetic energy between the particles decreases and they turn into a liquid state.
• Condensation / Liquefaction – The process of converting gas into a liquid by cooling
down its temperature. For Example, The formation of clouds is due to the
condensation of water vapour from Earth.

2. Liquids:
• The kinetic energy between the particles decreases and they turn into a solid -state. For
Example, The formation of ice.

• Sublimation – change of state of gas directly into solid and vice-versa is known as
sublimation. For Example, Camphor is a solid that directly evaporates into the air
without changing to a liquid state.
Therefore, by increasing or decreasing the temperature we can change the states of matter
into one another. Here is a diagram that sums this up.

Effect of change of Pressure

i) By applying pressure, we can bring the particles of matter close to each other thereby,
increasing the force of attraction among the particles.
ii) When we compress and decrease the temperature of a gas, the gas changes into a
liquid.
iii) Dry Ice – Carbon dioxide in solid form is known as Dry Ice. It can directly turn into a
gas by decreasing the pressure to 1 atmosphere.

Evaporation

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• We already know that –

o Particles of matter are never at rest
o Particles of matter possess different amounts of kinetic energy
• The particles of liquids have more kinetic energy. Therefore, they are able to
overcome the forces of attraction and convert into vapour without any external forces.
• Evaporation – The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any given
temperature below its boiling point is called Evaporation. Evaporation is different
from boiling, as shown in the figure below.

Factors Affecting Evaporation

Condition Rate of Reason
Evaporation
Increase in Surface Increases Particles have more space and thus can evaporate
Area easily
Increase in Increases Kinetic energy among the particles increases
temperature
Increase in humidity Decreases Water content in air increases and so evaporation
decreases
Increase in wind Increases Water vapours are blown away by winds allowing
speed more evaporation

How evaporation causes cooling?

The process of evaporation uses the energy of the liquid particles. Therefore, the particles
absorb energy from the surroundings in order to compensate for the energy that is being
lost in the process of evaporation. This results in the cooling of the surrounding area.

• For Example:
o Our palms feel cool when we put some
acetone (nail paint remover) on it

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o People sprinkle water on their roofs or ground on sunny days to cool the area
o We are able to sip hot tea faster in a saucer than in a cup
Q. Why do people wear cotton clothes in summer?
We sweat more in summer. As the sweat evaporates it takes energy from our body surface
and keeps our body cool. Cotton can absorb the sweat easily and exposes it to the
atmosphere causing evaporation to take place easily. This, in turn, keeps us cool on
summer days.
Q. Why do water droplets appear in the surroundings of glass with ice -cold water?
There are water vapours present in the air. When they come in contact with the walls of
the glass that has ice-cold water in it they condense. As a result, their state changes from
the gaseous state to liquid state thus forming tiny water droplets on the walls of the glass.

The Five States of Matter

• By far we have discussed the three states of matter – Solid, Liquid, Gas.
• But, scientists have discovered that there are two more states of matter –
o Plasma
o Bose-Einstein Condensate

Plasma
i) It is a state of matter in which the particles are super excited and super energetic.
They are in the form of ionized gases. Plasma may be regarded as a gas that is given
enough energy that some of its electrons may break and become free but still travel with
the nucleus. A spark in a gas can create plasma. Many gases can be converted into plasma
states but they have to be given with high amounts of energy. Plasma has valuable
applications.
ii) For Example – Fluorescent tubes and neon light bulbs consist of plasma
iii) The neon bulbs contain neon gas and there is another gas such as helium in the
fluorescent tube. As electricity is passed in the tube or the bulb, these gases get ionized
and this creates the plasma inside them that glows.
iv) In fact, the Sun and the stars glow because plasma is present in them. Here are some
examples of Plasma:

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Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

i) It is the fifth state of matter discovered by Albert Einstein based on the studies
conducted by an Indian scientist Satyendra Nath Bose.
ii) BEC is formed by condensing gases of extremely low densities to much lower
temperatures.
Important Measurement Units
SI Unit of Mass Kg (Kilogram)
SI unit of Volume m3 (cubic metres)
Common unit of Volume L (Litres)
SI unit of temperature Kelvin
0O C = 273.16 K or 273 K (approximately)
Kelvin = Celsius + 273

Si unit of Pressure Pa (Pascal)

For measuring the pressure exerted by Gas Atmosphere (atm)
1 atm = 1.01 X 105 Pa
Normal Atmospheric Pressure = 1 atm (at sea level)

4) Video:

1) https://youtu.be/LPNIDrr8EFc

2) https://youtu.be/w213Go-lz0I

3) https://youtu.be/94tReSbyPYc

4) https://youtu.be/JPBgww6qeSI

5) Activity:

A) Describe an activity to determine the boiling point of water.

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Answer:

Determination of boiling point of water:

i) In a beaker take some water and insert a thermometer

in it with the help of a clamp.

ii) Put the beaker on a tripod stand and heat the

apparatus with the help of kerosene burner slowly.

iii) Observe what happens to water.

iv) You will observe a steady stream of bubbles. This temperature is the boiling point of water.

B) Describe an activity to determine the melting point of ice.

i) Take crushed ice in a beaker and insert a thermometer in the beaker by hanging it from the
clamp of the stand in such a way that the bulb of the thermometer is completely inside the ice.

ii) Wait for some time and keep recording the temperature after small intervals of time.

iii) Note down the temperature when ice just starts melting.

iv) Let the bulb of the thermometer remain in mixture of ice and water for some more time and
keep recording the temperature. This temperature is the melting point of ice.

6) Bibliography:

1) Science- NCERT

2) Chemistry- S. Chand

3) Chemistry- Modern abc publications

4) Chemistry- Ratnasagar

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6) Mind Map:

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8) Question Bank:

IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 3

Question 1. Which of the following is matter?

Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of perfume.
Answer: Chair, air, almonds, and cold-drink.

Question 2. Give reasons for the following observation:

The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from
cold food you have to go close.
Answer: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches severed meters away, as the particles of hot food
have more kinetic energy and hence the rate of diffusion is more than the particles of cold food.

Question 3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of
matter does this observation show?
Answer: A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. This shows that the particles
of water have intermolecular space and has less force of attraction.

Question 4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

Answer. The characteristics of the particles of matter are:
(1) Particles have intermolecular space.
(2) Particles have intermolecular force.
(3) Particles of matter are moving continuously.

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 6

Question 1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.

(density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density: air, exhaust from chimneys, honey,
water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Answer: Increasing density:
air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk < iron.

Question 2. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter.

(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container,
shape, kinetic energy and density.
Answer: (a) Difference in the characteristics of 3 states of matter.

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States of matter:

(b) Comment on:

(i) Rigidity: The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when subjected to
outside force.
(ii) Compressibility: The matter has intermolecular space. The external force applied on the
matter can bring these particles closer. This property is called compressibility. Gases and liquids
are compressible.

(iii) Fluidity: The tendency of particles to flow is called fluidity. Liquids and gases flow.
(iv) Filling of a gas container: Gases have particles which vibrate randomly in all the directions.
The gas can fill the container.
(v) Shape: Solids have maximum intermolecular force and definite shape.
Whereas liquids and gases takes the shape of container.

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(vi) Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by particles due to their motion is called kinetic
energy. Molecules of gases vibrate randomly as they have maximum kinetic energy.
(vii) Density: It is defined as mass per unit volume, the solids have highest density.
Question 3. Give reasons
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood we
need a karate expert.
Answer: (a) The molecules of gas have high kinetic energy due to which they keep moving in all
directions and hence fill the vessel completely in which they are kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because the molecules of the gas are in
constant random motion due to high kinetic energy. These molecules constantly vibrate, move
and hit the walls of the container thereby exerting pressure on it.
(c) The molecules/particles of wooden table are tightly packed with each
other, there is no intermolecular space, it cannot be compressed, it cannot flow, all these
characteristics are of solid. So wooden table should be called a solid. ‘
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood we
need a karate expert. It is because the molecules of air has less force of attraction between them
and a very small external force can separate them and pass through it. But in case of solids, the
molecules have maximum force of attraction, the particles are tightly bound due to this force.
Hence large amount of external force is required to pass through solid.

Question 4. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have
observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Answer: Ice is a solid but its density is lower than water due to its structure. The molecules in
ice make a cage like structure with lot of vacant spaces, this makes ice float on water.

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 9

Question 1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:

(a) 300 K (b) 573 K
Answer. (a) 300 – 273 = 27°C (b) 573 – 273 = 300°C

Question.2. What is the physical state of water at:

(a) 250°C (b) 100°C
Answer: (a) 250°C = gas (b) 100°C liquid as well as gas

Question 3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the
change of state?
Answer: During the change of state of any matter heat is supplied to the substance. The
molecules of this matter use heat to overcome the force of attraction between the particles, at this

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period of time, temperature remains constant. This extra heat is acquired by the molecules in the
form of hidden heat called latent heat to change from one state of matter to the other state.

Question 4. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases?

Answer: The atmospheric gases are taken in a cylinder with piston fitted on it. By cooling and
applying pressure on them, the gases can be liquefied.

NCERT Textbook Questions – Page 10

Question 1. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Answer: The outer walls of the cooler get sprinkled by water constantly. This water evaporates
due to hot dry weather. Evaporation causes cooling of inside air of cooler. This cool air is sent in
the room by the fan.

Question 2. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during
summer?
Answer: The earthen pot is porous with lot of pores on it, the water oozes out through these
pores and the water gets evaporated at the surface of the pot thereby causing cooling effect. This
makes the pot cold and the water inside the pot cools by this process.

Question 3. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume
on it?
Answer: Acetone, petrol or perfume evaporate when they come into contact with air. The
evaporation causes cooling sensation in our hands.

Question 4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?
Answer: Tea in a saucer has larger surface area than in a cup. The rate of evaporation is faster
with increased surface area. The cooling of tea in saucer takes place sooner than in a cup. Hence
we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup.

Question 5. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?

Answer: We should wear light coloured cotton clothes in summer. Light colour because it

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reflects heat. Cotton clothes because it has pores in it, which absorbs sweat and allows the sweat
to evaporate faster thereby giving cooling effect.

Question 1. Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.

(a) 293 K (b) 470 K.
Answer: (a) 293 K into °C
293 – 273 = 20°C
(b) 470 K into °C 470 – 273 = 197°C

Question 2. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.

(a) 25°C (b) 373°C.
Answer: (a) 25°C into K
25 + 273 = 298 K
(b) 373°C into K 4 373 + 273 = 646 K

Question 3. Give reason for the following observations.

(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several meters away.
Answer: (a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid, because
naphthalene balls sublime and directly changes into vapour state without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away because perfume contain
volatile solvent and diffuse faster and can reach people sitting several metres away.

Question 4. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction

between the particles—water, sugar, oxygen.
Answer: Oxygen —> water —> sugar.

Question 5. What is the physical state of water at—

(a) 25°C (b) 0°C (c) 100°C
Answer: (a) 25°C is liquid (b) 0°C is solid or liquid (c) 100°C is liquid and gas

Question 6. Give two reasons to justify

(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Answer: (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because its freezing point is 0°C and boiling
point is 100°C.
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because melting point of iron is higher than
room temperature.

Question 7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same
temperature?
Answer: Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat from the medium to overcome the
fusion to become water. Hence the cooling effect of ice is more than the water at same
temperature because water does not absorb this extra heat from the medium.
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Question 8. What produces more severe bums, boiling water or steam?

Answer: Steam at 100°C will produce more severe bums as extra heat is hidden in it called
latent heat whereas the boiling water does not have this hidden heat.

Question 9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state

Answer: A —> Liquefication/melting/fusion B —> Vapourisation/evaporation C—

>Condensation D—> Solidification E —> Sublimation F —> Sublimation

Extra Questions:

1) Multiple choice question:

Question 1. The quantity of matter present in an object is called its:

(a)Weight (b)Gram (c)Mass (d)Density

Question 2. At higher altitudes:

(a)Boiling point of a liquid decreases (b)Boiling point of a liquid increases
(c)No change in boiling point (d)Melting point of solid increases

Question 3. The boiling point of alcohol is 78oC. What is this temperature in Kelvin scale:
(a)373 K (b)351 K (c)375 K (d)78 K

Question 4.In which phenomena water changes into water vapour below its B.P.?
(a)Evaporation (b)Condensation (c)Boiling (d)No such phenomena exist

Question 5.The boiling point of water on Celsius and Kelvin scale respectively is:
(a)373, 273 (b)0, 273 (c)273, 373 (d)100, 373

Question 6.The liquid which has the highest rate of evaporation is:
(a)Petrol (b)Nail- polish remover (c)Water (d)Alcohol

Question 7.When we put some crystals of potassium permanganate in a beaker containing water,
we observe that after sometime whole water has turned pink. This is due to:
(a)Boiling (b)Melting of potassium permanganate crystals

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(c)Sublimation of crystals (d)Diffusion

Question 8.The state of matter which consists of super energetic particles in the form of ionized
gases is called:
(a)Gaseous state (b)Liquid state (c)Bose- Einstein condensate (d)Plasma state

Question 9.The force that binds the particles of matter together is known as:
(a)Intermolecular space (b)Bond (c)Intermolecular force (d)Nuclear force

Question 10.The change of a liquid into vapour is called:

(a)Vaporization (b)Solidification (c)Sublimation (d)None of these

Question 11.Which of the following describes the liquid phase?

(a)It has a definite shape and a definite volume(b)It has a definite shape but not a definite volume
(c)It has a definite volume but not a definite shape
(d)It has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume

Question 12.When a teaspoon of solid sugar is dissolved in a glass of liquid water, what phase
or phases are present after mixing:
(a)Liquid only (b)Still solid and liquid (c)Solid only (d)None of these

Question 13.Volume of a gas at a particular temperature and on atmospheric pressure is 200 ml.
Keeping the temperature constant if pressure is increased to 5 atmosphere, then volume of the
gas will be:
(a)100 ml (b)40 ml (c)200 ml (d)205 ml

Question 14.Which of the following statements best explains why a closed balloon filled with
helium gas rises in air?
(a)Helium is a mono-atomic gas, whereas nearly all the molecules that make up air, such as
nitrogen and oxygen, are diatomic.
(b)The average speed of helium atoms is higher than the average speeds of air molecules, and the
higher speed of collisions with the balloon walls propels the balloon upward.
(c)Because the helium atoms are of lower mass than the average is molecules, the helium gas is
less dense than air. The balloon thus weighs less than the air displaces by its volume.
(d)Because helium has a lower molar mass than the average air molecules, the helium atoms are
in faster motion. This means that the temperature. Hot gases tend to rise.

Question 15.Equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of molecules. This statement was made by:
(a)Gay- lussae (b)Avogadro (c)Berzelius (d)John Dalton

Question 16.Boyle’s law states that the:

(a)Pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature at constant volume
(b)Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional the volume at constant temperature
(c)Volume is directly proportional to the temperature at constant pressure
(d)None of the above

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Question 17. All gases will occupy zero volume when the temperature is reduced to:
(a)273°C (b)273°C (c)-273°C (d)0°C

Question 18. Non- reacting gases have a tendency to mix with each other. This phenomenon is
known as:
(a)Chemical reaction (b)Diffusion (c)Effusion (d)Explosion

Question 19.A gas which obeys the gas laws is known as:
(a)An ideal gas (b)A heavier gas (c)A lighter gas (d)A real gas

Question 20.A gas can be compressed to a fraction of its volume. The same volume of a gas can
be spread all over a room. The reason for this is that:
(a)The volume occupied by molecules of a gas is negligible as compared to the total volume of
the gas.
(b)Gases consists of molecules which are in a state of random motion
(c)Gases consists of molecules having very large inter- molecular space which can be reduced or
increased under ordinary conditions
(d)None of these

Question 21.What is the term used to describe the phase change of a liquid to a gas?
(a)Boiling (b)Condensation (c)Melting (d)None of the above

Question 22.What term is used to describe the phase change of a solid to a liquid?
(a)Freezing (b)Melting (c)Boiling (d)None of the above

Question 23.What is the term used to describe the phase change as a liquid becomes a solid?
(a)Evaporation (b)Condensation (c)Freezing (d)None of the above

Question 24.Which has the least energetic molecules?

(a)Solids (b)Liquids (c)Gases (d)Plasmas

Question 25.In which phase of matter would you expect compound (alcohol exists) at room
temperature?
(a)Solid (b)Liquid (c)Gas (d)Plasma

Question 26..Which of these choices will not change the state of matter?
(a)Temperature (b)Crushing a crystal (c)Pressure (d)Heat

Question 27.If you leave water in a glass and some molecules turn into a gas, it is called:
(a)Condensation (b)Evaporation (c)Extinction (d) boiling

Question 28.As of the 1990s, scientists have proved the existence of how many states of matter?
(a)Two (b)Three (c)Four (d)Five

Question 29.Out of the following which is the densest state of matter?

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(a)Solids (b)Liquids (c)Gases (d)Plasmas

Question 30.Densities of two gases are in the ratio 1: 2 and their temperatures are in the ratio 2 :
1, then the ratio of their respective pressure is:
(a)1 : 1 (b)1 : 2 (c)2 : 1 (d)4 : 1

Question 31.Rate of diffusion of a gas is:

(a)Directly proportional to its density (b)Directly proportional to its molecular mass
(c)Inversely proportional to the square root of its density
(d)Inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass

Question 32.A bottle of ammonia and a bottle of dry hydrogen chloride connected through a
long tube are opened simultaneously at both ends, the while ammonium chloride ring first
formed will be:
(a)At the center of the tube (b)Near the hydrogen chloride bottle
(c)Near the ammonia bottle (d)Throughout the length of the tube

Question 33.Select the one that is not a matter:

(a)Feeling of hot (b)Smoke (c)Humidity (d)Water

Question 34.Which is incorrect statement:

(a)Matter is continuous in nature.
(b)Of the three state of matter, the one that is most compact is solid state.
(c)In solid state inter-particles space (i.e., empty space) is minimum.
(d)The density of solid is generally more than that of a liquid.

Question 35.Select the one that when used would be considered as best condition for
liquification of a gas:
a)Increasing the temperature
b)Decreasing the pressure
c)Increasing the pressure and decreasing the temperature
d)Decreasing the pressure and increasing the temperature.

Question 36.Select the correct order of evaporation for water, alcohol, petrol and kerosene oil:
(a)Water > alcohol > kerosene oil > petrol (b)Alcohol > petrol > water > kerosene oil
(c)Petrol > alcohol > water > kerosene oil (d)Petrol > alcohol > kerosene oil > water

Question 37.Which one is a sublime substance?

(a)Table salt (b)Sugar (c)Iodine (d)Potassium iodide

Question 38. S. I. unit of temperature is:

(a)Celsius (b)Fahrenheit (c)Kelvin (d)None of these

Question 39.100 K is equal to:

(a)183°C (b)-173°C (c)173°C (d)-273°C

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Question 40.The process of change of liquid state into gaseous state at constant temperature is
known as:
(a)Boiling (b)Melting (c)Fusion (d)Evaporation

Question 41.What is Dry Ice?

(a)Ice having no water of crystallization (b)Ice that has been dried
(c)Solid carbon dioxide (d)None of these

Question 42.Which one is a surface phenomenon?

(a)Evaporation (b)Boiling (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these

Question 43.Rate of diffusion depends upon:

(a)Temperature (b)Surface area (c)Both temperature and surface area
(d)None of these

Question 44.Which of the following processes is known as fusion?

(a)Change of liquid to solid (b)Change of solid to liquid
(c)Change of liquid to vapour (d)Change of gaseous state to solid state

Question 45.The evaporation of a liquid can best be carried out in a:

(a)Flask (b)China dish (c)Test tube (d)Beaker

Question 46.The one, in which inter-particle forces are strongest, is:

(a)Sodium chloride (b)Hydrogen (c)Ether (d)Carbon dioxide

Question 47. The melting point temperature of the solid state of a substance is 40°C. The
freezing point temperature of the liquid state of the same substance will be:
(a)35°C (b)40°C (c)45°C (d)Can’t predict

Question 48. Which one will help to accelerate the process of evaporation of a liquid kept in an
open china dish?
(a)Keeping dish in open (b)Blowing air into the liquid
(c)Keeping the dish under a running fan (d)All the above

Question 49. When a gas is compressed keeping temperature constant. It results in:
(b)Increase in collision among gaseous molecules
(c)Decrease in speed of gaseous molecules (d)Decrease in collision among gaseous molecules

Question 50. Pressure of air at sea level is:

(a)One atmosphere (b)760 cm of Hg (c)76 mm of Hg (d)All are correct

Question 51. Zig-zag movement of the solute particle in a solution is known as

(a) Linear motion (b) Circular motion (c) Brownian motion (d) Curved motion.

Question 52. Gases can be liquefied by

(a) increasing pressure (b) decreasing temperature

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(c) both (a) and (b) (d) decreasing pressure

Question 53. Density of a substance is defined as

(a) ratio of mass and volume (b) product of mass and volume
(c) ratio of mass and temperature (d) product of mass and temperature

Question 54. Which of the following is not matter

(a) Blood (b) Moon rock (c) Electron (d) Humidity

Question 55. Which is more effective in cooling?

(a) Ice at 273K (b) Water at 273 K (c) Water at 373K (d) Ice at 373K

Question 56. 0 ° C temperature is equal to

(a) 0 K (b) 273 K (c) -273 K (d) 300 K

Question 57. The process involving the change of state from solid to gas is called
(a) melting (b) boiling (c) fusion (d) sublimation

Answer

Que. No. Ans. Que. No. Ans. Que. No. Ans. Que. No. Ans.

1 C 16 B 31 D 46 A
2 A 17 D 32 B 47 B
3 B 18 C 33 A 48 D
4 A 19 A 34 A 49 D
5 D 20 C 35 C 50 C
6 A 21 A 36 D 51 C
7 D 22 B 37 C 52 C
8 D 23 C 38 C 53 A
9 C 24 A 39 B 54 D
10 A 25 B 40 A 55 A
11 C 26 B 41 C 56 B
12 A 27 B 42 A 57 D
13 B 28 D 43 C 58
14 C 29 A 44 B 59
15 B 30 A 45 B 60
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Q.2) Fill in the blanks:-

1. Matter is made up of small_________.

2. The forces of attraction between the particles are _______ in solids, ______ in liquids and
_________ in gases.
3. __________ is the change of gaseous state directly to solid state without going through liquid
state, and vice-versa.
4. Evaporation causes __________.
5. Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid
at its ________.
6. Solid, liquid and gas are called the three _______ of matter.
7. The smell of perfume gradually spreads across a room due to ______.
8. Rapid evaporation depends on the ______ area exposed to atmosphere.
9. As the temperature of a system increases, the pressure of the gases ______.
10. As the volume of a specific amount of gas decreases, it’s pressure _______.
11. As the temperature of a gas decreases, I’s volume ______.
12. Gas molecules at higher temperatures have more _______ than at cooler temperatures.
13. Usually, the total charge of a plasma is _______.
14. The pressure inside of a sealed tube if you raise the temperature go ______
15. Forces of attraction in liquids are _______ than in olid.
16. Liquids that move quickly downhill are described as having _____.

Answers.

1. Particles 2. Maximum, intermediate, minimum 3. Sublimation

4. Cooling 5. Melting point 6. States
7. Diffusion 8. Surface 9. Increases
10. Increases 11. Decreases 12. Kinetic energy
13. Zero 14. Up 15. Weaker
16. Low viscosity

Q.3) True/ False:-

1. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.

2. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
3. The rate of evaporation depends only on the surface area exposed to the atmosphere.
4. Latent heat of vaporization is the heat energy required to change 1 kg. of a liquid to gas at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point.
5. Water at room temperature is a liquid.
6. Atoms in a liquid are father apart than the atoms in a gas.
7. The molecules in a gas are in constant motion.
8. Gases present in air have the same pressure throughout the entire atmosphere.

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9. All materials move from solid to liquid to gas as the temperature increases.
10. Because electrons have been stripped away from atoms in plasma, plasmas have a negative
charge.
11. It is just as easy to compress a liquid, as it is to compress a gas.
12. Evaporation and boiling are the same processes because molecules move from a liquid to
gaseous state.

13. If we pour liquid nitrogen(N2N2) into a glass, it will change its state to a solid.
14. You may find plasma in a star.
15. A system that changes from a solid state to a liquid state gains energy.
16. Plasmas are all made of the same ions. They have different colours due to different amounts
of electricity.

Answers:

1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True

6. False 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. False
11. False 12. False 13. False 14. True 15. True 16. False

Q.4) Assertion and reason type questions.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

Q.1. Assertion: When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution placed in a dark
place the path of the beam becomes visible.
Reason: Light gets scattered by the colloidal particles.

Answer: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation
of assertion (A).
Light is scattered by colloidal particles, making the path of the beam visible.

Q.2. Assertion: A mixture of benzoic acid and naphthalene can be separated by crystallization
from water.
Reason: Benzoic acid is soluble in hot water but naphthalene is insoluble in hot water.

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Answer: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation
of assertion (A).
Benzoic acid is soluble in hot water but naphthalene is not soluble.
Q.3. Assertion: A solution of table salt in a glass of water is homogeneous.
Reason: A solution having different composition throughout is homogeneous.

Answer: (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

A solution having same composition throughout is homogeneous.

Q.4. Assertion: A mixture of sugar and benzoic acid can be separated by shaking with ether.
Reason: Sugar is insoluble in water.

Answer: (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

Sugar is soluble in water and insoluble in ether.
Q.5. Assertion: In sublimation, a substance changes directly from solid to vapour without
passing through
liquid state and vice-versa.
Reason: Distillation involves two processes i.e., vaporisation and condensation.
Answer: (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
Both are definitions of sublimation and distillation respectively.

Q.6. Assertion: True solution exhibits Tyndall effect.

Reason: Particles are very large in size.

Answer: (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

True solutions do not exhibit Tyndall effect since the particle size is very small to scatter light.
Q.7. Assertion: Colloidal solutions are stable and the colloidal particles do not settle down.
Reason: Brownian movement counters the force of gravity acting on colloidal particles.

Answer: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation
of assertion (A).
Due to constant movement of particles colloidal particles do not settle down.
Q.8. Assertion: A solution of table salt in a glass of water is homogeneous.
Reason: A solution having different composition throughout is homogeneous.

Answer: (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

A solution having same composition throughout is homogeneous.
Q.9. Assertion: Impure benzoic acid can be purified by sublimation.
Reason: Benzoic acid sublimes on heating.

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Answer: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation
of assertion (A).
Benzoic acid sublimes on heating while impurities do not.
Q.10. Assertion: Tyndall effect is an optical property.
Reason: Electrophoresis is an electrical property.

Answer: (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
Scattering of light by colloidal particles is an optical activity. Coagulation of colloidal particles
under an electrical field is an electrical property.
Q.11. Assertion: A mixture of acetone and methanol can be separated by fractional distillation.
Reason: The difference between their boiling points is very less.

Answer: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation
of assertion (A).
Whenever the difference in boiling points of two liquids is less than 25cC they are separated by
fractional distillation.
Q.12. Assertion: Chloroform and benzene form a pair of miscible liquids and they are separated
by fractional
distillation.
Reason: Boiling point of benzene is less than that of chloroform.

Answer: (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

Chloroform (b.pt. 60cC) and benzene (b.pt. 80c) can be separated by fractional distillation since
fractional distillation is used for the separation of two or more liquids with difference in their
boiling points of less than 25cC.
Q.13. Assertion: A mixture of camphor and ammonium chloride cannot be separated by
sublimation.
Reason: Camphor on heating sublimes, ammonium chloride does not.

Answer: (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

Both camphor and ammonium chloride sublime on heating.
Q.14. Assertion: A mixture of glucose and m-dinitrobenzene can be separated by shaking it with
ether.
Reason: Glucose is soluble in water.

Answer: (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
Q.15. Assertion: Hot water is used for separation of benzoic acid from naphthalene.
Reason: Whenever a crystal is formed it tends to leave out the impurities.

Answer: (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).

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Benzoic acid dissolves in hot water but naphthalene does not therefore, hot water is used for
separation of benzoic acid from naphthalene.

Q.5) Very Short Answer Questions-

1. Name the three states of matter. Give one example of each.

Ans: . Solid,liquid and gas are the three states Example Ice(Solid), Water(liquid) and steam(Gas)
2. What are the two ways in which the physical state of matter can be changed?
Ans: Melting and boiling
3. Explain how gases can be liquefied?
Ans: By increasing pressure or increasing temperature.
4. What is sublimation? Give examples.
Ans: Changing a solid directly into gas due to heat is called sublimation. Ex. Camphor, dry
ice,etc.
5. Define latent heat of fusion.
Ans: The amount of heat energy required to convert 1 kg of solid into liquid at atmospheric
pressure at its melting point
6. Define latent heat of vaporization.
Ans: . The amount of heat energy required to convert 1 kg of liquid at its boling point to vapour
or gas without any change in temperature
7. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?
Ans: Steam
8. How can the boiling point of a liquid be rased, without adding any impurity?
Ans: By increasing pressure on liquid
9. In how many forms did the earlier scientists classify matter.
Ans. Air,earth ,fire and water
10. Why does a summer rainstorm lower the temperature?
Ans. Because in summer due to heat rate of evaporation is more. The evaporation causes cooling.
11. A beaker of a liquid with a vapour pressure of 350 torr at 25°C is set alongside a beaker of
water (Vapour pressure of 23.76 torr) and both are allowed to evaporate. In which liquid does the
temperature change at a faster rate? Why?
Ans: . Liquid other than water. Because its pressure is more.
12. At a given temperature, one liquid has a vapour pressure of 240 torr and another measure 420
torr. Which liquid probably has the lower boiling point? Which probably has the lower heat of
vaporization?
Ans: Ans: Liquid with high vapour pressure has low boiling point and low heat of vaporization.
13. A drop of dettol got evenly distributed in water. How?
Ans. There is enough space between particle of water and dettol.
14. Liquid nitrogen is used as a commercial refrigerant to flash freeze foods. Nitrogen boils at -
196°C. What is this temperature on the Kelvin temperature scale?
Ans: K = °C +273= -196+273=77K
15. What property or properties of gases can you point to support the assumption that most of the
volume in a gas is empty space?

Ans: Compressibility
16. What is unit cell?

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Ans: Smallest portion of crystal lattice which defines completely the repeating pattern in the
crystal in all the directions.
17. What is the effect on surface tension of temperature?

Ans. Surface decrease with rise in temperature

18. Surface tension is same for different liquids. Explain.

Ans. Surface tension is different for different liquids.

Q.6) Short answer questions

Question 1. What is condensation? How is the condensation of a gas carried out?

Solution
The process due to which gas convert into liquid state by giving out heat energy is called
condensation. When a gas is compressed , it loses its heat energy thereby consequently
decreasing the intermolecular distance between the molecules and increasing the intermolecular
force of attraction between the molecules .Thus resulting in condensation of gas
Question 2. Why do solids not diffuse?
Solution
There is strong intermolecular force of attraction between molecules and there is very little space
for the molecules to move around

Question 3. Convert the following Kelvin temperature to degrees Celsius.

a. 175 K b. 295 K c. 300 K d. 225 K
Solution
a. Degree Celcius = K - 273 = 175-273=-98 0C
b. 220C c. 270C d. -480C

Question 4. Convert the following Celsius temperature to Kelvin temperature.

a. 25 0C b. -15 0C c. 0 0C d. 3 0C
Solution
a. Kelvin = 0C + 273 = 298k
b. 258K c. 273K d. 276K

Question 5. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of intermolecular force of

attraction:
water, sugar, oxygen
Solution
Oxygen < Water < Sugar

Question 6. What is the physical state of water at the following temperatures?

(a) 25 0C (b) 0 0C (c) 100 0C
Solution
(a) 25 0C: liquid (b) 0 0C: solid or liquid (if melting process is on way).
(c) 100 0C: gas or liquid (if the boiling process is on way).

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Question 7. Why does the temperature of a substance remain constant during melting and
boiling even when heat is being supplied to it continuously?
Solution
It is because the heat supplied to the substance is used up (or absorbed) in overcoming the
intermolecular forces, and therefore, it does not show up as a rise in the temperature.

Question 8. Why do the gases exert more pressure on the walls of the container than the solids?
Solution
The particles of a gas move about randomly at very high speeds because of large spaces and very
less attractive forces between them. Due to this the particles collide with each other and the walls
of the container. Due to this collision gas exerts pressure on the wall of the container.

Question 9. The process in which a solid is converted directly into a gas is called sublimation.
Iodine is an element that sublimes. A sample of solid iodine in a stoppered flask was allowed to
stand undisturbed for several days. Crystals of solid iodine grew on the sides of the flask.
Explain at the molecular level what happened?

Question 10. Give three examples of crystalline and amorphous solids.

Solution

Question 14. Define the following terms:

a. Melting point
b. Freezing point
c. Boiling point
Solution
a. The temperature at which solid changes into liquid is called its melting point.
b. The temperature at which liquid changes into solid.
c. The temperature at which liquid changes into vapors is termed as its boiling point.

Foundation Level Questions for Olympiads/JEE Level/PMT/KVYP

Question 15. A constant pressure tank of gas at 1.01 Atm has propane in it at 150C when it is at
255 cubic meters. What is its volume at 480C?
Solution
This can be found using Charles law which states that at constant Volume is directly proportional
to temperature, So
V1/T1=V2/T2
T1=15+273=288 K
T2=48+273=321
255/288 = V/321
V=284.2 cubic meters

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Question 16. What is the mass of 15 liters of chlorine gas at STP?

Solution
We know that one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.7 litres at STP. Thus
22.7 litres of chlorine gas at STP = 1 mole
1 litre of chlorine gas = (1 / 22.7) moles
15 litres of chlorine gas = (15 / 22.7) moles = 0.661 moles
Now, the molar mass of chlorine gas is 71g. This means that the mass of 6.023 X 1023
molecules of Cl2 gas is 71g. Thus
1 mole of chlorine gas = 71g
0.661 moles of chlorine gas = 71 X 0.661 = 46.916g
Thus the mass of 15 litres of Cl2 gas is 46.916g.

Question 17. How many liters of hydrogen at 00C and 1400mm of Hg are produced if 15g of
magnesium reacts with sulphuric acid?
Solution
Given Pressure = 1400 mm of Hg =1400/760 atm= 1.842atm
T=00C=273K
R = 0.0821 L-atm/mol- K
no of moles= 15/24.305=.617
Now
PV=nRT
or V = nRT/P = 7.5L

Question 18. A 250 Kg tank of liquid butane (C4H10) burns to produce carbon dioxide at 1200C.
What volume of carbon dioxide is produced at 1 Atm?
Solution
Similarly as above V=6.56 L

Question 19. How many liters of product at 950 mmHg and 00C is produced by the burning of
three liters of acetylene (C2H2) at 5 atm and 200C?
Solution
V=33.5 L

Question 20. A fixed quantity of gas at 230C exhibits pressure of 748 torr and occupies a volume
of 10.3 L
a)Use Boyle's law to calculate the volume the gas will occupy at 230C if the pressure is increased
to 1.88 atm.
b)Use Charles' law to calculate the volume the gas will occupy if the temperature is increased to
1650C while the pressure is held constant.
Solution
a) As per Boyles laws, At constant temperature, Pressure is inversely proportional to Volume
So
P1V1=P2V2
P1=748 torr=748/760 atm=.984atm

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V1=10.3 L
P2=1.88 atm
V2=P1V1/P2=5.39 litres
b) As per Charles law which states that at constant Volume is directly proportional to
temperature,So
V1/T1=V2/T2
V1/T1=V2/T2
T1=23+273=298 K
T2=165+273=438
10.3/298 = V/438
V=15.24 L

Question 21. (a) Write the ideal- gas equat ion, and give the units used for each term in the
equation when
Given that R = 0.0821 L-atm/mol- K
(b) What is an ideal gas?
Solution
a) PV=nRT
P= Pressure = atm
V=Volume =L
n=Number of Moles = moles
T= temperature =K
R =Gas constant=L-atm/mol- K
b) Ideal gas follows the ideal gas equation always

Question 16. A certain volume of a gas is under a pressure of 900 mm of Hg. When the pressure
is increased by 300 mm, the gas occupies 2700 ml. if this change occurs at a constant
temperature, calculate the initial volume of the gas.

Question 22. Which state of matter is compressible? Why?

Solution
Gaseous state of matter is compressible as there is large distance between the molecules of the
gas and when pressure is applied on gas,the gas molecules come close and gas in total occupies
less space

Question 23.
Crossword Puzzle
Across
1. BEC stands for Bose-Einstein-______
3. The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles
8. Conversion of solid to vapour is called ______
Down
2. This is the phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling
point
4. SI unit of Temperature
5. CNG stands ____ natural gas

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6. It is the amount of water vapour present in air.

7. LPG stands for ______petroleum gas.

Solution
1. Condensation 2. Evaporation 3.
Plasma 4. kelvin
5. Compressed 6. Humidity 7.
Liquefied 8. sublimation

Question 24.
Write the terms for numbers in the below figure

Solution:

1. Fusion 2.solidification

3.sublimation 4.condensation

Q.7) Short answer type questions type II

Question 1.
A rubber band can change its shape on stretching. Will you classify it as solid or not? Justify?

Answer
Rubber band changes shape under force and regains the shape when the force is removed. So, it
is classified as a solid.

Question 2.
Sponge, though compressible, is a solid?
Answer
A sponge has minute holes in which air is trapped. When we press it, the air is expelled out and
we are able to compress it. On releasing pressure, it again regains its shape. So, it is classified as
a solid.

Question 3.
Gases completely fill the vessel in which they are kept. Give reasons.
Answer
In the gaseous state, particles move freely and have greater space between them. So they occupy
the entire space available. Hence, gases completely fill the vessel in which they are kept.

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Question 4.
Under what conditions gases can be liquefied? In which form LPG is filled in gas cylinder?
Answer
By applying pressure and reducing temperature, gases can be liquefied. The liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) is filled in gas cylinders in the compressed gas form.

Question 5.
Liquid generally have lower density as compared to solids, but ice floats on water. Find out,
why.
Answer
Ice and water both are the same substance but ice has greater volume than that of the same
amount of water.
As density is inversely proportional to the volume, ice is less denser than water.
Objects having density less than water float on the surface of water.

Question 6.
What is dry ice?
Answer
Solid CO2CO2 is called dry ice, because solid CO2CO2 gets converted directly into gaseous
state without coming into liquid state on decreasing pressure to one atmosphere.

Question 7.
Explain why temperature remains constant during interconversion of states of matter?
Answer
Heat supplied to a substance is getting used during changing its state to overcome the force of
attraction between the particles. The excess heat is absorbed by the particles in the form of latent
heat.

Question 8.

Give reason to explain why it takes longer time to dry wet clothes in humid weather?
Answser
Rate of evaporation depends on humidity present in air. Humid air already has large amount of
water vapours, so rate of evaporation is slow.

Question 9.
Why should we wear cotton clothes during summer?
Answer
We perspire more during summer. Cotton is a good absorber of water. It absorbs sweat and
exposes it for easy evaporation. As a result body feels cool and comfortable. So, we should wear
cotton clothes during summer.

Question 10.
Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?

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Answer
The humidity that is the amount of water vapours in air is less on a hot dry day. Lesser the
humidity more is the rate of evaporation. Since the rate of evaporation is more on a hot dry day,
a desert cooler cools better.

Question 11.
Why do people sprinkle water on the roof after a hot sunny day?
Answer
After a hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof or open ground because the large latent
heat of vaporisation of water helps to cool the surface. Water takes away the heat from the
ground and gives cooling effect.

Question 12.
Write any three differences between evaporation and boiling?
Answer

Question 13.
Why does ice at 0°C appear colder than water at same temperature?
Answer
Particles in water at 0° C (273K) have more energy as compared to the particles in ice at the
same temperature. It is due to the latent heat o fusion.

Question 14.
Why mixture does not have a fixed melting point or a fixed boiling point? Give two reasons?
Answer
It does not have fixed composition and it does not have uniform ordered arrangement of
particles.

Question 15.
On suffering from fever which will lower down your body temperature, more ice or ice cold
water?
Answer
Ice will lower down body temperature more because it will take latent heat of fusion from our
body and fever will come down faster.

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Question 16.

What is tincture of iodine?

Answer
A solution of iodine in alcohol is known as tincture of iodine. Solute is iodine and solvent is
alcohol.

Question 17.
A gas exerts pressure on the walls of container, why?
Answer
Gas molecules collide with each other as well as with the walls of container. Therefore, gas
exerts pressure.

Question 18.
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold
food you have to go close.
Answer
Solids diffuse at a very slow rate. But, if the temperature of the solid is increased, then the rate of
diffusion of the solid particles into air increases. This is due to an increase in the kinetic energy
of solid particles. Hence, the smell of hot sizzling food reaches us even at a distance, but to get
the smell from cold food we have to go close.

Question 19.
Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container, shape,
kinetic energy, and density.
Answer

Question20.
What is the physical state of water at:
(a) 250°C
(b) 100°C
Answer

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Question 21.
Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?
Answer
Acetone, petrol, and perfume evaporate at low temperatures. When some acetone, petrol, or
perfume is dropped on the palm, it takes heat from the palm and evaporates, thereby making the
palm cooler.

Question 22.
Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several meters away.
Answer
Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid because they undergo
sublimation easily i.e., the change of state of naphthalene from solid to gas takes place easily.
Perfumes has high degree of vaporization and its vapour diffuse into air easily. Therefore, we
can get the smell of perfume sitting several metre away.

Question 23.
Give two reasons to justify-
(a) Water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b)An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Answer
Water at room temperature is a liquid because it has fluidity also it has no shape but has a fixed
volume that is, it occupies the shape of the container in which it is kept.
Iron almirah is a solid at room temperature it has rigid and fixed shape.

Question 24.
A glass tumbler containing hot water is kept in the freezer compartment of a refrigerator
(temperature < 00C). If you could measure the temperature of the content of the tumbler, which
of the following graphs would correctly represent the change in its temperature as a function of
time.

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Answer
Since ice and water are in equilibrium, the temperature would be zero. When we heat the
mixture, energy supplied is utilized in melting the ice and the temperature does not change till all
the ice melts because of latent heat of fusion. On further heating, the temperature of the water
would increase. Therefore the correct option is (d).
Question 25.
i. Convert the following Kelvin temperature to degrees Celsius.
a. 173 K b. 273 K c. 400 K
ii. Convert the following Celsius temperature to Kelvin temperature.
a. -73 ° C b. -23 ° C c. 100 ° C
Answer

i. We know that ° Celsius = K - 273

a. ° C= K−273=173−273K−273=173−273 =-100 ° C
b. ° C= K−273=273−273K−273=273−273= 0 ° C
c. ° C= K−273=400−273K−273=400−273= 127° C

ii. We know that K = ° C + 273

a. K=° C + 273 = -73 + 273 = 200 K
b. K=° C + 273 = -23 + 273 = 250 K
c. K=° C + 273 = 100 + 273 = 373 K

Q.8) Long question answers.

Question 1.
Describe the continuous motion of particles of matter with the help of an activity.
Answer:
(a) To demonstrate motion of particles in air:

• Place few lighted incense sticks in a corner of a room.

• Move about the room and smell the fragrance of the incense sticks.

The fragrance produced due to burning of incense sticks is due to movement of vapours
produced
rapidly in all directions.

(b) To demonstrate motion of particles of solid matter:

• Drop a crystal of copper sulphate or potassium permanganate into a glass of hot

water.
• Do not stir the solution and allow the crystals to settle at the bottom.
• The colour of the solid is seen spreading slowly. This is because the solid particles
diffuse in the water.

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Question 2. Describe an activity to determine the boiling point of water and melting point
of ice.

Answer:
Determination of boiling point of water:

1. In a beaker take some water and insert a thermometer in

it with the help of a clamp.

2. Put the beaker on a tripod stand and heat the apparatus

with the help of kerosene burner slowly.

3. Observe what happens to water.

4. You will observe a steady stream of bubbles. This temperature is the boiling point of water.

Determination of melting point of ice:

• Take crushed ice in a beaker and insert a thermometer in the beaker by hanging it
from the clamp of the stand in such a way that the bulb of the thermometer is
completely inside the ice.
• Wait for some time and keep recording the temperature after small intervals of
time.
• Note down the temperature when ice just starts melting.
• Let the bulb of the thermometer remain in mixture of ice and water for some more
time and keep recording the temperature. This temperature is the melting point of
ice.

Question 3.
While heating ice in a beaker with a thermometer suspended in it, a student recorded the
following observations:

Based on the above observations, answer the following questions:

(a) State the change(s) observed between 2-3 min. and name the process involved.
(b) Between 30-35 min., the temperature remains constant. State the reason for this. Name the
heat involved in the process and define it.
Answer:
(a) Between 2-3 min, ice converts into water. This process is known as fusion.
(b) Between 30-35 min, the temperature remains constant because the heat supplied is used up in
overcoming the intermolecular forces of liquid to change into vapours. The heat involved in the
process is latent heat of vaporisation. It is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of
liquid into gas at its boiling point.

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Question 4.
Discuss the various factors which affect the rate of evaporation. Latent heat of evaporation
of two liquids A and B is 100 J/kg and 150 J/kg respectively. Which one can produce more
cooling effect and why?
Answer:
Factors affecting the rate of evaporation:

i) Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases with increase in surface area.

ii) Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with increase in temperature.

iii) Humidity: The rate of evaporation decreases with increase in humidity.

iv) Wind speed: The rate of evaporation increases with increase in wind speed.

v) Nature of the liquid: The volatile compounds evaporate faster than less volatile compounds
(liquids). Liquid B will produce more cooling effect because it will absorb more heat from the
surroundings for evaporation.

Question 5.
Comment on the following statements:
(a) Evaporation causes cooling.
(b) Rate of evaporation of an aqueous solution decrease with increase in humidity.
(c) Sponge though compressible is a solid.
(d) Ice is solid at 0°C, while water is liquid at room temperature.
(e) Sugar crystals dissolve faster in hot water than cold water. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
(a) Evaporation produces cooling as the particles at the surface of the liquid gain energy from the
surroundings and change into vapour, thereby producing a cooling effect.
(b) Air around us cannot hold more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given
temperature which is known as humidity. So, if the air is already rich in water vapour, it will not
take up more water; therefore, rate of evaporation of water will decrease.
(c) A sponge has minute holes in which air is trapped. Also the material is not rigid. When we
press it, the air is expelled out and we are able to compress it. But it is a solid because it has
definite shape and volume and does not change its shape unless compressed.
(d) Ice is solid at 0°C because it has a definite volume and definite shape due to strong
intermolecular forces. Water is liquid at room temperature because it has definite volume and no
definite shape due to weak intermolecular forces of attraction.
(e) Sugar crystals dissolve faster in hot water than cold water because hot water molecules have
more kinetic energy. Due to this, they strike faster on the particles of sugar than cold water
molecules. As a result, hot water will dissolve them faster than cold water.

Q 6. You are provided with a mixture of naphthalene and ammonium chloride by your
teacher. Suggest an activity to separate them with a well-labelled diagram.
Answer:

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Naphthalene is insoluble in water but soluble in benzene, while Ammonium chloride is soluble
in water but insoluble in benzene. Naphthalene changes into vapours at room temperature,
whereas ammonium chloride changes into vapours on heating.
Procedure:
Step 1: We will add water to the mixture and shake it vigorously to dissolve ammonium chloride.
Step 2: We will then filter the mixture. Naphthalene will be obtained as residue, whereas filtrate
will contain ammonium chloride.
Step 3: We will crystallize the filtrate by heating it till a saturated solution of ammonium
chloride is obtained.
Step 4: We will cool the hot saturated solution to get ammonium chloride crystals.

Q 7) It is a hot summer day, Priyanshi and Ali are wearing cotton and nylon clothes respectively.
Who do you think would be more comfortable and why?
Answer:
Priyanshi would be more comfortable than Ali. The reason is that we get a lot of sweat in our
bodies on a hot summer day.
Cotton is a good absorber of water. It absorbs sweat from the body and provides a larger surface
area for evaporation which causes a more cooling effect. Nylon does not absorb sweat, so the
sweat does not evaporate, and Ali would feel uncomfortable.
Q 8) . You want to wear your favourite shirt to a party, but the problem is that it is still wet after
a wash. What steps would you take to dry it faster?
Answer:
Wet clothes dry up because of evaporation. The rate of evaporation increases with the increase in
temperature, surface area and wind speed.
(a) We can spread the shirt on a wire to increase the evaporation rate.
(b) We can increase the evaporation rate by using a fan.
(c) If it is daytime, we can arrange the above combination in the sun so that an increase in
temperature would increase the evaporation rate.

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(d) If it is not daytime, we can use a hot iron to dry the shirt.

Q.9) Hots (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

Question 1.
The diagram below shows burning of an oil lamp.

Draw the arrangement of particles of position ‘X’ and ‘Y’ when the lamp is burning.
Answer:

Question 2.
‘A small volume of water in a kettle can fill a kitchen with steam’. Explain why.
Answer:
The liquid form of water converts into gaseous form in steam.
Its particles move very rapidly in all the directions and fill the kitchen as gases completely fills
the vessel.

Question 3.
A sample of water under study was found to boil at 102°C at normal temperature and pressure. Is
the water pure? Will this water freeze at 0°C? Comment. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Its freezing point will be below 0°C due to the presence of a non-volatile impurity in it.

Question 4.

(a) Name the changes in the terms of

process P, Q, R and S?
(b) Which of the changes are
exothermic and endothermic?

Answer:

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(a) ‘P’ is fusion (melting), ‘0’ is boiling, ‘R’ is condensation and ‘S’ is sublimation.
(b) ‘P’, ‘0’ and ‘S’ are endothermic and ‘R’ is exothermic.

Question 5.
The temperature-time graph given alongside shows the heating curve for pure wax.

From the graph answer the following:

(a) What is the physical state of the substance at the points A, B, C and D?
(b) What is the melting point of the substance?
(c) What is its boiling point?
(d) Which portions of the graph indicates that change of state is taking place?
(e) Name the terms used for heat absorbed during change of states involved in above process.
Answer:
(a) A-Solid state,
B—Both solid and liquid states,
C—Both liquid and gaseous states
C—liquid state,
(b) 15°C
(c) 110°C
(d) A1B1 and D1D2
D1D2—Latent heat of vaporization
(e) A1B1—Latent heat of fusion.

Question 6.
Water as ice has a cooling effect, whereas water as steam may cause severe burns. Explain
these observations. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
In case of ice, the water molecules have low energy while in case of steam the water molecules
have high energy. The high energy of water molecules in steam is transformed as heat and may
cause burns. On the other hand, in case of ice, the water molecules take energy from the body
and thus, give a cooling effect.

Q.10) Paragraph based questions.

Case Study 1:
1.) A matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Pen, paper, clips, sand, air, ice, etc.
are different forms of matter. Every matter is made up of small particles. These particles are so
tiny that they can’t be seen with naked eyes. Let’s see about the different characteristics of
particles of matter.
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All matter is made up of very small particles.

Particles of matter has spaces between them.
Particles of matter are continuously moving.
Particles of matter attract each other.

Answer the following questions by referring above paragraph.

i.) Which of following is not matter?

a.) Pen b.) air c.) smell of perfume d.) None of these

ii.) Thoughts coming in our mind are example of matter. True or false

a.) True b.) False c.) None of these

iii.) Which of the following is true about particles of matter?

a.) Particles of matter has spaces between them b.) Particles of matter are continuously moving

c.) Particles of matter attract each other d.) All of these

iv.) Give 5 examples of matter in our surroundings

v.) Enlist all properties of particles of matter

Answer key-1

i.) c ii.) b iii.) d iv.) pen, pencil, notebook, ice and water

v.) Different characteristics of particles of matter are

i) All matter is made up of very small particles.

ii) Particles of matter has spaces between them.
iii) Particles of matter are continuously moving.
iv) Particles of matter attract each other.

Case Study 2:
There are three states of matter – solid, liquid and gas.Solids have a definite shape, distinct
boundaries and fixed volumes, that is, have negligible compressibility. Solids have a tendency to
maintain their shape when subjected to outside force. Solids may break under force but it is
difficult to change their shape, so they are rigid. Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed
volume. They take up the shape of the container in which they are kept. Liquids flow and change
shape, so they are not rigid but can be called fluid. Gas as has indefinite shape, no fixed volume.
Gas gets the shape and volume of container. Gas has very low density hence are light. Gas can
flow easily and hence are called fluid.

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i.) Which of the following state of matter takes shape of container in which it is filled?

a.) Solid b.) Liquid c.) Gas d.) Both b and c

ii.) Distance between particles of matter least in

a.) Solid b.) Liquid c.) Gas d.) None of these

iii.) Compressibility is least in case of

a.) Solid b.) Liquid c.) Gas d.) None of these

iv.) Give properties of solids.

v.) Give properties of Gases.

Answer key-2

i.) d ii.) a iii.) a

iv.) properties of solid are given below

a) Solid has fixed volume. b) Solid has fixed shape.

c) Solid has high density. d) Solids are heavy. e) Solid does not flow.

v.) Properties of gases are

a) Gas has indefinite shape b) Gas has no fixed volume.
c) Gas gets the shape and volume of container. D) Gas fills the container completely.
e) Gas has very low density. F) Because of low density gas are light.
g) Gas can flow easily and hence are called fluid.

Case Study 3:
What happens inside the matter during change of state? On increasing the temperature of solids,
the kinetic energy of the particles increases. Due to the increase in kinetic energy, the particles
start vibrating with greater speed. The energy supplied by heat overcomes the forces of attraction
between the particles. The particles leave their fixed positions and start moving more freely. A
stage is reached when the solid melts and is converted to a liquid. The minimum temperature at
which a solid melt to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.

The temperature of the system does not change after the melting point is reached, till all the ice
melts. This happens even though we continue to heat the beaker, that is, we continue to supply
heat. This heat gets used up in changing the state by overcoming the forces of attraction between
the particles. The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at

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atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion. So, particles in
water at 00 C (273 K) have more energy as compared to particles in ice at the same temperature.

The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its
boiling point. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk of the liquid gain enough
energy to change into the vapour state. A change of state directly from solid to gas without
changing into liquid state is called sublimation and the direct change of gas to solid without
changing into liquid is called deposition.

i.) A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state is called

a.) Sublimation b.) Deposition c.) Boiling point d.) None of these

ii.) The direct change of gas to solid without changing into liquid is called

a.) Sublimation b.) Deposition c.) Boiling point d.) None of these

iii.) The energy supplied by heat to solid is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the
particles. True or false

a.) True b.) False c.) None of these

iv.) Define melting point and boiling point

v.) Define latent heat of fusion

Answer key-3

i.) a ii.) b iii.) a

iv.) The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric
pressure is called its melting point.

The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its
boiling point.

v.) The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric
pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion.

Case Study 4:
Do we always need to heat or change pressure for changing the state of matter? Can you quote
some examples from everyday life where change of state from liquid to vapour takes place
without the liquid reaching the boiling point? In the case of liquids, a small fraction of particles
at the surface, having higher kinetic energy, is able to break away from the forces of attraction of
other particles and gets converted into vapour. This phenomenon of change of a liquid into
vapors at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

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i.) Evaporation of liquid takes place at

a.) Boiling point b.) Above boiling point c.) Below boiling point d.) None of these

ii.) Evaporation takes place at surface of liquid because

a.) They are heavy as compare to other particles

b.) They have sufficient kinetic energy to break the force

c.) They are light weight as compare to other particles

d.) None of these

iii.) During evaporation particles of liquid change into vapour

a.) From the surface b.) From the bottom c.) From all over the liquid d.) None of these

iv.) Define evaporation.

v.) Explain process of evaporation

Answer key-4

i.) c ii.) b iii.) a

iv.) The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapors at any temperature below its boiling point
is called evaporation.

v.) In the case of liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher kinetic energy,
is able to break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and gets converted into
vapour. This phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapors at any temperature below its boiling
point is called evaporation.

Case Study 5:
You must have observed that the rate of evaporation increases with an increase of surface area:
We know that evaporation is a surface phenomenon. If the surface area is increased, the rate of
evaporation increases. For example, while putting clothes for drying up we spread them out.
an increase of temperature: With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get
enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state.

In an open vessel, the liquid keeps on evaporating. The particles of liquid absorb energy from the
surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation. This absorption of energy from the
surroundings makes the surroundings cold. What happens when you pour some acetone (nail
polish remover) on your palm? The particles gain energy from your palm or surroundings and
evaporate causing the palm to feel cool. After a hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof

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or open ground because the large latent heat of vaporization of water helps to cool the hot
surface.

i.) Evaporation is surface phenomenon. True or false

a.) True b.) False c.) None of these

ii.) As temperature increases the rate of evaporation is

a.) increases b.) decreases c.) remains constant d.) None of these

iii.) The rate of evaporation increases with

a.) Increase in wind speed b.) Decrease in wind speed

c.) Does not have any effect from wind speed d.) None of these

iv.) What happens when you pour some acetone (nail polish remover) on your palm?

v.) We are able to sip hot tea from saucer than from cup. Why?

Answer key-5

i.) a ii.) a iii.) a

iv.) The particles gain energy from your palm or surroundings and evaporate causing the palm to
feel cool.

v.) We are able to sip hot tea from saucer than from cup. This is because saucer has large surface
area, due to large surface area as compare to cut area tea evaporates at faster rate.

All The Best

Mrs. Varsha G. Shete