‰BP‰mwm weRGbm gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ AÅv´£ ˆUKGbvjwR (we‰gwU) wkÞvKÌg I cvVÅmƒwP Abyhvqx cÉYxZ ‰es

evsjvG`k KvwiMwi wkÞv ˆevWÆ KZ‡ÆK 2021-22 wkÞvelÆ ˆ^GK ‰Kv`k ˆkÉwYi cvVÅcyÕ¦K wnGmGe AbyGgvw`Z|
[ÕÃviK bs@ 57.17.0000.209.33.005.15.118; ZvwiL: 21 gvPÆ, 2022 wLË.]

(cÉ^g cò)

‰Kv`k ˆkÉwY
welq ˆKvW: 21813
iPbvq
W. Bwé. kvw¯¦ iéb miKvi
wPd B´ÖUÇvKUi (KwÁ·DUvi AcvGikb)
ˆUKwbKÅvj Õ•zj AÅv´£ KGjR, UvsMvBj

‰ ˆRW ‰g Avmv`yävgvb
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) Bbvi-K

mnKvix AaÅvcK
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ, ˆLvKmv KGjR, KzwÓ¡qv

43, wk͸vPvhÆ Rqbyj AvGew`b moK

(cyivZb 16 kvw¯¦bMi), XvKv

(i)
cÉmã K^v
KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (AvewkÅK)
welGqi gƒj jÞÅ:
1. wkG͸i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx ‰Kzk kZGKi PZz^Æ wk͸ weµÏe DcGhvMx `Þ KgÆx ŠZwi Kiv;
2. BGbvGfkb I bZzb bZzb KgÆGÞò m†wÓ¡i jGÞÅ D«¿vweZ bZzb cÉhywÚ eÅenvGi mÞg `Þ KgÆx ŠZwi Kiv;
3. KwÁ·DUvi welqK DœPZi MGelYv, wkÞv I cÉwkÞGY AskMÉnGYi myGhvM ŠZwi Kiv|
welGqi DGókÅ:
1. KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi I ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBmmgƒn wbivcîvi mvG^ eÅenvi KiGZ cviv;
2. IqvWÆ cÉGmmi eÅenvi KGi Awdwmqvj WKzGg´Ÿm ŠZwi KiGZ cviv;
3. ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm cÅvGKR eÅenvi KGi cÉGqvRbxq IqvKÆwkU ŠZwi Kiv, Kvw›ÞZ
ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb cÉÕ§Z Kiv ‰es Awdwmqvj KwgDwbGKkGbi ˆÞGò B-ˆgBj, KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs I
wewf®² µÏvUdGgÆi wdÌ AÅvcmgƒn `ÞZvi mvG^ eÅenvi KiGZ cviv|

cvVÅmƒwP
gwWDj-1: KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi
gwWDj-2: UvBwcs Abykxjb
gwWDj-3: IqvWÆcÉGmwms Abykxjb
gwWDj-4: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm Abykxjb
gwWDj-5: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb cÉÕ§Z Abykxjb
gwWDj-6: wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb

gwWDj-1: KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi

eÅenvwiK Ask (wcwiqW-12)
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-1.1: DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡j KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 1.1.1 DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g wPwn×Z KiGe; 1.1.2 BbÕ¡GjkGbi RbÅ DBG´£vR
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi fvmÆb wbeÆvPb KiGe; 1.1.3 DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡GjkGbi hveZxq DcKiY
msMÉn KiGe; 1.1.4 ˆWÕ•Uc ev jÅvcUc KwÁ·DUvGi h^vh^ c«¬wZ I avivevwnKZv eRvq ˆiGL DBG´£vR
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡j KiGe; 1.1.5 DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡GjkGbi mwVKZv hvPvB KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-1.2: KwÁ·DUvGi AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 1.2.1 BbÕ¡GjkGbi RbÅ DBG´£vR ˆeBRW AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi wbeÆvPb KiGe;
1.2.2 DBG´£vR ˆeBRW AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡GjkGbi hveZxq DcKiY msMÉn KiGe; 1.2.3 ˆWÕ•Uc ev
jÅvcUc KwÁ·DUvGi h^vh^ c«¬wZ I avivevwnKZv eRvq ˆiGL DBG´£vR ˆeBRW AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi
BbÕ¡j KiGe; 1.2.4 BbÕ¡GjkGbi mwVKZv hvPvB KiGe; 1.2.5 ‰w´ŸfvBivm mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j KiGe;
1.2.6 ‰w´ŸfvBivm mdUIqÅvGii ˆWUvGeR AvcGWU KiGe|

(iv)
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-1.3: KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´Ÿvi msGhvM KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-1.5)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 1.3.1 wewf®² eËÅvG´£i wcÉ´Ÿvi I wcÉ´ŸvGii ˆcvUÆmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe; 1.3.2 wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi
KWÆ msGhvM KiGe; 1.3.3 wcÉ´ŸvGii WvUv KÅvej msGhvM KiGe; 1.3.4 wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi myBP Ab KGi
msGhvM wbwøZ KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-1.4: wcÉ´Ÿvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j KGi WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-1.5)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 1.4.1 wcÉ´ŸvGii eËÅv´£ I gGWj wPwn×Z KiGe; 1.4.2 eËÅv´£ I gGWj Abyhvqx WÈvBfvi
mdUIqÅvi kbvî× KiGe; 1.4.3 Dchyî× WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j KiGe; 1.4.4 wcÉ´ŸvGii wWdΟ ˆmwUs
wbwøZ KiGe; 1.4.5 ˆUÕ¡ ˆcBR wcÉ´Ÿ KGi BbÕ¡Gjkb wbwøZ KiGe; 1.4.6 KwÁ·DUvi nGZ ˆhGKvGbv WKzGg´Ÿ
wcÉ´Ÿ KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-1.5: KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ Õ•Åvbvi msGhvM KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-1.5)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 1.5.1 wewf®² eËÅvG´£i Õ•ÅvbvGii ˆcvUÆmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe; 1.5.2 Õ•ÅvbvGii cvIqvi KWÆ
msGhvM KiGe; 1.5.3 Õ•ÅvbvGii WvUv KÅvej msGhvM KiGe; 1.5.4 Õ•ÅvbvGii cvIqvi myBP Ab KGi msGhvM
wbwøZ KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-1.6: Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi B´ÖUj KGi WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-1.5)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 1.6.1 Õ•ÅvbvGii eËÅv´£ I gGWj wPwn×Z KiGe; 1.6.2 eËÅv´£ I gGWj Abyhvqx WÈvBfvi
mdUIqÅvi kbvî× KiGe; 1.6.3 Dchyî× WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j KiGe; 1.6.4 WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb KGi wf®² wf®²
ˆdvΣvi I WÈvBGf ˆmf KiGe; 1.6.5 ‰KvwaK ˆcBRhyî× WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb KGi ‰KwU dvBGj ˆmf KiGe|

gwWDj-1: KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi

Zî½xq Ask (wcwiqW-10)
AaÅvq-1: KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi
Dc-AaÅvq 1.1: KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g BDwbU (wcwiqW-2)
1.1.1 KwÁ·DUvGii cÉR¯ÃKvj I wewf®² cÉKvi ˆkÉwY wefvM; 1.1.2 KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi, mdUIqÅvi,
dvgÆIqÅvi I wnDgÅvbIqÅvGii aviYv; 1.1.3 KwÁ·DUvGii Afů¦ixY msMVb I KvhÆvewj; 1.1.4 ‰KwU
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY nvWÆIqÅvGii ZvwjKv; 1.1.5 wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY
nvWÆIqÅvimgƒGni ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj|
Dc-AaÅvq 1.2: ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqv (wcwiqW-2)
1.2.1 ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ˆkÉwYwefvM; 1.2.2 ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi KÅvcvwmwU cÉKvGki ‰KKmgƒn; 1.2.3 cÉvBgvwi I
ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ŠewkÓ¡Å I cv^ÆKÅ; 1.2.4 RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM I EEPROM UvBc
ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvmgƒGni bvg I ŠewkÓ¡Å; 1.2.5 wewf®² cÉKvi ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBmmgƒGni aviYv ˆhgb: HDD, SSD,
Flash memory, Optical storage BZÅvw`; 1.2.6 KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mÁ·GKÆ aviYv|
Dc-AaÅvq 1.3: KwÁ·DUvi mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK aviYv (wcwiqW-1)
1.3.1 KwÁ·DUvi mdUIqÅvGii aviYv; 1.3.2 nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ; 1.3.3 mdUIqÅvGii
ˆkÉwYwefvM; 1.3.4 wewf®² cÉKvi wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR I eÅenvwiK ˆÞò mÁ·GKÆ aviYv;
1.3.5 wewf®² cÉKvi AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR I eÅenvwiK ˆÞò mÁ·GKÆ aviYv; 1.3.6 wewf®²
aiGbi ‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg, ŠewkÓ¡Å I cÉGqvRbxqZv|
Dc-AaÅvq 1.4 KwÁ·DUvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g (cwiwqW-2)
1.4.1 KwÁ·DUvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii f„wgKv I KvhÆvewj; 1.4.2 AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi I
nvWÆIqÅvGii mvG^ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰i mÁ·KÆ; 1.4.3 AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM;

(v)
1.4.4 wWGiKUwi, ˆdvΣvi I dvBj cwiwPwZ; 1.4.5 wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs mdUIqÅvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å;
1.4.6 wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs mdUIqÅvGii eÅenvwiK ˆÞò mÁ·GKÆ aviYv|
Dc-AaÅvq 1.5 KwÁ·DUvi AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi (wcwiqW-1)
1.5.1 KwÁ·DUvi AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM; 1.5.2 wewf®² cÉKvi AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvGii bvg I
ŠewkÓ¡Å; 1.5.3 IqvWÆ cÉGmwms mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj wjwce«¬KiY; 1.5.4 ˆÕ·ÉWwkU mdUIqÅvi
I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj wjwce«¬KiY; 1.5.5 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj wjwce«¬KiY|
Dc-AaÅvq 1.6 KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjm (wcwiqW-2)
1.6.1 KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjGmi ˆkÉwYwefvM; 1.6.2 mvaviY ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm ˆhgb: Kx-ˆevWÆ, gvDm,
wcÉ´Ÿvi I gwbUi BZÅvw`i ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb ŠZwi Kiv; 1.6.3 mvaviY ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBmmgƒGni KvhÆvewj;
1.6.4 wewf®² aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å; 1.6.5 wewf®² aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGii ZzjbvgƒjK eÅenvwiK myweav-Amyweav;
1.6.6 ˆÕ·kvj ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm ˆhgb: Scanner, OMR, OCR, MICR, Digitizer, Light Pen, Speech
Recognizer BZÅvw`i wdPvimgƒn; 1.6.7 ˆÕ·kvj ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBmgƒGni eÅenvwiK KvhÆvewj|

gwWDj-2: UvBwcs Abykxjb

eÅenvwiK Ask (wcwiqW-6)
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-2.1: KwÁ·DUvi Pvjbv KGi UvBwcs wUDUGi cÉGek KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-1.5)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 2.1.1 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ mshyî× mKj h¯¨cvwZi msGhvM cixÞv KiGe; 2.1.2 cvIqvi
KWÆ/‰Wv¶Ÿi-‰i Še`yÅwZK msGhvM wbwøZ KiGe; 2.1.3 KwÁ·DUvGii cvIqvi myBP Ab KiGe ‰es ˆWÕ•Uc
wÕò×b ˆiwW nIqv chƯ¦ AGcÞv KiGe; 2.1.4 ˆWÕ•Uc wÕ˜b nGZ UvBwcs wUDUi mdUIqÅvi Pvjy KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-2.2: BsGiwR UvBc Abykxjb KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-1.5)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 2.2.1 UvBwcs Abykxjb ÷i‚ Kivi cƒGeÆ Õ¼vÕ©Å myiÞv wbwøZ KiGe; 2.2.2 UvBwcs wUDUGii
wbG`Ækbv ˆgvZvGeK Bswjk wdsMvwis Abykxjb KiGe; 2.2.3 KgcGÞ 90% ‰KzÅwiwmGZ 30 kõ/wgwbU wÕ·GW
BsGiwR UvBc Kivi mÞgZv ARÆb KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-2.3: evsjv UvBc Abykxjb KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 2.3.1 UvBwcs Abykxjb ÷i‚ Kivi cƒGeÆ Õ¼vÕ©Å myiÞv wbwøZ KiGe; 2.3.2 UvBwcs
wUDUGii wbG`Ækbv ˆgvZvGeK evsjv wdsMvwis Abykxjb KiGe; 2.3.3 KgcGÞ 90% ‰KzÅwiwmGZ KgcGÞ 20
kõ/wgwbU wÕ·GW UvBc Kivi mÞgZv ARÆb KiGe|

gwWDj-2: UvBwcs Abykxjb

Zî½xq Ask (wcwiqW-2)
AaÅvq-2: UvBwcs Abykxjb (wcwiqW-2)
2.1 Õ¼vÕ©Å myiÞvq UvBwcs KvGR eÅen†Z dvwbÆPvGii ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb; 2.2. UvBwcs AbykxjGbi ˆÞGò ˆnvg-
wKmgƒGni eYÆbv; 2.3 Õ¼vÕ©Å myiÞvq UvBwcs AbykxjGbi wewagvjv; 2.4 UvBwcs ‰i ˆÞGò CPS, WPM,
Accuracy I Percentage of Error BZÅvw`i aviYv; 2.5 wewf®² aiGbi UvBwcs AbykxjGbi mdUIqÅvGii bvg;
2.6 UvBwcs AbykxjGbi wdÌIqÅvi I Zvi myweav-Amyweav; 2.7 UvBwcs AbykxjGbi AbjvBb mdUIqÅvi I Zvi
myweav-Amyweav|

(vi)
gwWDj-3: IqvWÆ cÉGmwms Abykxjb
eÅenvwiK Ask (wcwiqW-30)
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.1: IqvWÆcÉGmmGi cÉGek KGi ˆgby I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGZ cviGe (wcwiwqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.1.1 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ mshyî× mKj h¯¨cvwZi msGhvM cixÞv KiGe; 3.1.2 cvIqvi
KWÆ/‰Wv¶Ÿi-‰i Še`yÅwZK msGhvM wbwøZ KGi cvIqvi myBP Ab KiGe; 3.1.3 ˆWÕ•Uc wÕò×b nGZ IqvWÆ
cÉGmmi mdUIqÅvi Pvjy KiGe; 3.1.4 IqvWÆ cÉGmmGii ˆgbymgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe; 3.1.5 IqvWÆ cÉGmmGii wieGbi
AvBGUgmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.2: mvaviY IqvWÆ WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.2.1 IqvWÆ cÉGmmGii ˆgby I wieb eÅenvi KGi cÉGqvRbxq WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi KiGe;
3.2.2 WKzGgG´Ÿ cÉGqvRbxq WÈvBf I ˆdvΣvGi ˆmBf/ˆmBf ‰ÅvR KiGe; 3.2.3 WKzGg´Ÿ wf®² wf®² WÈvBf I
ˆdvΣvi nGZ IGcb KiGe; 3.2.4 wf®² wf®² digÅvGU WKzGg´Ÿ ˆmBf KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.3: WKzGg´Ÿ digÅvU KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-6)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.3.1 WKzGg´Ÿ digÅvU Kivi RbÅ wieGbi wKÑcGevWÆ/wKGevWÆ kUÆKvUÆ Kgv´£ eÅenvi KGi
KvU, Kwc I ˆcÕ¡ KiGe; 3.3.2 WKzGgG´Ÿ wieGbi d´Ÿ digÅvU AvBGUgmgƒn eÅenvi KiGe; 3.3.3 WKzGgG´Ÿ
wieGbi cÅvivMÉvd digÅvU AvBGUgmgƒn eÅenvi KiGe; 3.3.4 WKzGgG´Ÿ wieGbi Õ¡vBjm AvBGUgmgƒn eÅenvi
KiGe; 3.3.5 WKzGgG´Ÿ wieGbi ‰wWwUs AvBGUgmgƒn eÅenvi KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.4: c†Ó¤v webÅvGmi RbÅ ˆmwUs cwieZÆb KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.4.1 WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆccvi mvBR I IwiGqG´Ÿkb cwieZÆb Abykxjb KiGe; 3.4.2 ˆccvGii
gvwRÆb ˆmwUs cwieZÆb Abykxjb KiGe; 3.4.3 ‰KvwaK Kjvg wewkÓ¡ WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi KiGe; 3.4.4 WKzGgG´Ÿ
ˆcBR ˆeËK eÅenvi KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.5: WKzGgG´Ÿ ˆUwej ŠZwi KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.5.1 WKzGgG´Ÿ cÉGqvRbxq msLÅK Kjvg I ˆiv wewkÓ¡ ˆUwej BbmvUÆ KiGe;
3.5.2 BbmvGUÆW ˆUweGji Kjvg I ˆiv msLÅv BbmvUÆ I wWwjU Kivi Abykxjb KiGe; 3.5.3 ˆUweGji Kjvg
ev ˆiv wÕ·ÏU ‰es gvRÆ KiGe; 3.5.4 ˆUweGj ‰GÝj IqvKÆwkU BgGcvUÆ KGi KvR KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.6: WKzGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGbi BbmvUÆ AcvGikb KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-6)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.6.1 WKzGgG´Ÿ ˆnWvi, dzUvi I ˆcBR bÁ¼i BbmvUÆ KiGe; 3.6.2 WKzGgG´Ÿ Qwe, PvUÆ,
ˆmBc I ÕÃvUÆAvUÆ BbmvUÆ KiGe; 3.6.3 WKzGgG´Ÿ ˆUÝU eÝ, IqvWÆAvUÆ I WÈcKÅvc BbmvUÆ KiGe;
3.6.4 WKzGgG´Ÿ cÉGqvRbxq wewf®² aiGbi wmÁ¼j BbmvUÆ KiGe; 3.6.5 WKzGgG´Ÿ cÉGqvRbxq MvwYwZK BKzÅGqkb
UvBc KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.7: B-ˆgBj gvRÆ eÅenvi KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.7.1 B-ˆgBj gvGRÆi RbÅ ˆjUvi cÉÕ§Z KiGe; 3.7.2 AÅvGWÈm wmU cÉÕ§Z KiGe;
3.7.3 AÅvGWÈm wmU B-ˆgBj gvGRÆi mvG^ mshyî× KiGe; 3.7.4 B-ˆgBj gvRÆ ˆjUviwU cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx ‰wWU
KiGe; 3.7.5 B-ˆgBj gvRÆ ˆjUvi ˆRbvGiU KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.8: WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.8.1 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´ŸvGii msGhvM cixÞv KiGe; 3.8.2 wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi myBP
Ab KiGe; 3.8.3 wcÉ´ŸvGii cÉGqvRbxq ˆccvi ˆmU KiGe; 3.8.4 IqvWÆ cÉGmmi nGZ cÉGqvRbxq ˆmwUsmn
wcÉ´Ÿ Kgv´£ cÉ`vb KGi wcÉ´Ÿ KvhÆ mÁ·®² KiGe|

(vii)
gwWDj-3: IqvWÆ cÉGmwms Abykxjb
Zî½xq Ask (wcwiqW-4)
AaÅvq-3: IqvWÆcÉGmwms Abykxjb (wcwiqW-4)
3.1 IqvWÆcÉGmmi mdUIqÅvGii ˆgbymgƒn I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn mÁ·wKÆZ aviYv; 3.2 WKzGg´Ÿ ˆmBf Kivi
wewf®² aiGbi dvBj digÅvU; 3.3 IqvWÆ cÉGmmGii KxGevWÆ kUÆKvU Kgv´£mgƒn; 3.4 WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆnWvi, dzUvi
I wewf®² aiGbi ˆcBR bÁ¼i c«¬wZ; 3.5 WKzGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGbi BbmvUÆ AcvGikbmgƒGni eÅenvi; 3.6 B-
ˆgBj gvRÆ I B-ˆgBj gvGRÆi wewf®² AckbmgƒGni KvR; 3.7 WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉw´Ÿs ‰i ˆmwUsmgƒn|

gwWDj-4: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm Abykxjb

eÅenvwiK Ask (wcwiqW-30)
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-4.1: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU mdUIqÅvGi cÉGek KGi ˆgby I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 4.1.1 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ mshyî× mKj h¯¨cvwZi msGhvM cixÞv KiGe; 4.1.2 cvIqvi
KWÆ/‰Wv¶Ÿi-‰i Še`yÅwZK msGhvM wbwøZ KGi cvIqvi myBP Ab KiGe; 4.1.3 ˆWÝUc wÕ˜b nGZ ˆÕ·ÉWwkU
‰ÅvbvjvBwmm mdUIqÅvi Pvjy KiGe; 4.1.4 ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm mdUIqÅvGii ˆgbymgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe;
4.1.5 ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm mdUIqÅvGii wieGbi AvBGUmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-4.2: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ŠZwi KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-12)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 4.2.1 ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm mdUIqÅvGii ˆgby I wieb eÅenvi KGi cÉGqvRbxq WKzGg´Ÿ
ŠZwi KiGe; 4.2.2 bvÁ¼vi, ˆUÝU I wmÁ¼j eÅenvi KGi IqvKÆwkU ŠZwi KiGe; 4.2.3 IqvKÆwkGU cÉGqvRbxq
dgyÆjv eÅenvi KiGe; 4.2.4 IqvKÆwkGU mvaviY MvwYwZK dvskbmgƒn (ˆhgb: SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT,
MAX, MIN, SUMIF, SQRT, INT, POWER. FACT) eÅenvi KiGe; 4.2.5 IqvKÆwkGU mvaviY jwRKÅvj
dvskbmgƒn (ˆhgb: AND, OR, NOT, IF) eÅenvi KiGe; 4.2.6 IqvKÆwkGU mvaviY ˆWU ‰´Ÿ UvBg
dvskbmgƒn (ˆhgb: DATE, DAY, DAYS, NOW, TIME, TODAY) eÅenvi KiGe; 4.2.7 IqvKÆwkU wewf®²
WÈvBf I ˆdvΣvGi ˆmBf KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-4.3: ˆÕ·ÉWwkGUi ˆewmK ˆmwUsmgƒn cwieZÆb KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 4.3.1 cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx IqvKÆwkGUi ˆcBR ˆj-AvDU ˆmU KiGe; 4.3.2 IqvKÆwkGU
eÅenvGii RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi Uzjm wPwn×Z KiGe; 4.3.3 IqvKÆwkGUi Õ¡vBj cwieZÆb KiGe;
4.3.4 cÉGqvRbgZ IqvKÆeK y wfD ˆmU KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-4.4: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU digÅvU KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 4.4.1 IqvKÆwkGU wKÑcGevWÆ digÅvUmgƒn eÅenvi KiGe; 4.4.2 IqvKÆwkGU d´Ÿ
digÅvUmgƒn eÅenvi KiGe; 4.4.3 IqvKÆwkGU ‰jvBbGg´Ÿ digÅvUmgƒn eÅenvi KiGe; 4.4.4 IqvKÆwkGU
bvÁ¼vi digÅvUmgƒn eÅenvi KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-4.5: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU PvUÆ ŠZwi KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-6)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 4.5.1 wewf®² aiGbi PvGUÆi bvg I KvR eYÆbv KiGe; 4.5.2 PvGUÆi RbÅ IqvKÆwkU ŠZwi
KiGe; 4.5.3 IqvKÆwkU eÅenvi KGi wewf®² aiGbi PvUÆ ŠZwi KiGe; 4.5.4 cÉGqvRb AbymvGi PvUÆ KvÕ¡gvBRW
KiGe; 4.5.5 wf®² IqvKÆwkU nGZ PvUÆ/AeGRÙ BgGcvUÆ KiGe; 4.5.6 BgGcvGUÆW PvUÆ/AeGRÙ gÅvbycyGjU
KiGZ cviGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-4.6: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU wcÉ´Ÿ KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 4.6.1 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´ŸvGii msGhvM cixÞv KiGe; 4.6.2 wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi myBP
Ab KiGe; 4.6.3 wcÉ´ŸvGii cÉGqvRbxq ˆccvi ˆmU KiGe; 4.6.4 IqvKÆwkU nGZ cÉGqvRbxq ˆmwUsmn wcÉ´Ÿ
Kgv´£ cÉ`vb Ki wcÉ´ŸKvhÆ mÁ·®² KiGe|

(viii)
gwWDj-4: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm Abykxjb
Zî½xq Ask (wcwiqW-10)
AaÅvq-4: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm Abykxjb (wcwiqW-10)
4.1 ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBmm mdUIqÅvGii ˆgbymgƒn I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn mÁ·wKÆZ aviYv; 4.2 IqvKÆwkGU
bvÁ¼vi, ˆUÝU, wmÁ¼j I cÉGqvRbxq dgyÆjv eÅenvi c«¬wZ; 4.3 IqvKÆwkGU mvaviY MvwYwZK dvskbmgƒGni
(ˆhgb: SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUMIF, SQRT, INT, POWER, FACT) eÅenvi;
4.4. IqvKÆwkGU mvaviY jwRKÅvj dvskbmgƒGni (ˆhgb: AND, OR, NOT, IF) eÅenvi; 4.5 IqvKÆwkGU
mvaviY ˆWU ‰´£ UvBg dvskbmgƒGni (ˆhgb: DATE, DAY, DAYS, NOW, TIME, TODAY) eÅenvi; 4.6
IqvKÆwkGU wewf®² aiGbi UzjGmi eÅenvi; 4.7 IqvKÆwkGU wewf®² aiGbi PvGUÆi aviYv|

gwWDj-5: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb cÉÕ§Z Abykxjb

eÅenvwiK Ask (wcwiqW-18)
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-5.1: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvi Pvjy KGi ˆgby I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGZ cviGe
(wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 5.1.1 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ mshyî× mKj h¯¨cvwZi msGhvM cixÞv KiGe; 5.1.2 cvIqvi
KWÆ/‰Wv¶Ÿi-‰i Še`yÅwZK msGhvM wbwøZ KGi cvIqvi myBP Ab KiGe; 5.1.3 ˆWÝUc wÕ˜b nGZ ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb
mdUIqÅvi Pvjy KiGe; 5.1.4 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆgbymgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe; 5.1.5 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb
mdUIqÅvGii wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-5.2: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 5.2.1 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆgby I wieb eÅenvi KGi cÉGqvRbxq WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi
KiGe; 5.2.2 WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwii ˆÞGò wewf®² aiGbi ÕÏvBW ˆj-AvDU eÅenvi KiGe; 5.2.3 WKzGgG´Ÿi UvBGUj
I mve-UvBGUGj Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ d´Ÿ, d´Ÿ mvBR I digÅvU eÅenvi KiGe; 5.2.4 WKzGgG´Ÿ ˆUÝU WvBGiKkb I
AÅvjvBbGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KiGe; 5.2.5 WKzGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGbi WÈwqs ˆmBc, ˆmBc BGdÙ I digÅvU eÅenvi
KiGe; 5.2.6 ÕÏvBGW wewf®² aiGbi wWRvBb eÅenvi KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-5.3: WKzGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGbi BbmvUÆ AcvGikb mÁ·®² KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 5.3.1 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb WKzGgG´Ÿ cÉGqvRbxq ˆUwej BbmvUÆ KiGe; 5.3.2 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb
WKzGgG´Ÿ cÉGqvRbxq BGgR BbmvUÆ KiGe; 5.3.3 WKzGgG´Ÿ ÕÃvUÆAvUÆ I PvUÆ eÅenvi KiGe; 5.3.4 WKzGgG´Ÿ
ˆUÝU eÝ, ˆnWvi-dzUvi eÅenvi KiGe; 5.3.5 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb WKzGgG´Ÿ BKzÅGqkb I wmÁ¼j BbmvUÆ KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-5.4: ˆcÉGRG´ŸkGb ÕÏvBW ˆkv BGdÙ I AÅvwbGgkb msGhvRb KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-6)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 5.4.1 wewf®² aiGbi ÕÏvBW ˆkv ˆmwUs Abykxjb KiGe; 5.4.2 ÕÏvBW ˆkvGZ AwWI ˆiKwWÆs
Abykxjb KiGe; 5.4.3 ÕÏvBW I WzKGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGbi AÅvwbGgkb msGhvRb KiGe; 5.4.4 ÕÏvBW I WzKGgG´Ÿ
wewf®² aiGbi AÅvwbGgkb weGqvRb KiGe; 5.4.5 WKzGgG´Ÿ AÅvwbGgkGbi UvBg ˆmwUs cwieZÆb KGi Abykxjb
KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-5.5: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb I ˆbvU wcÉ´Ÿ KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 5.5.1 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´ŸvGii msGhvM cixÞv KiGe;5.5.2 wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi myBP
Ab KiGe; 5.5.3 wcÉ´ŸvGii cÉGqvRbxq ˆccvi ˆmU KiGe; 5.5.4 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb nGZ cÉGqvRbxq wcÉ´Ÿ ˆgvW
ˆmwUsmn wcÉ´Ÿ Kgv´£ cÉ`vb KGi wcÉ´ŸKvhÆ mÁ·®² KiGe|

(ix)
gwWDj-5: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb cÉÕ§Z Abykxjb
Zî½xq Ask (wcwiqW-4)
AaÅvq-5: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb cÉÕ§Z Abykxjb (wcwiqW-4)
5.1 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆgbymgƒn I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn mÁ·wKÆZ aviYv; 5.2 WKzGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGbi
ÕÏvBW ˆj-AvDU mÁ·GKÆ aviYv; 5.3 Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ŠZwii ˆÞGò UvBGUj, mve-UvBGUj, Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ d´Ÿ,
d´Ÿ mvBR, Kvjvi I digÅvU BZÅvw`i aviYv; 5.4 ÕÏvBGW wewf®² aiGbi wWRvBb I AÅvwbGgkGbi eÅenvi;
5.5 WKzGgG´Ÿ ÕÃvUÆAvUÆ, PvUÆ, ˆUÝU eÝ I ˆnWvi-dzUvi, BKzÅGqkb I wmÁ¼j BZÅvw`i eÅenvi; 5.6 ÕÏvBWGkv
‰i wewf®² aiGbi ˆmwUs mÁ·GKÆ Rvbv; 5.7 ÕÏvBWGkvGZ AwWI I wfwWI ˆiKwWÆs ‰i aviYv|

gwWDj-6: wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb

eÅenvwiK Ask (wcwiqW-12)
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-6.1: B-ˆgBj eÅenvi KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 6.1.1 B-ˆgBj ‰KvD´Ÿ mvBb Avc KiGe; 6.1.2 B-ˆgBj ‰KvD´Ÿ KbwdMvi KiGe;
6.1.3 B-ˆgBj ˆcÉiGYi ˆÞGò wmwm I wewmwmmn ˆcÉiY KiGe; 6.1.4 ‰ÅvUvPGg´Ÿmn B-ˆgBj ˆcÉiY KiGe;
6.1.5 B-ˆgBj wiwmf KGi ‰ÅvUvPGg´Ÿ WvDbGjvW KiGe; 6.1.6 B-ˆgBj WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-6.2: B-ˆgBj WKzGgG´Ÿi wbivcîv wbwøZ KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 6.2.1 B-ˆgBj ‰KvDG´Ÿi wbivcîv ˆmwUs wbwøZ KiGe; 6.2.2 WKzGg´Ÿ ‰bwò×ckb I
cvmIqvWÆmn msiÞY KiGe; 6.2.3 WKzGg´Ÿ ˆcÉiGYi ˆÞGò cÉGqvRGb wRc I cvmIqvWÆ eÅenvi KiGe;
6.2.4 ài‚Z½cƒYÆ WKzGg´Ÿmgƒn msiÞGYi ˆÞGò WvUv gvBwbs KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-6.3: KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs ‰i cÉv^wgK eÅenvi KiGZ mÞg nGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 6.3.1 KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i wdPvimgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe;6.3.2 KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i
cÉGqvRbxq ‰KvD´Ÿ IGcb KiGe; 6.3.3 KÑvDGW dvBj webÅÕ¦ I msiÞY KiGe; 6.3.4 msiwÞZ dvBj KÑvDW
nGZ IGcb KGi eÅenvi KiGe; 6.3.5 KÑvDGW msiwÞZ dvBGji wbivcîv wbwøZ KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-6.4: Awdwmqvj KvhÆò×Gg cÉGqvRbxq wdÌ AÅvcmgƒn eÅenvi KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-3)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 6.4.1 gvBGò×vmdU µÏvUdGgÆi Awdwmqvj wdÌ AÅvcmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe; 6.4.2 gvBGò×vmdU
µÏvUdGgÆi AÅvcmgƒn eÅenvi KiGe; 6.4.3 àMj µÏvUdGgÆi Awdwmqvj wdÌ AÅvcmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe;
6.4.4 àMj µÏvUdGgÆi AÅvcmgƒn eÅenvi KiGe; 6.4.5 AbÅ ˆhGKvGbv RbwcÉq Awdwmqvj wdÌ AÅvcmgƒn wPwn×Z
KGi eÅenvi KiGe|

gwWDj-6: wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb

Zî½xq Ask (wcwiqW-6)
AaÅvq-6: wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb
6.1 wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb I wewf®² aiGbi wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb c«¬wZi bvg; 6.2 wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb
wgwWqvmgƒGni bvg I ŠewkÓ¡Å; 6.3 B-ˆgBj I IGqe-ˆgBj ‰i KvR; 6.4 cuvPwU wdÌ B-ˆgBj mvwfÆm
ˆcÉvfvBWvGii bvg I ZzjbvgƒjK ŠewkÓ¡Å; 6.5 WKzGgG´Ÿi wbivcîvi RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi ˆ^ËW mÁ·GKÆ aviYv;
6.6 WKzGgG´Ÿi wewf®² aiGbi wbivcîv mÁ·GKÆ aviYv; 6.7 KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs mÁ·GKÆ aviYv; 6.8 Awdwmqvj
KvGR eÅenviGhvMÅ wewf®² aiGbi wdÌ AÅvc mÁ·GKÆ aviYv|

(x)
 gvbe¥Ÿb
cÉk² cÉYqGbi aviv (Zî½xq)
welq: KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1
Zî½xq: 50 bÁ¼i
avivevwnK gƒjÅvqb : 20 bÁ¼i
P„ov¯¦ gƒjÅvqb : 30 bÁ¼i
“K” wefvM: 10
cÉwZwU AaÅvq ˆ^GK KgcGÞ 1wU KGi meÆGgvU 8wU (1 nGZ 8 chƯ¦) mswÞµ¦ cÉk² ^vKGe, ˆhGKvGbv 5wU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe| 5  2 = 10 bÁ¼i
“L” wefvM: 20
cÉwZwU AaÅvq ˆ^GK KgcGÞ 1wU KGi meÆGgvU 8wU (9 nGZ 16 chƯ¦) iPbvgƒjK cÉk² ^vKGe, ˆhGKvGbv 5wU
cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe| 4  5 = 20 bÁ¼i
[we: `Ë: cÉwZwU cÉGk² ‰K/‰KvwaK Ask ^vKGZ cviGe]

cÉk² cÉYqGbi aviv (eÅenvwiK)

welq: KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1
eÅenvwiK : 50 bÁ¼i
avivevwnK gƒjÅvqb: 25 bÁ¼i
P„ov¯¦ gƒjÅvqb: 25 bÁ¼i
eÅenvwiK P„ov¯¦ gƒjÅvqGbi gwWDj wfwîK bÁ¼i webÅvm:
ò×wgK gwWDj bs gwWDGji bvg cÉ`î bÁ¼i ˆgvU bÁ¼i
1 gwWDj-1 KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 2
2 gwWDj-2 UvBwcs Abykxjb 3
3 gwWDj-3 IqvWÆcÉGmwms Abykxjb 5
4 gwWDj-4 ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm Abykxjb 5 25
5 gwWDj-5 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb cÉÕ§Z Abykxjb 3
6 gwWDj-6 wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb 2
7 ˆgŒwLK cixÞv 5

(xi)
 mƒwPcò
AaÅvq-1: KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi............................................................................................1-148
 Zî½xq Ask
1.1 KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g BDwbU ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.1.1 KwÁ·DUvGii cÉR¯ÃKvj I wewf®² cÉKvi ˆkÉwYwefvM .............................................................................. 3
1.1.2 KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi, mdUIqÅvi, dvgÆIqÅvi I wnDgÅvbIqÅvGii aviYv............................. 14
1.1.3 KwÁ·DUvGii Afů¦ixY msMVb I KvhÆvewj ...........................................................................................16
1.1.4 ‰KwU wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY nvWÆIqÅvGii ZvwjKv....................................................................19
1.1.5 wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY nvWÆIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj ............................................................. 20
1.2 ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqv .............................................................................................................................................................. 25
1.2.1 ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ˆkÉwYwefvM ....................................................................................................................... 26
1.2.2 ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi KÅvcvwmwU cÉKvGki ‰KKmgƒn ................................................................................ 30
1.2.3 cÉvBgvwi I ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ŠewkÓ¡Å I cv^ÆKÅ................................................................. 32
1.2.4 RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM I EEPROM UvBc ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvmgƒGni bvg I
ŠewkÓ¡Å .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
1.2.5 wewf®² cÉKvi ˆÕ¡vGiR HDD, SSD, Flash Memory, Optical Storage wWfvBmmgƒGni
aviYv ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37
1.2.6 KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ...................................................................................................................... 41
1.3 KwÁ·DUvi mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK aviYv.............................................................................................................. 45
1.3.1 KwÁ·DUvi mdUIqÅvGii aviYv ................................................................................................................. 46
1.3.2 nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ............................................................................................... 47
1.3.3 mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM ............................................................................................................................ 48
1.3.4 wewf®² cÉKvi wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR I eÅenvwiK ˆÞò........................................... 54
1.3.5 wewf®² cÉKvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR I eÅenvwiK ˆÞò................................. 55
1.3.6 wewf®² cÉKvi ‰w´Ÿ-fvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg, ŠewkÓ¡Å I cÉGqvRbxqZv ........................................... 57
1.4 KwÁ·DUvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g.................................................................................................................................... 59
1.4.1 KwÁ·DUvGii AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii f„wgKv I KvhÆvewj ................................................ 60
1.4.2 AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi I nvWÆIqÅvGii mvG^ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi mÁ·KÆ ............................... 62
1.4.3 AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM .........................................................................................63
1.4.4 wWGiÙwi, ˆdvΣvi I dvBj cwiwPwZ........................................................................................................ 69

(xii)
 1.4.5 wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs mdUIqÅvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å ................................................................................... 69
1.4.6 wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs mdUIqÅvGii eÅenvwiK ˆÞò mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ...................................... 70
1.5 KwÁ·DUvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi ........................................................................................................................ 71
1.5.1 KwÁ·DUvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM ............................................................................. 72
1.5.2 wewf®² cÉKvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii bvg I ŠewkÓ¡Å ................................................................... 74
1.5.3 IqvWÆ cÉGmwms mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj ........................................................................ 78
1.5.4 ˆÕ·ËWwkU mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvR ........................................................................................... 80
1.5.5 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj .............................................................................. 82
1.6 KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjm........................................................................................................................................... 83
1.6.1 KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjGmi ˆkÉwYwefvM ................................................................................................... 84
1.6.2 mvaviY ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm ˆhgb: Kx-ˆevWÆ, gvDm, wcÉ´Ÿvi I gwbUi BZÅvw`i
ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb ŠZwi Kiv................................................................................................................................85
1.6.3 mvaviY ˆcwiGdivjm wWfvBmmgƒGni KvhÆvewj................................................................................... 87
1.6.4 wewf®² aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å ................................................................................................................ 88
1.6.5 wewf®² aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGii ZzjbvgƒjK eÅenvwiK myweav-Amyweav .......................................................91
1.6.6 ˆÕ·kvj ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm-‰i wdPvimgƒn ...................................................................................... 93
1.6.7 ˆÕ·kvj ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBmmgƒGni eÅenvwiK KvhÆvewj................................................................. 97

 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 01: KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi ............................................................................................ 101
Re-1.1: DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡j Kiv .................................................................................................. 101
Re 1.2: KwÁ·DUvGi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j Kiv ................................................................................. 111
Re 1.3: KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´Ÿvi msGhvM Kiv.................................................................................................. 121
Re 1.4: wcÉ´Ÿvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j KGi WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv ...................................................................................125
Re 1.5: KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ Õ•Åvbvi msGhvM Kiv ................................................................................................ 133
Re 1.6: Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j KGi WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb Kiv ................................................................................ 136
 ‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc ..............................................................................................145
 Abykxjbx........................................................................................................................................................................ 147

(xiii)
AaÅvq-2: UvBwcs Abykxjb .................................................................................................................... 149-188
 Zî½xq Ask
2.1 Õ¼vÕ©Å myiÞvq UvBwcs KvGR eÅen…Z dvwYÆPvGii ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb ................................................................150
2.2 UvBwcs AbykxjGbi ˆÞGò ˆnvg-KxmgƒGni eYÆbv............................................................................................152
2.3 Õ¼vÕ©Å myiÞvq UvBwcs AbykxjGbi wewagvjv ......................................................................................................154
2.4 UvBwcs-‰i ˆÞGò CPM, WPM, Accuracy I Percentage of Error-‰i aviYv ............................ 157
2.5 wewf®² aiGbi UvBwcs AbykxjGbi mdUIqÅvGii bvg ................................................................................. 158
2.6 UvBwcs AbykxjGbi wdÌIqÅvi I Zvi myweav-Amyweav................................................................................... 159
2.7 UvBwcs AbykxjGbi AbjvBb mdUIqÅvi I Zvi myweav-Amyweav .................................................................160
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 2: UvBwcs Abykxjb ..............................................................................................................................162
Re 2.1: KwÁ·DUvi Pvjbv KGi UvBwcs wUDUGi cÉGek Kiv ............................................................................162
Re 2.2: BsGiwR UvBc Abykxjb Kiv...................................................................................................................... 166
Re 2.3: evsjv UvBc Abykxjb Kiv ..........................................................................................................................176
 ‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc ............................................................................................. 187
 Abykxjbx....................................................................................................................................................................... 188

AaÅvq-3: IqvWÆcÉGmwms Abykxjb..................................................................................................... 189-266

 Zî½xq Ask
3.1 IqvWÆcÉGmmi mdUIqÅvGii ˆgbymgƒn I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn mÁ·wKÆZ aviYv ....................................190
3.2 WKzGg´Ÿ ˆmBf Kivi wewf®² aiGbi dvBj diGgU .................................................................................. 195
3.3 IqvWÆ cÉGmmGii Kx-ˆevWÆ kUÆKvU Kgv´£mgƒn .............................................................................................. 196
3.4 WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆnWvi, dzUvi I wewf®² aiGYi ˆcBR bÁ¼i c«¬wZ ............................................................... 199
3.5 WKzGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGbi BbmvUÆ AcvGikbmgƒGni eÅenvi ..................................................................... 202
3.6 B-ˆgBj gvRÆ I B-ˆgBj gvGRÆi wewf®² AckbmgƒGni KvR .................................................................. 204
3.7 WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉw´ŸsGqi ˆmwUsmgƒn ........................................................................................................................... 205
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 3: IqvWÆcÉGmwms Abykxjb ............................................................................................................... 206
Re 3.1: IqvWÆcÉGmmGi cÉGek KGi ˆgby I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn wPwn×Z Kiv ......................................... 206
Re 3.2: mvaviY IqvWÆ WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi Kiv ............................................................................................................ 214
Re 3.3: WKzGg´Ÿ digÅvU Kiv.................................................................................................................................. 218
Re 3.4: c†Ó¤v webÅvGmi RbÅ ˆmwUs cwieZÆb Kiv ............................................................................................... 231

(xiv)
Re 3.5: WKzGgG´Ÿ ˆUwej ŠZwi Kiv ........................................................................................................................ 237
Re 3.6 : WKzGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGYi BbmvUÆ AcvGikb Kiv ............................................................................... 246
Re 3.7: B-ˆgBj gvRÆ eÅenvi Kiv ......................................................................................................................... 256
Re 3.8: WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv ........................................................................................................................................ 262
 ‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc ............................................................................................. 265
 Abykxjbx....................................................................................................................................................................... 266

AaÅvq-4: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm Abykxjb .............................................................................. 267-350

 Zî½xq Ask
4.1 ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm mdUIqÅvGii ˆgbymgƒn I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn ..........................................268
4.2 IqvKÆwkGU bvÁ¼vi, ˆUÝU, wmÁ¼j I cÉGqvRbxq dgÆyjv eÅenvi c«¬wZ ................................................... 273
4.3 IqvKÆwkGU mvaviY MvwYwZK dvskbmgƒGni eÅenvi ................................................................................... 276
4.4 IqvKÆwkGU jwRKÅvj dvskbmgƒGni eÅenvi .................................................................................................. 280
4.5 IqvKÆwkGU mvaviY ˆWU ‰´£ UvBg dvskbmgƒGni eÅenvi ....................................................................... 282
4.6 IqvKÆwkGU wewf®² aiGYi UzjGmi eÅenvi....................................................................................................... 284
4.7 IqvKÆwkGU wewf®² aiGbi PvGUÆi aviYv ............................................................................................................ 295
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 4: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm Abykxjb .......................................................................................... 299
Re 4.1: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU mdUIqÅvi cÉGek KGi ˆgby I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn wPwn×Z Kiv ............................. 299
Re 4.2: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ŠZwi Kiv ......................................................................................................................................306
Re 4.3: ˆÕ·ÉWwkGUi ˆewmK ˆmwUsmgƒn cwieZÆb Kiv .....................................................................................323
Re 4.4: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU digÅvU Kiv ................................................................................................................................ 327
Re 4.5: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU PvUÆ ŠZwi Kiv............................................................................................................................. 336
Re 4.6: ˆÕ·ÉWwkU wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv ...................................................................................................................................... 343
 ‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc ............................................................................................. 349
 Abykxjbx....................................................................................................................................................................... 349

AaÅvq-5: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb cÉÕ§Z Abykxjb ........................................................................................... 351-426

 Zî½xq Ask
5.1 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆgbymgƒn I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn mÁ·wKÆZ aviYv .................................... 352
5.2 WKzGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGYi ÕÏvBW ˆjAvDU mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ........................................................................... 356
5.3 Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ŠZwii ˆÞGò UvBGUj, mve-mvBGUj, Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ d´Ÿ, d´Ÿ mvBR, Kvjvi
I digÅvU BZÅvw`i aviYv .................................................................................................................................. 357

(xv)
5.4 ÕÏvBGW wewf®² aiGYi wWRvBb I AÅvwbGgkGbi eÅenvi ........................................................................... 359
5.5 WKzGgG´Ÿ ÕÃvUÆAvUÆ, PvUÆ, ˆUÝUeÝ, ˆnWvi-dzUvi, BKzÅGqkb I wmÁ¼j BZÅvw`i eÅenvi ........... 363
5.6 ÕÏvBWGkvGZ wewf®² aiGYi ˆmwUs mÁ·GKÆ Rvbv ........................................................................................... 369
5.7 ÕÏvBWGkvGZ AwWI I wfwWI ˆiKwWÆs ‰i avibv ........................................................................................... 370
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 5: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb cÉÕ¦zZ Abykxjb .................................................................................................... 372
Re 5.1: cÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvi Pvjy KGi ˆgby I wieGbi AvBGUgmgƒn wPwn×Z Kiv............................. 372
Re 5.2: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi Kiv................................................................................................................ 379
Re 5.3: WKzGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGYi BbmvUÆ AcvGikb mÁ·®² Kiv................................................................... 395
Re 5.4: ˆcÉGRG´ŸkGb ÕÏvBW ˆkv BGdÙ I AÅvwbGgkb msGhvRb Kiv ........................................................ 407
Re 5.5: ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb I ˆbvU wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv ...................................................................................................................419
 ‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc ............................................................................................. 425
 Abykxjbx....................................................................................................................................................................... 426

AaÅvq-6: wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb ..................................................................................................... 427-494

 Zî½xq Ask
6.1 wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb I wewf®² aiGYi wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb c«¬wZi bvg ............................... 428
6.2 wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb wgwWqvmgƒGni bvg I ŠewkÓ¡Å ............................................................................... 430
6.3 B-ˆgBj I IGqe-ˆgBj ‰i KvR..................................................................................................................... 437
6.4 cuvPwU wdÌ B-ˆgBj mvwfÆm ˆcÉvfvBWvGii bvg I ZzjbvgƒjK ŠewkÓ¡Å .................................................... 439
6.5 WKzGgG´Ÿi wbivcîvi RbÅ wewf®² aiGYi ˆ^ËW mÁ·GKÆ avibv................................................................. 440
6.6 WKzGgG´Ÿi wewf®² aiGbi wbivcîv mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ....................................................................................... 443
6.7 KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ......................................................................................................................... 445
6.8 Awdwmqvj KvGR eÅenviGhvMÅ wewf®² aiGbi wdÌ AÅvc mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ................................................ 447
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 6: wWwRUvj KwgDwbGKkb .............................................................................................................. 449
Re 6.1: B-ˆgBj eÅenvi Kiv ................................................................................................................................... 449
Re 6.2: B-ˆgBj WKzGgG´Ÿi wbivcîv wbwøZ Kiv .............................................................................................461
Re 6.3: KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs ‰i cÉv^wgK eÅenvi Kiv ........................................................................................ 472
Re 6.4: Awdwmqvj KvhÆò×Gg cÉGqvRbxq wdÌ AÅvcmgƒn eÅenvi Kiv ......................................................... 483
 ‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc ............................................................................................. 493
 Abykxjbx....................................................................................................................................................................... 494

(xvi)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi
AaÅvq-1 1

KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi

Computer System & Hardware
cvIqvi mvµÏvB wWwfwW ig WÈvBf ˆgBb ˆevWÆ

gwbUi wmwcBD wmwcBD dÅvb

wÕ·Kvi

iÅvg

KÅvwms
wKGevWÆ wfwR‰ KvWÆ
gvDm

mvD´£ KvWÆ
wiWvi nvWÆwWÕ•
AvRGKi KwÁ·DUvGii MYbv ÞgZv e†w«¬ ‰es gvBGò×vBGjKUÇwbÝ cÉavb kõmgƒn
weKvGki dGj eZÆgvGb AvBwmwU gyGVvi gGaÅ ‰GmGQ| hvi gƒj  KwÁ·DUvGii cÉR¯Ã
Dcv`vb wnGmGe iGqGQ KwÁ·DUvi| ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi wewf®²  AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi
Dcv`vb wbGq MwVZ, ‰i gGaÅ KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g BDwbU I  wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi
 nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi
nvWÆIqÅvi AbÅZg| KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g BDwbU KZàGjv Bw´ŸGMÉGUW  gvBGò×v KwÁ·DUvi
Dcv`vb (BbcyU/AvDUcyU h¯¨cvwZ, ˆgGgvwi, wmwcBD BZÅvw`) wbGq  wgwb KwÁ·DUvi
MwVZ hv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wjwLZ wbG`Ækvejx cvjb KGi| Aciw`GK,  ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvi
KwÁ·DUvGii evwnÅK AeKvVvGgv ev evwnÅK AvK‡wZ mÁ·®² mKj  mycvi KwÁ·DUvi
h¯¨vsk/wWfvBmmgƒnGK nvWÆIqÅvi eGj| nvWÆIqÅviGK KvhÆÞg I  nvWÆIqÅvi
 CPU
eÅenvi DcGhvMx Kivi RbÅ Dchyî× mdUIqÅvi cÉGqvRb|  gv`viGevWÆ
KwÁ·DUvi nvWÆIqÅvi I wmGÕ¡g BDwbUàGjv KxfvGe KvR KGi  ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqv
ˆmàGjv mÁ·GKÆ Avgiv ‰B AaÅvGq wek` RvbGZ cviGev|  KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR

cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj
1.1 DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g B´ÖUj KiGZ cviGe
1.2 KwÁ·DUvGi AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi B´ÖUj KiGZ cviGe
1.3 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´Ÿvi msGhvM KiGZ cviGe
1.4 wcÉ´Ÿvi WÈvBfvi B´ÖUj KGi WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ KiGZ cviGe
1.5 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ Õ•Åvbvi msGhvM KiGZ cviGe
1.6 Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi B´ÖUj KGi WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb KiGZ cviGe
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 1(K)
2 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1.1 KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g BDwbU

Computer System Unit
Computer System- External Devices
wcÉ´Ÿvi
gvBGò×vcÉGmmi
Õ•Åvbvi

wmwcBD
AvDUcyU wWfvBm
BbcyU wWfvBm
wÕ·Kvi

KÅvGgiv
gwbUi

KwÁ·DUvi
gvDm KxGevWÆ

Z^Å cÉwò×qvKiGYi AskwUGK eGj wmGÕ¡g BDwbU| wmGÕ¡g BDwbU ejGZ gƒjZ KwÁ·DUvGii ˆK±`Ëxq
cÉwò×qvKiY Ask ev wmwcBDGK ˆevSvGbv nq| KwÁ·DUvGii BbcyU/AvDUcyU h¯¨cvwZàGjv wmwcBD
(Central Processing Unit) ˆ^GK wbG`Æk bv cvIqv chƯ¦ KvR KiGZ cvGi bv| Abyi…ccfvGe
ˆgGgvwiI ‰KKfvGe ˆKvGbv KvR KiGZ cvGi bv| mKj KvGRi Dcv`vb ‰KGò ‰B KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g
BDwbGU cÉGmm nGœQ| KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi wewf®² Dcv`vb ˆhgb- nvWÆIqÅvi, mdUIqÅvi,
dvgÆIqÅvi I wnDgÅvbIqÅvGii mg¯¼Gq Z^Å cÉwò×qvKiYmn wewf®² KvhÆmÁ·v`b KiGQ| ZvB wmGÕ¡g
BDwbGUi wewf®² Dcv`vb mÁ·GKÆ Avgiv ‰ AaÅvq ˆ^GK wek` RvbGZ cviGev|

‰ Dc-AaÅvq cvV ˆkGl hv wkLe

1.1.1 KwÁ·DUvGii cÉR¯ÃKvj I wewf®² cÉKvi ˆkÉwYwefvM KiGZ cvie
1.1.2 KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi, mdUIqÅvi, dvgÆIqÅvi I wnDgÅvbIqÅvGii aviYv jvf KiGZ
cvie
1.1.3 KwÁ·DUvGii Afů¦ixY msMVb I KvhÆvewj eYÆbv KiGZ cvie
1.1.4 ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY nvWÆIqÅvGii ZvwjKv ŠZwi KiGZ cvie
1.1.5 wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY nvWÆIqÅvimgƒGni ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj eYÆbv KiGZ cvie
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 1(L)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 3

1.1.1 KwÁ·DUvGii cÉR¯ÃKvj I wewf®² cÉKvi ˆkÉwYwefvM (Generation of

Computers and Different Types of Classification)
KwÁ·DUvi ‰KwU gvBGò×vBGjKUÇwbÝ wWfvBm| gvBGò×vBGjKUÇwbÝ wWfvBm wK¯§ A͸w`Gbi gGaÅ ŠZwi
nqwb| ‰wU ŠZwi nGZ hyGMi ci hyM mgq ˆjGMGQ| ‰i wcQGb weævbx, Õ¼µ²`ËÓ¡v, cÉGKŒkjx ‰es
wbgÆvZvG`i Ae`vb iGqGQ| ‰GKK mgGq ‰K ‰KwU BGjKUÇwbÝ weKvk nGqGQ hv KwÁ·DUvi cÉR¯Ã
wnGmGe cwiwPZ| ‰KBmvG^ KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² BGjKUÇwbÝ weKvGki mvG^ mvG^ weævbxiv wewf®²
KvGRi RbÅ wewf®² ˆkÉwYi KwÁ·DUvi wWRvBb KGiGQb| ‰B wWRvBbK‡Z KwÁ·DUviàGjvi KvGRi
ŠewkÓ¡Å AbymvGi KwÁ·DUvi ˆkÉwYwefvM Kiv nGqGQ|
1.1.1.1 KwÁ·DUvGii cÉR¯ÃKvj (Generation of Computers)
AvBwe‰g (IBM) KwÁ·DUvGii ‰KwU weævcb ˆ^GK KwÁ·DUvi cÉR¯Ã wnmve Kivi cÉ^v Pvjy nq|
KwÁ·DUvi wewf®² chÆvGq cwiewZÆZ nGq eZÆgvb AeÕ©vq ‰GmGQ| cwieZÆb, D®²qb I weKvGki ‰GKKwU
chÆvq ev avcGK KwÁ·DUvi cÉR¯Ã ev ˆRbvGikb (Generation) eGj| wbGÁ² KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² cÉR¯Ã
mÁ·GKÆ msGÞGc AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv|
(K) cÉ^g cÉR¯Ã KwÁ·DUvi (First Generation Computer)
1951 ˆ^GK 1959 mvj chƯ¦ mgqKvjGK KwÁ·DUvGii cÉ^g cÉR¯Ã eGj| cÉ^g
cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUviàGjvGZ fÅvKzqvg wUDe eÅenvi Kiv nGZv| AmsLÅ WvGqvW,
UÇvGqvW, fvje (valve), ˆiwRÓ¡vi I KÅvcvwmUi BZÅvw` w`Gq ŠZwi nGZv eGj
cÉ^g cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGii AvK‡wZ wQj eo I ռ͸ MwZ mÁ·®²| ‰B cÉRG¯Ãi
KwÁ·DUvGi we`yÅr LiP ˆewk nGZv ‰es cÉPzi Zvc Drc®² KiGZv dGj
KwÁ·DUvi Vv´£v ivLGZ gvGS gvGS kxZj cvwb eÅenvi Kiv nGZv| ‰ cÉRG¯Ãi
KwÁ·DUvGii ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠewkÓ¡Å wbGP ˆ`qv nGjv@
wPò: fÅvKzqvg wUDe
cÉ^g cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å@
1. axi MwZ mÁ·®² I MwZ cwigvc Kiv nGZv ˆRGb ivGLv:
wg.wj. ˆmGKG´£|
2. AvK‡wZGZ LyeB eo ‰es IRGb fvix wQj| BGjKUÇwbGÝi cÉK‡Z hvòv ÷i‚ nq 1883
3. fÅvKzqvg wUDe (Vacuum Tube) I wewf®² mvGj ‰wWmb wò×qv AvweÓ•vGii gaÅ w`Gq| wZwb
aiGbi Še`yÅwZK eZÆbxi eÅenvi| jvBU evGͼ ˆ`LGZ cvb wdjvGg´Ÿ mvGcGÞ ˆµÏUGK
4. ˆgGgvwi wnmvGe gÅvMGbwUK WÈvg hLb abvZ½K wefe ˆ`Iqv nGœQ fÅvKzqvg wUDGei
(Magnetic Drum) ‰i eÅenvi| gaÅ w`Gq ‰KwU ZworcÉevn PGj| wK¯§ ˆµÏUGK
5. `vg AGbK ˆewk wQj ‰es ˆgwkb fvlvq FYvðK wefe w`Gj ZworcÉevn PGj bv| e†wUk
c`v^Æweævbx ˆdÑwgs ‰wWmGbi ‰B aviYvwUGK KvGR
ˆcÉvMÉvg wjLGZ nGZv|
jvwMGq cÉ^g fÅvKzqvg wUDe AvweÓ•vi KGib| ‰B
6. BbcyU-AvDUcyU eÅeÕ©vi RbÅ cvçKvGWÆi
wUDe ˆiKwUdvqvi ev ‰KgywLKviK wnGmGe KvR
eÅenvi|
KGi A^Ævr ‰wU w`K cwieZxÆ Zwor cÉevnGK
7. Z^Å aviGYi RbÅ BGjKGUÇvÕ¡ÅvwUK wUDe
‰KgywL Zwor cÉevnGZ ciewZÆZ KGi| fÅvKzqvg
(CRT) ‰i eÅenvi ‰es mxwgZ Z^Å aviY
wUDGe `ywU BGjKGUÇvW wQj eGj ‰i bvg WvGqvW|
KiGZ cviGZv| wZbwU ^vKGj Zvi bvg UÇvGqvW|
8. iÞYvGeÞY mgmÅv wQj|
D`nviY: UNIVAC 1, IBM 650, IBM 704, IBM 709, Mark II, Mark IV BZÅvw`|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 1(M)
4 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

(L) w«¼Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvi (Second Generation Computer)

1960 ˆ^GK 1963 mvj chƯ¦ mgqKvjGK KwÁ·DUvGii w«¼Zxq cÉR¯Ã eGj weGePbv Kiv nq| 1947
mvGj AvGgwiKvi ˆej jÅveGiUwiGZ KgÆiZ weævbx Rb eviGWb (John Bardeen), DBwjqvg kKwj
(William Shockley) ‰es IqvΟvi eËvGUb (Walter Brattain) UÇvbwRÕ¡i AvweÓ•vi KGib| fÅvKzqvg
wUDGei cwieGZÆ UÇvbwRÕ¡i eÅenvi Kivi dGj w«¼Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvi, cÉ^g cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvi
ˆ^GK AvK‡wZGZ ˆQvU, `Ë‚ZMwZ I AwaK wbfÆiGhvMÅ wQj| w«¼Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGii ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
ŠewkÓ¡Å DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv@
w«¼Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å
1. fÅvKzqvg wUDGei cwieGZÆ UÇvbwRÕ¡Gii cÉPjb|
2. gÅvMGbwUK ˆKvi ˆgGgvwii eÅenvi|
3. AvK‡wZi msGKvPb I AwaK wbfÆiGhvMÅZv|
4. ˆgwkb fvlvi cwieGZÆ DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvi cÉPjb|
5. ˆUwjGdvb jvBb eÅenvi KGi ˆWUv ˆcÉiGYi eÅeÕ©v|
wPò: UÇvbwRÕ¡i
6. DœPMwZ mÁ·®² I D®²ZgvGbi BbcyU-AvDUcyU eÅeÕ©vi cÉPjb|
7. Zvc mgmÅvi mgvavb|
D`vniY: IBM 1401, CDC 1604, RCA 301, RCA 501, NCR 300, GE 200, Honey well
200, IBM 1620 BZÅvw`| 1964 mvGj w«¼Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi IBM 1620 KwÁ·DUvi w`Gq evsjvG`Gk
KwÁ·DUvGii eÅenvi ÷i‚ nq| XvKv cigvYy kwî× ˆKG±`Ë `xNÆ KGqK eQi ‰wU Pvjy wQj|
(M) Z‡Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvi (Third Generation Computer)
1964 ˆ^GK 1970 mvj chƯ¦ mgqGK KwÁ·DUvGii Z‡Zxq cÉR¯Ã eGj| ievUÆ bBwm (Robert Noyce)
‰es RÅvK wKjwe (Jack Kilby) eo mvwKÆU Þz`Ë Kivi RbÅ IC (Integrated Circuit) AvweÓ•vi
KGib| Bw´ŸGMÉGUW mvwKÆU AGbKàGjv Þz`Ë Þz`Ë AaÆcwievnx, WvGqvW, UÇvbwRÕ¡i ‰es AbÅvbÅ
BGjKUÇwbK hG¯¨i mg¯¼Gq MwVZ| dGj Z‡Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGi IC eÅenvi ÷i‚ nq| dGj
KwÁ·DUvGii AvKvi I `vg KGg ˆMGjI MwZ ˆeGo hvq| Z‡Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGii ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
ŠewkÓ¡Å wbGP ˆ`qv nGjv-
Z‡Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å
1. KwÁ·DUvGi Bw´ŸGMÉGUW mvwKÆU ‰i eÅenvi|
2. AvK‡wZ msGKvPb I AwaK wbfÆiGhvMÅZv|
3. KwÁ·DUvGii KvGRi ÞgZv I MwZe†w«¬|
4. mnGR enbGhvMÅ I we`yÅr kwî× Kg LiP nq|
5. gyw`ËZ AvKvGi jvBb wcÉ´ŸvGii eÅenvi| wPò: Bw´ŸGMÉGUW mvwKÆU
6. AvDUcyU wnGmGe wfwWI wWmGµÏ BDwbGUi cÉPjb|
7. DœPZi fvlvi D®²qb I eÅenvi|
8. wgwb KwÁ·DUvGii D«¿veb ÷i‚ nq|
9. AaÆcwievnx ÕÆwZi eÅenvi|
10. KwÁ·DUvGii `vg AGbK KGg hvq|
D`vniY: IBM 360, 370, PDP 8, PDP II BZÅvw` Z‡Zxq cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvi|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 1(N)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 5

(N) PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvi (Forth Generation Computer)

1971 mvj ˆ^GK eZÆgvbKvj chƯ¦ mgqGK PZz^Æ cÉR¯Ã eGj| KwÁ·DUvGii PZz^Æ cÉR¯Ã ejGZ
mvaviYfvGe gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvi ev cvGmÆvbvj KwÁ·DUviGKB ˆevSvGbv nq| Large Scale
Integration (LSI) I Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) gvBGò×vcÉGmmi ‰es
Semiconductor Memory w`Gq ‰ cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUviàGjv ŠZwi nq| ‰ cÉRG¯ÃB KwÁ·DUvi ÕÆwZ
D«¿vweZ nGZ ^vGK| dGj KwÁ·DUvGii AvKvi AvqZb I `vg KGg hvq ‰es KvR Kivi ÞgZv
KGqKàY ˆeGo hvq|
PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å
1. gvBGò×vcÉGmmi wfwîK KwÁ·DUvi ev gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvGii cÉPjb|
2. e†n`vKvi ‰Kxf„Z eZÆbx ev VLSI ‰i eÅenvi|
3. eZÆbxàGjvGZ AcwUKÅvj dvBevGii eÅenvi|
4. D®²Z ˆgGgvwi Z^v gÅvMGbwUK evej ˆgGgvwii (Magnetic
Bubble Memory) eÅenvi| wPò: gvBGò×vcÉGmmi
5. AZů¦ kwî×kvjx I DœPMwZ mÁ·®² gvBGò×vcÉGmmGii eÅenvi|
6. mycvi KwÁ·DUvGii D®²qb|
D`vniY: IBM-3033, IBM-4341, TRS -40, IBM PC BZÅvw` ‰ cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvi|
(O) cçg cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvi (Fifth Generation Computer)
cçg cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUviàGjvGZ K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv (Artificial Intelligence) cÉGqvM Kiv nGœQ|
Super VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) wPc I AcwUKÅvj dvBevGii mg¯¼Gq cçg
cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvi ŠZwi nGe| kwî×kvjx gvBGò×vcÉGmmiI AGbK ˆewk Z^Å aviYÞgZv mÁ·®²
ˆgGgvwi D«¿veGbi RbÅ MGelYv PjGQ| gvbyGli K¥¤Õ¼i kbvî× Kivi ÞgZv I KG¥¤ ˆ`Iqv wbG`Æk
eySGZ cvGi ‰gb ÞgZvmÁ·®² ŠewkÓ¡Å ^vKGe ‰B cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGi| ‰wU cÉwZ ˆmGKG´£ 10 @
150 ˆKvwU ˆhŒwÚK wm«¬v¯¦ wbGZ cviGe|
cçg cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å
1. K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi eÅenvi ‰es ˆhvMvGhvM Kivi RbÅ AcwUKÅvj dvBevGii eÅenvi|
2. Z^Å aviYÞgZv eÅvcK D®²wZ|
3. AGbKàGjv gvBGò×vcÉGmmi wewkÓ¡ Integrated circuit (IC) ‰i eÅenvi|
4. gvbyGli K¥¤Õ¼i kbvî× Kivi ÞgZv ^vKGe|
5. AwaK kwî×mÁ·®² mycvi KwÁ·DUvGii D®²qb|
6. ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvi ÕÆwZi (Magretic Core Memory) eÅenvi|
7. DœPZi fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg mvgMÉxi D®²wZ|
6 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wbGR KGiv:
KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² cÉRG¯Ã eÅen…Z eZÆbx/BGjKUÇwbÝ cÉhywî×i bvg wjGLv| ˆevSvi myweavG^Æ
‰KwU KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
KwÁ·DUvi cÉR¯Ã eZÆbx/BGjKUÇwbÝ
cÉ^g cÉR¯Ã fÅvKzqvg wUDe
w«¼Zxq cÉR¯Ã
Z‡Zxq cÉR¯Ã
4^Æ cÉR¯Ã
5g cÉR¯Ã

1.1.1.2 KwÁ·DUvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM (Classification of computer)

wewf®² KvGR eÅen…Z KwÁ·DUviàGjvGK wewf®² fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| ˆhgb@ cÉGqvM ˆÞGòi Dci wfwî
KGi, KvGRi aiY I cÉwò×qvi wfwîGZ ‰es AvKvi-AvK‡wZ I ÞgZvi wfwîGZ| wbGÁ² KwÁ·DUvGii
ˆkÉwYwefvM eÐK wPGòi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@

KwÁ·DUvi

cÉGqvM ˆÞGòi KwÁ·DUvi KvGRi aiY I cÉK‡wZ wfwîGZ KwÁ·DUvi

mvaviY KwÁ·DUvi weGkl KwÁ·DUvi AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi

gvBGKÌv KwÁ·DUvi wgwb KwÁ·DUvi ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvi mycvi KwÁ·DUvi

wPò: KwÁ·DUvGii ˆkÉYx wefvM

(K) cÉGqvM ˆÞGòi KwÁ·DUvi (Application based computer)

cÉGqvM ˆÞGòi Dci wfwî KGi KwÁ·DUviàGjvGK `yB fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v@
1. mvaviY DGóGkÅ eÅen…Z KwÁ·DUvi (General Purpose Computer)
2. weGkl DGóGkÅ eÅen…Z KwÁ·DUvi (Special Purpose Computer)
1. mvaviY KwÁ·DUvi: ˆh mgÕ¦ KwÁ·DUvi «¼viv me aiGbi KvR Kiv hvq ˆmàGjvGK mvaviY
eÅenvGii KwÁ·DUvi eGj| eZÆgvGb cÉPwjZ gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi mycvi KwÁ·DUvi chƯ¦
mKj KwÁ·DUviB mvaviY KwÁ·DUvi| ‰me KwÁ·DUvi w`Gq ‰KB mGã ˆjLvGjwLi KvR, wPòvâb,
wnmve-wbKvk, RwUj ˆcÉvMÉvwgs mn AGbK iKGgi KvR Kiv hvq|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 7

2. weGkl DGóGkÅ eÅen…Z KwÁ·DUvi: ˆh mgÕ¦ KwÁ·DUvi weGkl aiGbi KvR ev mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ
eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK weGkl eÅenvGii KwÁ·DUvi eGj| AÅvbvjM I nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ KvGRi
RbÅ ŠZwi I eÅen…Z nq| ‰K aiGbi KvGRi RbÅ ŠZwi AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi mvaviYZ AbÅ aiGbi KvGR
eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv| ‰RbÅ ‰ aiGbi KwÁ·DUviàGjvGK ejv nq weGkl eÅenvGii KwÁ·DUvi|
(L) KvGRi aib I cÉK‡wZ wfwîGZ KwÁ·DUvi
MVb AbymvGi ev cwiPvjbvi bxwZ A^ev wò×qvbxwZ AbymvGi KwÁ·DUviGK wZbfvGM fvM Kiv hvq|
1. AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi (Analog Computer)
2. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi (Digital Computer)
3. nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi (Hybrid Computer)
1. AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi (Analog Computer)
eÕ§i àYMZ ev AeÕ©vbMZ ˆfŒZ cwieZÆGbi Dci wbfÆi KGi
ˆh KwÁ·DUvi ŠZwi Kiv nq ZvGK Analog KwÁ·DUvi eGj|
Analog kõwU MÉxK kõ Analogous ˆ^GK ‰GmGQ hvi
AvwfavwbK A^Æ Zzjbv Kiv ev mv`†kÅ| AÅvbvjM c«¬wZGZ
ˆKvGbv eYÆ ev Aâ eÅenvi Kiv nq bv| ‰ ˆÞGò ‰KwU ò×gvMZ
cwieZÆbkxj ivwkGK AbÅ ‰KwU ò×gvMZ cwieZÆbkxj ivwki wPò: AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi
mvG^ Zzjbv KGi cwigvc Kiv nq|
c`v^ÆweævGbi bxwZi Dci wfwî KGi AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi KvR KGi| A^Ævr Pvc, Zvc, ZiGji cÉevn
BZÅvw` cwieZÆbkxj ˆWUvi RbÅ m†Ó¡ Še`yÅwZK ZiãGK AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvGii BbcyU wnGmGe aiv nq|
cÉGqvRbxq cÉwò×qvKiGYi ci djvdj mvaviYZ KuvUv ev cÐUvGii gvaÅGg cÉ`kÆb Kiv nq| AÅvbvjM
KwÁ·DUvGi ˆKvGbv aiGbi ˆgGgvwi BDwbU eÅen…Z nq bv| wbGÁ² eÐK WvqvMÉvGgi gvaÅGg AÅvbvjM
KwÁ·DUvGii KvhÆvewj ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@

Input
(Sencess) Compute Output

wPò: AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvGii KvGRi cÉwò×qv

AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvGii ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn
1. AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi cwieZÆbkxj Še`yÅwZK wmMbÅvj «¼viv cwiPvwjZ nq|
2. AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvGii BbcyU I AvDUcyU AÅvbvjM cÉK‡wZi| AvDUcyU mvaviYZ KuvUv ev
cÐUvGii gvaÅGg cÉ`vb Kiv nq|
3. AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvGii KvGRi mƒßZv cÉvq 0.1%|
4. ‰K aiGbi KvGRi RbÅ ŠZwiK‡Z AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi AbÅ aiGbi KvGR eÅenvi Kiv hvq
bv|
5. mvaviYZ weGkl ˆKvGbv KvGRi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq|
6. AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi ‰KwU cwigvcK eÅeÕ©v hv c`v^Æ weævGbi bxwZGZ KvR KGi|
D`vniY: PvjÆm eÅvGeGRi AÅvbvwjwUKÅvj Bwéb I wWdvGi´Ö Bwéb|
8 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvGii eÅenvi

1. gnvKvk, K‡wòg DcMÉn wbgÆvGYi KvGR AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
2. ˆKwgKÅvj jÅveGiUwii gvb wbq¯¨GY I ˆcGUÇvj cvGÁ·i ˆZj cÉevGni cwigvY wbYÆGq AÅvbvjM
KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
3. evZvGmi Pvc, Zvc, evqy cÉevn, we`yÅr Ziã, kõ Ziã BZÅvw` wbYÆGqi ˆÞGò AÅvbvjM
KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
2. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi (Digital Computer)
Digital Computer ‰i Digital K^vwU Digit kõ ˆ^GK ‰GmGQ hvi A^Æ AsK| ˆh KwÁ·DUvi
wWwRUvj c«¬wZi (evBbvwi msLÅv 0 ‰es 1) Dci wfwî KGi wWRvBb I ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ ZvGK
wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi eGj| evBbvwi wWwRU 0 I 1 ‰i mvnvGhÅ wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiY
KGi|
wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii mƒßZv AGbK ˆewk| KviY ˆhvM-
weGqvM Kivi mgq `kwgGKi ci AGbK ˆewk Ni (wbw`ÆÓ¡ mxgv
chƯ¦) eÅenvi Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ KwÁ·DUvi ejGZ wWwRUvj
KwÁ·DUviGKB ˆevSvGbv nq| wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGi AÅvbvjM
KwÁ·DUvGii gGZv ˆKvGbv ò×gvMZ cwieZÆbkxj ivwk eÅenvi
Kiv nq bv| Z^Å cÉwò×qvKiY I wnmve wbKvGki RbÅ mivmwi
AsK wKsev msLÅv eÅenvi Kiv nq| wbGÁ² eÐK wPGòi gvaÅGg wPò: wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi
wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii KvhÆcÉwò×qv ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@

Input
(Sencess) Compute Output

wPò: wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii KvGRi cÉwò×qv

wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn
1. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi wWwRUvj wmMbÅvj (evBbvwi 0 I 1) eÅenvi KGi me aiGbi KvGRi
cÉwò×qv mÁ·®² KGi|
2. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgGgvwiGZ Z^Å ev Dcvî hyM hyM aGi msiÞY KGi ivLv hvq|
3. ˆKvGbv Z^Å cÉwò×qvKiGYi djvdj wcÉ´ŸvGii gvaÅGg AwZ `Ë‚Z KvMGR QvcvGbv hvq|
4. ‰wUi KvGRi mƒßZv 100%|
5. AvaywbK gvGbi wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi hv wewf®² ˆÞGò eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
6. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi ‰KwU msLÅvMZ eÅeÕ©v hv MwYGZi wbqGg KvR KGi|
D`vniY: eZÆgvGbi mKj KwÁ·DUviB wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi| Pentium I, II, III, IV, cvgUc,
ˆbvUeyK, jÅvcUc BZÅvw` wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 9

wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii eÅenvi

eZÆgvGb wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi eÅvcKfvGe eÅen…Z nGœQ Awdm Av`vjZ, eÅvsK, exgv, eÅemv cÉwZÓ¤vb,
wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb, MGelYvMvi, wk͸ cÉwZÓ¤vb, ˆLjvaƒjv I weGbv`b BZÅvw` wewf®² ˆÞGò|
3. nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi (Hybrid Computer)
AÅvbvjM I wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii KvhÆbxwZi mg¯¼Gq ˆh KwÁ·DUvi ŠZwi Kiv nq ZvGK nvBweËW
KwÁ·DUvi eGj| nvBweËW (Hybrid) kGõi A^Æ nGjv msKi ev mg¯¼q| nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvGi AÅvbvjM
cÉwò×qvq ˆWUv M†nxZ nq| ‰ici msM†nxZ ˆWUv msLÅvq i…cv¯¦i KGi cÉwò×qvKiGYi RbÅ wWwRUvj
AsGk ˆcÉiY Kiv nq| wWwRUvj Ask cÉvµ¦ ˆWUv cÉwò×qvKiY KGi djvdj cÉ`vb KGi| ‰ djvdj
gwbUi ev AbÅ ˆKvGbv AvDUcyU wWfvBGm cÉ`wkÆZ nq| mvaviYZ ŠeævwbK MGelYvMvi, wk͸ cÉwZÓ¤vb
ˆhLvGb AÅvbvjM I wWwRUvj Dfq aiGbi ŠewkÓ¡Å we`Ågvb ^vGK ˆmLvGb nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi
Kiv nq| ‰Qvov nvmcvZvGji ICU (Intensive Care Unit), ˆivMxi iî× Pvc, kixGii Zvcgvòv,
n…`hG¯¨i wò×qv BZÅvw` ˆÞGò ‰ aiGbi KwÁ·DUvi eÅvcKfvGe eÅen…Z nq| eÐK wPGòi mvnvGhÅ
KwÁ·DUvGii MVb ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@
AÅvbvjM wWwRUvj nvBweËW
KwÁ·DUvi + KwÁ·DUvi = KwÁ·DUvi

nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvGii ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn

1. nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvGii BbcyU AÅvbvjM cÉK‡wZi I AvDUcyU wWwRUvj c«¬wZi|
2. weGkl weGkl KvGRi ˆÞGò eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
3. ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe `vg ˆewk|
4. MVb RwUj cÉK‡wZi|
D`vniY: nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvGii DGjÐLGhvMÅ D`vniY nGjv@ ECG ˆgwkb, MRI- ˆgwkb, AvaywbK
ivWvi, ˆmvbvi (SONAR) BZÅvw`GZ eÅen…Z KwÁ·DUvi|
nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvGii eÅenvi
1. ŠeævwbK I KvwiMwi welGqi wewf®² RwUj I KwVb mgmÅv nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg AwZ
mnGR I `Ë‚ZZvi mvG^ mgvavb Kiv hvq|
2. cixÞvMvGi JlyGai gvb wbYÆGq, cÉvYx wbGq MGelYvq, cigvYyi MVb cÉK‡wZ Rvbvi KvGR ‰wU
eÅen…Z nq|
3. wewf®² ivmvqwbK `ËGeÅi àYvàY wbYÆGqi KvGR ‰es `ƒicvÍÏvi AvKvkhvb PvjGKi cÉwkÞGYi
KvGR nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
4. nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi AZů¦ `vgx ZvB ÷aygvò weGkl KvGR ‰B aiGbi KwÁ·DUvi eÅen…Z nq|
5. nvmcvZvGji BbGUbwmf ˆKqvi BDwbGU nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi eÅen…Z nq|
10 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

AÅvbvjM I wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ Kx?

AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi

1. Analog Computer ò×gvMZ 1. Digital Computer wWwRUvj msGKZ 0
cwieZÆbkxj msGKZ ev Analog msGKZ I 1 w`Gq KvGRi cÉwò×qv mÁ·®² KGi|
eÅenvi KGi KvGRi cÉwò×qv mÁ·®² KGi|
2. AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi mieivnK‡Z DcvîàGjvGK 2. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi msLÅv, eYÆ ev wPn×GK
mivmwi Še`yÅwZK msGKGZ i…cv¯¦i KGi| Še`yÅwZK msGKGZ i…cv¯¦i KGi|
3. AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi cÉwò×qvRvZ djvdjGK 3. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi cÉwò×qvRvZ djvdj
mvaviYZ Nwoi KuvUvi mvnvGhÅ A^ev mivmwi gwbUGi ev AbÅGKvGbv AvDUcyU
MÉvGdi mvnvGhÅ Qwe ‰uGK cÉ`kÆb KGi| wWfvBGm cÉ`kÆb KGi|
4. ‰wU wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq Kg 4. ‰wU ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ögkƒbÅ, wbfÆikxj
wbfÆikxj I Kg `Ë‚Z MwZmÁ·®²| ‰es `Ë‚Z MwZmÁ·®²|
5. ivmvqwbK wk͸ KviLvbv, ˆcGUÇvwjqvg I 5. ˆjLvGjwL I wnmve wbKvk ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi
Lv`Å cÉwò×qvKiY wkG͸ AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi Qwe wbgÆvY, Õ©vcZÅ I wbgÆvY KvGRi bKkv
eÅvcKfvGe eÅen…Z nq| ŠZwiGZ wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi eÅen…Z nq|
6. AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi cwigvcK c«¬wZGZ 6. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi MYbv c«¬wZGZ
djvdj cÉKvk KGi ZvB ‰i mƒßZv Kg| djvdj cÉKvk KGi ZvB ‰i mƒßZv ˆewk|
7. ˆgvUi Mvoxi wÕ·GWvwgUvi, ÕÏvBW i‚j, 7. AvaywbK KwÁ·DUvi ejGZ wWwRUvj
AcvGikbvj Amplifier BZÅvw` AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUviGK ˆevSvq| ˆhgb jÅvcUc,
KwÁ·DUvi| ˆWÕ•Uc BZÅvw`|
1.1.1.2.1 wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM (Classification of Digital Computer)
mvaviYZ KwÁ·DUvi ejGZ wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUviGK ˆevSvGbv nGq ^vGK| AvKvi-AvK‡wZ, ˆgGgvwi, KvR
Kivi ÞgZv I wewf®² myGhvM-myweav BZÅvw`i Dci wfwî KGi wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUviGK cÉavbZ Pvi fvGM
fvM Kiv hvq| h^v@
KwÁ·DUvi

AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi

gvBGò×v KwÁ·DUvi wgwb KwÁ·DUvi ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvi mycvi KwÁ·DUvi

wPò: wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM

KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 11

K. gvBGò×v KwÁ·DUvi (Micro Computer)

L. wgwb KwÁ·DUvi (Mini Computer)
M. ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvi (Mainframe Computer)
N. mycvi KwÁ·DUvi (Super Computer)
K. gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvi (Microcomputer)
ˆh KwÁ·DUvi wgwb KwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq ˆQvU ‰es hvi gGaÅ ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY Ask wnmvGe
gvBGò×vcÉGmmi we`Ågvb ZvGK gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvi eGj| gvBGò×v (Micro) kGõi A^Æ Þz`Ë| Þz`ËvK‡wZi
gvBGò×vcÉGmmi w`Gq ŠZwi eGjB gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvGii ‰i…c bvgKiY Kiv nGqGQ|
‰KvwaK eZÆbx ‰KwU wPGc mshyî× Kiv hvq eGj ZvGK
gvBGò×vcÉGmmi eGj| MVb I AvK‡wZMZ w`K nGZ
gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvi LyeB ˆQvU ‰es MwZI AbÅvbÅ
KwÁ·DUvGii Zzjbvq Kg| ‰ aiGbi KwÁ·DUvi
mvaviYZ ‰KwU cÉavb cÉGmmi, cÉavb ˆgGgvwi (RAM I
ROM), mnvqK ˆgGgvwi (Hard Disk) ‰es BbcyU
AvDUcyU wWfvBm wbGq ŠZwi Kiv nq| wPò: gvBGò×v KwÁ·DUvi
1975 mvGj Zwor cÉGKŒkjx ‰BP. ‰WIqvWÆ ievUÆm (H. Edward Roberts) KZ‡ÆK wWRvBbK‡Z
Altair-880 ˆK cÉ^g gvBGò×vcÉGmmi wfwîK KwÁ·DUvi ev gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvi wnmvGe MYÅ Kiv nq|
H. Edward Roberts ˆK gvBGò×v KwÁ·DUvGii RbK ejv nq| AvGgwiKvi BG´Ÿj KGcÆvGikb
meÆcÉ^g 1971 mvGj BG´Ÿj-4004 (Intel-4004) bvGg 4 weGUi gvBGò×vcÉGmmi ŠZwi KGi| ˆmwUi
MwZ I KgÆÞgZv LyeB mxwgZ wQj| eZÆgvGb eÅen…Z gvBGò×v cÉGmmiàGjv AGbK ˆewk MwZ I `ÞZv
mÁ·®²|
AvKvGi ˆQvU, `vGg mÕ¦v I enbGhvMÅ nIqvq eÅwî×MZ KvGR ‰wU eÅvcK fvGe eÅen…Z nGœQ| ‰RbÅ
‰wUGK Personal Computer ev msGÞGc PC bvGgI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
eÅenvi: ‰ RvZxq KwÁ·DUvi wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGb, Kj-KviLvbvq, Awdm-Av`vjGZ, ˆLjvaƒjvq, M†nÕ©vwji
KvGR, eÅemv-cÉwZÓ¤vGb, eÅwî×MZ KvGR eÅenvi Kiv nGœQ|
D`vniY: IBM PC, TRS 80, APPLE 64 BZÅvw`|
Z^Å cÉhywî×i ‰B hyGM gvbyGli KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvGii myweavMZ w`K wP¯¦v KGi gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvi wewf®²
aiGbi nGZ cvGi| h^v-
1. ˆWÕ•Uc KwÁ·DUvi (Desktop Computer)
2. jÅvcUc KwÁ·DUvi (Laptop Computer)
3. ˆbvUeyK KwÁ·DUvi (Note Book Computer)
4. cvgUc KwÁ·DUvi (Palmtop Computer) ev wcwW‰ (PDA)
12 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1. ˆWÕ•Uc KwÁ·DUvi (Desktop Computer)

ˆWÕ•Uc KwÁ·DUvi ‰KwU eüj eÅen…Z gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvi| ˆWÕ• ev
ˆUwej Õ©vcb KGi eÅenvi Kiv nq eGj ‰wU ˆWÕ•Uc KwÁ·DUvi
bvGg cwiwPZ| Awdm, Av`vjZ, wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb ‰es wewf®² cÉwZÓ¤vGb
‰wUi eÅenvi eÅvcK cwijwÞZ nq| evRvGi wewf®² gGWGji
ˆWÕ•Uc KwÁ·DUvi cÉPwjZ AvGQ| ˆhgb-UvIqvi, wgW UvIqvi,
ˆWÕ•Uc BZÅvw`|
2. jÅvcUc KwÁ·DUvi (Laptop Computer) wPò: ˆWÕ•Uc KwÁ·DUvi

mnGR enbGhvMÅ, ˆQvU msÕ•iGYi weËdGKGmi (briefcase) AvKvGii

cvGmÆvbvj KwÁ·DUvi| jÅvc (Lap) A^Ævr ˆKvGji Dci ˆiGL
PvjvGbv hvq eGj ‰i bvg nGqGQ jÅvcUc| ‰wU ˆ`LGZ AGbKUv
weËdGKGmi gGZv| IRGb nvjKv I mnGR enbGhvMÅ nIqvq w`b w`b
‰wUi eÅenvi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nvGi e†w«¬ cvGœQ| ˆhLvGb we`yÅr ˆbB
ˆmLvGbI eÅvUvwii mvnvGhÅ ‰wU PvjvGbv hvq eGj ‰wU mKGji KvGQ
RbwcÉq| dGj Awdm-Av`vjZ, wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb QvovI wewf®² mfv
ˆmwgbvGi eî×eÅ, wee†wZ ‰es wewf®² MGelYvgƒjK KvGR ‰wUi
eÅenvi AZzjbxq| wPò: jÅvcUc KwÁ·DUvi
3. ˆbvUeyK KwÁ·DUvi (NoteBook Computer)
nvGZ ˆiGL eÅenvi Kivi RbÅ cÉÕ§ZK‡Z ‰B KwÁ·DUviàGjvi AvKvi
ˆbvUeyGKi bÅvq| ‰wU ˆ`LGZ AGbKUv ˆbvUeyGKi gGZv nIqvq ‰wUi
bvgKiY Kiv nGqGQ ˆbvUeyK KwÁ·DUvi| ZGe nVvr KGi ˆ`LGj
‰wUGK cÉv^wgKfvGe eo AvKvGii KÅvjKzGjUi gGb nGZ cvGi|
IRGb nvjKv, `vGg Kg I mnGR enbGhvMÅ nIqvq ‰wUi eÅenvi w`b
w`b e†w«¬ cvGœQ|
wPò: ˆbvUeyK KwÁ·DUvi
4. cvgUc KwÁ·DUvi (Palmtop Computer) ev wcwW‰ (PDA)
PDA-‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv Personal Digital Assistants| 1993 mvGj BGjKUÇwbK wbgÆvZviv PDA
ŠZwi KGib| wcwW‰ ‰i cÉv^wgK fvmÆb wQj AÅvcGji ‘wbDUb’| ‰
aiGbi KwÁ·DUvi Þz`ËvK‡wZi ‰es ˆ`LGZ AGbKUv KÅvjKzGjUGii bÅvq,
hv nvGZi Zvjyi gGaÅ ˆiGL eÅenvi Kiv hvq, ‰gbwK cGKGU ˆiGL
mnGR enb Kiv hvq| ‰wU ˆnΣ ev cGKU KwÁ·DUvi bvGgI cwiwPZ| AbÅ
gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUviàGjv ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ‰wU meGPGq ˆQvU ‰es Kg
KgÆÞg KwÁ·DUvi| ‰ aiGbi KwÁ·DUviàGjvGZ ˆKvGbv cÉKvi wWÕ•
WÈvBf ^vGK bv| mvaviYZ UvPwÕ˜b I wWwRUvj ˆcGbi mvnvGhÅ ‰ RvZxq
KwÁ·DUviàGjv wbqw¯¨Z nGq ^vGK| ˆÕ·ËWwkGUi ˆQvU AvKvGii KvR,
ˆjLvGjwL, cÉGqvRbxq ˆUwjGdvb bÁ¼i, ZvwiL, ‰GR´£v ŠZwi KGi ivLv
BZÅvw` KvGR ‰ aiGbi KwÁ·DUviàGjv gƒjZ eÅen…Z nGq ^vGK|
wPò: cvÁ·Uc KwÁ·DUvi
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 13

L. wgwb KwÁ·DUvi (Mini Computer)

ˆh KwÁ·DUvi gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq eo ‰es ˆgBbGdÌg
KwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq ˆQvU ZvGK wgwb KwÁ·DUvi eGj| wgwb KwÁ·DUvGii
MwZ, ˆgGgvwi I KvR Kivi ÞgZv gvBGò×v KwÁ·DUvGii Zzjbvq
AGbK ˆewk| UvwgÆbvGji gvaÅGg ‰wUGZ ‰K mGã ‰KvwaK eÅenviKvix
AbvqvGm KvR KiGZ cvGi| ‰ aiGbi KwÁ·DUvGi cÉwò×qvKiGYi RbÅ
eÅen…Z wm.wc.BD (CPU) ˆZ mvaviYZ ‰KK ˆevWÆ wewkÓ¡ mvwKÆU ev
eZÆbx eÅenvi Kiv nq| gvBGò×v KwÁ·DUvGii Zzjbvq AwaK ÞgZv
mÁ·®²| ‰KvwaK eÅenviKvixi ‰KmGã eÅenvGii myweav ^vKvq wgwb
KwÁ·DUvi ŠeævwbK, cÉhywî×MZ MGelYv I weGkÐlGY, wk͸ cÉwZÓ¤vb ‰es
eÅemv cÉwZÓ¤vGb eÅenvi Kiv nq| wPò: wgwb KwÁ·DUvi

D`vniY: AvBwe‰g (IBM) ˆKvÁ·vwbi IBM S/34, IBM S/36 NCR S/9290, PDP11 BZÅvw`
DGjÐLÅGhvMÅ wgwb KwÁ·DUvi|
eÅenvi: wgwb KwÁ·DUvi «¼viv eÅvsGKi wnmve-wbKvk Kiv hvq|
M. ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvi (Mainframe Computer)
‘ˆh KwÁ·DUviwU wgwb I gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq eo ‰es
mycvi KwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq ˆQvU wK¯§ ռ͸ mgGq AwaK KvR KiGZ
mÞg ZvGK ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvi eGj| ‰ RvZxq KwÁ·DUvGii
AGbKàGjv BbcyU I AvDUcyU h¯¨ ‰es mnvqK ÕÆwZi msLÅv
^vGK| ˆgBbGdÌg nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU eo KwÁ·DUvi hvi mvG^
UvwgÆbvj hyî× KGi ‰KmvG^ AGbK gvbyl KvR KiGZ cvGi|
e†nr`vKvi ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvGii mGã mnmËvwaK WvÁ¼ UvwgÆbvj
(Dumb Terminal) eÅenvi Kiv nq|
wPò: ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvi
‰ KwÁ·DUvGi ‰KvwaK Z^Å cÉwò×qvKiY Ask ^vGK| ˆgBbGdÌg
KwÁ·DUviàGjvi kõ Š`NÆÅ (Word length) 32 @ 132 weU chƯ¦| eo eo cÉwZÓ¤vb ‰ aiGbi
KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi KGi ^vGK| eÅvsK, exgv, A^Æ jw™²Kvix cÉwZÓ¤vb ‰es ŠeævwbK KgÆZrciZvi
cwiPvjbv wbq¯¨Y I weGkÏlY ‰es gƒjÅvqGbi RbÅ ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvGii cÉGqvRb nGq ^vGK|
Avwki `kGKi cÉ^gvGaÆ evsjvG`Gk meÆcÉ^g ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvi Õ©vcb KGi evsjvG`Gk cigvYy kwî×
Kwgkb| ‰ici evsjvG`Gk cÉGKŒkj wek¼we`Åvjq, evsjvG`k cwimsLÅvb eyÅGiv, we`yÅr D®²qb ˆevWÆ,
evsjvG`k ‰ÝGcvUÆ BgGcvUÆ ˆKvÁ·vwb cÉf‡wZ cÉwZÓ¤vGb Õ©vwcZ nq|
D`vniY: UNIVAC 1100, IBM 1620, IBM 4341, NCR 8370 BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ˆgBbGdÌg
KwÁ·DUvi|
eÅenvi: ‰B aiGbi KwÁ·DUvi eÅvsGK, KviLvbvq, wkÞvGevGWÆ, cwimsLÅvb eyÅGiv, we`yÅr D®²qb ˆevGWÆ
eÅen…Z nq|
14 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

N. mycvi KwÁ·DUvi (Super Computer)

ˆh KwÁ·DUvi AvKvi AvK‡wZi w`K ˆ^GK AbÅvbÅ
KwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq AZÅwaK eo I kwî×kvjx ‰es `Ë‚ZMwZ
mÁ·®² ZvGK mycvi KwÁ·DUvi eGj| AvK‡wZMZ w`K nGZ
meÆe†nr ‰B KwÁ·DUviàGjvi Z^Å msiÞY ÞgZv, Z^Å
cÉwò×qvKiGYi MwZ Awek¼vmÅ iKGgi| mycvi KwÁ·DUvGii
mvnvGhÅ AZů¦ mƒß I RwUj ŠeævwbK weGkÏlGYi KvR Kiv
wPò : mycvi KwÁ·DUvi
hvq| eZÆgvGb eÅen…Z mycvi KwÁ·DUviàGjvGZ ‰KmGã
‰KvwaK cÉGmmi eÅenvi Kiv nq| mƒß ŠeævwbK MGelYv, wecyj cwigvY Z^Å weGkÐlY, bGfvhvb, Rwã
wegvb ‰es ˆÞcYvÕ¨ wbq¯¨Y, gnvKvk MGelYv, cigvYy MGelYv BZÅvw` ˆÞGò mycvi KwÁ·DUvi eÅen…Z
nq|
D`vniY: USA ‰i ŠZwi ETA-O2P, RvcvGbi ŠZwi SUPER SXII, CYBER-205, CRAY-1,
X-MP BZÅvw`|

ˆkÉwYi KvR:
QGK wewf®² KwÁ·DUvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ`Iqv AvGQ| ‰àGjvi gaÅ ˆ^GK ˆKvbàGjv wewf®² aiGbi
KwÁ·DUvGii ŠewkGÓ¡Åi mvG^ wgGj hvq, ˆmB KwÁ·DUvGii bvg wjGLv| ‰KwU KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
KwÁ·DUvGii bvg ŠewkÓ¡Å
AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi ˆcGUÇvj cvGÁ·i ˆZj cÉevGni cwigvY wbYÆGqi RbÅ eÅen…Z nq|
Awdm Av`vjZ, eÅvsK, exgv I eÅemv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Z^Å cÉwò×qvKiGY
eÅen…Z nq
nvmcvZvGji ˆivMxi iî× Pvc, kixGii Zvcgvòv I n…`hG¯¨i wò×qv
cwigvGci RbÅ eÅen…Z nq|
bGfhvb, Rwã wegvb, ˆÞcYvÕ¨, gnvKvk I cigvYy MGelYvq eÅen…Z
nq|
1.1.2 KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi, mdUIqÅvi, dvgÆIqÅvi I wnDgÅvbIqÅvGii aviYv
(Concepts of Computer Hardware, Software, Firmware and
Humanware)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g KZàGjv Bw´ŸGMÉGUW Dcv`vb (BbcyU/ AvDUcyU h¯¨cvwZ, ˆgGgvwi, wmwcBD BZÅvw`)
wbGq MwVZ hv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wjwLZ wbG`Ækvejx cvjb KGi| BbcyU ev AvDUcyU h¯¨cvwZàGjv wmwcBD
(CPU) ˆ^GK wbG`Æk bv cvIqv chƯ¦ KvR KiGZ cvGi bv| Abyi…cfvGe ˆgGgvwiI ‰KKfvGe ˆKvb
KvR KiGZ cvGi bv| KvGRB mKj Dcv`vb ‰KGò wgGj KvR KGi ‰KwU KvR mÁ·ƒYÆ KGi|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡Ggi Dcv`vbàGjv wbÁ²i…c@
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 15

nvWÆIqÅvi (Hardware): nvWÆIqÅvi ‰KwU BsGiRx kõ| ‰i evsjv cÉwZkõ wnmvGe Avgiv mPivPi
ˆjvnv-jØi eyGS ^vwK| KwÁ·DUvGii ˆÞGò ‰B nvWÆIqÅvi nGœQ h¯¨ ev h¯¨ miévg| hvGK
KwÁ·DUvGii AeKvVvGgv ejv hvq| KwÁ·DUvGii evwnÅK AvK‡wZ mÁ·®² mKj h¯¨ ev wWfvBm mgƒnGK
nvWÆIqÅvi eGj| KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡Gg eÅen…Z Bw´ŸGMÉGUW mvwKÆU, gvBGò×vcÉGmmi, gv`viGevWÆ, iÅvg
(RAM), ig (ROM) cÉf‡wZ h¯¨cvwZ w`Gq my±`ifvGe mÁ·v`b I mnvqZv Kivi RbÅ iGqGQ AbÅvbÅ
wWfvBmgƒn ˆhgb-wWÕ•, wWÕ• WÈvBf, Kx-ˆevWÆ, gvDm, gwbUi, wcÉ´Ÿvi BZÅvw`| DwÍÏwLZ mKj h¯¨cvwZi
mg¯¼GqB MwVZ nq KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi| A^Ævr nvWÆIqÅvi nGœQ KwÁ·DUvGii evwnÅK KvVvGgv hv
Avgiv Õ·kÆ KiGZ cvwi| nvWÆIqÅviGK KvhÆÞg I eÅenvi DcGhvMx Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRb Dchyî×
mdUIqÅvi| mGeÆvcwi nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvi mgw¯¼ZfvGe ‰KwU cwicƒYÆ wmGÕ¡g wnmvGe KvR KGi|
mdUIqÅvi (Software): KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvi Kiv hvq ‰gb mgw¯¼Z ˆcÉvMÉvgGK mdUIqÅvi eGj|
KwÁ·DUvi AGbÅi mvnvhÅ Qvov wbGR KLGbv ˆKvGbv wKQz KiGZ cvGi bv| KwÁ·DUvi cÉGqvRbxq KvRwU
mÁ·®² KiGZ ‰KwU wbG`Æk MÉnY KGi ^vGK| mdUIqÅvi nGœQ nvWÆIqÅvGii cÉvYkwî× ev Rxebx kwî×|
ˆcÉvMÉvg KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi I eÅenviKvixi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg nvWÆIqÅviGK KvhÆÞg I
eÅenvi DcGhvMx KGi ZvGKB mdUIqÅvi eGj| mwZÅKvi AG^Æ mdUIqÅvi KwÁ·DUvi cwiPvjbv KGi|
mdUIqÅvi Qvov nvWÆIqÅvi A^Ænxb| ‰K K^vq ejv hvq ˆh, mdUIqÅvi I nvWÆIqÅvi ‰GK AGbÅi
cwicƒiK|
dvgÆIqÅvi (Firmware): dvgÆIqÅviI ‰K aiGbi mdUIqÅvi| dvgÆIqÅviGK nvWÆIqÅvi I
mdUIqÅvGii gvSvgvwS MvVwbK AeÕ©vb eGj gGb Kiv
nq| ‰ aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv Õ©vqxfvGe ˆgGgvwiGZ mdUIqÅvi I dvgÆIqÅvGii gGaÅ
msiwÞZ ^vGK| mvaviYfvGe dvgÆIqÅvi cwieZÆb KivI cÉavb cv^ÆKÅ Kx?
mÁ¿e bq| KwÁ·DUvi ŠZwi Kivi mgq ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆh mdUIqÅvi I dvgÆIqÅvGii gGaÅ cÉavb
ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒn Õ©vqxfvGe msiÞY KGi ˆ`qv nq ˆhàGjvGK cv^ÆKÅ nGœQ KwÁ·DUvi eÅenviKvix
dvgÆIqÅvi ev gwbUi ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| ‰ mKj ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mdUIqÅviGK mnGR gyQGZ cvGi wK¯§
dvgÆIqÅviGK mnGR gyQGZ cvGi bv
AvDUcyU ˆKej chÆvqò×Gg gwbUGi cÉ`wkÆZ nq| ˆhgb- ZGe eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi|
iGg (ROM) iwÞZ ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒn| KwÁ·DUvGi Õ©vqxfvGe
ivLv `iKvi ˆmBme wbG`Ækbvejx ˆhme wbG`Ækbvejx ev KgvGíi gvaÅGg KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi
wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq| ÷aygvò ‰B wbG`ÆkbvàGjv KwÁ·DUvGii ˆmwgK´£vÙi (Semiconductor) iGg
Õ©vqxfvGe msiwÞZ Kiv nq| D`vniY wnGmGe ejv hvq- ROM BIOS (Read Only Memory
Basic Input Output System) ‰i gGaÅ ˆh ˆWUv ‰es wbG`ÆkàGjv ^vGK Zv dvgÆIqÅvi| KwÁ·DUvi
QvovI wKQz wKQz gvBGò×vcÉGmmi wfwîK wmGÕ¡g AvGQ ˆhLvGb dvgÆIqÅvi eÅen…Z nq| ˆhgb wfwmwW
ˆµÏqvi, wfwmAvi, AGUvGgvevBj, ˆgwWKÅvj BKzBcGg´Ÿ BZÅvw`|
wnDgÅvbIqÅvi (Humanware): KwÁ·DUvi ‰KKfvGe ˆKvGbv KvR KiGZ cvGi bv| KwÁ·DUvGi
ˆKvGbv KvR mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq Dcvî ‰es wbG`Æk w`Gq w`GZ nq| ‰B wbG`ÆGki wfwîGZ
KwÁ·DUvi KvR KGi ^vGK| Avi ‰B wbG`Æk ˆ`qv nq mdUIqÅvGii gvaÅGg| A^Ævr mdUIqÅvi Qvov
16 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

KwÁ·UvGii nvWÆIqÅvi gƒjÅnxb| KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ mywbw`ÆÓ¡ KvR mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ eÅenviKvixGK
cÉ^Gg ˆWUv msMÉn KiGZ nq hvGK ˆWUv KvGjKkb (Data Collection) eGj| eÅenviKvix
KwÁ·DUvGi KvRwU cÉwò×qvKiGYi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii wmGÕ¡g (BbcyU/ AvDUcyU ‰es AbÅvbÅ wmGÕ¡g)
wWRvBb KGib I KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjGLb| ‰ici eÅenviKvix KwÁ·DUvi PvjvGbvi (Operate) gvaÅGg
ŠZwiK‡Z ˆcÉvMÉvgwU PvwjGq ˆ`GLb ‰es msMÉnxZ ˆWUvàGjvGK cixÞv KGib| ˆh mgÕ¦ eÅwî× ˆWUv
cÉwò×qvKiGYi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi cwiPvjbv, ˆWUv msiÞY, cixÞvKiY, ˆiKWÆ wjwce«¬KiY BZÅvw` KvR
KGi ZvG`iGK wnDgÅvbIqÅvi eGj|

KgÆcò:
Avgiv BwZgGaÅ KwÁ·DUvGii mdUIqÅvi I dvgÆIqÅvi mÁ·GKÆ ˆRGbwQ| Zzwg ‰wU mÁ·GKÆ Kx
aviYv jvf KiGj, Zvi ZzjbvgƒjK 5wU ŠewkÓ¡Å ŠZwi KGi ‰KwU AÅvmvBbGg´Ÿ cÉÕ§Z KGiv|

1.1.3 KwÁ·DUvGii Afů¦ixY msMVb I KvhÆvewj (Internal Structure and

Functions of Computer)
‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g `ywU Ask wbGq MwVZ| cÉ^g
AskwU nGjv KwÁ·DUvGii `†kÅgvb Ask hv nvWÆIqÅvi bvGg
cwiwPZ| KwÁ·DUvGii Avi ‰KwU AcwinvhÆ Ask hv
`†kÅgvb bq ˆmwU nGjv mdUIqÅvi| KwÁ·DUvi msMVb
ejGZ ˆKejgvò nvWÆIqÅvGii msMVbGK eySvGbv nGq ^vGK|
KwÁ·DUvi ‰gb ‰KwU h¯¨ hv AGbKàGjv h¯¨vsGki mg¯¼Gq
MwVZ| ‰wUi ˆKvGbv h¯¨vsk ‰KKfvGe ˆKvGbv KvR mÁ·v`b
KiGZ cvGi bv| ‰i RbÅ cÉGqvRb KwÁ·DUvGii h¯¨vsGki
gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvab ev msGhvM Õ©vcb| KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² wPò : KwÁ·DUvi msMVb
h¯¨ I h¯¨vsGki gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ ev msGhvM Õ©vcGbi webÅvmB
nGœQ KwÁ·DUvGii msMVb|
AvaywbK KwÁ·DUvGii cÉavb mvsMVwbK AskàGjv nGjv-
1. BbcyU BDwbU (Input Unit)
2. ˆm´ŸÈvj cÉGmwms BDwbU (CPU - Central Processing Unit) ev ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY BDwbU
 AÅvwi^GgwUK jwRK BDwbU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) ev MvwYwZK hywî× Ask
 KG´ŸÈvj BDwbU (Control Unit) ev wbq¯¨Y Ask
 ˆgGgvwi BDwbU (Memory Unit)
3. AvDUcyU BDwbU (Output Unit)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 17

wbGÁ² KwÁ·DUvGii msMVb wPGò ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|

MvwYwZK hywî× Ask
(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

BbcyU Ask wbq¯¨Y Ask AvDUcyU BDwbU

ˆWUv/BbÕ¡ÈvKkb djvdj
(Input Unit) (Control Unit) (Output Unit)

ˆgGgvwi Ask
(Memory Unit) ˆWUv/
B´ÖUÇvKkb
ˆm´ŸÈvj cÉGmwms BDwbU KG´ŸÈvj
wPò: KwÁ·DUvGii msMVb
DcGii wPGò mwjW ˆiLv «¼viv Dcvî I wbG`Æk Õ©vbv¯¦Gii c^ ‰es WGUW (Doted) ˆiLv «¼viv wbq¯¨Y
msGKZ cÉevGni c^ ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ|
1.1.3.1 BbcyU BDwbU
ˆh wWfvBGmi gvaÅGg ˆWUv I wbG`Æk KwÁ·DUvGi cÉGek KivGbv nq ZvGK BbcyU BDwbU eGj| ‰B
BDwbGU weGkl gvaÅg nGZ ˆWUv I ˆcÉvMÉvg MÉnY KGi Še`yÅwZK ZiGã i…cv¯¦Gii ci KwÁ·DUvGii
ˆgGgvwiGZ msiÞY KGi| wKQz BbcyU h¯¨cvwZi bvg-
1. Kx-ˆevWÆ 2. gvDm 3. RqwÕ¡K 4. Õ•Åvbvi
5. KvWÆ wiWvi 6. wWwRUvj KÅvGgiv 7. gvBGò×vGdvb BZÅvw`|

KxGevWÆ gvDm RqwÕ¡K Õ•Åvbvi

IGqe KÅvg wWwRUvj KÅvGgiv gvBGKÌvGdvb

wPò: wewf®² BbcyU wWfvBm
18 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1.1.3.2 ˆm´ŸÈvj cÉGmwms BDwbU (CPU) ev ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY Ask

ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY Ask (CPU) KwÁ·DUvGii meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ask hv KwÁ·DUvGii gwÕ¦Ó• Õ¼i…c|
Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Unit I Memory Unit ˆK ‰KGò Central Processing
Unit ev CPU eGj| wmwcBD nGœQ KwÁ·DUvGii cÉavb PvwjKv kwî×| gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvGii ˆK±`Ëxq
cÉwò×qvKiY BDwbU wnmvGe gvBGò×vcÉGmmi eÅenvi nq| wmwcBD ev gvBGò×vcÉGmmi hveZxq wm«¬v¯¦
MÉnY, wnmve-wbKvk I wbq¯¨GYi KvR KGi| KwÁ·DUvGii BbcyU wWfvBmmgƒn wbG`Æk I ˆWUv MÉnY KGi
ˆK±`Êxq cÉwKÌqvKiY Ask ˆcÉiY KGi| ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY Ask cÉvµ¦ ˆWUvi wbG`Æk AbymvGi wm«¬v¯¦ wbGq
djvdj cÉÕ§Z KGi AvDUcyU wWfvBmmgƒGn ˆcÉiY KGi| ‰B wmwcBD’i gGaÅ wZbwU cÉavb BDwbU
^vGK| ˆhgb-
1. AÅvwi^GgwUK jwRKÅvj BDwbU (ALU) @ (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) ev MvwYwZK hywî×
Ask|
2. KG´ŸÈvj BDwbU (Control Unit) ev wbq¯¨Y Ask
3. ˆgGgvwi BDwbU (Memory Unit) ev ÕÆwZ fv´£vi|
AÅvwi^GgwUK jwRK BDwbU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit): ‰B AsGk MvwYwZK hywî× I
wm«¬v¯¦gƒjK mKj mgmÅvi mgvavb Kiv nq| AÅvwi^GgwUK jwRK BDwbU msGÞGc ALU bvGg
cwiwPZ| cÉwZwU ˆhvM, weGqvM, àY I fvGMi djvdjGK Control Unit (wbq¯¨Y Ask) cÉavb
ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆcÉiY KGi ‰es AvDUcyGUi gvaÅGg cÉ`kÆb KGi| AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR
BZÅvw` hywî× eZÆbxi gvaÅGg MvwYwZK I hywî×MZ mgmÅv mgvavb KGi|
KG´ŸÈvj BDwbU (Control Unit) ev wbq¯¨Y Ask: wbq¯¨Y Ask BbcyU wWfvBGmi gvaÅGg KwÁ·DUvGi
ˆKvGbv wbG`Æk ev Kgv´£ w`Gj, ˆmB wbG`Æk I Kgv´£ ˆKv^vq hvGe, wKfvGe KvR KiGe ‰es wK aiGbi
KvR KiGe ˆmwU KG´ŸÈvj BDwbU wbq¯¨Y KGi ^vGK| cÉ^Gg KG´ŸÈvj BDwbU ˆgGgvwi ˆ^GK wbG`Æk MÉnY
KGi ˆiwRÕ¡vGi Rgv ivGL| cGi wbG`ÆkwU wK aiGbi Zv weGkÐlY KGi wÕ©i KGi| KG´ŸÈvj BDwbGUi KvR
nGœQ cÉvµ¦ wbG`ÆGki wfwîGZ KwÁ·DUvGii hveZxq KvhÆvewj wbq¯¨Y Kiv| KwÁ·DUvGii ˆWUv ˆKv^vq
hvGe, KLb hvGe, Kx KvR mÁ·v`b KiGe BZÅvw`i gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvab ‰es wbq¯¨Y KivB nGœQ KG´ŸÈvj
BDwbGUi KvR| KG´ŸÈvj BDwbU KwÁ·DUvGii h¯¨cvwZGKI wbq¯¨Y KGi|
ˆgGgvwi BDwbU (Memory Unit): ˆgGgvwi KwÁ·DUvGii ‰KwU Ask, ˆhLvGb Z^Å Rgv ^vGK|
KwÁ·DUvi KvhÆKvjxb mgGq cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å ˆgGgvwiGZ msiÞY KGi ivGL| cÉGqvRGbi mgGq ˆgGgvwi
ˆ^GK Z^Å wbGq ˆhvM, weGqvM, àY, fvMmn hveZxq KvR KiGZ cvGi| ˆgGgvwii mvG^ KwÁ·DUvGii
AbÅvbÅ AsGki mivmwi msGhvM ^vGK|
ˆh ˆKvGbv Z^Å w`Gq ‰KwU msLÅv, AÞi ev cÉZxK wPn× cÉKvk Kiv nGq ^vGK| ‰B AvU weGUi kõGK
‰K evBU eGj| Avi ‰K nvRvi Pwe»k evBUGK ejv nq ‰K wKGjvevBU| AGbGK 1000 evBUGK ‰K
wKGjvevBU aGi ^vGKb, cÉK‡ZcGÞ Zv mwVK bq|
ˆgGgvwiGK mvaviYfvGe `yBfvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v-
K) cÉv^wgK ev cÉvBgvwi ˆgGgvwi
L) mnvqK ev ˆmGK´£vwi ˆgGgvwi|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 19

cÉv^wgK ˆgGgvwii gGaÅ AvGQ iÅvg (RAM), ig (ROM) ‰es KÅvk ˆgGgvwi (Cache Memory)|
Avi ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBmàGjv (ˆhgb- nvWÆwWÕ•, dÑwc wWÕ•, dÑÅvkwWÕ•) nGœQ mnvqK ˆgGgvwii| ŠewkGÓ¡Åi
wfwîGZ cÉavb ˆgGgvwiGK AvGiv `ywU fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v- K) AÕ©vqx ˆgGgvwi (Volatile
Memory) L) Õ©vqx ˆgGgvwi (Non-volatile Memory)
KwÁ·DUvi e®¬ Kivi mvG^ mvG^ AÕ©vqx ˆgGgvwiGZ msiwÞZ Z^ÅàGjv gyGQ hvq|
1.1.3.3. AvDUcyU BDwbU (Output Unit)
KwÁ·DUvGi cÉ`î Z^Åvewj gvBGKÌvcÉGmmGi cÉwò×qvKiGYi cGi ˆh mKj h¯¨ ev wWfvBm djvdj cÉKvk
KGi ˆmàGjvB nGœQ AvDUcyU BDwbU| wbGÁ² KwZcq AvDUcyU wWfvBGmi bvg DGjÐL Kiv nGjv|
1. gwbUi 2. wcÉ´Ÿvi 3. wÕ·Kvi 4. wWÕ• WÈvBf
5. cÐUvi 6. kõ msGkÐlK 7. gvBGò×vwdÍÂ I 8. gvBGò×vwPc BZÅvw`|

wWwRUvj Kvjvi gwbUi wÕ·Kvi ˆnWGdvb wcÉ´Ÿvi

wPò: AvDcyU wWfvBm

ˆkÉwYi KvR: Avgiv ˆRGbwQ ˆh, nvWÆIqÅvi msMVbGK KwÁ·DUvi msMVb eGj| wbGÁ² KwÁ·DUvi
msMVb mÁ·GKÆ wZbwU cÉk² QGKi gvaÅGg ˆ`Iqv Kiv nGjv| ˆhwU mwVK nGe ZvicvGk wUK 
`vI| ‰KwU KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
cÉk² wUK wPn× ()
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡Ggi Ask KqwU? 2 , 3
KwÁ·DUvGii cÉavb mvsMVwbK Ask KqwU? 2 , 3 , 4
KxGevWÆ, gvDm, gwbUi, RqwÕ¡K, wÕ·Kvi, wWwRUvj KÅvGgiv, 4 , 5 , 6
Õ•Åvbvi, KvWÆ wiWvi, µÏUvi, kõ msGkÏlK BZÅvw` wWfvBm àGjv
gGaÅ BbcyU wWfvBm KqwU?

1.1.4 ‰KwU wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY nvWÆIqÅvGii ZvwjKv (List of internal

Hardware of a System Unit)
wmGÕ¡g nGjv KZàGjv Bw´ŸGMÉGUW Dcv`vGbi mwÁÃwjZ cÉqvm hv wKQz mvaviY DGókÅ mvaGbi RbÅ KvR
KGi| wmGÕ¡Ggi ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv@
1. ‰KwU wmGÕ¡Gg ‰KvwaK Dcv`vb (Elements) ^vKGe|
2. wmGÕ¡Ggi Dcv`vbàGjvi ‰KwU AciwUi mvG^ jwRKÅvj mÁ·KÆ ^vKGe|
3. wmGÕ¡Ggi mKj Dcv`vbàGjv ‰gbfvGe KG´ŸÈvj Kiv nGe hvGZ wmGÕ¡Ggi DGókÅ mvwaZ nq|
20 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g KZàGjv Bw´ŸGMÉGUW Dcv`vb (BbcyU/ AvDUcyU h¯¨cvwZ, ˆgGgvwi, wmwcBD BZÅvw`)
nvWÆIqÅvi

BbcyU h¯¨cvwZ wmGÕ¡g BDwbU AvDUcyU h¯¨cvwZ

Kx-ˆevWÆ wmwcBD ev gvBGò×vcÉGmmi gwbUi

gvDm iÅvg wcÉ´Ÿvi
RqwÕ¡K nvWÆwWÕ• µÏUvi
wWÕ• gv`viGevWÆ
gvBGò×v wdÑg wÕ·Kvi
cvIqvi mvµÏvB
Õ•Åvbvi wfwR‰/‰wRwc KvWÆ
KvWÆ wiWvi mvD´£KvWÆ, wmwW ig WÈvBf,
wWwRUvj KÅvGgiv cvIqvi mvµÏvB BDwbU
gvBGò×vGdvb

ˆkÉwYi KvR: wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi ‰KwU ZvwjKv wbGÁ² ˆ`Iqv nGjv| ZvwjKvi ˆKvb Dcv`vbwU ˆKvb
BDwbGUi nGe, Zvi mwVK wUK wPn× w`GZ nGe| ‰KwU KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Dcv`vGbi bvg BbcyU h¯¨ wmGÕ¡g BDwbU AvDUcyU h¯¨
Õ•Åvbvi, KvWÆ wiWvi   
gv`viGevWÆ, iÅvg, cvIqvi mvµÏvB BDwbU   
µÏUvi, wcÉ´Ÿvi   
wfwR‰/‰wRwc KvWÆ   

1.1.5 wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY nvWÆIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj (Basic Function

of System Unit Internal Hardware)
‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY nvWÆIqÅviàGjvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj wbGÁ² AvGjvPbv Kiv
nGjv@
wmGÕ¡g BDwbU ŠZwii RbÅ ˆh AskàGjv weGkl cÉGqvRb ˆmàGjv nGœQ- MotherBoard, Processor,
RAM, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk Drive, Graphics Card I Casing| ‰Qvov ‰ÝUvibvj wKQz
wWfvBm eÅenvi Kiv nq, ˆhgb Multimedia-‰i RbÅ Sound Card, CD/DVD ROM, AbÅ
WÈvBGfi gGaÅ CD Writer, DVD Writer, Combo Drive, USB Flash Drive, Memory Card
BZÅvw`| AbÅ KvGWÆi gGaÅ LAN Card, TV Card, Capture Card, Jack Card, USB Card I
Modem| wbGP ‰G`i eYÆbv ˆ`Iqv nGjv@
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 21

gv`viGevWÆ (Motherboard)
gv`viGevWÆ nGœQ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGii gƒj Ask, hv wmGÕ¡g
BDwbGUi Afů¦Gi mshyî× ^vGK| mvaviYZ KwÁ·DUvGii
mgÕ¦ h¯¨vsGki msGhvM ˆevWÆGK ejv nq gv`viGevWÆ| ‰wU
wmGÕ¡gGevWÆ ev ˆgBbGevWÆ wnGmGeI cwiwPZ| KwÁ·DUvGii
ˆeËBb wnGmGe cwiwPZ cÉGmmi gv`viGevGWÆi gGaÅB ^vGK|
gv`viGevGWÆi gGaÅ KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² wWfvBm ˆhgb@ Kx-
ˆevWÆ, gvDm, gwbUi, wcÉ´Ÿvi, nvWÆwWÕ• WÈvBf, dÑwc wWÕ•
wPò: gv`viGevWÆ
WÈvBf, ˆcbWÈvBf BZÅvw` ˆcvGUÆi gvaÅGg jvMvGbvi eÅeÕ©v
^vGK| KwÁ·DUvGi ˆhGKvGbv h¯¨vsk Õ©vcb Kiv ˆnvK bv ˆKb cÉwZwU cÉZÅÞ ev cGivÞfvGe
gv`viGevGWÆi mvG^ msGhvwRZ AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ZvB gv`viGevWÆGK ejv nq KwÁ·DUvGii ˆK±`Ëxq mvwKÆU
ˆevWÆ|
wmwcBD ev gvBGò×vcÉGmmi ev cÉGmmi (CPU or Microprocessor or Processor)
KwÁ·DUvGii KvhÆKÌgGK mwVKfvGe wbq¯¨Y I cwiPvjbv Kivi RbÅ ˆh
wWfvBmwU meÆvwaK f„wgKv cvjb KGi, ZvGK gvBGò×vcÉGmmi ev cÉGmmi
wnGmGe AwfwnZ Kiv nq| gvBGKÌvcÉGmmi ev cÉGmmiGK KwÁ·DUvGii
gwÕ¦Ó• eGj| ˆKbbv, ‰wUi gvaÅGg KwÁ·DUvi mgÕ¦ Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiY KGi
^vGK| gvBGò×vcÉGmmi nGjv wmwjKGbi ŠZwi ‰K aiGbi VLSI (Very
Large Scale Integration) wPc| ‰KwU ‰KK VLSI wmwjKb wPGci
gGaÅ ‰K wgwjqGbiI AwaK WvGqvW, UÇvbwRÕ¡i, ˆiwRÕ¡vi, KÅvcvwmUi
‰Kxf„Z ^vGK| gvBGò×vcÉGmmi gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvGii ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY wPò: cÉGmmi
Ask wnGmGe KvR KGi|
iÅvg (RAM)
RAM ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv@ Random Access Memory| KwÁ·DUvGi
Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiGYi mgq AÕ©vqxfvGe Z^Å msiÞGYi RbÅ iÅvg eÅen…Z
nq| ‰wU D«¼vqx A^Ævr we`yÅr cÉevn PGj ˆMGj iÅvGg msiwÞZ Z^Å wPò: iÅvg
mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe gyGQ hvq|
nvWÆwWÕ• (Hard Disk)
‰wU ‰KwU Õ©vqx ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBm| ‰B wWfvBGm mKj aiGbi
BbdiGgkb ev Z^Å msÞiY KGi ivLv nq| ‰i gƒj Dcv`vb nGœQ Dfq
cvGk ˆPŒÁ¼K c`vG^Æi cvZjv AveiYmn AÅvjywgwbqvGgi cvZ ^vGK| Õ©vqx
Z^Å ev dvBj msiÞGYi RbÅ nvWÆwWÕ• eÅen…Z nq| mvaviYZ wPò: nvWÆwWÕ•
KwÁ·DUvGii mKj Z^Å nvWÆwWGÕ• msiwÞZ ^vGK|
22 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wmwW ig (CD ROM): CD ROM ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGœQ Compact Disk

Read Only Memory| wmwW ig ‰KwU AcwUKÅvj gvaÅg| wmwWiGg
ˆWUv msiÞGYi RbÅ ˆjRvi iwkÄ wbGÞcGYi gvaÅGg AwZ Þz`Ë MZÆ m†wÓ¡
Kiv nq hv wcUm (Pits) bvGg cwiwPZ| ‰KwU wmwW iGgi 700
ˆgMvevBU chƯ¦ ˆWUv aviY ÞgZv AvGQ| AwWI/wfwWI PvjvGbvi RbÅ
CD ROM eÅen…Z nq| wPò: wmwW ig

wmwW ivBUvi (CD Writer): CD ROM w`Gq wmwW (CD) PvjvGbv

hvGe wK¯§ wmwW (CD) ˆZ wKQz Kwc Kiv hvGe bv ‰RbÅ CD Writer
eÅenvi Kiv nq|
wPò: wWwfwW ig
wWwfwW ig (DVD ROM): wWwfwW PvjvGbvi RbÅ DVD ROM WÈvBf
eÅen…Z nq| ‰wU w`Gq CD I PvjvGbv hvq|

wWwfwW ivBUvi (DVD Writer): ‰wU CD ivBUvGii gGZv ZGe ‰wU

w`Gq CD I DVD `yBwUB Write Kiv hvq| ‰wU (Afů¦ixY) Internal
I (ewntÕ©) External nGZ cvGi| wPò: wWwfwW ivBUvi

KGÁ·v WÈvBf (Combo Drive): Combo Drive ‰wU w`Gq CD I

DVD `yBwUB PvjvGbv hvq ZGe ÷aygvò CD ivBU (Write) Kiv hvq|

KÅvwms (Casing): ‰wU ‰KwU eo evÝ| hvi wfZGi mgÕ¦ wWfvBm

àwj ^vGK| ‰wUGK KLbI KLbI fzjekZ wmwcBDI ejv nq|

cvIqvi mvcÐvB BDwbU (Power Supply Unit) wPò: KÅvwms

mvaviYZ ˆKwmsGqi mvG^ cvIqvi mvcÐvB BbÕ¡j Kiv ^vGK| hw`

BbÕ¡j Kiv bv ^vGK ZvnGj cvIqvi mvcÐvB BDwbUGK ˆKwmsGqi
h^vÕ©vGb Õ©©vcb KGi Õ˜z-àwj mshyî× KiGZ nGe|
cvIqvi mvcÐvB BDwbU ‰gb ‰KwU wWfvBm hv KwÁ·DUvGii we`yÅr
mieivn KiGZ mnvqZv KGi| KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ mswkÐÓ¡
KGÁ·vGbUàGjv h^vh^fvGe KvR KiGQ wK bv Zv wbwøZ Kivi RbÅ
mieivn Kiv ˆfvGΟRGK wbq¯¨Y KGi| ‰wU KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wPò: cvIqvi mvµÏvB BDwbU
cÉGqvRbxq 230 ˆfvΟ we`yÅr mvcÐvBGK wbq¯¨GYi gvaÅGg wWwm
(DC) ˆfvGΟGR i…cv¯¦wiZ KGi|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 23

mvD´£KvWÆ (Sound Card): KwÁ·DUvGi AwWI wgDwRK ˆkvbvi

RbÅ mvD´£ KvWÆ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰wU gv`viGevGWÆ weΟ-Bb-KvWÆ
^vKGZ cvGi| ‰Qvov ÕÏGU Avjv`vfvGe mvD´£ KvWÆ emvGbv hvq|
mvD´£ KvGWÆi mvG^ Avjv`v RqwÕ¡K (Joystick) ev Game Port
^vKGZ cvGi|
mvD´£ KvWÆ ‰KwU AvDUcyU wWfvBm| ˆKbbv, ‰KwU mvD´£ KvWÆ wPò: mvD´£KvWÆ
KwÁ·DUvi cÉGmmi ˆ^GK evBbvwi ˆWUv BbcyU ˆbq ‰es kõ Drc®²
KGi|
MÉvwdÝ KvWÆ (Graphics Card)
MÉvwdÝ KvWÆ mvaviYZ MÉvwdÝ AÅvWv¶Ÿi, MÉvwdÝ KG´ŸÈvjvi, MÉvwdÝ
‰GÝGjUi (Graphics Accelerator) ev MÉvwdÝ KvWÆ bvGgI
cwiwPZ| MÉvwdÝ KvWÆ nGjv KwÁ·DwUs wWfvBGmi gGaÅ ^vKv ‰gb
‰KwU wWmGcÐ AÅvWv¶Ÿi hv Qwei gGaÅ Õ¼œQZv, mwVK iO I mvgwMÉK
MÉvwdKÅvj Z^Å cÉ`kÆb KiGZ mÞg| MÉvwdÝ KvWÆ Qvov KwÁ·DUvGii
gwbUGi ˆKvGbv wKQy cÉ`kÆb KiGe bv| ‰wU ‰gb ‰KwU wWfvBm, hv
KwÁ·DUvi I gwbUGii gGaÅ msGhvM Õ©vcb KGi| VGA, DVI ev
HDMI ˆcvUÆ ˆ^GK KÅveGji gvaÅGg gwbUGi msGhvM ˆ`qv hvq|
MÉvwdÝ KvWÆ KwÁ·DUvGii ˆWUvGK MÉvwdK ˆWUvq i…cv¯¦i KGi| wPò: MÉvwdÝ KvWÆ
Zvici, gwbUiGK wbG`Æk KGi wK aiGbi Qwe ev wfwWI ˆ`LvGe|
MÉvwdÝ KvWÆ BGgR cÉGmwms, w^ËwW BGgR ˆi´£vwis ‰es wfwWI
ˆMGgi gGZv KvGR Õ¼œQ ev SuKSGK Qwe cÉ`vb KiGZ mÞg|
gGWg: B´ŸviGbU msGhvGMi RbÅ gGWg meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wWfvBm|
‰wUI Afů¦ixY (Internal) I ewntÕ¦ (External) DfqB nGZ wPò : gGWg
cvGi|
jÅvb KvWÆ (LAN Card): Õ•zj, KGjR-wek¼we`Åvjq A͸ cwimGii
Awdm-Av`vjGZ ‰KvwaK KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ Av¯¦tGhvMÕ©vcb KGi
ˆh ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi nq ˆmwUB LAN (Local Area Network)|
LAN KvGbKkGbi RbÅ ˆh wWfvBm eÅen…Z nq ˆmwUGKB eGj jÅvb wPò: jÅvb KvWÆ
KvWÆ (LAN Card)| ˆbUIqvKÆ MGo ZzjGZ AekÅB LAN KvGWÆi
cÉGqvRb nGe| eZÆgvGb cÉvq me KwÁ·DUvi ev jÅvcUGci
gv`viGevGWÆi mGã jÅvb KvWÆ mshyÚ AeÕ©vq ^vGK|

wUwf KvWÆ (TV Card): KwÁ·DUvGii gwbUGii gvaÅGg ˆUwjwfkb

ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰i RbÅ ˆh wWfvBmwU eÅen…Z nq ZvGK wUwf KvWÆ
eGj| ‰wUI Afů¦ixY I ewntÕ¦ DfqB aiGbi nGZ cvGi| wPò: wUwf KvWÆ
24 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

KÅvcPvi KvWÆ (Capture Card): mvaviYZ VHS (Video

Home System), S-VHS (Super Video Home System) ev
TV (Television) I wfwWI KÅvGmU ˆ^GK KwÁ·DUvGi wfwWI ˆK
wWwRUvBR KGi ˆbIqvi RbÅ ‰KwU KvWÆ eÅen…Z nq| ‰wUGK eGj
KÅvcPvi KvWÆ| ‰GZ IEEE bvGg ‰KwU Avjv`v ˆcvUÆ (Port) ^vGK| wPò: KÅvcPvi KvWÆ

RÅvK KvWÆ (Jack Card): B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg mviv weGk¼ ˆdvb

Kivi RbÅ Net 2 Phone UvBGci AGbK mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv
nq| Avi ‰i RbÅ ‰KwU wWfvBm eÅen…Z nq hvi bvg RÅvK KvWÆ| wPò: RÅvK KvWÆ

BD‰mwe KvWÆ (USB Card): eZÆgvGb USB (Universal serial

bus) ˆcvGUÆB ˆewk eÅen…Z nq| gv`viGevGWÆi mvG^ mvaviYZ 2wU
ev 4wU USB ˆcvUÆ ^vGK| ‰B ˆcvUÆ evovGbvi `iKvi nGZ cvGi
‰RbÅ ‰K aiGbi KvWÆ eÅen…Z nq| ‰wUGK BD‰mwe KvWÆ eGj|
BD‰mwe ˆcvGUÆi gvaÅGg ˆcbWÈvBf, gvDm, KxGevWÆ, wcÉ´Ÿvi, Õ•Åvbvi wPò: BD‰mwe KvWÆ
AcwUKÅvj WÈvBf msGhvM ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ BD‰mwe KvWÆ eÅen†Z nq|

`jMZ KvR:
wkÞv^xÆiv `ywU `Gj wefî× nGe| cÉ^g `j: KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² cÉRG¯Ãi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆKÅ
ŠZwi KiGe| w«¼Zxq `j: KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g BDwbGU eÅen…Z Dcv`vbàGjvi `yBwU KGi KvR
wjLGe|

Dc-AaÅvqwUi gƒjÅvqb
1. ˆKvb cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGi IC eÅenvi Kiv 6. iGgi wbG`ÆkàGjv Kx dvgÆIqÅvGii? ej|
nq? 7. KwÁ·DUvGii ˆKvb AsGk Z^Å cÉwò×qvKiY
2. AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi Kx ej| mÁ·®² nq?
3. KGqKwU gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvGii bvg ej| 8. wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi KGqKwU Dcv`vGbi bvg
4. `yBwU ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvGii bvg ej| ej|
5. mycvi KwÁ·DUvGii `ywU eÅenvwiK ˆÞGòi 9. gvBGò×vcÉGmmi Kx?
bvg ej| 10. jÅvb KvWÆ (LAN Card) Kx?
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 25

1.2 ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqv (Storage Media)

nvWÆ wWÕ• iÅvg ig wmwW/wWwfwW

dÑwc ˆgGgvwi KvWÆ ˆcb WÈvBf ˆUc

me gvbyGli ÕÆwZ kwî× AvGQ| ÕÆwZ kwî×i RbÅB gvbyl cyiGbv w`Gbi AGbK wKQzB gGb ivLGZ cvGi|
gvbyGli ÕÆwZGZ ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv NUbv ^vGK ÞwYGKi RbÅ Avevi ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv NUbv ^vGK Õ©vqxfvGe
A^Ævr giGYi AvGM chƯ¦| ˆZgwb KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv, Z^Å I ˆcÉvMÉvg BZÅvw` Õ©vqx ev AÕ©vqxfvGe
msiÞGYi RbÅ eÅen…Z wWfvBmGK KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwi ev ÕÆwZ eGj| ˆgGgvwi KwÁ·DUvGii ‰KwU
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ask| ‰wU ˆWUv I Z^ÅGK cÉwò×qvKiGYi cƒGeÆ I cGi msiÞY KGi| KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgGgvwi
AmsLÅ Þz`Ë Þz`Ë ˆmj wbGq MwVZ| ˆmjàGjvGK kbvî×KiGYi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq eÅeÕ©v nGjv ˆgGgvwi
AÅvGWÈm| cÉwò×qvKiGYi KvR `Ë‚Z Kivi RbÅ B´Ÿvibvj ˆgGgvwi eÅen…Z nq| wK¯§ Z^Åmgƒn AÕ©vqxfvGe
msiÞGYi RbÅ cÉvBgvwi ˆgGgvwi ‰es Õ©vqxfvGe msiÞGYi RbÅ mnvqK ˆgGgvwi eÅen…Z nq|

‰ Dc-AaÅvq cvV ˆkGl hv wkLe

1.2.1 ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ˆkÉwYwefvM
1.2.2 ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi KÅvcvwmwU cÉKvGki ‰KKmgƒn wPwn×Z
1.2.3 cÉvBgvwi I ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ŠewkÓ¡Å I cv^ÆKÅ wbi…cY
1.2.4 RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM I EEPROM UvBc ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvimgƒGni bvg I
ŠewkÓ¡Å eYÆbv
1.2.5 wewf®² cÉKvi ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBmmgƒGni (ˆhgb: HDD, SSD, Flash Memory, Optical
Storage) aviYv jvf
1.2.6 KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mÁ·GKÆ eYÆbv
26 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1.2.1 ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ˆkÉwYwefvM (Classification of Storage Media)

ˆgGgvwi (Memory)
ˆWUv (Data) msiÞGYi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi ev AvBwmwU wWfvBGm eÅen…Z gvaÅg ev aviKGK ˆgGgvwi ev
ÕÆwZ eGj| cÉwò×qvKiGYi myweavi RbÅ ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆWUv Rgv ivLv hvq ‰es cÉGqvRGb Zv mnGR KvGR
jvMvGbv hvq| KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwi wbGq AvGjvPbv KiGZ nGj cÉ^Gg KGqKwU welq RvbGZ nGe|
ˆmàGjv wbÁ²i…c@
 ˆgGgvwi ˆmj (Memory cell): ˆgGgvwii cÉwZwU mywbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vbGK ˆgGgvwi ˆmj eGj| ˆgGgvwi
ˆmGj ‰KwU KGi weU (0 ev 1) msiÞY Kiv hvq|
 ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈm (Memory address): ˆWUv ivLv RbÅ ˆgGgvwiGZ AGbKàGjv mywbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vb
^vGK| Õ©vbàGjv kbvî× Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq eÅeÕ©vI ^vGK, ‰B eÅeÕ©vGK ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈm eGj|
 D«¼vqx ev AÕ©vqx (Volatile) ˆgGgvwi: Zwor cÉevn e®¬ nGj ˆh ˆgGgvwi ˆ^GK ˆWUv gyGQ hvq
ZvGK eGj D«¼vqx ev Volatile ˆgGgvwi| mvgwqKfvGe D«¼vqx ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆmB me ˆWUv ev wbG`Æk
ivLv nq| ˆhgb@ wdÑc-dÑGci ˆgGgvwi D«¼vqx ˆgGgvwi|
 Aby«¼vqx ev Õ©vqx (Non-Volatile) ˆgGgvwi: we`yÅr mieivn e®¬ nGjI ˆh ˆgGgvwi ˆ^GK ˆWUv
gyGQ hvq bv ZvGK Aby«¼vqx ev Õ©vqx (Permanent) ˆgGgvwi eGj| ˆPŒÁ¼K UvBGci ˆgGgvwi Õ©vqx
ˆgGgvwi|
 cwieZÆbGhvMÅ (Erasable) ˆgGgvwi: ˆh ˆgGgvwiGK cwieZÆb Kiv hvq A^Ævr cƒGeÆi ˆWUv gyGQ
ˆmLvGb bZzb wKQz ˆjLv hvq ZvGK cwieZÆbGhvMÅ ˆgGgvwi eGj| ˆhgb@ wewf®² nvWÆwWÕ• (Hard
Disk), dÑwc wWÕ• (Floppy disk) BZÅvw`|
 AcwieZÆbxq (Non-erasable) ˆgGgvwi: ˆh ˆgGgvwi AcwieZÆbxq A^Ævr ˆh ˆgGgvwi ˆ^GK ˆWUv
gyGQ ˆmLvGb bZzb wKQz ˆjLv hvq bv ZvGK AcwieZÆbxq ˆgGgvwi eGj| ˆhgb- cvç KvWÆ I cvç
ˆUBc|
 a»smvZÄK (Destructive) ˆgGgvwi: ˆh ˆgGgvwi cvV Kivi mGã mGã gyGQ hvq (KviY cvV Kivi
ci cÉwZ weGUB ^vGK 0) ZvGK a»smvZÄK ˆgGgvwi eGj| ˆhgb- ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvGiv ˆgGgvwi| ‰GÞGò
hv cvV Kiv nq ZvGK AvGM ‰KwU weGkl ˆiwRÕ¡vGi ivLv nq, cvV ˆkl nIqvi cGi ZvGK Avevi
cƒGeÆi AeÕ©vGb ivLv hvq|
 Aa»smvZÄK (Non-Destructive) ˆgGgvwi: cvV KiGjI ˆh ˆgGgvwi gyGQ hvq bv ZvGK
Aa»smvZÄK ˆgGgvwi eGj| ˆhgb@ ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆUBc ev cvç ˆUBc|
 AÅvKGmm (Access): AÅvKGmm ejGZ ˆevSvq ALU (Arithmatic Logic Unit) ev KG´ŸÈvj
‰KGKi cGÞ ˆKvGbv ˆWUv cvV ev ˆjLvi RbÅ ˆgGgvwii mGã AÅvKGmm Kiv| AÅvKGmm cÉavbZ
Pvi aiGbi| h^v-
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 27

1. iÅvbWg (Random) AÅvKGmm: hw` ˆKvGbv ˆgGgvwii weU ev kõGK ‰KeviB AÅvKGmm Kiv hvq
ZGe ZvGK iÅvbWg AÅvKGmm eGj| ‰GÞGò ˆKvGbv AeÕ©vGbi weUGK AÅvKGmm KiGZ nGj Zvi
AvGMi AeÕ©vGbi weU AÅvKGmm Kiv `iKvi nq bv| myZivs me weGUiB AÅvKGmm mgq mgvb|
D`vniYÕ¼i…c: ˆmwgK´£vÙi ˆgGgvwii AÅvKGmm iÅvbWg AÅvKGmm|
2. wmwiqvj wmGKvGqw´Öqvj (Sequential) AÅvKGmm: hw` cÉ^g AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi weUàGjvGK
cici AÅvKGmm KiGZ nq ZvnGj ZvGK wmwiqvj ev wmGKvGqw´Öqvj AÅvKGmm eGj| ‰GÞGò ˆh
weGUi AeÕ©vb hZ cGi Zvi AÅvKGmm mgq ZZ ˆewk| ‰Uv ‰KwU axiMwZ eÅeÕ©v| ˆhgb@
ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆUBc|
3. cÉZÅÞ (Direct) AÅvKGmm: ‰LvGb AGbKUv iÅvbWg AÅvKGmGmi gGZv ˆhGKvGbv AeÕ©vGbi kõ
cov hvq, ZGe Zvi AvGM wKQz mgq AGcÞv KiGZ nq| ˆhgb- nvWÆwWÕ• ev dÑwcGZ wewf®² e†îxq
UÇÅvGK ˆWUv mwçZ ^vGK| ˆKvb UÇÅvGKi ˆWUv coGZ ev wjLGZ nGj Zvi AvGMi UÇÅvGKi ˆWUv
coGZ nq bv, ZGe Read-Write ˆnWGK mwVK UÇÅvGK wbGq ˆhGZ nq| Zvici ‰B UÇÅvGKi cÉ^g
AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK ˆWUv cov ÷i‚ KGi mwVK AeÕ©vGb ˆhGZ nq| ‰GK eGj cÉZÅÞ AÅvKGmm, ‰GÞGò
iÅvbWg AÅvKGmGmi ˆPGq ˆewk wK¯§ wmwiqvj AÅvKGmGmi ˆPGq Kg mgq jvGM|
4. e†îxq (Cyclic) AÅvKGmm: ‰GÞGò weUàGjv e†îvKvi mvRvGbv I NƒYÆvqgvb ^vGK| hLb ˆKvGbv
weU ‰KwU wiW/ivBU ˆnGWi wbP w`Gq hvq ZLb ˆmB weU cov ev ˆjLv hvq| myZivs ˆKvGbv weGUi
AÅvKGmm mgq ˆmB gynƒGZÆ weUwU wiW/ivBU ˆnGWi KZ `ƒGi AvGQ Zvi Dci wbfÆi KGi| ˆhgb
ˆPŒÁ¼K WÈvg (Magnetic Drum)| ‰wU ‰KwU axiMwZ eÅeÕ©v, hw`I wmwiqvj wmGKvGqw´Öqvj
AÅvKGmGmi ˆPGq `Ë‚Z MwZmÁ·®²|
 Pò× mgq (Cycle time): cÉavb ˆgGgvwiGZ cici `yB evi Read/Write wbG`Æk ˆ`Iqvi gGaÅ ˆh
meÆwbÁ² mgGqi eÅeavb ^vKv cÉGqvRb ZvGK Pò× mgq eGj| Aa»smvZÄK ˆgGgvwii ˆÞGò
AÅvKGmm mgq I Pò× mgq ‰KB wK¯§ a»smvZÄK ˆgGgvwii ˆÞGò ˆWUv cybivq wjLGZ wKQz mgq
jvGM hvGK ˆiGÕ¡vGikb (Restoration) mgq eGj| myZivs ‰GÞGò AÅvKGmm mgq I ˆiGÕ¡vGikb
mgGqi ˆhvMdjB nGjv Pò× mgq|
 wmK UvBg (Seek time): ˆPŒÁ¼K wWGÕ•i ˆÞGò wiW-ivBU (Read-Write) ˆnWGK mwVK UÇÅvGK
wbGq ˆhGZ ˆh mgq jvGM ZvGK wmK UvBg eGj| ‰i Mo gvb 30 wgwjGmGKG´£i Kg|
 jÅvGUw´Ö UvBg (Latency time): wiW-ivBU (Read/Write) ˆnWGK mwVK UÇÅvGK wbGq hvIqvi
cGi Dchyî× kõ Zvi wbGP AvmGZ ˆh mgq jvGM ZvGK jÅvGUw´Ö mgq eGj| myZivs wmK I
jÅvGUw´Ö mgq ˆhvM KiGj AÅvKGmm mgq cvIqv hvq| ˆPŒÁ¼K wWGÕ•i ‰Kevi cƒYÆ AveZÆGb ˆh
mgq jvGM Zvi AGaÆK mgq nGjv Mo jÅvGUw´Ö mgq|
 ˆWUv UÇv´Ödvi nvi (Data transfer rate): cÉwZ ˆmGKG´£ hZàGjv weU ev evBU ‰K wWfvBm
ˆ^GK AbÅ wWfvBGm Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv hvq ZvGK ˆWUv UÇv´Ödvi nvi eGj| ˆhgb 4MB/sec ˆWUv
UÇv´Ödvi nvi gvGb nGjv cÉwZ ˆmGKG´£ 4 ˆgMvevBU ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv|
28 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

ˆgGgvwii ˆkÉwYwefvM QGKi mvnvGhÅ wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv-

ˆgGgvwi

cÉavb ˆgGgvwi mnvqK ˆgGgvwi KÅvk ˆgGgvwi

ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvi cvZjv c`Æv AaÆ cwievnx ˆPŒÁ¼K ev ej PvRÆ KvcjW

ˆgGgvwi ˆgGgvwi ˆgGgvwi ˆgGgvwi ˆgGgvwi

ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆUW

RAM ROM ˆPŒÁ¼K WÈvg

kî× ˆPŒÁ¼K

dÑÅvk wWÕ•
EEP
DRAM SRAM MROM PROM EPROM dÑwc wWÕ•
ROM
nvWÆwWÕ•
cÉavb ˆgGgvwi (Main Memory)
ˆh ˆgGgvwii mGã cÉGmmGii A¯¦MÆZ AÅvwi^gÅvwUK jwRK BDwbU (ALU) ‰i cÉZÅÞ AÅvKGmm ^vGK
ZvGK cÉavb ˆgGgvwi eGj| eZÆgvGb KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgGgvwi ejGZ ‰B cÉavb ˆgGgvwiGKB ˆevSvGbv nq|
`Ë‚ZMwZGZ wnmve KiGZ mÞg ALU-‰i mGã cÉZÅÞ AÅvKGmm ^vKvq cÉavb ˆgGgvwiGKI `Ë‚Z
MwZmÁ·®² nGZ nq| dGj cÉavb ˆgGgvwii weU LiP ˆewk nq| Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiGYi mgq ˆh ˆme ˆWUv
I wbG`Æk memgq cÉGqvRb ZvG`i ‰B ˆgGgvwiGZ mvgwqKfvGe ivLv nq| ‰Qvov ALU hLb wnmve
KGi Zvi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq ˆWUv I wbG`Æk, ˆmGK´£vix ˆÕ¡vGiR ˆ^GK ‰Gb mvgwqKfvGe ‰B ˆgGgvwiGZ
ivLv nq| wnmve ˆkl nIqvi ci ZvG`i Avevi ˆmGK´£vix ˆÕ¡vGiGR msiÞY Kiv nq| cÉavb ˆgGgvwii
AÅvKGmm mgq mvaviYZ bÅvGbvGmGK´£ (Nanosecond) ev Zvi ˆPGqI Kg mgq|
cÉavb ˆgGgvwii cÉKviGf`
KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvGii RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi cÉavb ev cÉv^wgK ˆgGgvwii ŠZwi nGqGQ| wbGÁ² meGPGq ˆewk
eÅen†Z KGqKwU cÉavb ˆgGgvwii bvg ˆ`qv nGjv
1. ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvi (Magnetic Core) ˆgGgvwi 4. ˆPŒÁ¼K evej (Magnetic Bubble) ˆgGgvwi
2. cvZjv c`vÆ (Thin Film) ˆgGgvwi 5. PvRÆ KvcjW (Charge Coupled) ˆgGgvwi
3. A^Æ cwievnx (Semiconductor) ˆgGgvwi
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 29

‰QvovI KGqKwU bZzb cÉv^wgK ˆgGgvwii D`vniY ò×vBIGRwbK (Cryogenic) ˆgGgvwi, AvGjvi
ˆgGgvwi, mviGdm ‰ÅvGKvwÕ¡K (Surface Acoustic) ˆgGgvwi|
mnvqK ˆgGgvwi (Auxiliary Memory)
ˆh ˆgGgvwiGZ wewf®² Z^Å, wbG`Ækvewj, AwWI/wfwWI, BGgR Õ©vqxfvGe msiÞY Kiv hvq ZvGK mnvqK
ˆgGgvwi eGj| ‰ aiGbi ˆgGgvwii ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY AsGki (CPU) mGã mivmwi msGhvM ^vGK bv
weavq axiMwZ mÁ·®² nq| ‰GZ wecyj cwigvY Z^Å ev ˆcÉvMÉvg msiÞY Kiv hvq| we`yÅr PGj ˆMGj ev
KwÁ·DUvi e®¬ KiGjI Z^Å ev ˆcÉvMÉvg nvwiGq ev gyGQ hvq bv|
KÅvk ˆgGgvwi (Cache Memory)
KwÁ·DUvGi KvGRi MwZ e†w«¬ Kivi RbÅ cÉGmmi I cÉavb ˆgGgvwii gaÅeZÆx Õ©vGb Õ©vwcZ weGkl aiGbi
ˆgGgvwiGK KÅvk ˆgGgvwi (Cache Memory) eGj| ‰i msGhvM mgq Lye Kg ‰es ‰K aiGbi
aiGbi Static ˆgGgvwi| ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvGni mgq ˆh mgÕ¦ Dcvî Lye A͸ mgGqi eÅeavGb evievi
cÉGqvRb nq ˆmme Dcvî KÅvk ˆgGgvwiGZ iwÞZ nq| ‰B ˆgGgvwi wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ AwZwiî×
BGjKUÇwbK eZÆbx cÉGqvRb nq| KvhÆKvwiZvi Dci wfwî KGi KÅvk ˆgGgvwiGK `y’fvGM fvM Kiv hvq|
h^v-
1. Afů¦ixY ev B´Ÿvibvj KÅvk ˆgGgvwi (Internal Cache Memory)
2. ewntÕ© ev ‰ÝUvbÆvj KÅvk ˆgGgvwi (External Cache Memory)
Afů¦ixY KÅvk ˆgGgvwi (Internal Cache Memory): gvBGò×vcÉGmmGii Afů¦Gi AeÕ©vb KGi ˆh
KÅvk ˆgGgvwi KvR KGi ˆmwUGK Afů¦ixY KÅvk ˆgGgvwi eGj|
ewntÕ© KÅvk ˆgGgvwi (External Cache Memory): ˆh ˆgGgvwi KwÁ·DUvGii gv`viGevGWÆi Dci
‰Kxf„Z eZÆbx (IC-Integrated Circuit) wnGmGe KvR KGi ˆmàGjvGK ewntÕ© KÅvk ˆgGgvwi eGj|
‰Qvov AvGiv wKQy KÅvk ˆgGgvwi AvGQ| ˆhgb-
1. KÑvGq´Ÿ/mvfÆvi KÅvk (Client/Server Cache) 5. IGqf mvfÆvi/cÉwÕ• mvfÆvi KÅvk (Web
2. wWÕ• KÅvk (Disk Cache) Server/Proxy Server Cache)
3. wiGgvU KÅvk (Remote Cache) 6. wWwÕ¡ÌweDGUW WvBGiÙwi KÅvwks (Distributed
4. B´ŸviwgwWGqU KÅvk (Intermediate Cache) Directory Caching) BZÅvw`|
KÅvk ˆgGgvwii myweavmgƒn
 KÅvk ˆgGgvwii AÅvKGmm UvBg cÉavb ˆgGgvwii AÅvKGmm UvBGgi ‰K mµ¦gvsk|
 KÅvk ˆgGgvwii AÅvKGmm UvBg Kg|
 KÅvk ˆgGgvwi `Ë‚ZMwZ mÁ·®²|
 KÅvk ˆgGgvwi KwÁ·DUviGK `Ë‚ZMwZ mÁ·®² KGi ˆZvGj|
KwÁ·DUvGi KÅvk ˆgGgvwi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ˆKb?
AvaywbK KwÁ·DUvGii cÉvY nGjv ˆm´ŸÈvj cÉGmwms BDwbU| ˆm´ŸÈvj cÉGmwms BDwbGUi n…rwc´£ nGjv cÉGmmi|
cÉGmmiGK Lye `Ë‚Z KvR KiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi KÅvk ˆgGgvwi| KÅvk ˆgGgvwiI cÉGmmGii Lye KvGQ AeÕ©vb
KGi, Zvici iÅvg| KwÁ·DUvGii ˆKw±`Ëq cÉwò×qvKiY AskGK KvR Kivi RbÅ AGbKàGjv cÉGmm mÁ·ƒYÆ
KiGZ nq| weGkl KGi KvR Kivi mgq cÉGmmi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AGbK ˆWUv evievi Read/Write KiGZ ^vGK|
30 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

ZLb ‰B AeÕ©vq ˆcÉvMÉvGg evievi eÅenvi nIqv ˆWUvàGjv KÅvk ˆgGgvwi msiÞY KGi ivGL| hLbB
cÉGmmGi ˆKvGbv wbG`Æk (command) ˆ`Iqv nq, ZLbB cÉGmmi cÉ^Gg iÅvg (RAM) ˆ^GK ˆWUv bv wbGq
KÅvk ˆgGgvwii KvGQ ˆmB ˆWUv ev Kgv´£ ˆLvuRvi ˆPÓ¡v KGi| KÅvk ˆgGgvwii KvGQ hw` ˆm Kvw›ÞZ
ˆWUvàGjv ˆcGq hvq, ZGe cÉGmmGii KvR Kivi cÉGmm AGbK ˆewk MwZkxj nGq hvq| ‰ KviGY cÉGmmGi
KvGRi MwZ e†w«¬i RbÅ KÅvk ˆgGgvwi AGbK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ|

1.2.2 ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi KÅvcvwmwU cÉKvGki ‰KKmgƒn (Units of Expressing

Storage Media Capacity)
KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆWUv msiÞGYi cwigvYGK ˆgGgvwii aviYÞgZv eGj| ˆgGgvwii aviYÞgZvi
Þz`ËZg ‰KK nGjv weU (Bit)|
weU (Bit): evBbvwi bvÁ¼vi c«¬wZGZ eÅen…Z Aâ 0 (kƒbÅ) ‰es 1 (‰K) ˆK weU eGj| BsGiwR
Binary kGõi Bi I Digit kGõi t wbGq Bit kõwU MwVZ| KwÁ·DUvi ÕÆwZGZ iwÞZ 0 I 1 ‰i
ˆKvW w`Gq wewf®² Z^Å msiwÞZ ^vGK| ‰ KviGY KwÁ·DUvi ÕÆwZi aviYÞgZvi cwigvGci Þz`Ë ‰KK
wnGmGe weU kõwU eÅen…Z nq|
Bit

0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Byte
evBU (Bite): 8 weGU ‰K evBU nq| ‰i…c 8 weGUi ˆKvW w`Gq ˆh ˆKvGbv eYÆ, Aâ ev weGkl wPn×GK
cÉKvk Kiv hvq| KGqKwU weGUi mgwÓ¡GK ‰K mvG^ evBbvwi ev KwÁ·DUvi kõ eGj| ‰i…c 8 weU
wewkÓ¡ kõGK evBU ejv nq|
KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwiGZ evBGUi msLÅvGK Zvi aviY ÞgZv eGj| ‰GK cÉKvk Kiv nq evBU,
wKGjvevBU, ˆgMvevBU, wMMvevBU BZÅvw` «¼viv|
8 weU (Bit) =1 evBU (Byte)
2 10 evBU ev 1024 evBU =1 wKGjvevBU (KB)|
220 evBU ev 1024 wKGjvevBU =1 ˆgMvevBU (MB)|
230 evBU ev 1024 ˆgMvevBU = 1 wMMvevBU (GB)|
240 evBU ev 1024 wMMvevBU = 1 ˆUivevBU (TB)|
250 evBU ev 1024 ˆUivevBU = 1 wcUvevBU (PB)|

mgmÅv-1: `ywU ˆgGgvwi wPc nGjv 5M8 ˆgGgvwi I 16 weU kõ Š`GNÆÅi 1M evBU ˆgGgvwi|
‰G`i gGaÅ ˆKvb ˆgGgvwi wPGc ˆewk weU aviY KiGe?
mgvavb:
5M8 ˆgGgvwii aviYÞgZv = 5M  8 = 5  220  8 = 41,943,040 weU|
16 weU kõ Š`GNÆÅi 1M evBU ˆgGgvwii aviYÞgZv = 22016=16,777,216 weU|
myZivs 5M  8 ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆewk weU aviY KiGe|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 31

mgmÅv-2: ‰KwU 2k 8 ÕÆwZi RbÅ wbÁ²wjwLZ welqàGjv wbYÆq KGiv|

K) Z^Å BbcyU I Z^Å AvDUcyU msLÅv|
L) wVKvbv ˆiLvi msLÅv,
M) evBU I weU msLÅvq aviYÞgZv|
mgvavb: K) 8 weU kGõi RbÅ 8wU BbcyU ‰es 8wU AvDUcyU ^vGK|
L) 2k=21024=2048, cÉwZwU kGõi RbÅ ‰KwU ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈm `iKvi|
myZivs, 2048 (=211) wU ÕÆwZÕ©vb wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kivi RbÅ 11wU wVKvbv ˆiLv `iKvi|
M) 1 evBU =8 weU| myZiv ÕÆwZi aviYÞgZv = 2  1024 = 2048 evBU A^ev 2048  8
ev 16,384 weU|

mgmÅv-3: ‰KwU gÅvMGbwUK wWGÕ•i MvGq 120 GB gyw`ËZ AvGQ| ‰B wWGÕ• ˆgvU aviYÞg
weGUi msLÅv KZ?
mgvavb: wWGÕ•i aviYÞgZv = 120 GB
= 120 wMMvevBU
= 120 × 1024 ˆgMvevBU
= 120 × 1024 × 1024 wKGjvevBU
= 120 × 1024 × 1024 × 1024 evBU
= 120 × 1024 × 1024 × 1024 × 8 weU
= 1,03,079,21,51,040 weU
KwÁ·DUvi kõ (Computer Word)
Avgiv Rvwb ˆh, kõ nGjv KZKàGjv eGYÆi mgvnvi, hvi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ A^Æ AvGQ| wK¯§ KwÁ·DUvi kõ
ejGZ weUGK ˆevSvq| weU ev kõ ejGZ evBbvwi wWwRU ˆevSvq hvi gvb 0 ev 1| cÉwZwU KwÁ·DUvi
kõ ev evBUGK ˆgGgvwiGZ ivLvi RbÅ ‰KwU KGi ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈm (Memory Address) eÅenvi
Kiv nq| ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈmàGjvGK wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kivi RbÅ c†^K c†^K wVKvbv wbYÆvqK msLÅv eÅenvi Kiv
nq| ‰B msLÅvGK ˆgGgvwi AÅvGWÈGmi wVKvbv ejv nq|
KwÁ·DUvi kõGK `yBfvGM fvM Kiv nq| h^v-
1. ˆWUv kõ (Data Word) ‰es
2. wbG`ÆkK kõ (Instruction Word)
evBU

KwÁ·DUvi kõ
weU
ˆh kGõ ˆWUv mwçZ ^vGK ZvGK ˆWUv kõ (Data word) eGj Avi ˆhLvGb wbG`Æk mwçZ ^vGK ZvGK
wbG`Æk kõ (Instruction Word) eGj| KwÁ·DUvGi me kGõB ^vGK 0 ev 1 weU wnmvGe| 8 weU
wewkÓ¡ kõGK evBU ejv nq| ˆKvGbv kGõ hZàGjv weU ^vGK ˆmB msLÅvGK eGj kõ Š`NÆÅ (Word
Length)| mvaviYZ ˆKvb kõ Š`NÆÅ 8 ‰i àwYZK nGq ^vGK| ˆhgb 8 ˆ^GK 64 weGUi kõ|
32 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

ˆkÉwYi KvR:
1. ‰KwU wmwWi MvGq 680 ˆgMvevBU ˆjLv AvGQ| wmwWwUi aviY ÞgZv ˆgvU KZ weGUi?
2. ‰KwU 10 k  8 ˆgGgvwii aviYÞgZv weU I evBGU KZ?
1.2.3 cÉvBgvwi I ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ŠewkÓ¡Å I cv^ÆKÅ (Characteristics
and Difference of Primary and Secondary Storage Media)
cÉvBgvwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ŠewkÓ¡Å@
1. cÉavb ˆgGgvwii cÉGmmGii Lye KvGQ ^vKvq ˆWUv msiÞY I cVGbi MwZ `Ë‚Z nq|
2. cÉavb ˆgGgvwi Pjgvb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi, ˆWUv ev Dcvî AÕ©vqxfvGe msiÞY KGi|
3. Þz`Ë Þz`Ë ˆgGgvwi Õ©vb (Memory Cell) wbGq cÉavb ˆgGgvwi MwVZ|
4. we`yÅr PGj hvIqvi mvG^ mvG^ cÉavb ˆgGgvwii (iÅvGg) msiwÞZ ˆWUv ev Dcvî gyGQ hvq|
ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ŠewkÓ¡Å@
1. ˆmGK´£vwi ev mnvqK ˆgGgvwii mvG^ ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY AsGki (wmwcBD) mivmwi AÅvKGmm
^vGK bv|
2. Õ©vqxfvGe dvBj msiÞGYi RbÅ ˆmGK´£vwi ˆgGgvwi eÅen…Z nq|
3. mvaviYZ mnvqK ˆgGgvwii aviY ÞgZv cÉavb ˆgGgvwii Zzjbvq AGbK ˆewk nq|
4. mnvqK ˆgGgvwii AÅvKGmm mgq cÉavb ˆgGgvwii Zzjbvq ˆewk|
5. we`yÅr mieivn e®¬ nGjI mnvqK ˆgGgvwii msiwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ hvq bv|

cÉvBgvwi I ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi cv^ÆKÅ Kx?

cÉvBgvwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqv ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqv
1. cÉavb ˆgGgvwii mvG^ ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY Ask 1. mnvqK ˆgGgvwii mvG^ ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY
ev wmwcBD-‰i mivmwi AÅvKGmm ^vGK| AsGki mivmwi AÅvKGmm ^vGK bv|
2. Z^Å cÉwò×qvKiGYi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg I ˆWUv ‰es 2. Õ©vqxfvGe dvBj msiÞGYi RbÅ mnvqK
KwÁ·DUvGii wbRÕ¼ wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ eÅen…Z ˆgGgvwi eÅen…Z nq|
wKQz ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉavb ˆgGgvwi aviY KGi|
3. mvaviYZ cÉavb ˆgGgvwii aviYÞgZv mnvqK 3. mvaviYZ mnvqK ˆgGgvwii aviYÞgZv
ˆgGgvwii Zzjbvq Kg nq| cÉavb ˆgGgvwii Zzjbvq ˆewk nq|
4. cÉavb ˆgGgvwii mvG^ ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY 4. ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY AsGki mvG^ mnvqK
AsGki AÅvKGmm mgq mnvqK ˆgGgvwii ˆgGgvwii AÅvKGmm mgq cÉavb ˆgGgvwii
Zzjbvq Kg| Zzjbvq ˆewk|
5. cÉavb ˆgGgvwii ig (ROM) AsGk ˆWUv ev 5. we`yÅr cÉevn e®¬ nGjI mnvqK ˆgGgvwiGZ
ˆcÉvMÉvg Õ©vqxfvGe msiwÞZ ^vGK wK¯§ we`yÅr msiwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ hvq bv|
mieivn e®¬ nGj iÅvg (RAM) AsGki
ˆWUv gyGQ hvq|
6. cÉavb ˆgGgvwi ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe `vgx| 6. mnvqK ˆgGgvwi ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe mÕ¦v|
‰KK KvR: Z^Å msiÞGYi ˆÞGò cÉvBgvwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi Zzjbvq ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqv
myweavRbK D`vniGYi gvaÅGg eYÆbv KGiv|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 33

1.2.4 RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM I EEPROM UvBc ˆÕ¡vGiR

wgwWqvmgƒGni bvg I ŠewkÓ¡Å (Name and Charactcristics of RAM,
ROM, EPROM and EEPROM Storage Media)

AaÆcwievnx c`v^Æ ev ˆmwgK´£vÙi w`Gq ‰B ˆgGgvwi ŠZwi nq| ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvGii Zzjbvq AaÆcwievnx
ˆgGgvwi AGbK ˆQvU I mÕ¦v| ˆh ˆKvGbv ˆgGgvwi ˆmGji ˆWUv Read/Write ‰i mgq mgvb ZvB ‰B
ˆgGgvwiGK iÅvbWg AÅvKGmm ˆgGgvwi ev iÅvg (Randome Access Memory-RAM) eGj| ‰B
ˆgGgvwii Afů¦Gi AmsLÅ ˆgGgvwi ˆmj ^vGK|
iÅvbWg AÅvKGmm ˆgGgvwi ev iÅvgGK cÉavbZt `yfvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v-
K. wiW-ivBU ˆgGgvwi (Read-Write Memory) I
L. wiW Abwj ˆgGgvwi ev ig (Read Only Memory-ROM)
K. wiW ivBU (Read-Write) ˆgGgvwi
KwÁ·DUvi eÅenviKvix wiW ivBU ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆWUv msiÞY KiGZ cvGi| ‰es iwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ cybivq
bZzb ˆWUv ivLGZ cvGib| ‰B ˆgGgvwiGK BsGiwRGZ mvaviYZ iÅvg (RAM) ev iÅvbWg AÅvKGmm
ˆgGgvwi (Random Access Memory) eGj| iÅvg (RAM) K^vwU AvmGj mwVK bq KviY iGgi
(ROM) AÅvKGmmI iÅvbWg| wiW ivBU ˆgGgvwi ‰KwU D«¼vqx ˆgGgvwi A^Ævr we`yÅr mieivn e®¬
KiGj ˆgGgvwiGZ iwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ hvq| ŠewkGÓ¡Åi cÉKviGfG` KGqK aiGbi iÅvg (RAM) ˆgGgvwi
eZÆgvGb cÉPwjZ AvGQ| AcvGiwUs ˆgvW AbymvGi iÅvgGK `yB fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v
1. WvBbvwgK iÅvg (Dynamic RAM) ev wWiÅvg (DRAM)
2. Õ¡ÅvwUK iÅvg (Static RAM) ev ‰miÅvg (SRAM)

ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvi ˆgGgvwii mvG^ iÅvg ˆgGgvwii cÉavb cv^ÆKÅ Kx?

ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvi ˆgGgvwii mvG^ iÅvg ˆgGgvwii cÉavb cv^ÆKÅ nGœQ we`yÅr PGj ˆMGjI ˆPŒÁ¼K ˆKvi ˆgGgvwi
ˆ^GK ˆWUv gyGQ hvq bv| wK¯§ iÅvg ˆgGgvwi ˆ^GK ˆWUv ev Dcvî gyGQ hvq|

1. WvBbvwgK iÅvg (Dynamic RAM-DRAM) ev wWiÅvg

WvBbvwgK iÅvg (Dynamic RAM)-‰ evBbvwi weU (0, 1) Še`yÅwZK PvRÆ AvKvGi KÅvcvwmUGi
(Capacitor) Rgv ^vGK| WvBbvwgK iÅvg wPGci gGaÅ gm UÇvbwRÕ¡i (MOS Transistor) «¼viv
KÅvcvwmUi (Capacitor) ŠZwi Kiv nq| KÅvcvwmUGi aviYK‡Z PvRÆàGjv mgq evovi mvG^ mvG^
wWmPvRÆ (Discharge) nIqvi cÉeYZv ^vGK| ZvB wbaÆvwiZ mgq ci ci WvqbvwgK ˆgGgvwi wiGdÌwks
‰i gvaÅGg wiPvRÆ (Recharge) KiGZ nq| WvqbvwgK iÅvGg kwî×i AcPq Kg nq|
 wmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvg
 AÅvwmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvg
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 2(K)
34 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvg ev ‰mwWiÅvg (Synchronous Dynamic RAM or SDRAM)

wmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvg Õ¼qswò×qfvGe AÅvGWÈm wbYÆq KGi| ‰es ˆWUv wiW/ivBU mswkÐÓ¡ bvbvwea cÉwò×qvi
gvGS Afů¦ixYfvGe mg¯¼q KiGZ mÞg| wmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvg wbGRGK KwÁ·DUvGi eÅen…Z wmGÕ¡g
KÑGKi mGã wmbGò×vbvBR (mgKvjeZÆx) KGi ‰es KÑK cvjGmi aviv Abyhvqx KvR KGi| ‰ aiGbi
wWiÅvg ˆgGgvwi ˆ^GK cÉ^g weU wiW (Read) ci ewntÕ© mvwKÆGUi gvaÅGg bZzb KGi AÅvGWÈm wbi…cGYi
cÉGqvRb cGo bv| ˆWUv wiW/ivBU (Read/Write) Kivi mgq ˆgGgvwi ˆmGji AÅvGWÈ m wbi…cGYi
Avby l wãK LiP Kg ‰QvovI wmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvGgi MwZ AÅvwmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvg ˆ^GK ˆewk nGq
^vGK| ‰ KviGY me aiGbi wWiÅvGgi gvGS wmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvg nGœQ meGPGq `Ë‚ZMwZi|
AÅvwmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvg
KwÁ·DUvGi hLb BbcyGU wmMbÅvj cÉ`vb Kiv nq, ZLb AÅvwmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvg wò×qvkxj nq|
AÅvwmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvg cÉavbZ wZb aiGbi nGq ^vGK| h^v-
1. dvÕ¡ ˆcBR (Fast Page)
2. BwWI (EDO: Extended Data Output)
3. weBwWI (BEDO: Burst Extended Data Output)
2. Õ¡ÅvwUK iÅvg (Static RAM or SRAM) ev ‰miÅvg
Õ¡ÅvwUK iÅvg (Static RAM) wdÑc-dÑc «¼viv MwVZ| ‰wU evBbvwi weU (0, 1) aviY KGi| ‰B
aviYK‡Z ˆWUv ZZÞY chƯ¦ ˆgGgvwiGZ ^vGK hZÞY chƯ¦ we`yÅr mieivn ^vGK| we`yÅr mieivn e®¬
KiGj ˆgGgvwiGZ iwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ hvq| ‰RGbÅB ‰ aiGbi iÅvgGK Õ¡ÅvwUK iÅvg ev SRAM eGj
^vGK| SRAM ‰i MwZ wWiÅvg ˆ^GK ˆewk| mvwKÆGU RwUjZvi KviGY Drcv`b eÅq ˆewk nIqvq
SRAM-‰i eÅenvi mxwgZ| mvaviYZ SRAM ˆK KÅvk ˆgGgvwi wnGmGe eÅenvi nq|
WvBbvwgK iÅvGgi gGZv Õ¡ÅvwUK iÅvgGKI `yB fvGM fvM Kiv hvq|
h^v-wmbGò×vbvm I AÅvwmbGò×vmvb SRAM| SRAM-‰i AÅvGÝm mgq mvaviYZ 4 ˆ^GK 10
bÅvGbvGmGK´£ nGq ^vGK|
Õ¡ÅvwUK I WvBbvwgK iÅvGgi myweav I Amyweav Kx?

myweav Amyweav
K) mgvb cwimGii WvBbvwgK iÅvGg Õ¡ÅvwUK K) evievi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰i RbÅ WvBbvwgK iÅvGg
iÅvGgi Zzjbvq ˆewk ˆWUv msiÞY Kiv AwZwiî× eZÆbxi cÉGqvRb nq|
hvq|
L) Õ¡ÅvwUK iÅvGgi Zzjbvq WvBbvwgK iÅvGg L) mvaviYZ Õ¡ÅvwUK iÅvg AGcÞv WvBbvwgK
kwî×i AcPq Kg nq| iÅvg ˆ^GK Z^Å wiKfvi I msiÞGY mgq
ˆewk jvGM|
M) WvBbvwgK iÅvGg weU msiÞGYi LiP M) Õ¡ÅvwUK iÅvGgi Zzjbvq WvBbvwgK iÅvGgi
Õ¡ÅvwUK iÅvGgi Zzjbvq Kg| MwZ Kg|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 2(L)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 35

wfwWI iÅvg (Video RAM or VRAM) ev wfiÅvg

wfwWI iÅvg ev VRAM nGœQ ‰KwU weGkl aiGbi DRAM hv wfwWI KvGWÆ eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK|
‰B aiGbi DRAM-‰i AbÅvbÅ ŠewkÓ¡Å nGœQ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi RbÅ Š«¼Z ˆcvUÆ (Dual port) ev
BbcyU/AvDUcyU gyL AvGQ| DRAM ˆ^GK wWmGcÐ wmGÕ¡Gg avivewnKfvGe ˆWUv cvVvGbvi RbÅ ‰KwU
ˆcvUÆ eÅen…Z nq| gwbUGii c`Ævi cÉ`wkÆZ wPòGK ‰B ˆcvGUÆi gvaÅGg AwekÉv¯¦fvGe nvjbvMv`
(Refresh) Kiv nq| Avi w«¼Zxq ˆcvUÆwU wmwcBD I ˆgGgvwii gvGS ˆWUv wewbgGqi RbÅ eÅen…Z nq|
‰B `yGUv ˆcvGUÆi gvGS ˆKvGbv cviÕ·wiK wbfÆikxjZv ˆbB| A^Ævr wmwcBD I ˆgGgvwii gvGS ˆWUv
Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi cÉwò×qv ˆgGgvwi ˆ^GK wWmGcÐ wmGÕ¡Gg ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii KvGR ˆKvb weN³ m†wÓ¡ KGi bv|
mvaviY DRAM-‰i cGÞ ‰wU mÁ¿e bq| KviY ‰GÞGò ‰KB mGã ˆWUv wiW I ivBU mÁ¿e bq| ‰
KviGY wfwWI KvGWÆ mvaviY DRAM-‰i cwieGZÆ VRAM eÅenvi Kiv nq| VRAM AekÅ
AwaKZi eÅqeüj nGq ^vGK|
wmbGò×vmvb MÉvwdÝ iÅvg (Synchronous Graphics RAM or SGRAM) ev ‰mwRiÅvg
wmbGò×vbvm MÉvwdÝ iÅvg ev SGRAM bvGg Avi ‰K aiGbi iÅvg AvGQ| VRAM-‰i mGã ‰i
cÉhywî×MZ cv^ÆKÅ nGœQ ˆh, ‰wU wmbGò×vbvm wWiÅvGgi (DRAM) Dci wfwî KGi ŠZwi Kiv nq|
wògvwòK MÉvwdÝ, gvwΟwgwWqv, ˆjRvi wcÉ´Ÿvi BZÅvw` KvGR ‰B cÉKvi iÅvg eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰wU
wfiÅvGgi Zzjbvq AwaK eÅqeüj nIqv mGî½I D®²Z cvidiGgG´Öi RbÅ ‰i eÅenvi cÉwZwbqZ evoGQ|
L. wiW Abwj ˆgGgvwi-ig (Read Only Memory-ROM)
Õ©vqxfvGe ˆWUv I wbG`Æk msiÞGYi RbÅ eÅen…Z A-D«¼vqx AaÆcwievnx ˆgGgvwiGK ig eGj| ZGe
eZÆgvGb ‰gb AGbK aiGbi ig ŠZwi nGqGQ, ˆhLvGb weGkl eÅeÕ©vq msiwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ Avevi bZzb
ˆWUv msiÞY Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ AcwieZÆbkxj ˆWUv ˆhgb@ wewf®² ˆKvGYi RbÅ mvBb, ˆKvmvBb,
BZÅvw`i gvb ‰es AcwieZÆbkxj ˆWUv Õ©vqxfvGe msiÞGYi RbÅ ROM eÅenvi Kiv nq|
ig (ROM) ‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å
1. mvaviYZ iGg bZzb ˆWUv ˆjLv nq bv; wK¯§ hLbB cÉGqvRb ZLbB ig ˆ^GK ˆWUv cGo ˆbqv
hvq|
2. ig D«¼vqx ev AÕ©vqx bq| we`yÅr cÉevn PGj ˆMGj iGg msiwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ hvq bv|
3. mPivPi cwieZÆbGhvMÅ ˆWUv iGg msiÞY Kiv nq bv|
4. mvaviYZ iGg (ROM) ‰Kevi ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv nGj ZvGZ Avi ˆKvb aiGbi cwieZÆb mÁ¿e
bq| ZGe ˆWUv gyGQ cybtcyb ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv hvq ‰gb igI iGqGQ|
5. igGK mvaviYZ dÅvÙwiGZB ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv nGq ^vGK|
ig wewf®² aiGbi nq, ˆmàGjv nGœQ@
K. ‰gig (MROM-Mask Programmable ROM)
L. wcig (PROM-Programmable ROM)
M. Bwcig (EPROM-Erasable Programmable ROM)
N. BBwcig (EEPROM-Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 2(M)
36 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

K. ‰gig (MROM-Mask Programmable Read Only Memory)

MROM-‰i KGqKwU DGjÐLGhvMÅ ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv-
1. dGUvMÉvwdK gvÕ• eÅenvi KGi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gvaÅGg ˆWUv msiÞY Kiv nq| mvaviYZ
eÅenvKvixi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx dÅvÙwiGZB MROM ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv nGq ^vGK|
2. MROM ˆek eÅq eüj| ZGe ‰KB aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg mÁ¼wjZ AGbK MROM-‰i eÅenvi
A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe jvfRbK|
3. ‰Kevi ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv nGj MROM-ˆK cybtcyb ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv hvq bv|
L. wcig (PROM-Programmable Read Only Memory)
PROM-‰i KGqKwU DGjÐLGhvMÅ ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv@
1. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gvaÅGg eÅenviKvix wbGRB PROM-‰ ˆWUv msiÞY KiGZ cvGib|
2. PROM-ˆK ‰Kevi ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv nGj cybtcyb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆKvb myGhvM ^vGK bv|
M. Bwcig (EPROM-Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
EPROM-‰i KGqKwU DGjÐLGhvMÅ ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv@
1. ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gvaÅGg eÅenviKvix wbGRB EPROM-‰ ˆWUv msiÞY KiGZ cvGib| msiwÞZ
ˆWUv gyGQ EPROM-ˆK cybtcyb ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv mÁ¿e|
2. EPROM D«¼vqx bq A^Ævr ˆcÉvMÉvgK‡Z ˆWUv ˆKvGbv AeÕ©vq gyGQ hvq bv|
3. EPROM ŠZwiGZ mvaviYZ wdΣ ‰GdÙ UÇvbwRÕ¡i (FET-Field Effect Transistor)
eÅenvi Kiv nq|
4. EPROM ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RbÅ mvaviYZ weGkl aiGbi eZÆbx cÉGqvRb nq|
5. mvaviYZ AwZ ˆeàbx iwkÄ eÅenvGii gvaÅGg EPROM-‰ msiwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ ˆ`qv nq|
N. BBwcig (EEPROM-Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEPROM-‰i KGqKwU DGjÐLGhvMÅ ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv@
1. eÅenviKvix ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gvaÅGg EEPROM-‰ ˆWUv msiÞY KiGZ cvGib| ‰GZ msiwÞZ
ˆWUv BGjKwUÇKÅvj c«¬wZGZ gyGQ cybtcyb ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv hvq|
2. ˆcÉvMÉvg Kivi mgq EEPROM-ˆK mvwKÆU ˆevWÆ ev mGKU ˆ^GK LyjGZ nq bv|
3. EEPROM-‰ ˆWUv msiÞY KiGZ ‰es ˆWUv gyQGZ EPROM-‰i Zzjbvq AGbK Kg mgq
jvGM|
1.2.4.1 Bwcig (EPROM) I BBwcig (EEPROM)-‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ
Bwcig BBwcig
1. Bwcig (EPROM) ‰i cƒYÆi…c BGiGRej 1. BBwcig (EEPROM) ‰i cƒYÆi…c
ˆcÉvMÉvGgej wiW Abwj ˆgGgvwi (Erasable BGjKwUÇKÅvwj BGiGRej ˆcÉvMÉvGgej wiW
programmable read-only memory)| Abwj ˆgGgvwi (Electrically erasable
programmable read-only memory)|
2. AvGjvK iwkÄ (AwZ ˆeàwb iwk²) eÅenvi 2. BGjKwUÇKÅvj c«¬wZGZ BBwciGg msiwÞZ
KGi BwciGg msiwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ ˆ`qv nq| ˆWUv gyGQ ˆ`qv nq|
3. BwciGgi ˆWUv gyQGZ ˆMGj msiwÞZ mgÕ¦ 3. BBwciGgi ˆKvb weGkl Ask ev ˆgGgvwi
ˆWUvB gyGQ hvq| ˆmGji ˆWUv gyGQ ˆ`qv hvq; ‰GZ AbÅ
ˆWUvi ˆKvGbv ÞwZ nq bv|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 2(N)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 37

1.2.4.2 iÅvg (RAM) I ig (ROM) ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ

iÅvg (RAM) ig (ROM)
1. iÅvg (RAM) ‰i cƒYÆbvg iÅvbWg 1. ig (ROM) ‰i cƒYÆbvg wiW Abwj ˆgGgvwi
AÅvKGmm ˆgGgvwi (Random Access (Read Only Memory)
Memory)|
2. iÅvGg ˆWUv msiÞY ‰es iÅvg ˆ^GK ˆWUv 2. mvaviYZ iGg ‰KeviB Õ©vqxfvGe ˆWUv
wiW (Read) mÁ¿e| msiÞY Kiv nq| cÉGqvRGb ˆh ˆKvGbv mgq
msiwÞZ ˆWUv Read mÁ¿e| ZGe, cybtcyb
ˆWUv msiÞGYi myweav mÁ¼wjZ igI iGqGQ|
3. iÅvg D«¼vqx ev AÕ©vqx ˆgGgvwi| A^Ævr 3. ig D«¼vqx bq| A^Ævr we`yÅr mieivn e®¬
we`yÅr mieivn e®¬ nGj iÅvGg msiwÞZ nGjI iGg msiwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ hvq bv|
ˆWUv gyGQ hvq|
4. Pjgvb (Active) ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰es cybtcyb 4. mnGR cwieZÆGbi cÉGqvRb nq bv ‰gb ˆWUv
cwieZÆbkxj ˆWUv iÅvGg msiÞY Kiv nq| I ˆcÉvMÉvg iGg msiÞY Kiv nGq ^vGK|

ˆkÉwYi KvR: wbGÁ² ‰KwU QGKi gvaÅGg wewf®² aiGbi ˆgGgvwii ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ`Iqv nGjv| ŠewkÓ¡Å-
‰i mvG^ wgGj hvq ‰gb ˆgGgvwi bvg wjLGZ nGe| myweavG^Æi RbÅ ‰KwU KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
ˆgGgvwii ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆgGgvwii bvg
we`yÅr PGj hvIqvi mvG^ mvG^ msiwÞZ Z^Å gyGQ hvq iÅvg ˆgGgvwi
we`yÅr PGj ˆMGjI msiwÞZ Z^Å gyGQ hvq bv
msiwÞZ ˆWUv gyGQ cyb:cyb ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv hvq
‰Kevi ˆcÉvMÉvg Kivi nGj cyb:cyb ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv hvq bv

1.2.5 wewf®² cÉKvi ˆÕ¡vGiR HDD, SSD, Flash Memory Optical Storage
wWfvBmmgƒGni aviYv (Concept of Different Type of Storage Devices)
 nvWÆwWÕ• (Hard Disk-HD)
1980 mvGji w`GK nvWÆwWÕ• cÉPjb ÷i‚ nq| nvWÆwWÕ• nGjv cvZjv ˆMvjvKvi avZe cvGZi mg¯¼Gq
MwVZ mnvqK ÕÆwZ (Decondary Memory)| KwÁ·DUvGii Z^Åvejx msiÞGYi RbÅ ‰wU ‰KwU
wbfÆiGhvMÅ ˆÓ¡vGiR wWfvBm| ‰GZ msiwÞZ Z^Åmgƒn mnGR bÓ¡ nq bv eGj cÉGqvRbxq mKj
AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰es ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Z^Å nvWÆwWGÕ• msiÞY Kiv nq|
nvWÆwWGÕ•i msMVb: nvWÆwWGÕ• cvZjv ˆMvjvKvi avZe cvZ ^vGK, hvi Dfqc†GÓ¡ ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq c`v^Æ ˆdwiK
AÝvBGWi cÉGjc ^vGK| ‰RbÅ ‰GK gÅvMGbwUK wWÕ•I ejv nq| wWGÕ•i ˆMvjvKvi cvZàGjv ˆ`LGZ
MÉvGgvGdvb ˆiKGWÆi gGZv| ‰me cvZàGjv ‰KwUi Dci AvGiKwU Õ¦ycvKvGi emvGbv ^vGK, hvG`i gvGS
Avav Bwçi gGZv duvKv RvqMv ^vGK| cvZàGjvi gvGS ‰KwU `´£ ^vGK| ‰ `G´£i mvnvGhÅB cvZàGjv
‰KwUi DcGi AvGiKwU emvGbv ^vGK| ‰B `G´£i mvnvGhÅB KvGRi mgq cvZàGjv cÉwZ wgwbGU 7200
evGii ˆewk AvewZÆZ nq|
38 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wmwj´£vi
(wÕ·´£j)
(UÇvK)

(ˆÕ¡vGiR
mviGdm)

(wÕ·´£j)

wPò : nvWÆwWGÕ•i MVb

nvWÆwWGÕ•i aviY ÞgZv: eZÆgvGb wMMvevBU ˆ^GK KGqK ˆUivevBU aviY ÞgZv mÁ·®² nvWÆwWÕ•
evRvGi cvIqv hvGœQ| mgGqi eÅeavGb ‰B ÞgZv w`b w`b e†w«¬ cvGœQ| ‰KwU avZe cvGZi Dfq c†GÓ¤
Z^Å msiwÞZ ^vKGZ cvGi| ‰KwUi ci ‰KwU KGi jÁ¼vjwÁ¼fvGe Õ©vwcZ ‰KwU `´£GK ˆK±`Ë KGi
‰i…c AGbKàGjv wWGÕ•i mgwÓ¡GK ejv nq wWÕ• ˆcK| ZGe meGPGq DcGii wWGÕ•i DcGii c†GÓ¤ ‰es
meGPGq wbGPi wWGÕ•i wbGPi c†GÓ¤ ˆKvGbv Z^Å msiwÞZ ^vGK bv| ‰fvGe 20wU wWGÕ•i mvnvGhÅ MwVZ
wWÕ• ˆcK@ ‰ 38wU c†GÓ¤ Z^Å msiÞY KiGZ cvGi| cÉwZwU c†GÓ¤i RbÅB ^vGK ‰KwU KGi
Read/Write ˆnWvi|
myZivs ‰KwU wWGÕ•i ˆgvU aviY ÞgZv = PTSB evBU|
‰LvGb,
P= eÅen…Z ˆgvU c†GÓ¤i msLÅv
T = cÉwZ c†GÓ¤ UÇÅvGKi msLÅv
S = cÉwZ UÇÅvGK ˆmÙGii msLÅv
B = cÉwZ ˆmÙGi evBGUi msLÅv
nvWÆwWGÕ•i myweavmgƒn
1. ‰i aviY ÞgZv AGbK ˆewk|
2. ‰wU gReyZ ev ˆUKmB|
3. ‰wU KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvGi myiwÞZ AeÕ©vq ^vGK ZvB bÓ¡ nIqvi mÁ¿vebv Kg|
4. ‰wU ‰KwU `Ë‚ZMwZ mÁ·®² Z^Å msiÞY gvaÅg|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 39

nvWÆwWGÕ•i Amyweavmgƒn
1. ‰wU AZů¦ `vgx|
2. ‰wU ‰Kevi bÓ¡ nGj ˆgivgZ Kiv hvq bv|
3. ‰wU dÑwcwWGÕ•i gGZv hLb ZLb WÈvBf nGZ ˆLvjv hvq bv|
4. bZzb cÉwkÞYv^Æx bv eyGS Format ‰es Delete Kgv´£ w`Gq nvWÆwWGÕ•i dvBj mnGR gyGQ w`GZ
cvGi|
 ‰m‰mwW (SSD- Solid State Drive)
‰m‰mwW cƒYÆi…c nGœQ mwjW ˆÕ¡U WÈvBf| mvaviYZ ˆcbWÈvBf ev ˆgGgvwi KvGWÆ ˆh ˆgKvwbRg eÅenvi
Kiv nq SSD ‰i ˆÞGòI ˆmB ‰KB ˆgKvwbRg eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰wUGZ wKQy Bw´ŸGMÉGUW mvwKÆU
eÅenvi KGi ˆWUv msiÞY Kiv nq| SSD ˆZ ˆKvGbv gywfs (Pò×vKvi) Ask bv ^vKvq ‰wU ÞwZ
nIqvi mÁ¿vebv Kg| ‰gbwK kõ KGi bv ‰es Mig nq bv| ‰m‰mwW hyî× ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi eyU nGZ
mgq jvGM 10 @ 13 ˆmGK´£| Kwc ev ivBU Õ·xW 200 @ 500 ‰gwewc‰m chƯ¦ nq| nvWÆwWÕ• ‰i
Zzjbvq 30% `Ë‚Z dvBj AGcb nq|
 dÑÅvk ˆgGgvwi (Flash Memory)
dÑÅvk ˆgGgvwii KvhÆc«¬wZ AGbKUv EPROM ‰i gGZv|
KwÁ·DUvGii Afů¦Gi ^vKv AeÕ©vGZB cybivq ˆcÉvMÉvg Kiv

Device Complexity and Cost

mÁ¿e| dÑwc wWÕ• ev nvWÆwWGÕ•i weK͸ wnGmGe ‰B aiGbi
ˆgGgvwi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆh mgÕ¦ cwiwÕ©wZGZ dÑwc wWÕ• ev
EEPROM
nvWÆwWGÕ•i KvhÆcÉYvjxi wbfÆiGhvMÅZv nvivGbvi mÁ¿vebv AvGQ
wKsev we`yÅGZi wedjZv wechÆGqi m†wÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi ˆm me Flash
KvGRi RbÅ ‰B dÑÅvk ˆgGgvwi eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK| EPROM
B`vbxsKvGji AGbK ˆcvGUÆej KwÁ·DUvGi dÑÅvk ˆgGgvwi MROM & PROM
KvWÆ ^vGK|
 AcwUKÅvj ˆgGgvwi (Optical Memory)
ˆh mgÕ¦ wWGÕ• AcwUKÅvj ˆÕ¡vGiR cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ˆWUv msiÞY Kiv nq ZvGK AcwUKÅvj ˆgGgvwi
eGj| ˆhgb@ CD-ROM Disk ev CD Disk, DVD BZÅvw`|
wmwW-ig (CD-ROM-Compact Disk Read Only Memory): eZÆgvb mgGq KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv
msiÞGYi AbÅZg gvaÅg wnGmGe eÅen…Z ˆgGgvwi nGœQ wmwW-ig (CD-ROM)| mvaviYZ wmwWi
aviYÞgZv 650 @ 750 ˆgMvevBU chƯ¦ nGq ^vGK| ‰GZ mvaviYZ ‰K mvBGW Z^Å msiwÞZ
^vGK| `vGg mÕ¦v nIqvi KviGY wmwWGZ AwWI/wfwWI, mdUIqÅvi, eo aiGbi ˆWUv BZÅvw` msiÞGY
LyeB RbwcÉq| wmwWGZ msiwÞZ Z^Å eüw`b chƯ¦ msiwÞZ ^vGK|
40 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wmwW cwjKveÆGbU cÐvwÕ¡GKi ŠZwi AÅvjywgwbqvGgi cÉGjchyî×| AcwUKÅvj wWGÕ• ev wmwWGZ ˆjRvi
iwkÄi mvnvGhÅ wjLb I cVGbi KvhÆ mÁ·®² Kiv nq| NƒYÆvqgvb AcwUKÅvj wWGÕ• ˆjRvi iwkÄi mvnvGhÅ
ˆjLvi mgq AÅvjywgwbqvGgi cvGZi AwZ mƒÞ° MZÆ (Pit) m†wÓ¡ Kiv nq| ‰ aiGbi MGZÆi MfxiZv 0.12
gvBGò×vwgUvi ‰es cÉÕ© 0.6 gvBGò×vwgUvi| wcU I jÅv´£ evBbvwi wWwRU ‘0’ ‰es ‘1’ ‰i cÉwZwbwaZ½
KGi| MGZÆi mvwi w`Gq ŠZwi nq Õ·vBivj UÇÅvK| cÉwZwU Õ·vBivj UÇÅvGKi gaÅeZÆx `ƒiZ½ nGjv 1.6
gvBGò×vwgUvi| cÉwZ BwçGZ UÇÅvGKi msLÅv cÉvq 16,000|
A) cwjKveÆwbK wWÕ•
B) cÉwZdwjZ ˆjqvi
C) ˆjKzqvi ˆjqvi (Lecquer)
D) ˆjGej wcÉ¥Ÿ
E) ˆjRvi weg

wPò : wmwW I Zvi MVb

cÉ^g ŠZwiK‡Z wmwW WÈvBGfi ˆWUv covi nvi wQj 150 wKGjvevBU/ˆmGK´£| ‰ aiGbi WÈvBGfi MwZ
1X bvGg cwiwPZ| eZÆgvGb 52X MwZi wmwW WÈvBf ˆewk eÅen…Z nq, hvi ˆWUv covi nvi 7800
wKGjvevBU/ˆmGK´£|

mgmÅv-1: 500 c†Ó¤vwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU eBGqi cÉwZ c†Ó¤vq 30wU jvBGbi cÉwZ jvBGb 50wU eYÆ
iGqGQ| ‰KwU eYÆ msiÞY Kivi RbÅ 1 evBU cwigvY ˆgGgvwi jvMGj 780 ˆgMvevBU aviY
ÞgZvwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU wmwWGZ ‰ iKg KqwU eBGqi ˆjLv msiÞY Kiv hvGe?
mgvavb:
wmwWi aviYÞgZv = 780 ˆgMvevBU
= 780 × 1024 × 1024 evBU
= 817889280 evBU
cÉwZwU eBGqi mvBR = 500 × 30 × 50 evBU
= 750000 evBU
AZ‰e, wmwWGZ aviYK‡Z eBGqi msLÅv = 817889280 / 750000 = 1090wU
wWwfwW (DVD): DVD ‰i cƒYÆi…c Digital Versatile Disk ev Digital Video Disk|
mvÁ·ÉwZKKvGj wmwW-ig cÉhywî×GK Õ©jvwfwlî× RbÅ wWwfwW bvgK bZzb cÉhywî× D«¿vweZ nGqGQ| wWwfwW
wmwW iGgi PvBGZ eüàY ˆewk Z^Å aviY KiGZ cvGi| ‰wU wmwW iGgi gGZvB AwWI-wfwWI aviY
KiGZI mÞg| wWwfwW WÈvBf cÉPwjZ wmwW igI cvV KiGZ cvGi| wmwWi bÅvq wWwfwW iGgiI eÅvm
120 wg. wg. ‰es cyi‚Z½ 1.2 wg.wg.| ZGe wmwWGZ ‰K cvGk¼Æ ˆWUv ivLv hvq wK¯§ wWwfwWGZ `ycvGk¼BÆ
ˆWUv ivLv hvq| meGPGq eo Šemv`†kÅ nGjv Z^Å aviY ÞgZvq| mvaviY wmwWi Z^Å aviY ÞgZv 650
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 41

ˆgMvevBU A^P cÉ^g w`KKvi wWwfwWi aviY ÞgZv wQj 4.7 wMMvevBU| wmwW iGgi ˆÞGò eÅen…Z
nq A`†kÅ BbdÌvGiW iwkÄ hvi Ziã Š`NÆÅ 780 bÅvGbvwgUvi| wK¯§ wWwfwW-i ˆÞGò jvj iGOi ˆjRvi
iwkÄ eÅenvi Kiv nq hvi Ziã Š`NÆÅ 635 bÅvGbvwgUvi| wWwfwWGZ `ywU Õ¦Gi ˆWUv msiÞY Kivi RbÅ
evBGii w`GK ^vGK AaÆÕœ¼ Q ˆmvbvjx Õ¦i Avi wfZGii Õ¦iwU nq wmjfvi Õ¦i| ‰B Õ¦iwU covi RbÅ
AwaK ÞgZvmÁ·®² ˆjRvi eÅen…Z nq| wWwfwWGZ 0.6 wg.wg. cyi‚GZ½i `ywU ˆcÐUvi cvkvcvwk ™Ïy w`Gq
jvMvGbv ^vGK|

ˆkÉwYi KvR: dÑvk I AcwUKÅvj ˆgGgvwii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wjGLv|

1.2.6 KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mÁ·GKÆ aviYv (Concept about of Cloud Storage)

KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR nGjv AbjvBb ˆÕ¡vGiR| ‰wU ‰gb ‰KwU AbjvBb mvwfÆm hvi gvaÅGg AbjvBGbi
AmsLÅ eÅenviKvix ZvG`i mywekvj Z^Åfv´£vi `xNÆw`b eÅenvi I msiÞY KiGZ cvGi | B´ŸviGbGUi
gvaÅGg wbw`ÆÓ¡ KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mvwfÆGm AÅvKvD´Ÿ ŠZwi KGi ˆmB ˆÕ¡vGiGRi gGaÅ dvBj msiÞY Kiv
hvq| B´ŸviGbU ev IGqGe mshyÚ nGq DœP ÞgZv mÁ·®² KwÁ·DUvGii mvfÆvGi wbivc`fvGe Z^Å
msiÞY Kivi c«¬wZB nGjv KÑvBW ˆÕ¡vGiR (Cloud Storage)| ‰wU ‰gb ‰KwU kwÚkvjx mvfÆvi
KwÁ·DUvi ˆhLvGb eÅenviKvix wbivcG` Z^Å msiÞY ‰es wbGRi cÉGqvRb gGZv Z^Å WvDbGjvW
KiGZ cvGi|
ˆhme ˆKvÁ·vwb KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mvwfÆm myweav w`Gq ^vGK ZvG`i mvwfÆm ˆcÉvfvBWvi ev KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR
mvwfÆm ˆcÉvfvBWviI eGj| KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR ˆmev`vbKvix AGbK cÉwZÓ¤vb iGqGQ hvi gGaÅ Avgiv ‰KwU
ev `ywU eÅenvi KGiwQ wK¯§ Rvwb bv ˆh, ‰wU KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mvwfÆm| ˆhgb@ Avgiv AGbGKB àMj
WÈvBf eÅenvi KGiwQ| àMj WÈvBf nGjv ‰KwU KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mvwfÆm| KGqKwU KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mvwfÆm
ˆKvÁ·vwbi bvg@ Google Drive, Mediafire, Mega, Dropbox, i cloud, Amazon cloud
BZÅvw`|
KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR eÅenvGii myweav
 KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR ‰KwU AbjvBb wfwîK mvwfÆm nIqvq ˆhGKvGbv RvqMv ˆ^GK ˆmev MÉnY Kiv hvq|
 ˆKvGbv ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBm eÅenvGii cÉGqvRb nGœQ bv ÷ay B´ŸviGbU KvGbKkb ^vKGjB nGe|
 cÉGqvRbxq dvBjàGjv eÅvKAvc (Backup) wnmvGe msiÞY KiGZ KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mvwfÆm eÅenvi
Kiv hvq|
 KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR ˆKvÁ·vwbàGjv ˆWUvi AvGiKwU Kwc eÅvKAvc wnmvGe ˆiGL ˆ`q| ˆKvGbv KviGY
nvWÆwWÕ• bÓ¡ nGj cybivq ˆdiZ w`GZ cvGi|
 dvBjàGjv ˆkqvi Kiv hvq| hw` ˆKvGbv ˆMvcbxq dvBj ^vGK ZvnGj ˆmBàGjv myiwÞZ fvGe
ivLv hvq|
 KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR eÅenvi KiGj, bZzb KGi ˆgGgvwi KvWÆ ˆKbvi `iKvi nq bv|
 wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆdvΣvGii ˆfZi wbw`ÆÓ¡ WKzGg´Ÿm I dvBjàGjv msiÞY Kiv hvq|
42 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

 eÅenvi Kiv LyeB mnR|

 AÅvKvD´Ÿ jMBb (Login) KGi ˆhGKvGbv wWfvBm ˆ^GK eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
 LiP LyeB Kg I webvgƒGjÅ eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
 dvBj ‰i wmwKDwiwU ˆewk ^vGK|
 wWwjU nGq hvIqvi mÁ¿vebv Kg ^vGK|
KGqKwU wdÌ KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mÁ·GKÆ eYÆbv ˆ`Iqv nGjv@
 àMj WÈvBf (Google Drive)
àMj WÈvBGfi mvG^ Avgiv mevB cwiwPZ| àMj WÈvBGf wdÌGZ mGeÆvœP 15 wRwe chƯ¦ ˆWUv msiÞY
Kiv hvq| ‰KwU wRGgBj ^vKGj àMj WÈvBfmn àMGji AbÅvbÅ ˆmevmgƒn eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
wdPvimgƒn@
 webvgƒGjÅ 15 wRwe (GB) chƯ¦ dvBj ˆÕ¡vGiR Kiv hvq|
 àMj WÝ, àMj wkU, ÕÏvBW, àMj dGUvm, Google synchronization, àMj dgÆ (Google
form) BZÅvw`|
 wiGqj UvBg synchronization|
 1.02 wgwjqb KÅvGiÙvi WKzGg´Ÿ, 5 wgwjqb ˆmGji
ˆÕ·ÉWwkU, 100 ˆgMvevBU chƯ¦ ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb, cÉwZ
ˆcBR 2000,000 KÅvGiÙvi chƯ¦ àMj mvBU|
 wjsK ˆkqvi, Kw´ŸÈweDU I WvDbGjvW|
 weΟBb AwWI, wfwWI ˆcÐqvi|
 weΟBb fvBivm dvBj gÅvjIqÅvi Õ•Åvbvi|
 weævcb gyî×|

 Iqvb WÈvBf (One Drive)

Iqvb WÈvBf gvBGò×vmdU ‰i ‰KwU KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mvwfÆm| ˆhLvGb webvgƒGjÅ 5 wRwe chƯ¦ dvBj
ivLv hvq| DBG´£vR I gvBGò×vmdU ‰i DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi ˆdvGb AvGMi ˆ^GK Iqvb
WÈvBGfi mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j Kiv ^vGK hvGZ ZvG`i MÉvnK mnGRB ˆmev MÉnY KiGZ cvGi|
wdPvimgƒn
 5 wRwe chƯ¦ wdÌ ˆÕ¡vGiR myweav cÉ`vb|
 weRGbm KvWÆ, wiwmU, ˆnvqvBUGevWÆ ˆbvU, ˆccvi
WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb I AGUvGgwUK synchronization
cÉ`vb|
 wjsK ˆkqvi I WvDbGjvW myweav|
 WvDbGjvW wjsGKi UvBg ˆmU Kiv|
 weævcb gyî×|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 43

 WÈceÝ (Dropbox)
gƒjZ AbjvBGb KvhÆKÌg ˆkqvi KGi KvR KiGZ Dropbox AZů¦ KvhÆKix| gƒjZ: ‰KmGã KvR KiGZB
‰B cvGmÆvbvj KÑvDWwU ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ| Dropbox IGqemvBU: https://www.dropbox.com/|

wdPvimgƒn
 50 wRwe (GB) chƯ¦ ˆWUv UÇv´Ödvi;
 gÅvK, wjbvÝ, DBG´£vR I ˆgvevBGj me fvmÆb
we`Ågvb;
 mKj wWfvBGm synchronization;
 dvBj ˆkqvwis I WvDbGjvW;
 weævcb gyî×|
 ˆgMv (Mega)
‰wU ‰KwU wdÌ KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR mvwfÆm| AbÅvbÅ ˆÕ¡vGiGRi Zzjbvq ‰wU mGeÆvœP wdÌ ˆÕ·m ˆ`q| Mega-
ˆZ bZzb AÅvKvD´Ÿ KiGj webvgƒGjÅ 50 wRwe ˆÕ¡vGiR cvIqv hvGe| ‰LvGb mnGRB cvGmÆvbvj dvBj,
ˆhgb@ Qwe, wfwWI BZÅvw` msiÞY Kiv hvq| ÷aygvò 50 wRwe ˆÕ¡vGiR w`GœQ ZvB bq ˆmBmvG^ File
Protection System Pvjy iGqGQ| gGbKi‚b, Avcbvi ‰KwU dvBj ˆgMvGZ AvcGjvW Kiv AvGQ|
‰Lb H dvBjwU ˆh WvDbGjvW wjsK ev ˆkqvi wjsK ‰ AvGQ ˆmLvGb mevB XzKGZ cviGe wK cviGe
bv ˆmwU KG´ŸÌvj Kivi myweav iGqGQ|
wdPvimgƒn
 Mega ˆZ 50 wRwe chƯ¦ ˆÕ¡vGiR;
 dvBj ‰bwò×ckb (Encryption) I PÅvU wmGÕ¡g;
 wjsK ˆkqvi I WvDbGjvW wmGÕ¡g;
 dvBj I ˆdvΣvi wmâ;
 cÉwZ 6 N´Ÿvq 1 wRwe chƯ¦ ˆWUv Transfer (AvcGjvW/WvDbGjvW);
 wcKÑvDW (pCloud)
AZů¦ wmwKDiW I wmÁ·j B´ŸviGdGmi ‰KwU KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR ˆcÉvfvBWvi nGjv wcKÑvDW (pCloud)|
‰wUGZ dvBj ˆkqvi I Kw´ŸÈweDU (Contribute) Kivi Ackb AvGQ| ‰wUGZ IGqe I ‰´£ÈGqW AÅvc
iGqGQ| pCloud IGqemvBU: https://www.pcloud.com/
wdPvimgƒn
 ˆÕ¡vGiGRi cwigvY 10 wRwe;
 dvBj diGgU Abyhvqx Avjv`v Kiv;
 weΟ Bb AwWI/wfwWI ˆcÐqvi;
 `yB ˆjqvi ˆWUv ‰bwò×ckb wmGÕ¡g we`Ågvb;
44 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

 AGUvGgwUK AvcGjvW;
 wjsK ˆkqvi I WvDbGjvW Ackb;
 WvDbGjvW cvmIqvWÆ ˆmU I ‰ÝcvqvWÆ UvBg ˆ`Iqv;
 KZevi wjsK ˆ`Lv I WvDbGjvW nGjv ˆmwUi wnmve;
 weævcb gyî×;
 wgwWqvdvqvi WU Kg (Mediafire.com)

wgwWqvdvqvi WU Kg ‰KwU RbwcÉq dvBj ˆÕ¡vGiR mvBU| wgwWqvdvqvGii B´ŸviGdm my±`i I mnR,
dGj ZvG`i ˆ`Iqv Ackb àGjv ˆhGKD eySGZ cvGi| wgwWqvdvqvi webvgƒGjÅ 10 wRwe chƯ¦ ˆÕ·m
w`Gq ^vGK| wK¯§ ‰KvwaK AÅvKvD´Ÿ Kivi gvaÅGg ˆÕ·m evovGbv ˆhGZ cvGi| eZÆgvGb ‰wU evsjvG`Gk
e®¬ iGqGQ|

 BqvbGWÝ wWÕ• (Yandex Disk)

Yandex ‰KwU KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR nIqvi cvkvcvwk ‰KwU mvPÆ Bwéb| ‰wU ˆgBj mvwfÆm cÉ`vb KGi
^vGK| webvgƒGjÅ 10 wRwe chƯ¦ wdÌ ˆÕ·m cvIqv hvq|

`jMZ KvR: wkÞv^xÆiv KÑvGm `ywU `Gj wefî× nGe| cÉ^g `j: Iqvb I àMj WÈvBGfi
gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK ŠewkÓ¡Å ŠZwi KiGe| w«¼Zxq `j: WÈceÝ I ˆgMv ‰i gG^Å ZzjbvgƒjK
cv^ÆKÅ wjLGe|

Dc-AaÅvqwUi gƒjÅvqb

1. cÉavb ˆgGgvwi Kx? 9. mKj AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg I Z^Å ˆKvb

2. KGqKwU ig (ROM) ˆgGgvwii bvg ej| ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvGZ ^vGK?
3. KÅvk ˆgGgvwi cÉavb KvR Kx? 10. ˆKvb ˆgGgvwii KvhÆc«¬wZ EPROM ‰i
4. ˆgGgvwi aviYÞgZvi ‰KK mgƒGni bvg ej| gGZv?

5. iÅvg I ig ˆKvb ˆgGgvwii D`vniY? 11. wZbwU KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi bvg ej|

6. wZbwU ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi bvg ej| 12. àMj WÈvBGf webvgƒGjÅ KZ wRwe eÅenvi Kiv
hvq?
7. ˆKvb iÅvGg kwî×i AcPq Kg nq?
8. ˆKvb ˆgGgvwiGZ Z^Å Õ©vqxfvGe ^vGK bv?
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 45

1.3 KwÁ·DUvi mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK aviYv

Basic Concept of Computer Software

KwÁ·DUvi nGœQ ‰KwU BGjKUÇwbK h¯¨; hv gƒjZ ˆWUv MÉnY, msiÞY, cÉwò×qvKiY ‰es djvdj cÉ`vb
KGi| KwÁ·DUvGii wbRÕ¼ ˆKvGbv eyw«¬gîv ˆbB ev wbR ˆ^GK wm«¬v¯¦ wbGq ˆKvGbv KvR KiGZ cvGi bv|
eÅenviKvix cÉ`î wbG`Æk ev wbG`Ækvewj Abyhvqx KwÁ·DUvi KvR KGi ^vGK| ‰ aiGbi wbG`Ækvewji
mgwÓ¡B nGjv mdUIqÅvi, hv KwÁ·DUviGK wbq¯¨Y I cwiPvjbv KGi| Avi mdUIqÅvGii cÉ`î wbG`Æk
KwÁ·DUvi cÉwò×qvKiY KGi wewf®² aiGbi wWfvBGmi mg¯¼Gq, hv nvWÆIqÅvi bvGg cwiwPZ| nvWÆIqÅvi
I mdUIqÅvi ‰GK AcGii cwicƒiK|

G Dc-Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l hv wkLe

1.3.1 KwÁ·DUvi mdUIqÅvGii aviYv jvf KiGZ cviGev
1.3.2 nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ wbi…cY KiGZ cviGev
1.3.3 mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM KiGZ cviGev
1.3.4 wewf®² cÉKvi wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR I eÅenvwiK ˆÞò mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ cviGev
1.3.5 wewf®² cÉKvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR I eÅenvwiK ˆÞò mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ cviGev
1.3.6 wewf®² cÉKvi ‰w´Ÿ-fvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg, ŠewkÓ¡Å I cÉGqvRbxqZv eYÆbv KiGZ cviGev
46 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1.3.1 KwÁ·DUvi mdUIqÅvGii aviYv (Concept of Computer Software)

mgmÅv mgvavb ev KvhÆ mÁ·v`Gbi DGóGkÅ KwÁ·DUvGii fvlvq avivevwnK fvGe mvRvGbv wbG`ÆkgvjvGK
ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| ˆcÉvMÉvg ev ˆcÉvMÉvg mgwÓ¡ hv KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi I eÅenviKvixi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ m†wÓ¡i
gvaÅGg nvWÆIqÅviGK KvhÆÞg KGi ZvGKB mdUIqÅvi eGj| mdUIqÅvi nGjv KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvi Kiv
hvq ‰gb mgw¯¼Z ˆcÉvMÉvg weGkl| KwÁ·DUvi AGbÅi mvnvhÅ Qvov wbGR KLGbv ˆKvb wKQz KiGZ cvGi
bv| cÉGqvRbxq KvRwU mÁ·®² KiGZ ‰KwU wbG`Æk MÉnY KGi ^vGK| mdUIqÅvi nGœQ nvWÆIqÅvGii
cÉvYkwî× ev Rxebx kwî× A^vÆr mdUIqÅvi Qvov nvWÆIqÅvi A^Ænxb|
mdUIqÅvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å
wewf®² KwÁ·DUvGii eÅen…Z mdUIqÅvGii wKQz mvaviY ŠewkÓ¡Å jÞÅ Kiv nq| ‰B ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv DGjÐL
Kiv nGjv@
1. AvcGMÉGWwewjwU (Upgradability): mdUIqÅvGii ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv AvcGMÉGWwewjwU
ev DœPZi Õ¦Gi D®²xZKiY| mdUIqÅvi cÉÕ§ZKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb mvaviYZ ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgq ciciB
AvcGMÉGWW fvmÆGbi mdUIqÅvi evRvGi cÉKvk KGi| KvGRB we`Ågvb mdUIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvi
«¼viv ŠZwi Kiv WKzGg´Ÿ bZzb fvmÆGbi mdUIqÅvi «¼viv AvcGMÉW Kivi cÉGqvRb nGZ cvGi|
ZGe mdUIqÅvi AvcGMÉwWwewjwU ŠewkÓ¡Å eÅnviKvixG`i RbÅ AGbK mgq weiwî×i KviY nGq `vovq|
 AGbK mgq AvcGWU mdUIqÅvGi wbwgÆZ WKzGg´Ÿ ev dvBj Downwordly Compatible ev
wbÁ²gyLx Dchyî×Zv ^vGK bv| ˆhgb@ fvmÆb@ 7 ‰ wbwgÆZ WKzGg´Ÿ fvmÆb@ 6 ‰ cov hvGe
bv|
 bZzb fvmÆGbi mdUIqÅvGi mvG^ cƒGeÆi mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ AGbK dvskGbi KvhÆKÌGgi Awgj
^vGK| ZvB WKzGg´Ÿ cƒGeÆi fvmÆGb msiÞY KiGj ˆWUvi diGgwUs nvwiGq hvq|
 AvcGMÉGWW mdUIqÅvGii RbÅ mvaviYZ ˆewk ˆgGgvwi, wWÕ• ˆÕ·m I `Ë‚Z MwZi cÉGmmGii
cÉGqvRb nq| ‰gbwK nvWÆIqÅvi AvcGMÉGWi cÉGqvRb nq| dGj mdUIqÅvi eÅenviKvixGK
wKQzw`b ci ci mdUIqÅvi I nvWÆIqÅvi AvcGMÉW Kivi RbÅ A^Æ LiP KiGZ nq|
2. enbGhvMÅZv (Portability): mdUIqÅvGii AvGiKwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv ˆcvGUÆwewjwU|
ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvGii ‰KwU ˆMÉvMÉvGg ŠZwi WKzGg´Ÿ ev dvBj AbÅ AvGiKwU KwÁ·DUvGii ‰KB
ˆcÉvMÉvGg Pvjy KGi KvR Kivi ŠewkÓ¡ÅGK enbGhvMÅZv ev Portability eGj| A^Ævr ‰K KwÁ·DUvi
ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi dvBj UÇv´ÖdviGKI ˆevSvq| wewf®² KviGY KwÁ·DUvGi ‰K mdUIqÅvGii
ˆWUv AbÅ AvGiKwU mdUIqÅvGi Õ©vbv¯¦i KiGZ nq| ˆhgb@
 MS Word ‰i ŠZwi wiGcvGUÆ MS Excel ‰i IqvKÆwkGU Insert Kivi cÉGqvRb|
 MGelYvi KvGR B´ŸviGbU nGZ AvwUÆGKj Download Kivi cÉGqvRb|
 UNIX Ggwkb eÅenviKvix B-ˆgBGji gvaÅGg WINDOWS XP eÅenviKvixi wbKU ˆKvGbv
dvBj ˆcÉiGYi cÉGqvRb|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 47

3. AeGRÙ wjswKs ‰´£ ‰GÁ¼wWs (Object Linking & Embedding-OLE): mdUIqÅvGii

AbÅZg ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv AeGRÙ wjswKs ‰´£ ‰GÁ¼wWs| KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² ˆcÉvMÉvg
wbGRiG`i gGaÅ Dcvî I Z^Å Av`vb-cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGi| ‰B ŠewkÓ¡ÅGK ejv nq@ AeGRÙ
wjswKs ‰´£ ‰GÁ¼wWs| ˆhgb MS Word ‰ ŠZwi ˆKvGbv wiGcvGUÆ hw` MS Excel ‰ ŠZwi ˆKvGbv
PvUÆ ev MÉvd ‰i cÉGqvRb nq ZGe IqvGWÆi WKzGg´ŸwUi mvG^ ˆÕ·ÉWwkUGK wjsK A^ev ‰GÁ¼W Kiv
nq| gvBGò×vmdU IqvGWÆ Insert ‰i gvaÅGgB ‰B KvRwU mÁ·®² Kiv nq| ˆWUv ˆKv^vq msiÞY
Kiv nq ‰es M¯¦eÅ dvBGj Dnv wKfvGe AvcGWU Kiv nq Zvi Dci wfwî KGi wjsK AeGRÙ I
‰GÁ¼GWW AeGRGÙi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbi‚cb Kiv nq| hw` gƒj ˆWUvi cwieZÆGbi mvG^ mvG^ ZG^Å
cwieZÆb cwijwÞZ nIqvi cÉGqvRb nq| ˆmGÞGò wjsK AeGRÙ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb hw`
Microsort Excel ‰i IqvKÆ eyGKi wKQz Cell wjsKW AeGRÙ wnmvGe IqvWÆ WKzGgG´Ÿ msiÞY
Kiv nq, ZGe Work Book-‰ ˆKvGbv cwieZÆGbi mvG^ mvG^ IqvWÆ WKzGgG´Ÿ msiÞY Kiv nq
ZGe Work Book-‰ ˆKvGbv cwieZÆGbi mvG^ mvG^ IqvWÆ WKzGg´Ÿ Z^ÅI AvcGWU nGq hvq|
‰GÁ¼GWW AeGRÙ ˆWwÕ¡Gbkb (M¯¦eÅ) dvBGji Ask nGq hvq| ˆhGnZz ‰GÁ¼GWW AeGRÙ ‰i gƒj
dvBGji mvG^ ˆKvGbv mÁ·KÆ ev wjsK ^vGK bv ZvB gƒj dvBGj cwieZÆb nGj ˆWwÕ¡Gbkb dvBGj
ˆKvGbv AvcGWU nq bv| ZGe ‰GK Wvej wKÑGKi gvaÅGg edit Kiv mÁ¿e|
1.3.2 nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ (Differences Between
Hardware and Software)
nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbÁ²i…c-
nvWÆIqÅvi mdUIqÅvi
1. KwÁ·DUvGii evwnÅK AeKvVvGgv ev AvK‡wZ 1. mdUIqÅvi nGjv KZKàGjv ˆcÉvMÉvg ev
mÁ·®² mKj h¯¨, h¯¨vsk ev wWfvBmGK ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mgwÓ¡ hv nvWÆIqÅvi I
nvWÆIqÅvi eGj| eÅenviKvixi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg
nvWÆIqÅviGK mPj I eÅenvi DcGhvMx KGi
ˆZvGj|
2. KwÁ·DUvGii h¯¨ mvgMÉxGK ˆevSvq| 2. ˆcÉvMÉvg ev ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mgwÓ¡GK ˆevSvq|
3. nvWÆIqÅvi Qvov mdUIqÅvi gƒjÅnxb| 3. mdUIqÅvi Qvov nvWÆIqÅvi cwiPvjbv Kiv
hvq bv|
4. nvWÆIqÅvi ŠZwii mgq AekÅB mdUIqÅvi 4. mdUIqÅvi ŠZwii mgq nvWÆIqÅvi mÁ¼G®¬
mÁ¼G®¬ fvj aviYv ^vKGZ nq| fvj aviYv bv ^vKGjI PGj|
5. Kx-ˆevWÆ, gvDm, gwbUi, wmwcBD BZÅvw` 5. DOS, Windows, MS-Word, MS-
nvWÆIqÅvGii D`vniY| Excel BZÅvw` mdUIqÅvGii D`vniY|
48 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1.3.3 mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM (Classification of Software)

mdUIqÅvi cÉavbZ `y’aiGbi| h^v@
1. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ev wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi|
2. AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi|
mdUIqÅvi

wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi

cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvi eÅenviKvix wjwLZ mdUIqÅvi

wmGÕ¡g wbq¯¨Y mdUIqÅvi wmGÕ¡g mnvqK mdUIqÅvi wmGÕ¡g D®²qb mdUIqÅvi

AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g wmGÕ¡g wmwKDwiwU gwbUi Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg

ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g wmGÕ¡g cvidiGg´Ö gwbUi AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆWGfjcvi ˆcÉvMÉvg

ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡g mvwfÆm wmGÕ¡g AbÅvbÅ ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ ˆcÉvMÉvg

wPò: mdUIqÅvGii cÉKviGf`

1.3.3.1 wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi

KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅviGK wbq¯¨Y I cwiPvjbv Kivi RbÅ ‰es AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÆviàGjvGK KvR
Kivi DcGhvMx KiGZ ˆh mdUIqÅviwU eÅen†Z nq ZvGK wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi eGj| ˆhgb@
gvBGKÌvmdU ˆKvÁ·vwbi DBG´£vR-7, 8 I 10, BDwbÝ, wjbÅvÝ BZÅvw` nGjv wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi|
wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi nGœQ KwÁ·DUvGii ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ask| wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®²
BbcyU/AvDUcyU wWfvBGmi gGaÅ KvGRi mg¯¼q ŠZwi KGi ‰es wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi wewf®² iKGgi nq|

wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ cÉGqvRb ˆKb?

wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi I AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi ‰KB welq| wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅviGK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
mdUIqÅvi eGj| mdUIqÅvi Qvov KwÁ·DUvi nGœQ wbÓ·ÉvY ˆ`Gni gGZv| ‰B wbÓ·ÉvY ˆ`Gn cÉvY mçvi
KGi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi| ‰wU KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi I AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gvSvgvwS
AeÕ©vb KGi| nvWÆIqÅviGK w`Gq AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi KvRàGjv KwiGq ˆbIqvi eÅvcvGi AcvGiwUs
wmGÕ¡g ev wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi mg¯¼qKvixi f„wgKv cvjb KGi| ‰KRb eÅenviKvix hLb AÅvwµÏGKkb
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ KvR Kivi RbÅ ˆKvGbv wbG`Æk cÉ`vb KGi ZLb AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g H wbG`Æk Abyhvqx
KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi ‰es mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvab KGi KvRwU mÁ·®² KGi|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 49

KwÁ·DUvGii ÞgZv I msMVGbi Dci wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ÞgZv, eÅvwµ¦ I `ÞZv wbfÆi KGi|
wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅviGK cÉavbZ wZb fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v-
1. wmGÕ¡g gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ ev wmGÕ¡g wbq¯¨Y ˆcÉvMÉvg (System Management or Control Program)
2. wmGÕ¡g mnvqK ˆcÉvMÉvg (System Support Program)
3. wmGÕ¡g D®²qb ˆcÉvMÉvg (System Development Program)
1. wmGÕ¡g gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ ev wmGÕ¡g wbq¯¨Y ˆcÉvMÉvg (System Management or Control Program):
wmGÕ¡g gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ ev wbq¯¨Y ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gvaÅGg KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi, mdUIqÅvi, ˆWUv,
ˆcÉvMÉvg, wewf®² wWfvBm I ˆbUIqvKÆ wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq| wmGÕ¡g gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ ˆcÉvMÉvg wbÁ²wjwLZ
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mg¯¼Gq MwVZ nq| h^v-
 AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ˆcÉvMÉvg (Operating System Program)
 ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g (Database Management System Program)
 ˆbUIqvKÆ gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ ˆcÉvMÉvg (Network Management Program)
2. wmGÕ¡g mnvqK ˆcÉvMÉvg (System Support Program): wmGÕ¡g mnvqK ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ
KwÁ·DUvi eÅenviKvix mvwfÆm ˆcÉvMÉvg, wbivcîv cÉ`vGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰es KvGRi wnmve wbKvkmn
BZÅvw` KvR KvhÆKi KiGZ cvGi| wmGÕ¡g mnvqK ˆcÉvMÉvg wbÁ²wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv wbGq MwVZ| h^v-
 wmGÕ¡g BDwUwjwU ˆcÉvMÉvg (System Utility Program)
 wmGÕ¡g cvidiGg´Ö ˆcÉvMÉvg (System Performance Program)
 wmGÕ¡g wmwKDwiwU ˆcÉvMÉvg (System Security Program)
3. wmGÕ¡g D®²qb ˆcÉvMÉvg (System Development Program): wmGÕ¡g ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ ˆcÉvMÉvg
eÅenvi KGi AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg D®²qb Kiv hvq| ‰wUi gvaÅGg wewf®² eÅenvwiK mgmÅv mgvavb
Kiv hvq| wmGÕ¡g ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ ˆcÉvMÉvg wbÁ²wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv wbGq MwVZ h^v-
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvsàGqR UÇv´ÖGjUi ev Abyev`K
 ˆcÉvMÉvwgs ‰wWUi ‰es Uzjm
 KwÁ·DUvi ‰BGWW mdUIqÅvi Bwéwbqvwis (Computer Aided Software Engineering-
CASE) Uzjm|
1.3.3.2 AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi
ˆKvGbv weGkl aiGbi KvR mÁ·v`b KiGZ ˆh weGkl KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆmwUGK
AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi eGj| ‰me mdUIqÅviGK mvaviYZ cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvgI ejv nq| ˆhgb@
ˆjLvGjwLi KvGRi RbÅ IqvWÆ cÉGmmi, wnmve-wbKvGki RbÅ ‰GÝj ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi Kiv nq|
AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅviGK `yB fvGe fvM Kiv hvq| h^v-
1. mvaviY AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg I
2. AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆÕ·wmwdK ev eÅenvi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg|
50 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1. mvaviY AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg (General Application Program): wewf®² mgmÅv mgvavGbi

RbÅ wewf®² mdUIqÅvi cÉÕ§ZKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb KZ‡ÆK ŠZwi ˆh mgÕ¦ evwYwRÅK mdUIqÅvi cvIqv hvq
ZvGK mvaviY AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| mvaviY AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ eÅenviKvix
cÉvZÅwnK RxeGbi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ bvbv mgmÅv mgvavb KiGZ cvGi| ˆhgb- IGqe eËvDwRs, B-ˆgBj,
IqvWÆ cÉGmwms, ˆÕcÉWwkU ˆcÉvMÉvg, ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ, MÉvwdÝ ‰es ˆWÕ•Uc cvewjwks BZÅvw`
KvR mÁ·®² KiGZ cvGib| DGjÐLGhvMÅ mvaviY AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv nGœQ-
 mdUIqÅvi myÅBU: ‰g ‰m Awdm, ˆjvUvm ÕÃvUÆ myÅBU, ˆKvij WÈ BZÅvw`|
 IGqe eËvDRvi: B´ŸviGbU-‰ÝGµÏvivi, ˆbUGÕ•c ˆbwfGMUi, ˆbUGÕ•c KwgDwbGKUi BZÅvw`|
 BGjKUÇwbK ˆgBj ev B-ˆgBj, B´ŸviGbU ˆgBj, BDGWviv ˆcÉv, B´ŸviGbU ‰ÝGµÏvivi BZÅvw`|
 ˆWÕ•Uc cvewjwks: ˆcR ˆgKvi, cvewjkvi, dGUvkc, BjvGÕ¡ÈUi cÉf‡wZ|
 ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g: IivKj, ‰GÝm, wWGeR dÝGcÉv BZÅvw`|
2. AÅvwcÐGKkb mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg ev KvÕ¡gvBRW ˆcÉvMÉvg (Application Customized Program):
ˆKvGbv weGkl ev mywbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅv mgvavb Kivi RbÅ ˆh mgÕ¦ ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv Kiv nq ZvGK
KvÕ¡gvBRW ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| mgmÅvi aiY I cÉK‡wZ AbymvGi eÅenviKvix KvÕ¡gvBRW ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi
KGi ^vGKb| ‰ aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg mvaviYZ DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvq ˆjLv nq A^ev ˆKvGbv mvaviY
AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi KGi eÅenviKvix Zvi cÉGqvRbvbymvGi ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi KGi ^vGKb|
D`vniYÕ¼i…c-eÅvswKs KvGR eÅen…Z wewf®² aiGbi eÅvsK mdUIqÅvi, ‰KvDw´ŸsGqi KvGR eÅen…Z
wewf®² aiGbi ‰KvDw´Ÿs mdUIqÅvi, ˆmjm gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ mdUIqÅvi, BGjKUÇwbK KgvmÆ,
BbGf´Ÿvwi KG´ŸÈvj mdUIqÅvi, ˆcGivj wmGÕ¡g, wUGKU wiRvGfÆkb wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi BZÅvw` nGœQ
AÅvwcÐGKkb mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg ev KvÕ¡gvBRW ˆcÉvMÉvg|
AÅvwcÐGKkb cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg
KwÁ·DUvi eÅenviKvix Zuvi cÉGqvRb gGZv wbGRB ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KiGZ cvGib| ‰RbÅ AekÅB ZuvGK
Awfæ ˆcÉvMÉvgvi nGZ nq| ZGe mKj eÅenviKvix Awfæ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆWGfjcvi bq| dGj mKj
eÅenviKvixi cGÞ ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e nq bv| eÅenvKvixG`i Pvwn`v Abyaveb KGi KwÁ·DUvi
mdUIqÅvi cÉÕ§ZKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb QvovI AGbK evwYwRÅK mdUIqÅvi cÉwZÓ¤vb iGqGQ hviv wKQz mvaviY
ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi KGi evRviRvZ KGi ^vGKb| ‰me ˆcÉvMÉvgGK mdUIqÅvi cÅvGKR A^ev cÅvGKR
ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| evsjv d´Ÿmn knx` wjwc cÉÕ§GZi RbÅ eÅen…Z ‰g‰m IqvWÆ (MS Word) ‰es IqvWÆ
cviGdÙ (Word Perfect) evwYwRÅK cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi D`vniY| msMVGbi wePvGi evwYwRÅK cÅvGKR
ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒnGK `yBfvGe fvM Kiv hvq| h^v@
1. ‰KK-cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR
2. ‰Kxf„Z (Bw´ŸGMÉGUW) cÅvGKR
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 51

1. ‰KK cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR

÷aygvò ‰KwU mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ ‰KK-cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi
cwieGZÆ ‰me cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi KGi mnGR mgmÅv mgvavb Kiv hvq| evsjvd´Ÿmn knx` wjwc
cÉÕ§GZi RbÅ eÅen…Z IqvWÆÕ¡vi, WKmivBUvi, IqvWÆ, IqvWÆ-cviGdÙ ‰es MÉvd ev-PvUÆ, cvB-PvUÆ
ŠZwii RbÅ eÅen…Z MÉvd, nvfvWÆ MÉvwdÝ, MÉvd-cÐvb ‰KK-cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi D`vniY| ‰KK-
cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg w`Gq c†^KfvGe ‰me KvR KiGZ nGj cÉwZwU cÉwò×qvi RbÅ mswkÐÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg I
ˆWUv dvBjGK KwÁ·DUvGi wbGq cÉwò×qvKiY KiGZ nq| ‰GZ wecwîI NUGZ cvGi; AGbK mgq ‰KwU
ˆcÉvMÉvg w`Gq ŠZwi ˆWUv ev dvBj AbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RbÅ MÉnYGhvMÅ nq bv|
2. ‰Kxf„Z (Bw´ŸGMÉGUW) cÅvGKR
‰KvwaK cÉwò×qv mgvavGbi RbÅ AGbK iKg evwYwRÅK cÅvGKR cvIqv hvq| ‰ aiGbi cÅvGKR
ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKGR wewf®² cÉwò×qv mgvavGbi RbÅ AGbK iKg
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mg¯¼q Kiv nq| ‰KB dvBGji ˆWUv w`Gq wewf®² aiGbi KvR KiGZ nGj ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKR
ˆcÉvMÉvg mnvqK KvR KGi| ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mnvqZvq KwÁ·DUvi eÅenviKvixi KgÆ`ÞZv
eüàY evovGbv mÁ¿e| ZGe ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKGRi RbÅ e†nr ˆgGgvwi `iKvi nq| wewf®² cÉwò×qvi gGaÅ
mg¯¼q mvab KiGZ nGj ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKGRi RbÅ MwZmn AviI wKQz myGhvM-myweav cÉ`vb KiGZ nGZ
cvGi| ‰ wnmvGe ÷ay eüj eÅen…Z cÉwò×qvi RbÅ ‰KK-cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR eÅenvi Kiv myweavRbK nGZ
cvGi|
cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvGii wKQz ŠewkÓ¡Å
 cÅvGKR mdUIqÅviàGjv mvaviYZ Kgb (Common) ˆKvGbv KvGRi mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ ŠZwi
Kiv nq|
 KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwiGZ `Þ ˆh ˆKvGbv 'Team' ˆh ˆKvGbv cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi KiGZ
cvGib| ZGe ‰wU mgq mvGcGÞ I eÅqeüj|
 cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvi wbgvÆZv cÉwZÓ¤vb wbqwgZ Zvi ˆò×ZvG`i Pvwn`vi Dci wfwî KGi bZzb fvmÆb
evRvGi QvGob| dGj cÉPwjZ cÅvGKR mdUIqÅviàGjvi KvwiMwi `ÞZv AGbK ˆewk nq ‰es
AvKvGiI ‰àGjv AGbK eo|
 mnGR eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi eGj ‰me mdUIqÅvGii RbwcÉqZvI ˆewk| ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg `vGg
cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvi ˆh ˆKD evRvi ˆ^GK wKbGZ cvGi|
cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvGii wKQz myweav
 mdUIqÅvi ŠZwii RwUjZv I LiP ˆ^GK gyî×|
 ˆh ˆKvGbv mgq ‰me mdUIqÅvi wKGb mvG^ mvG^B cÉGqvRb ˆgUvGbv hvq|
 ‰me mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi Kivi ci eüevi cixÞv-wbixÞv Kiv nq eGj ‰i MÉnYGhvMÅZv AGbK ˆewk|
 cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvi cÉÕ§ZKvix cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvQ ˆ^GK KvwiMwi ˆmev cvIqv hvq|
cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvGii wKQz Amyweav
 ‰wU eÅenviKvixi mvweÆK Pvwn`v cƒiY bvI KiGZ cvGi| wK¯§ eÅenviKvixi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx
weGò×Zv cwieZÆb KiGZ evaÅ bq|
52 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

 cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvi cÉÕ§ZKvix cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvGRi àYvàY ‰es ˆmevi Dci eÅenviKvixi Lye Kg
wbq¯¨Y ^vGK|
 cÅvGKR mdUIqÅvi cÉÕ§ZKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb bZzb ˆò×ZvGK AvK‡Ó¡ Kiv ‰es cyivZb ˆò×ZvGK aGi
ivLvi RbÅ cÉwZwbqZ bZzb ŠewkÓ¡Åhyî× fvmÆb evRviRvZ KGib| ˆm ˆÞGò eÅenviKvix Lye ˆewk
gvòvq cÅvGKR mieivnKvixi Dci wbfÆikxj nGq cGob|

1.3.3.4 eÅemvwqK `†wÓ¡GKvY AbymvGi mdUIqÅvGii cÉKviGf`

eÅemvwqK `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK mdUIqÅviGK wZbwU fvGM fvM Kiv hvq h^v-
1. evwYwRÅK mdUIqÅvi
2. wdÌIqÅvi ev IGcb ˆmvmÆ
3. ˆkqviIqÅvi mdUIqÅvi

evwYwRÅK mdUIqÅvi wdÌIqÅvi ev IGcb ˆmvmÆ ˆkqviIqÅvi

wPò: eÅemvwqK `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK mdUIqÅvGii cÉKviGf`

1. evwYwRÅK mdUIqÅvi: gvbyGli cÉGqvRbGK Dcjw«¬ KGi mdUIqÅvi cÉÕ§ZKviK cÉwZÓ¤vb

mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi KGi evRvGi Zv AG^Æi wewbgGq weò×q KGi| ‰ mKj mdUIqÅviGK evwYwRÅK
mdUIqÅvi eGj| ˆhgb@ gvBGò×vmdU KGcvÆGikb AG^Æi wewbgGq evRvGi gvBGò×vmdU Awdm ev
AbÅvbÅ mdUIqÅvi weò×q KGi ^vGK| evwYwRÅK mdUIqÅvi Kwc KGi eÅenvi Kiv A‹bwZK KvR
‰es Zv AvBbZ `´£bxq| ‰ RbÅ mKj ˆ`GkB KwcivBU AvBb iGqGQ|
2. wdÌIqÅvi ev IGcb ˆmvmÆ: wdÌIqÅvi nGjv
webvgƒGjÅ cÉvµ¦ mdUIqÅvi| ˆh mgÕ¦ ˆRGb ivGLv:
mdUIqÅvi msMÉn I eÅenvi KiGZ nGj ‰KwU mdUIqÅvi ˆWGfjcvi ˆKvÁ·vwb
mdUIqÅvi cÉÕ§ZKviK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi ˆKvGbv Zvi kÉg, ˆgav, mgq I wP¯¦v w`Gq ‰KwU
AbyGgv`b wKsev iqÅvjwU (Royalty) w`GZ nq mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi KGib| AbÅ ‰KwU
ˆKvÁ·vwb ˆmwUGK evRviRvZ KGib| ˆh
bv ZvGK wdÌIqÅvi (freeware) eGj| AbÅfvGe ˆKvÁ·vwbwU evRviRvZ KGib wZwb ‰wU
ejv hvq, AGbK ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ev cÉwZÓ¤vb ZvG`i wewf®² weGò×Zvi gvaÅGg ˆò×Zvi wbKU ˆcŒGQu
D«¿vweZ mdUIqÅvi meÆmvaviGYi eÅenvGii w`GZ A^Æ eÅq KGi| mÁ¿eZ ‰ KvGR Zvi ˆh
myGhvM ˆ`q, ‰B mKj mdUIqÅviGK wdÌIqÅvi LiP nq ˆmwU aGi wbGq wZwb mdUIqÅviwUi
eGj| ˆh ˆKD wdÌIqÅvGii ˆmvmÆ ˆKvW ˆcGZ weò×qgƒjÅ wbaÆviY KGib| ‰i gGaÅ ‰KwU
Ask mdUIqÅvi ˆWGfjcvi cvb hvGK
cvGi ‰es Zv D®²qb KGi wbGR eÅenvi wKsev
iqÅvjwU (Royalty) eGj|
RbmvaviGYi RbÅ D¯Ãyî× KGi w`GZ cvGi|
KvGRB ˆh ˆKD PvBGjB wdÌIqÅvi Kwc KGi eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi| B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg wdÌIqÅvi
msMÉn Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 53

3. ˆkqviIqÅvi: ˆkqviIqÅvi nGjv ‰gb wKQz mdUIqÅvi ˆhàGjv wewf®² kZÆ mvGcGÞ msMÉn I
eÅenvGii myGhvM iGqGQ ˆmàGjvGK ˆkqviIqÅvi eGj| ˆkqviIqÅvi AGbKUv wdÌIqÅvGii gGZvB,
ZGe mvgvbÅ ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb wd (Fee) ‰i wewbgGq ˆkqviIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv hvq| B´ŸviGbGUi
gvaÅGg AGbK iKg ˆkqviIqÅvi msMÉn Kiv hvq| ‰i DGókÅ ^vGK `y’wU| h^v@
 ˆò×Zv ˆhb ˆmB mdUIqÅviwU cixÞv-wbixÞv KGi ˆ`GL wbGZ cvGi|
 ‰ici ˆò×Zv ò×q KiGZ PvBGj ˆKbvi RbÅ AWÆvi w`GZ cvGi|
1.3.3.3 wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi I AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ
wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi I AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbGÁ² ewYÆZ nGjv@
wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi
1. KwÁ·DUvi nvWÆIqÅvi wbq¯¨Y ‰es 1. ˆKvGbv mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ eÅen…Z
AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv KvhÆKi ivLvi ˆcÉvMÉvgGK AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi eGj|
RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒnGK wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi
eGj|
2. wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² 2. AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi eÅenviKvix I
AsGki gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvab KGi| KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvab KGi|
3. wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi Qq cÉKvi| 3. AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi `y’cÉKvi|
4. wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi 4. AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii mvnvhÅ wbGq
ŠZwi KiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi| wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi nGqGQ|
5. wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi KwÁ·DUvi cwiPvjbv I 5. AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii gvaÅGg
iÞYvGeÞGY àiyZ½cYÆ f„wgKv ivGL| eÅenviKvix Š`bw±`b RxeGbi cÉGqvRbxq
KvRàGjv KGi ^vGKb|

cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰es KvÕ¡gvBRW ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gaÅKvi cv^ÆKÅ Kx?

cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg KvÕ¡gvBRW ˆcÉvMÉvg

1. evwYwRÅKfvGe ŠZwiK‡Z ‰ aiGbi mdUIqÅvGi 1. Pvwn`v Abyhvqx eÅenviKvix wbGR A^ev
eÅenviKvixi cÉGqvRbxq mvaviY wbG`Ækvewj ˆKvGbv mdUIqÅvi wbgÆvZv cÉwZÓ¤vb KZ‡ÆK
ˆ`qv ^vGK| ŠZwiK‡Z mdUIqÅvi|
2. cieZÆxGZ Pvwn`v ˆgvZvGeK cwieZÆb Kivi 2. cieZÆxGZ Pvwn`v ˆgvZvGeK cwieZÆb
myGhvM ^vGK bv| Kivi myGhvM ^vGK|
54 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg KvÕ¡gvBRW ˆcÉvMÉvg

3. AcvGikb Kivi RbÅ AGbK AcvGiUi cvIqv 3. AcvGikb Kivi RbÅ cƒeÆ ˆ^GK Rvbv
hvq| AcvGiUi cvIqv hvq bv|
4. Š`bw±`b mvaviY me mgmÅvi mgvavb Kivi 4. Š`bw±`b mvaviY KvGRi ˆPGq eÅwZò×g
RbÅ ‰ ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi Kiv nq| KvGRi RbÅ wbRÕ¼ Pvwn`v Abyhvqx ŠZwi
KGi ‰ ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi Kiv nq|
5. ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe gƒjÅ Kg| 5. ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe gƒjÅ ˆewk|

‰KK KvR: wdÌIqÅvi I ˆkqviIqÅvi mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK 3wU cv^ÆKÅ wjGLv|

1.3.4 wewf®² cÉKvi wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR I eÅenvwiK ˆÞò

(Basic Functions and Practical Areas of Different Types of
System Software)
wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR nGjv KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvab
Kiv| wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi KiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi| wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi
KwÁ·DUvi cwiPvjbv I iÞYvGeÞGY àiyZ½cYÆ f„wgKv ivGL|
mvaviYZ KwÁ·DUvGi wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii eÅenvi nGq ^vGK| ‰Qvov wewf®² aiGbi BGjKUÇwbK
wWfvBGmI wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb-ÕÃvUÆ ˆdvb, ÕÃvUÆ wUwf, ÕÃvUÆ Nwo BZÅvw`|
wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR I eÅenvwiK ˆÞò AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv-
ò×. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi bvg ˆgŒwjK KvR eÅenvwiK ˆÞò
bs
1 eÅvP AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g (Batch ‰B aiGbi AcvGiwUs Payroll System, Bank
Operating Systems)| ˆhgb- wmGÕ¡Gg ˆcÉvMÉvg ev Statements BZÅvw` KvGR
CP/M, MS-DOS, PC DOS DcvîàGjv chÆvqò×Gg ‰wU eÅen…Z nq|
cwiPvjbv KGi|
2 gvwΟGcÉvMÉvwgs ev gvwΟUvwÕ•s ‰KvwaK ˆcÉvMÉvg M†nÕ©jxi h¯¨cvwZ,
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰KmvG^ PvjvGZ cvGi Õ¼qsPvwjZ weGbv`b wmGÕ¡g
(Multiprogramming or ev ˆWUv cÉGmwms ‰es ˆbUIqvKÆ dvBj
Multitasking Operating System)| KiGZ cvGi| wmGÕ¡g BZÅvw` KvGR
ˆhgb- IBM/VM, VM/SP-CMS, eÅen…Z nq|
Mac OS, UNIX, LINUX|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 55

3 wiGqj UvBg AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰B AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g wk͸ I mvgwiK ˆÞGò ‰B

(Real time Operating System)| ˆcÉvMÉvg wbeÆvn KGi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g AwaKZi
ˆhgb- eCos, OS-9, OSE, RSX- AMÉvwaKvi wfwîGZ| eÅen…Z nq|
11, RT-11, Windows CE|
4 UvBg ˆkqvwis AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰B aiGbi AcvGiwUs mvfÆvi KwÁ·UDUvGi ‰wU
(Time Sharing Operating wmGÕ¡g cÉGmwmsGqi ˆewk eÅen…Z nq|
System)| ˆhgb-Windows 2000 mgqGK wewf®² ˆcÉvMÉvg
server, Windows NT server| I eÅenviKvixi gGaÅ
fvM KGi ˆ`q|
5 wWwÕ¡ËweDGUW AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰wU gvwΟ cÉGmmi Client-Server System,
(Distributed Operating System) | KwÁ·DUvGii gGZv Computer Server System,
File Server System
ˆhgb- CHORUS, MACH, KvR KGi|
BZÅvw`GZ ‰wU eÅen…Z nq|
AMOEBA, DCE BZÅvw`|
6 ˆgvevBj AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g (Mobile ÕÃvUÆGdvbGK cwiPvjbv wewf®² aiGbi ˆQvU wWfvBm
Operating System) | ˆhgb- KGi| ˆhgb- ÕÃvUÆGdvb, UÅveGjU
Android OS, Apple and BZÅvw`GZ eÅenvi Kiv nq|
Windows mobile OS|

1.3.5 wewf®² cÉKvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR I eÅenvwiK ˆÞò

(Basic Functions and Practical Areas of Different Types of
Application Software)
wewf®² KvGRi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv@
KÌ. AÅvwµÏGKkb
ˆgŒwjK KvR eÅenvwiK ˆÞò
bs mdUIqÅvGii bvg
1 IqvWÆ cÉGmwms ˆjLvGjwL I kõ ˆjLvGjwLi wewf®² KvR Kivi RbÅ IqvWÆ
mdUIqÅvi cÉwò×qvKiY Kiv cÉGmwms mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb@
gvBGò×vmdU IqvWÆ, IqvWÆ Õ¡vi, IqvWÆ
cviGdÙ BZÅvw`|
2 ˆÕ·ÉWwkU wnmve-wbKvk Kiv evGRU ŠZwi, eÅvGj´ÖwkU ŠZwi BZÅvw` wewf®²
‰ÅvbvjvBwmm MvwYwZK KvGR ˆÕ·ÉWwkU mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi
mdUIqÅvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb@ gvBGò×vmdU ‰GÝj,
ˆjvUvm 1-2-3 BZÅvw`|
3 ˆWUvGeR Z^Å eÅeÕ©vcbv Kiv Z^Å fvívi ˆhgb@ ˆKvGbv Õ•zGji mKj Qvò-
gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ Qvòxi eÅwî×MZ I cov÷bv msò×v¯¦ Z^Å
mdUIqÅvi msiÞY I gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ Kiv| ˆhgb@
gvBGò×vmdU ‰GÝm, gvBGò×vmdU ‰mwKD‰j
mvfÆvi, IivKj, wWGeR BZÅvw`|
56 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

KÌ. AÅvwµÏGKkb
ˆgŒwjK KvR eÅenvwiK ˆÞò
bs mdUIqÅvGii bvg
4 KÅvW (CAD) wWRvBb Kiv Computer Aided Design ˆhgb@ AGUv
KÅvW, UvGeÆv KÅvW, dvÕ¡ KÅvW BZÅvw`| ‰ me
mdUIqÅvi w`Gq wewf®² Õ©vcZÅ wWRvBb I
h¯¨cvwZi wWRvBb Kiv nq|
5 wmgyGjkb wògvwòK cwiGek ‰gAvB‰mwU fvPzqÆ vj wiGqwjwU
mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi Kiv jÅvcGivGÕ•vwcK hv Wvî×viG`i jÅvcvGivÕ•wcK
AcvGikb ˆkLvGbvi ‰KwU wmgyGjkb
mdUIqÅvi|
6 MÉvwdÝ mdUIqÅvi Qwe mÁ·v`bv Kiv wewf®² aiGbi Qwe I cÉœQ` ŠZwi KiGZ
MÉvwdÝ mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆhgb@
‰GWvwe dGUvkc, ˆKvGij WÈ BZÅvw`|
7 MÉvwdÝ ‰wbGgkb ‰wbGgkb ŠZwi I wewf®² KvUÆyb I w^ËwW AeGRÙ ŠZwi KGi ZvGZ
mdUIqÅvi mÁ·v`bv Kiv wewf®² aiGbi ˆgvkb (Motion) eÅenvi KGi
ZvGK ‰wbGgGUW (Pj¯¦) Kivi RbÅ MÉvwdÝ
‰wbGgkb mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
ˆhgb@ w^ËwW Õ¡zwWI gÅvÝ, gvqv BZÅvw`
8 gvwΟwgwWqv gvwΟwgwWqv KbGU´Ÿ wWwRUvj wmGbgvq mvD´£, ‰wbGgkb BZÅvw`
mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi Kiv wewf®² BGdÙ ˆ`qvi RbÅ gvwΟwgwWqv
mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb DBG´£vR
wgwWqv ˆµÏqvi, gÅvGò×vwgwWqv wWGiÙi, dÑÅvk,
ˆRU AwWI ˆµÏqvi BZÅvw`|
9 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb dvBj mfv, ˆmwgbvGi ÕÏvBW ˆkv DcÕ©vcb Kivi RbÅ
mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi Kiv eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb@ gvBGò×vmdU
cvIqvi cGq´Ÿ|
10 B´ŸviGbU eËvDRvi B´ŸviGbU eËvDwRs Kiv wewf®² IGqe ˆcR ˆLvjv I ˆ`Lvi RbÅ eÅenvi
Kiv nq| ˆhgb@ B´ŸviGbU ‰ÝGµÏvivi,
ˆbUGÕ•c ˆbwfGMUi, AGciv BZÅvw`|

`jxq KvR: wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi I AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvGii AviI wKQy ˆgŒwjK KvR I
eÅenvwiK ˆÞò QK AvKvGi DcÕ©vcb KGiv|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 57

1.3.6 wewf®² cÉKvi ‰w´Ÿ-fvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg, ŠewkÓ¡Å I cÉGqvRbxqZv

(Characteristics of Different Types a Antivirus Programs and
its Requirement)
KwÁ·DUvi fvBivm ‰K aiGbi ÞwZKviK ˆcÉvMÉvg hv Õ¼qswò×qfvGe wbevÆn (Self Executed), msò×gY
(Self Extracted) I wbRÕ¼ msLÅve†w«¬ (Self Replicated) KGi| ‰B ˆcÉvMÉvg wKQy wbG`Æk enb KGi
hv KwÁ·DUvGii wmwcBD KZ‡ÆK MÉnY KGi KwÁ·DUviGK AÕ¼vfvweK, AMÉnYGhvMÅ I AÕ¼wÕ¦`vqK KvR
KiGZ evaÅ KGi| KwÁ·DUvi fvBivm KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆMvcGb weÕ¦vi jvf KGi gƒjevb ˆcÉvMÉvg
,Z^Å bÓ¡ Kiv QvovI AGbK mgq KwÁ·DUviGK APj KGi ˆ`q| fvBivm nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU ÞwZKviK
ˆcÉvMÉvg hv KwÁ·DUvi ev AvBwmwU wWfvBGmi AbÅvbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK AvKÌgY KGi Z^Å I DcvîGK wewbÓ¡
KGi ‰es chÆvqKÌGg wbGRi msLÅv e†w«¬i ÞgZv ivGL| ‰ msò×vwgZ ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv fvBivGmi nGq
AbÅvbÅ Amsò×wgZ ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjvGK msò×gY NUvq| hvi dGj cÉ^Ggvî× ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv gƒj fvBivGmi nGq
AbÅvbÅ fvGjv ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjvGK msò×gY NUvq| ‰wU KLbI ˆcÉvMÉvg ev ˆWUv dvBj bÓ¡ KGi ˆdGj,
KwÁ·DUviGK eyU nGZ weiZ ivGL, wWÕ•mn gv`viGevGWÆi evGqvm (BIOS) bÓ¡ KGi ˆdGj|
KwÁ·DUvi fvBivGmi bvgKiY
KwÁ·DUvGii cwifvlvq fvBivm (VIRUS) kõwU cƒYÆi…c cvIqv hvq “fvBUvj BbdiGgkb wiGmvGmÆm
Av´£vi wmR (VIRUS-Vital Information Resources Under seize) ” A^vÆr Myi‚Z½cƒYÆ Z^Åmgƒn
`LGj ˆbIqv ev ÞwZ mvab Kiv| cÉLÅvZ MGelK ˆdÌW ˆKvGnb KwÁ·DUvGii ‰B ÞwZÞviK/a»smKvix
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi “fvBivm” bvgKiY KGib|
fvBivGm AvKÌv¯¦ KwÁ·DUvGii jÞYmgƒn-
1. KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg ev dvBjmgƒn Open KiGZ ˆewk mgq jvGM;
2. KwÁ·DUvGii MwZ KGg hvIqv;
3. KwÁ·DUvi Pjgvb ^vKv AeÕ©vq wKQy AcÉZÅvwkZ evZÆv cÉ`wkÆZ nIqv;
4. ˆKvGbv KviY QvovB KwÁ·DUvi wbR ˆ^GK e®¬ nGœQ ev Pvjy nGœQ;
5. KwÁ·DUvGii dvBjàGjvi bvg cwieZÆb nGq ˆMGQ;
6. Pjgvb KvGRi dvBjàGjv ˆewk RvqMv `Lj KiGQ|
‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvg I ‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å
‰w´ŸfvBivm nGjv KwÁ·DUvi fvBivGmi cÉwZGlaK| KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒnGK fvBivm gyî× Kiv ‰es
fvBivGmi wei‚G«¬ cÉwZGiva MGo ˆZvjvi DcGhvMx cwiGek m†wÓ¡ KivB ‰i KvR| myZivs, Avgiv
‰w´ŸfvBivGmi msæv ‰fvGe w`GZ cvwi, ˆh mKj mdUIqÅvi ev ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi KGi KwÁ·DUviˆK
ÞwZKi fvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi msò×gY ˆ^GK iÞv Kivi RbÅ cÉwZGiva eÅeÕ©v MGo ˆZvjv nq wKsev
58 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

msò×wgZ KwÁ·DUviGK fvBivm gyî× Kiv nq ZvGK ‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvg ev mdUIqÅvi eGj| fvBivm
cÉwZGivGai RbÅ PvB kwî×kvjx ‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvg| cÉwZw`b mviv weGk¼i wewf®² Õ©vb ˆ^GK AmsLÅ
bZzb bZzb fvBivm m†wÓ¡ nGœQ| ‰me fvBivGmi Dci MGelYv KGi ‰i cÉwZGlaK A^Ævr ‰w´ŸfvBivmI
ŠZwi nGœQ| eZÆgvb weGk¼ RbwcÉq KGqKwU ‰w´ŸfvBivm nGjv
1. ‰wfwR (AVG) 9. BGmU bW32 (Eset NOD32)
2. ‰fvÕ¡ (AVAST) 10. weUwWGd´£vi (Bitdefender)
3. ‰wfiv (Avira) 11. ˆKveiv (Cobra) [evsjvG`wk]
4. KÅvmcvGiwÕ• (Kaspersky) 12. KGgvGWv ‰w´ŸfvBivm (Comodo
5. gÅvK‰wdi fvBivm Õ•Åvb (McAffy’s Virus Antivirus)
Scan) 13. wcwm Uzjm ‰w´ŸfvBivm (PC Tools
6. bUÆb ‰w´ŸfvBivm (Norton Anti Virus - Antivirus)
NAV) 14. ˆRvb ‰jvgÆ ‰w´ŸfvBivm (Zone Alarm
7. AvBwe‰g ‰w´ŸfvBivm (IBM AntiVirus) Antivirus)
8. wcwm wmwjb (PC Cillin) 15. cv´£v ‰w´ŸfvBivm (Panda Antivirus)

‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGqvRbxqZv

‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi cÉGqvRbxqZv wbÁ²i…c
 fvBivm hyî× KwÁ·DUviGK fvBivm gyî× Kiv|
 KwÁ·DUviGK myiÞvi RbÅ ‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvg `iKvi|
 KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² AÅvwµÏGKkb my±`ifvGe eÅenvi Kivi RbÅ ‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi
Kiv|
 KwÁ·DUvGi B´ŸviGbU mshyÚ ^vKGj ‰w´ŸfvBivm w`Gq fvBivm gyÚ Kiv|

‰KK KvR: gÅvjIqÅvi ev fvBivm ˆ^GK wbÓ•‡wZ cvIqvi Dcvqmgƒn eYÆbv KGiv|

Dc-AaÅvqwUi gƒjÅvqb
1. ˆKvbwU mdUIqÅvi Qvov A^Ænxb?
2. `yB aiGbi mdUIqÅvGii bvg ej|
3. ‰g ‰m Awdm Kx aiGbi mdUIqÅvi?
4. Linux, Windows Kx aiGbi mdUIqÅvi?
5. RbwcÉq 2wU ‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg ej|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 59

1.4 KwÁ·DUvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g

Computer Operating System

Z^Å-cÉhywî× AvgvG`i Š`bw±`b RxeGbi KvRàGjvGK MwZkxj KGi ZzGjGQ| KwÁ·DUvGii eÅvcK
eÅenvGii ˆcQGb meGPGq eo Ae`vb nGjv wPòwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g| wK¯§ KwÁ·DUvGii cÉ^g
w`GKi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡gàGjv wQj eYÆwfwîK; hv wbq¯¨Y Kiv nGZv wewf®² gyLÕ©K‡Z KgvG´£i mvnvGhÅ|
aiv nq, AÅvcGj KwÁ·DUvGii cÉ^g MÉvwdKÅvj BDRvi B´ŸviGdm eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰ici
gvBGò×vmdU ˆKvÁ·vwb DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg MÉvwdKÅvj BDRvi B´ŸviGdm eÅenvi KGi|
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eÅenviKvix I KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvab KGi| AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi gvaÅGg
KwÁ·DUvi Zvi mgÕ¦ Dcv`vGbi mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM iÞv KGi| ‰B DcAaÅvq ˆ^GK Avgiv AcvGiwUs
wmGÕ¡Ggi wewf®² welq mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ cviGev|

‰ Dc-AaÅvq cvV ˆkGl hv wkLe

1.4.1 KwÁ·DUvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii f„wgKv I KvhÆvewj
1.4.2 AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi I nvWÆIqÅvGii mvG^ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi ‰i mÁ·KÆ
1.4.3 AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM
1.4.4 wWGiKUwi ˆdvΣvi I dvBj cwiwPwZ
1.4.5 wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs mdUIqÅvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å
1.4.6 wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs mdUIqÅvGii eÅenvwiK ˆÞò mÁ·GKÆ aviYv
60 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1.4.1 KwÁ·DUvGii AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii f„wgKv I KvhÆvewj (The

Role and Functions of Computer Operating System Software)
AcvGiwUs (Operating) kGõi AvwfavwbK A^Æ nGjv cwiPvjbv, wmGÕ¡g (System) A^Æ nGjv c«¬wZ
A^Ævr AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g-‰i A^Æ nGjv cwiPvjbv c«¬wZ| AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg
ˆhLvGb Õ¼qswò×qfvGe memgq wbeÆvn nq ‰es AbÅvbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wbeÆvGni cwiGek ŠZwi KGi| AbÅfvGe
ejv hvq, KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi ‰es AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjvi gGaÅ KvGRi mg¯¼q mvab KGi
Afů¦ixY mgMÉ KgÆ-cÉwò×qv cwiPvjbvi RbÅ eÅen…Z ˆcÉvMÉvg ev mdUIqÅviGK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eGj|
gƒjZ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g (Operating System) nGjv ‰KwU wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi (System Software)
hv KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² AsGki gGaÅ mg¯¼q mvab KGi KwÁ·DUvGii mvg^ÆÅGK KvGR jvwMGq
AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅviàGjv cwiPvjbv KGi ^vGK| ANSI (American National Standards
Institute)-‰i gGZ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi msæv nGjv
"Operating system is a software which controls the execution of computer programs
and which may provide scheduling, debugging, input/output control, accounting,
compilation, storage assignment, data management and related services."
A^Ævr “AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰KwU md&UIqÅvi hv KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wbeÆvnGK wbq¯¨Y KGi ‰es hv
AbymƒPx, fzj wbYÆq, BbcyU/AvDUcyU wbq¯¨Y, wnmve, ‰KòxKiY, msiÞY, ˆWUv eÅeÕ©vcbv I mÁ·KÆhyî×
KvR KGi ^vGK|”
gwbUi

wcÉ´Ÿvi
AÅvwµÏGKkb

gvDm

nvWÆWÈvBf

KxGevWÆ
wPò: KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡Ggi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi AeÕ©vb
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi f„wgKv (Importance of Operating System)
AbÅvbÅ mdUIqÅvi ev ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bÅvq AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡gI ‰K aiGbi mdUIqÅvi| KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g
RbwcÉq nIqvi ˆcQGb AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb iGqGQ| KwÁ·DUvi eywUs Kiv ˆ^GK ÷i‚
KGi e®¬ Kiv chƯ¦ mKj KvRB AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi Zî½veavGb cwiPvwjZ I wbqw¯¨Z nq| AcvGiwUs
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 61

wmGÕ¡g KwÁ·DUvGii eÅenvi mnR KGi w`GqGQb| dGj mvaviY gvbyGli cGÞI KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi
Kiv mÁ¿e nGœQ| weGkl KGi MÉvwdKÅvj AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi KviGYB Zv mÁ¿e nGœQ| AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ ˆmZze®¬b iPbv KGi| KwÁ·DUvGii Afů¦ixY KvRàGjv cwiPvjbvi
`vwqZ½ cvjb KGi| nvWÆIqÅvi w`Gq hveZxq KvR KivGbvi `vwqZ½ eÅenviKvixi cwieGZÆ AcvGiwUs
wmGÕ¡g cvjb KGi| KwÁ·DUvGi me aiGbi mdUIqÅvi ^vKGjI AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eÅZxZ ‰wU ˆKvGbv
KvR KGi bv| KwÁ·DUvGi mÁ·vw`Z Z^Åvewj msiÞY, dvBj wmGÕ¡g wbq¯¨Y, wewf®² aiGbi ò‚wU wbYÆq,
wmGÕ¡g e¥Ÿb, Zî½veavb, BbcyU I AvDUcyU AcvGikb, ˆcÉvMÉvg cwiPvjbv@ mGeÆvcwi KwÁ·DUvGii
hveZxq KvhÆvewj mÁ·v`Gb AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK| ZvB KwÁ·DUvi
cwiPvjbvi RbÅ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii cÉGqvRb AbÕ¼xKvhÆ|
wbGÁ² AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi ài‚Z½ DGjÐL Kiv nGjv@
1. cÉavb ˆgGgvwii eÅeÕ©vcbv|
2. ˆKw±`Êq cÉwKÌqvKiY AskGK wbq¯¨Y Kiv|
3. cÉavb ˆgGgvwiGZ dvBj I AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg wbGq Avmv ‰es KvR KivGbv|
4. bZzb wWÕ• ev mvgwqK AbycGhvMx wWÕ•GK KvGRi DcGhvMx KGi ˆZvjv|
5. wWGÕ•i ò×zwU wbYÆq I mÁ¿veÅ ˆÞGò msGkvab|
6. BbcyU/ AvDUcyU wWfvBmGK wbq¯¨Y Kiv|
7. Õ©vqx ˆgGgvwiGZ dvBj wmGÕ¡g ŠZwi Kiv|
8. eÅenviKvixi mvG^ nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅviGii gaÅÕ©ZvKvix wnGmGe KvR Kiv|
9. eÅenviKvix I ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wbivcîv ˆ`qv|
10. ‰KvwaK KwÁ·DUvGii gvGS ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v wbq¯¨Y Kiv|
11. wewf®² aiGbi fzj-ò×zwU wbaÆviY KGi eÅenviKvixGK RvbvGbv ‰es cÉGqvRbxq eÅeÕ©v MÉnY Kiv|
12. ‰KvwaK eÅenviKvix ev ‰KvwaK ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆÞGò AMÉvwaKvi I wewf®² KvGRi mgqmƒPx wbaÆviY
Kiv|
13. nvWÆIqÅvi mgƒGni AeÕ©v chÆGeÞY, mg¯¼q mvab I gwbUGi evZÆv cÉ`kÆb|
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi KvR (Functions of Operating System)
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g AGbKàGjv ˆcÉvMÉvg wbGq MwVZ ‰KwU mgw¯¼Z mdUIqÅvi| ‰B wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi-
‰i A¯¦fƒîÆ × ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² KvR mÁ·®² KGi| wbGÁ² AcvGiwUs KvRàGjv ˆ`Iqv
nGjv@
1. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g KwÁ·DUviGK mPj I eÅenvi DcGhvMx KGi ˆZvGj|
2. cÉGmmi (Processor) cwiPvjbv (Management) KGi A^Ævr cÉGmmGii wewf®² KvR ‰B wmGÕ¡Ggi
gvaÅGg nGq ^vGK|
3. ˆgGgvwi cwiPvjbv KGi, A^Ævr cÉavb ˆgGgvwiGZ ˆWUv I ˆcÉvMÉvg wbGq AvGm ‰es KvhÆKix KGi|
4. BbcyU/ AvDUcyU h¯¨àGjv cwiPvjbv KGi A^Ævr wcÉ´Ÿvi, dÑwc wWÕ•, nvWÆwWÕ•, gvDm, Kx-ˆevWÆ,
gwbUi cÉf‡wZi wbq¯¨Y I mg¯¼q mvab KGi|
62 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

5. dvBj cwiPvjbv KGi A^Ævr ˆgGgvwiGZ iwÞZ wewf®² dvBj ‰K wWfvBm nGZ AbÅ wWfvBGm
cvVvGZ ‰es cwieZÆb KiGZ mvnvGhÅ KGi|
6. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g wbaÆviY KGi KwÁ·DUvGii ˆKvb KvRwU AvGM KvhÆKi nGe|
7. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g KÁ·vBjvi, AÅvGmÁ¼jvi, BDwUwjwU ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰es wewf®² mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ
mg¯¼q mvab, cwiPvjbvq I wbG`Æk MÉnGY mnvqZv KGi|
8. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g KwÁ·DUvGii AeÕ©v chÆGeÞY KGi ˆKvGbv cÉKvi mgmÅv ˆ`Lv w`Gj kõ, wPn× I
Error message w`Gq eÅenviKvixGK RvwbGq ˆ`q|
9. ˆWUv I ˆcÉvMÉvg gÅvwbcyGjkb (Manipulation), wmwKDwiwU (Security) ‰es Bw´ŸwMÉwU eRvq
ivGL| A^Ævr ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb, Õ©vbv¯¦i I msiÞGYi KvR KGi| AbÅ ˆKvGbv eÅenviKvixi
gvaÅGg ˆhb ˆKvGbv wKQz bÓ¡ bv nq ˆmw`GK jÞÅ ivGL|
10. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g KwÁ·DUvi I eÅenviKvixi gGaÅ ˆhvMvGhvM (Communication) mnR KGi ˆ`q|
11. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g AÅvwcÐGKkb (Application) ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjvGK wbaÆviY KGi wKfvGe eÅenviKvix
KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ B´Ÿvi-AÅvÙ (Interact) KiGe|
12. eÅenviKvixi ˆ`Iqv wbG`Æk MÉnY KGi avivevwnKfvGe cÉwò×qvKiGYi eÅeÕ©v KGi|

ˆkÉwYi KvR: AviI wKQy AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi KvR DGÍÏL KGiv|

1.4.2 AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi I nvWÆIqÅvGii mvG^ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi mÁ·KÆ

(The Relationship of the Operating System with the
Application Software and Hardware)
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g KwÁ·DUviGK mPj KGi| ‰wU KwÁ·DUvi I eÅenviKvixi gGaÅ ˆmZz e®¬b ŠZwi
KGi| AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi gvaÅGgB eÅenviKvix KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcb KGi| KvGRB
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g Qvov KwÁ·DUvi ÷aygvò ‰KwU h¯¨ Qvov Avi wKQyB bv|
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g Qvov KwÁ·DUvi w`Gq ˆKvGbv KvR Kiv hvq bv| ˆKvGbv ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vb cwiPvjbvi
RbÅ ˆhgb ‰KRb cwiPvjGKi cÉGqvRb ˆZgwb KwÁ·DUvi cwiPvjbvi RbÅ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
cÉGqvRb| Abraham silberschatz Zuvi Operating System Concepts eBGZ DGjÐL KGiGQb-An
operating system works like a government| ‰KwU ˆ`Gki miKvi wbGR ˆhgb ˆKvGbv KvR
KGi bv, wK¯§ ‰wUi wewf®² g¯¨Yvjq I wWcvUÆGgG´Ÿi gvaÅGg KvGRi cwiGek m†wÓ¡ KGi; ˆZgwb
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡gI ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGii mKj nvWÆIqÅvi wWfvBmàGjvGK KvR Kivi DcGhvMx KGi
ˆZvGj ‰es ˆcÉvMÉvgvi I eÅenviKvixMYGK AbÅ mKj mdUIqÅvi I nvWÆIqÅvi myÓ¤zfvGe I `ÞfvGe
eÅenvGii myGhvM KGi ˆ`q|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 63

wbGÁ²i wPGòi gvaÅGg AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰i ài‚Z½ ˆ`LvGbv nGjv

ˆRGb ivGLv:
KÁ·vBjvi I B´ŸviGcÉUvi nGjv ‰K
aiGbi Abyev`K ˆcÉvMÉvg hv DœPZi fvlvq
wjwLZ ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ˆgwkb fvlvq i…cv¯¦i KGi|
A^Ævr ˆmvm ˆcÉvMÉvgGK AeGRÙ ˆcÉvMÉvGg
i…cv¯¦i Kivi ˆcÉvMÉvgGK KÁ·vBjvi eGj|
ZGe KÁ·vBjvi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ˆmvmÆ ˆKvWGK
‰KevGi Abyev` KGi wK¯§ B´ŸviGcÉUvi jvBb
evB jvBb Abyev` KGi|

1.4.3 AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM (Classification of

Operating System Saftware)
K. KvR Kivi cwiGek ‰es B´ŸviGdm-‰i Dci wfwî KGi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡gGK `yBfvGM fvM Kiv
hvq| h^v-
1. eYÆ-wfwîK (Text Based/Character User Interface-CUI) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
2. wPò-wfwîK (Graphical User Interface-GUI) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
L. eÅenviKvixi Dci wfwî KGi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡gGK `yBfvGM fvM Kiv nGqGQ| h^v-
1. ‰KK eÅenviKvix (Single User) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
2. eü Rb eÅenviKvix (Multi User) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g|
M. cÉGmmGii ‰i msLÅvi Dci wfwî KGi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡gGK `yBfvGM fvM Kiv nGqGQ| h^v-
1. ‰KK cÉGmwms (Single Processing) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
2. gvwΟ cÉGmwms (Multi Processing) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
64 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

N. Õ¼Z½-gvwjKvbvi Dci wfwî KGi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡gGK `yBfvGM fvM Kiv nGqGQ| h^v-
1. IGcb ˆmvmÆ (Open Source) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
2. ˆcÉvcvBUvwi (Proprietary) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
O. ˆgGgvwi msMVb, wewf®² ˆcÉvMÉvg PvjvGbv ‰es ˆmGK´£vwi ev mnvqK ˆgGgvwi wWfvBmàGjvi Dci
wfwî KGi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡gGK wbGÁ²vî× fvGM fvM Kiv hvq-
1. eÅvP cÉGmwms ev Ad-jvBb AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g (Batch Processing Operating System)
2. gvwΟGcÉvMÉvwgs ev gvwΟUvwÕ•s AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g (Multiprogramming or Multitasking)
3. gvwΟcÉGmwms AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g (Multiprocessing Operating System)
4. wiGqjUvBg AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g (Realtime Operating System)
5. UvBg ˆkqvwis AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g (Time Sharing Operating System)
6. wWwÕ¡ÈweDGUW AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
 eYÆ ev ˆUÝUwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
‰B aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g nGjv Kgv´£ jvBb BDRvi B´ŸviGdm| wWÕ• diGgwUs ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi
dvBj eÅeÕ©vcbv ‰es AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi me KvR Kx-ˆevGWÆi KgvG´£i gvaÅGg KiGZ nq| ZvB
eYÆwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg AGbKàGjv Kgv´£ gyLÕ© KiGZ nq| ˆhgb@ Linux, Unix, MS-DOS,
PC DOS, CP/M BZÅvw` AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g|
eYÆwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi DGjÐLGhvMÅ ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn nGjv@
 eYÆwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g cwiPvjbvi RbÅ Root Prompt ev Command Prompt (C:/>)
eÅen…Z nq|
 wWÕ• diGgwUs ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi dvBj eÅeÕ©vcbv, AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg, bZzb wWfvBm kbvî×KiY
mKj chÆvGqi KvRB Kgv´£ w`Gq KiGZ nq|
 ‰ aiGbi wmGÕ¡Ggi RbÅ eÅenviKvixGK mKj KvGRi Kgv´£ gyLÕ© ivLGZ nq|
 bZzb ˆKvGbv nvWÆIqÅvi ev mdUIqÅvi msGhvM Kiv nGj KwÁ·DUviGK eGj w`GZ nq ˆKv^vq
msGhvM Kiv nGqGQ|
 ˆbUIqvwKÆs ev B´ŸviGbU eÅeÕ©v KvhÆKi bq| ZGe BDwbÝ ev wjbvÝ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg ˆbUIqvwKÆs
ev B´ŸviGbU eÅeÕ©v KvhÆKi nq|
 A͸ wKQz Kgv´£ gyLÕ© KGiB KwÁ·DUvi cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|
 ‰B aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g Lye `Ë‚Z KvR KiGZ cvGi|
 gvwΟwgwWqv wmGÕ¡g KvhÆKi bq|
 ‰B aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi Kg ˆgGgvwii cÉGqvRb nq|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 65

eYÆwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰i myweavmgƒn

1. A͸ mgGq wewf®² iKg eYÆ UvBc KiGZ cÉGqvRbxq wbG`Æk ˆ`Iqv nq|
2. A͸ wKQz Kgv´£ gyLÕ¦ KGiB KwÁ·DUvi cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|
eYÆwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰i Amyweavmgƒn
1. eYÆwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg Kx-ˆevGWÆi mvnvGhÅ wewf®² eYÆ UvBc KGi KwÁ·DUvGi cÉGqvRbxq
wbG`Æk cÉ`vb KiGZ nq|
2. meàGjv KgvG´£i RbÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ eYÆ ‰es Kx-ˆevGWÆi evUbàGjv gyLÕ¦ ivLGZ nq|
3. ‰B AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg KvgvG´£i RbÅ ˆgby ev cyj WvDb ˆgby Kgv´£ ^vGK bv|
4. ‰B wmGÕ¡Gg ˆbUIqvKÆ ev B´ŸviGbGUi eÅeÕ©v KvhÆKi bq|
5. ‰wU eYÆ Qvov AbÅ ˆKvb gvaÅGg KvhÆKi bq|
 wPòwfwîK ev MÉvwdKÅvj AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
MÉvwdGÝi ev wPGòi gvaÅGg Kgv´£ cÉGqvM KGi KwÁ·DUvi cwiPvjbv Kivi mdUIqÅviGK wPòwfwîK ev
MÉvwdKÅvj AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eGj| ‰B aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg wewf®² cÉKvi AvBKb I cyjWvDb
ˆgby eÅenvi KGi wWÕ• diGgwUs ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi dvBj eÅeÕ©vcbv ‰es AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi me KvR
KiGZ nq| cÉGqvRbxq ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AvBKGbi Ici gvDm w`Gq Wej wKÑK KiGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Pvjy nq|
ZGe eYÆwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi gGZv Kgv´£ gyLÕ© KiGZ nq bv| Windows 95/98/Xp/2000/7,
Mac OS BZÅvw` wPòwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi D`vniY| AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi DGjÐLGhvMÅ
ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn nGjv@
 wPòwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg KwÁ·DUvi Pvjy Kivi ci ˆWÕ•UGc wewf®² ˆcÉvMÉvGgi AvBKb ev
cÉZxK ^vGK|
 wewf®² cÉKvi AvBKb ‰es cyj WvDb ˆgby Kgv´£ eÅenvi KGi KwÁ·DUviGK cÉGqvRbxq wbG`Æk
cÉ`vb Kiv nq|
 KgvG´£i RbÅ ˆgby ‰es cÉwZwU ˆgbyi AvIZvq AGbK cyj WvDb ˆgby Kgv´£ ^vGK|
 gvDGmi mvnvGhÅ Icon ‰es cyj WvDb ˆgby Kgv´£ KvhÆKix Kiv hvq|
 bZzb ˆKvGbv nvWÆIqÅvi ev mdUIqÅvi msGhvM Kiv nGj KwÁ·DUvi wbGR ˆ^GK eySGZ cvGi
ˆKv^vq msGhvM Kiv nGqGQ|
 ˆbUIqvwKÆs, ˆkqvwis I B´ŸviGbU eÅeÕ©v AZů¦ KvhÆKi|
 ‰B aiGbi wmGÕ¡Ggi RbÅ eÅnviKvixGK ˆKvGbv aiGbi Kgv´£ gyLÕ© ivLGZ nq bv|
 gvwΟwgwWqv wmGÕ¡g KvhÆKi|
 ‰B aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆewk ˆgGgvwii cÉGqvRb nq|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 3(K)
66 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wPòwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰i myweavmgƒn

1. wPò wfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg Kvg´£àGjv gyLÕ¦ ivLvi cÉGqvRb nq bv|
2. wewf®² cÉKvi AvBKb ‰es cyj WvDb ˆgby Kgv´£ eÅenvi KGi cÉGqvRbxq wbG`Æk cÉ`vb Kiv nq|
3. ‰LvGb KgvG´£i RbÅ ˆgby I cyj WvDb ˆgby Kgv´£ ^vGK|
4. ‰B AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg ˆbUIqvwKÆs, ˆkqvwis, B´ŸviGbU eÅeÕ©v AZů¦ KvhÆKi|
5. ‰wU eGYÆi cvkvcvwk gvwΟwgwWqvGZI KvhÆKi|
6. gvDGmi mvnvGhÅ ˆh ˆKvGbv Õ©vGb ˆiGL KvR Kiv hvq|
7. dvBj, ˆdvΣvi I wewf®² AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg gGb ˆiGLI KvR Kiv hvq|
8. ÷aygvò gvDm eÅenvi KGi KwÁ·DUvi cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|
wPòwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰i Amyweavmgƒn
1. gvDm bÓ¡ nGj KwÁ·DUvi PvjvGbv KwVb nGq cGo|
2. ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvg gyGQ ˆMGj LuyGR cvIqv KwVb nGq cGo|
eYÆwfwîK I wPòwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbÁ²i…c@
ŠewkÓ¡Å eYÆwfwîK wPòwfwîK
BbcyU gvaÅg Kx-ˆevGWÆi gvaÅGg eYÆ UvBc KGi gvDGmi mvnvGhÅ Kgv´£ cÉGqvM KiGZ
Kgv´£ w`GZ nq| nq|
fzGji mÁ¿vebv Kgv´£ fzj nIqvi mÁ¿vebv ˆewk Kgv´£ fzj nIqvi mÁ¿vebv Kg ^vGK|
^vGK|
Õ¼vœQ±`Å ˆeva eÅenviKvix Õ¼vœQ±`Å ˆeva KGi bv| eÅenviKvix Õ¼vœQ±`Å ˆeva KGi|
RwUjZv cwiPvjbv c«¬wZ RwUj| cwiPvjbv c«¬wZ mnR|
eywUs mgq eywUs-‰ Kg mgq MÉnY KGi| eywUs-‰ ˆewk mgq MÉnY KGi|
Kgv´£ gGb ivLv Kgv´£ gyLÕ¦ ivLGZ nq| Kgv´£ gyLÕ¦ ivLGZ nq bv|
ˆgby Kgv´£ KgvG´£i RbÅ Kx-ˆevWÆ eÅenvi nq| KgvG´£i RbÅ ˆgby ev cyj WvDb ˆgby
eÅenvi nq|
KvGRi aiY ˆbUIqvKÆ ev B´ŸviGbU KvhÆKi bq| ˆbUIqvwKÆ, ˆkqvwis, B´ŸviGbU eÅeÕ©v
AZů¦ KvhÆKi|
cÉg¶Ÿ Kgv´£ ˆeRW AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g, Pvjy ‰B wmGÕ¡g Pvjy Kivi ci ˆWÕ•UGc
(Prompt) KiGj c`Ævi evg ˆKvGb C:\> ˆjLv wewf®² ˆcÉvMÉvGgi wPn×, cÉZxK , AvBKb
DGV| ‰GK Kgv´£ cÉg¶Ÿ ev i‚U cÉg¶Ÿ ˆ`Lv hvq|
eGj|
RbwcÉqZv eÅenvGi Amyweav eGj RbwcÉqZv Kg eÅenvi myweav eGj RbwcÉqZv AGbK
ZGe DœPZi KvGRi ˆÞGò eÅenvi ˆewk|
Kiv nq|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 3(L)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 67

 ‰KK eÅenviKvix (Single User) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g

‰KRb eÅenviKvix ‰KB mgGq ‰K KwÁ·DUvGi KvR Kivi RbÅ ˆh aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eÅenvi
Kiv nq ZvGK ‰KK eÅenviKvix AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eGj| ‰ aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eYÆwfwîK I wPò
wfwîK DfqB nGZ cvGi| ˆhgb- MS-DOS ˆK eYÆwfwîK ‰KK eÅenviKvix AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ejv
nq| WINDOWS 3.11, WINDOWS-95, WINDOWS 98, WINDOWS 2000 ˆK wPò
wfwîK ‰KK eÅenviKvix AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ejv nq|
mvaviYfvGe wmGãGj BDRvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g `y’aiGbi nGZ cvGi| h^v-
 wmGãj BDRvi, wmGãj UvÕ• (Single User, Single Task): ‰ aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg
‰KRb eÅenviKvix ‰KB mgGq ˆKejgvò ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg PvjvGZ cvGi| nvGZi ZvjyGZ ˆiGL
eÅenviGhvMÅ cvg (Pump) KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ ŠZwi Palm OS (Operating system) nGjv
wmGãj BDRvi, wmGãj UvÕ• AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g|
 wmGãj BDRvi, gvwΟ UvwÕ•s ( Single User, Multitasking): ‰ aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg
‰KRb eÅenviKvix ‰KB mgGq ‰KvwaK ˆcÉvMÉvg PvjvGZ cvGi| ˆhgb@ ‰KB mgGq ˆjLvGjwLi
KvGRi mvG^ Mvb ÷bGZ cvGi Avevi ˆmBmvG^ B´ŸviGbU eËvDwRs KiGZ cvGi| ˆhgb -DBG´£vR
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g|
 eüRb eÅenviKvix (Multi User) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g

‰KB KwÁ·DUvGi ‰KB mgGq wewf®² BDRvi ‰KmGã KvR KiGZ cvGi ‰B aiGbi AcvGiwUs
wmGÕ¡gGK gvwΟBDRvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eGj| ‰B aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eYÆwfwîK I wPò wfwîK
DfqB nGZ cvGi| ˆhgb- UNIX ˆK eYÆwfwîK gvwΟBDRvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g eGj| ‰QvovI
WINDOWS XP/VISTA/NT, WINDOWS SERVER 2000, WINDOWS SERVER
2003, WINDOWS SERVER 2008, Mac OS, Linux ˆK wPòwfwîK gvwΟBDRvi AcvGiwUs
wmGÕ¡g eGj|
eüRb eÅenviKvix (Multi User) AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi ŠewkÓ¡Å
 ‰KmvG^ ‰KvwaK eÅenviKvix ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGi KvR KiGZ cvGi|
 hyMcrfvGe ‰KvwaK ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm Kiv hvq|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmGmi `ÞZv AGbK ˆewk|
 wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq ZzjbvgƒjK ˆewk AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq|
 KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡Ggi mGeÆvœP eÅenvi nq|
 eÅenviKvixGK `xNÆÞY AGcÞv KiGZ nq bv|
 ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmGmi `ÞZv BbcyU-AvDUcyGUi Dci wbfÆikxj|
 ZzjbvgƒjK ˆewk ˆgGgvwi cÉGqvRb nq|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 3(M)
68 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wmGãj BDRvi I gvwΟBDRvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ Kx?

wmGãj BDRvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g gvwΟ BDRvi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g

1. eÅvP cÉGmwms wmGÕ¡Gg ‰KRb gvò 1. gvwΟBDRvi wmGÕ¡Gg ‰KB mvG^ ‰KvwaK
eÅenviKvix ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm KiGZ eÅenviKvix ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wKsev wf®² wf®²
cvGi| ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm KiGZ cvGi|
2. ‰KB mvG^ ‰KvwaK eÅenviKvix ‰KwU 2. ‰KB mvG^ ‰KvwaK eÅenviKvix ‰KwU
KwÁ·DUvGi KvR Kivi myGhvM ˆbB| KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi| cÉGqvRGb
‰KRb eÅenviKvixI ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm KiGZ
cvGi|
3. ‰KB mgGq ‰KwU gvò ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm Kiv 3. ‰KmvG^ ‰K ev ‰KvwaK ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm
nq| ‰KvwaK ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰KmvG^ cÉGmm Kivi Kiv nq|
myGhvM ˆbB|
4. ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm mÁ·®² nIqvi ci AbÅ 4. ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm ˆkl nIqvi AvGMB
AvGiKwU ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm Kiv nq| AbÅ AvGiKwU ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm KiGZ cvGi|
5. ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv BbcyGUi AWÆvi (FCFS-First 5. ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv BbcyGUi AWÆvi Abyhvqx cÉGmm
Come First Serve) Kivi cÉGqvRb nq bv|
6. ‰KRb eÅenviKvix ‰KUv wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq 6. ‰K mvG^ ‰KvwaK ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm Kiv hvq
‰KwU gvò ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGmm KiGZ cvGi eGj eGj ‰B c«¬wZ AZů¦ `Ë‚Z MwZi|
‰B c«¬wZ AZů¦ axi MwZi|
7. ‰B cÉwò×qvq wmwcBD ev cÉGmmiGK AGbK 7. ‰KvwaK eÅenviKvix ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi
mgq Ajm eGm ^vKGZ nq| eÅenvi Kivi dGj wmwcBD ev cÉGmmi
AwaKvsk mgq eÅÕ¦ ^vKGZ nq|

wbGR KGiv: wbGÁ²i QGK wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi bvg DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv| ˆKvbwU ˆKvb
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi nGe Zvi bvg cvGk NGi wjLGZ nGe| ˆevSvi myweavG^Æ ‰KwU KGi ˆ`LvGbv
nGjv|
wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi D`vniY AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi bvg
Linux, Unix eYÆwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
MS-DOS
Mac OS
PC DOS
Windows 95/98

KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 3(N)

KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 69

1.4.4 wWGiÙwi, ˆdvΣvi I dvBj cwiwPwZ (Introduction of Directory

Folder and File)
KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwi ev mnvqK h¯¨ ˆhgb- nvWÆwWÕ•, dÑwc wWÕ•, wmwW ig BZÅvw`GZ
ciÕ·i mÁ·wKÆZ Z^ÅGK ‰KK wnmvGe weGkl bvg w`Gq ‰KmvG^ msiÞY Kiv
nGj ZvGK dvBj eGj| A^Ævr dvBj nGjv KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwiGZ msiwÞZ
Z^ÅàGjvi jwRKÅvj BDwbU| gƒjZ ciÕ·i mÁ·wKÆZ ‰K ev ‰KvwaK ˆiKWÆ wbGq
dvBj MwVZ nq| wPò: ˆdvΣvi
bw^ ev WKzGg´Ÿ ˆhLvGb aGi ivLv nq ZvGK dvBj eGj| dvBjàGjvGK ˆh Õ¦Gi Õ¦Gi mvRvGbv nq ZvGK
wWGiÙwi eGj|
ˆdvΣvi nGjv KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwiGZ ‰gb ‰KwU Þz`Ë Ask ˆhLvGb wewf®² aiGbi ciÕ·i mÁ·KÆhyî×
‰KvwaK dvBj msiÞY Kiv hvq| msiwÞZ dvBjàGjvi bvGgi mvG^ mvgémÅZv iÞv KGi ˆdvΣvGii
cwiwPwZgƒjK bvg ˆ`Iqv nGq ^vGK|
1.4.5 wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs mdUIqÅvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å (Characteristics of
Different Types of Operating Software)
gvBGò×vmdU DBG´£vR I IGcbGmvmÆ wfwîK wjbvÝ DfqB eZÆgvGb AZů¦ RbwcÉq AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g|
hw`I wek¼RyGo DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi eÅenviKvix msLÅv ˆewk| ˆmB Zzjbvq wjbvÝ ˆek
wcwQGq| ZGe wKQz wKQz myweavi KviGY axGi axGi wjbvÝ-‰i eÅenviKvixi msLÅv ClÆYxq chÆvGq e†w«¬
cvGœQ| wjbvGÝi cÉwZ mevi AvMÉnI w`Gb w`Gb evoGQ| wbGÁ² ‰G`i wKQz myweav I ZzjbvgƒjK ŠewkÓ¡Å
DGjÐL Kiv nGjv
welq DBG´£vR wjbvÝ
jvBGm´Ö I `vg DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi jvBGm´Ö wjbvÝ KvGYÆj wfwîK AcvGiwUs
ò×q KGi eÅenvi KiGZ nq| jvBGm´Ö@ wmGÕ¡g| ‰wU IGcb ˆmvmÆ A^Ævr
‰ DwjÐwLZ msLÅK KwÁ·DUvi ‰i ˆPGq webvgƒGjÅ ‰wU eÅenvi I weZib
ˆewk eÅenvi Kiv mÁ¿e bq| KiGZ cviv hvGe|
wbivcîv I ZG^Åi DBG´£vR ZvG`i mvwfÆm ‰i D®²wZi wjbvGÝ ‰gb ˆKvGbv mgmÅv ˆbB|
ˆMvcbxqZv RbÅ KvÕ¡vgvGii wewf®² Z^Å wbqwgZ
Rvbv- ARvbvq wbGq ^vGK|
KvÕ¡gvDR Kivi DBG´£vR-‰ PvBGjI wbGRi gGZv KGi wjbvÝ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g wbGRi
myGhvM KvÕ¡gvBGRkb KiGZ cviv hvq bv| gGbi gGZv KGi KvÕ¡gvBRI KGi
ˆbIqv hvq|

mgmÅvq mvGcvUÆ I DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi mvGcvUÆ wjbvGÝ iGqGQ mviv weGk¼i AmsLÅ
KwgDwbwU Õ¡vd iGqGQ hviv ˆh ˆKvGbv mgmÅvi ˆÕ¼œQvGmeK hviv meÆ`v ˆh ˆKvGbv
mgvavb ˆ`Iqvi ˆPÓ¡v KGi| mgmÅvq mgvavb w`GZ cÉÕ¦yZ|
70 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

welq DBG´£vR wjbvÝ

ügwK ‰es mgmÅv DBG´£vR meÆvwaK eÅen…Z OS| nÅvKvi, wjbvÝ DBG´£vGRi ˆPGq AGbK
Õ·ÅvgviàGjv cÉvqkB DBG´£vRGK UvGMÆU wÕ©wZkxj ‰es myiwÞZ| ‰LvGb
KGi| dGj ‰LvGb wbivcîv Kg| wbivcîv ˆewk|
wbfÆiGhvMÅZv wbfÆiGhvMÅZv Kg| wbfÆiGhvMÅZv ˆewk|
1.4.6 wewf®² aiGbi AcvGiwUs mdUIqÅvGii eÅenvwiK ˆÞò mÁ·GKÆ aviYv
(Concepts about the Practical Application of Different Types of
Operating System Software)
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g nGjv ˆh ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvGii meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg| ‰KUv AvaywbK
KwÁ·DUvGii AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g wewf®²gyLx ‰es ˆek RwUj| hvB ˆnvK, AvaywbK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi
KvhÆvewjGK Avgiv mvaviYZ Pvi fvGM fvM KiGZ cvwi|
1. cÉGmm eÅeÕ©vcbv
KwÁ·DUvGii cÉGmmi (Processor) ‰KUv wmwiqvj wWfvBm nIqvq ‰wU ‰KB mgGq ˆh ˆKvGbv
‰KwU cÉGmm (Pjgvb ˆcÉvMÉvg) ‰i KvR KiGZ cvGi| Avgiv AGbGKB nqGZv Rvwb ˆh, ‰KwU
KwÁ·DUvGi ‰KB mvG^ AGbK cÉGmm cÉwò×qvaxb ^vGK| ‰LvGb AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi KvR nGjv
wbaÆviY Kiv, KLb ˆKvb cÉGmmwU KwÁ·DUvGii cÉGmmi w`Gq dvskbvj KvGR eÅen…Z nGe|
2. ˆgGgvwi eÅeÕ©vcbv
KwÁ·DUvGi ˆKvGbv cÉGmm Pjvi mgq cÉGqvRbxq dvBj ˆÕ¡vGiR (HDD A^ev SDD) ˆ^GK iÅvg-
‰ ˆjvW KGi ˆbq| ‰LvGb AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰UvB wdÝ KGi, ˆKvb cÉGmm ˆgGgvwii KZ UzKz
RvqMv ˆbq I KZÞY ^vKGe ‰es KxfvGe eÅenvi KiGe|
3. ˆÕ¡vGiR eÅeÕ©vcbv
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰i KvR nGjv wmGÕ¡g ˆÕ¡vGiRGK wmGÕ¡g dvBj wnGmGe i‚cv¯¦wiZ Kiv| dGj
Avcbvi Kvw›ÞZ dvBjwU ˆÕ¡vGiR-‰ ˆKvb AeÕ©vq KZUzKz ˆÕ·m wbGq AvGQ ‰UvI AcvGiwUs
wmGÕ¡g wbGRB wbYÆq KGi|
4. myiÞv I wbivcîv
KwÁ·DUvGii ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KvR ˆhb AbÅ ˆKvGbv KvGR weN³ bv NUvq, AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ˆmUv
wbqwgZ ˆ`LvGkvbv KGi| cÉwZwU KwÁ·DUvGii myiÞv I wbivcîv wbwøZ KGi|

Dc-AaÅvqwUi gƒjÅvqb
1. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi cÉavb KvR Kx?
2. ˆUÝUwfwîK `yBwU AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi bvg ej|
3. `yBwU ‰KK eÅenviKvix AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi bvg ej|
4. ˆKvb AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjvi BbcyU AWÆvi FCFS ‰i gGZv?
5. IGcb ˆmvmÆ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi bvg ej|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 71

1.5 KwÁ·DUvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi

Computer Application Software

cÉhywÚ AvgvG`i RxebGK ˆhgb mnR KGiGQ ˆZgwb KwÁ·DUvGii eÅen†Z wewf®² mdUIqÅvi AvgvG`i
Š`bw±`b RxeGbi wewf®² KvRGK ˆeMevb KGiGQ| KwÁ·DUvi AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvGii gvaÅGg
eÅenviKvix Zvi cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvRGK mÁ·v`b KiGZ cvGi| ‰wU gƒjZ eÅenviKvix ev
wewf®² ZG^Åi DcGi wbfÆi KGi KvR KGi| ‰wU wfRyqvj wbgÆb, mg®¼q msÕ©vb, cwimsLÅvb ev MYbv
KGi ^vGK| ‰Qvov Z^Å iÞYvGeÞGY ‰wU KvR KGi ^vGK|

‰ Dc-AaÅvq cvV ˆkGl hv wkLe

1.5.1 KwÁ·DUvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM KiGZ cvie
1.5.2 wewf®² cÉKvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii bvg I ŠewkÓ¡Å eYÆbv KiGZ cvie
1.5.3 IqvWÆ cÉGmwms mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj eYÆbv KiGZ cvie
1.5.4 ˆÕ·ËWwkU mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj wjwce«¬KiY KiGZ cvie
1.5.5 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj wjwce«¬KiY KiGZ cvie
72 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1.5.1 KwÁ·DUvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM (Classification of

Computer Application Software)
AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi KwÁ·DUvGi wewf®² aiGbi eÅenvwiK KvGRi RbÅ ŠZwi nq| KvGRi cÉK‡wZ
AbymvGi mvaviYZ wewf®² aiGbi AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kiv nq| ZvB eÅenviKvix ˆh mKj
mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi KGi eÅenvwiK mgmÅv mgvavb ev ˆWUv cÉwKÌqvKiGYi KvR KiGZ cvGi ZvGK
AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| ˆhgb@
1| Word Processing Package Program : Word Star, Word Perfect, Ms-Word
2| Spreadsheet Package Program : Lotus 1-2-3, Ms-Excel, Quattro Pro
3| Database Package Program : Access, SQL, Oracle BZÅvw`|

AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi

mvaviY AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg AÅvwµÏGKkb mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg

AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅviGK `yB fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v-
1| mvaviY eÅenvwiK ˆcÉvMÉvg (General Application Program)
2| AÅvwcÐGKkb mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg ev KvÕ¡gvBR ˆcÉvMÉvg (Application Customized Program)
 mvaviY eÅenvwiK ˆcÉvMÉvg (General Application Program): eÅenvwiK mgmÅv mgvavGbi
RbÅ wewf®² cÉÕ§ZKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb KZ‡ÆK ŠZwi ˆh mgÕ¦ evwYwRÅK mdUIqÅvi cvIqv hvq ZvGK mvaviY
AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| mvaviY AÅvwcÐGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ eÅenviKvix cÉvZÅwnK RxeGbi
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ eÅenvwiK mgmÅv mgvavb KiGZ cvGi| ˆhgb- IGqe eËvDwRs, B-ˆgBj, IqvWÆ cÉGmwms,
ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ˆcÉvMÉvg, ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ, MÉvwdÝ ‰es ˆWÕ•Uc cvewjwks BZÅvw` KvR mÁ·®² KiGZ
cvGib| DGjÐLGhvMÅ mvaviY AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv nGœQ-
1. mdUIqÅvi myÅBU-‰g ‰m Awdm, ˆjvUvm ÕÃvUÆ myÅBU, ˆKvij WÈ BZÅvw`|
2. IGqe eËvDRvi B´ŸviGbU-‰ÝGµÏvivi, ˆbUGÕ•c ˆbwfGMUi, ˆbUGÕ•c KwgDwbGKUi BZÅvw`|
3. BGjKUÇwbK ˆgBj ev B-ˆgBj, B´ŸviGbU ˆgBj, BDGWviv ˆcÉv, B´ŸviGbU ‰ÝGµÏqvi BZÅvw`|
4. ˆWÕ•Uc cvewjwks-ˆcR ˆgKvi, cvewjkvi, dGUvkc, BjvGÕ¡ËUi cÉf‡wZ|
 AÅvwcÐGKkb mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg: ˆKvGbv weGkl ev mywbw`ÆÓ¡ mgmÅv mgvavb Kivi RbÅ ˆh mgÕ¦ ˆcÉvMÉvg
iPbv Kiv nq ZvGK AÅvwµÏGKkb mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| mgmÅvi aiY I cÉK‡wZ AbymvGi eÅenviKvix
AÅvwµÏGKkb mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi KGi ^vGKb| ‰ aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg mvaviYZ DœPÕ¦Gii fvlvq wjLv nq
A^ev ˆKvb mvaviY AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi KGi eÅenviKvix Zvi cÉGqvRbvbymvGi ˆcÉvMÉvg
ŠZwi KGi ^vGKb| D`vniY Õ¼i…c-eÅvswKs KvGR eÅen…Z wewf®² aiGbi eÅvsK mdUIqÅvi,
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 73

‰KvDw´ŸsGqi KvGR eÅen…Z wewf®² aiGbi ‰KvDw´Ÿs mdUIqÅvi, ˆmjm gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ mdUIqÅvi,
BGjKUÇwbK KgvmÆ, BbGf´Ÿvwi KG´ŸÈvj mdUIqÅvi, ˆcGivj wmGÕ¡g, wUGKU wiRvGfÆkb wmGÕ¡g
mdUIqÅvi BZÅvw` nGœQ AÅvwcÐGKkb mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg|
cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg: KwÁ·DUvi eÅenviKvix Zuvi cÉGqvRb gZ wbGRB ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv KiGZ cvGib|
‰RbÅ AekÅB ZuvGK Awfæ ˆcÉvMÉvgvi nGZ nq| ZGe mKj eÅenviKvix Awfæ ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆWGfjcvi bq
dGj mKj eÅenviKvixi cGÞ ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e nq bv| eÅenvKvixG`i Pvwn`v Abyaveb KGi
KwÁ·DUvi cÉÕ§ZKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb QvovI AGbK evwYwRÅK mdUIqÅvi cÉwZÓ¤vb wKQz mvaviY ˆcÉvMÉvg ŠZwi
KGi evRviRvZ KGi ^vGKb| ‰me ˆcÉvMÉvgGK mdUIqÅvi cÅvGKR A^ev cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg ejv nq|
wjwc cÉÕ§GZi RbÅ eÅen…Z ‰g‰m IqvWÆ (MS Word) ‰es IqvWÆ cviGdÙ (Word Perfect)
evwYwRÅK cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi D`vniY| msMVGbi wePvGi evwYwRÅK cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒnGK `yBfvGe
fvM Kiv hvq| fvM `yBwU nGjv-
1. ‰KK-cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR I
2. ‰Kxf„Z (BbwUGMÉGUW) cÅvGKR
 ‰KK cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR: ÷ay ‰K aiGbi mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ ‰KK-cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR eÅenvi Kiv
nq| ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi cwieGZÆ ‰me cÅvGKR eÅenvi KGi mnGR mgmÅv mgvavb Kiv hvq| wjwc cÉÕ§GZi
RbÅ eÅen…Z IqvWÆÕ¡vi, fKmivBUvi, IqvWÆ, IqvWÆ-cviGdÙ ‰es MÉvd ev-PvUÆ, cvB-PvUÆ ŠZwii RbÅ
eÅen…Z MÉvd, nvfvWÆ MÉvwdÝ, ‰KK-cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi D`vniY| ‰KK-cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR w`Gq
c†^KfvGe ‰me KvR KiGZ nGj cÉwZwU cÉwò×qvi RbÅ mswkÏÓ¡ ˆcÉvMÉvg I ˆWUv dvBjGK KwÁ·DUvGi
cGo wbGq cÉwò×qvKiY KiGZ nq| ‰GZ wecwîI NUGZ cvGi; AGbK mgq ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg w`Gq ŠZwi
ˆWUv ev dvBj AbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi RbÅ MÉnYGhvMÅ nq bv|
 ‰KxfzZ cÅvGKR: ‰KvwaK cÉwò×qv mgvavGbi RbÅ AGbK iKg evwYwRÅK cÅvGKR cvIqv hvq| ‰
aiGbi cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvgGK ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKR ejv nq| ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKGR wewf®² cÉwò×qv mgvavGbi RbÅ
AGbK iKg ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mg¯¼q Kiv nq| ‰KB dvBGji ˆWUv w`Gq wewf®² aiGbi KvR KiGZ nGj
‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKR mnvqK| ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mnvqZvq KwÁ·DUvi eÅenviKvixi KgÆ`ÞZv
eüàY evovGbv mÁ¿e| ZGe ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKGRi RbÅ e†nr ˆggwi `iKvi nq| wewf®² cÉwò×qvi gGaÅ
mg¯¼q mvab KiGZ nGj ‰Kxf„Z cÅvGKGRi RbÅ MwZmn AviI wKQz myGhvM-myweav DrmMÆ KiGZ nGZ
cvGi| ‰ wnmvGe ÷ay eüj eÅen…Z cÉwò×qvi RbÅ ‰KK-cÉwò×qv cÅvGKR eÅenvi Kiv myweavRbK nGZ
cvGi|
wdÌIqÅvi I AGcb ˆmvmÆ: wdÌIqÅvi nGjv webvgƒGjÅ cÉvµ¦ mdUIqÅvi| ˆh mgÕ¦ mdUIqÅvi msMÉn I
eÅenvi KiGZ nGj mdUIqÅvi wbgÆvYKvix cÉwZÓ¤vGbi ˆKvb AbyGgv`b wKsev iqÅvjwU (Royalty) w`GZ
nq bv ZvGK wdÌIqÅvi eGj| AbÅfvGe ejv hvq, AGbK ˆcÉvMÉvgvi ev cÉwZÓ¤vb ZvG`i D«¿vweZ
mdUIqÅvi meÆmvaviGYi eÅenvGii myGhvM ˆ`q| ‰me mdUIqÅviGK wdÌIqÅvi eGj| ˆh ˆKD
wdÌIqÅvGii ˆmvmÆ ˆKvW ˆcGZ cvGib ‰es Zv D®²qb KGi wbGR eÅenvi wKsev RbmvaviGYi RbÅ D¯Ãyî×
KGi w`GZ cvGib|
74 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wdÌIqÅvi mevi RbÅ D¯Ãyî×| KvGRB ˆh ˆKn PvBGjB wdÌIqÅvi Kwc KGi eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi|
B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg wdÌIqÅvi msMÉn Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
ˆkqviIqÅvi: ˆkqviIqÅvi nGjv ‰gb wKQz mdUIqÅvi ˆhàGjv wewf®² kZÆ mvGcGÞ msMÉn I eÅenvGii
myGhvM iGqGQ ZvG`i ˆkqviIqÅvi eGj| ˆkqviIqÅvi AGbKUv wdÌIqÅvGii gGZvB ZGe mvgvbÅ
ˆiwRGÓ¡Ëkb wdm ‰i wewbgGq ˆkqviIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv hvq| B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg AGbK iKg
ˆkqviIqÅvi msMÉn Kiv hvq|

‰KK KvR: AÅvwµÏGKkb I KvÕ¡gvBR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆKÅ DGÍÏL KGiv|

1.5.2 wewf®² cÉKvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii bvg I ŠewkÓ¡Å (Name of

Different Types of Application Software and its Characteristics)
wewf®² aiGbi AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cÅvGKR ev AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvimgƒn nGjv IqvWÆ
cÉGmwms, ˆÕ·ËWwkU weGkÐlY, ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g, MÉvwdÝ wWRvBb ˆcÉvMÉvg BZÅvw`|
 IqvWÆ cÉGmwms (Word Processing)
IqvWÆ (Word) kGõi A^Æ kõ Avi cÉGmwms (Processing) kGõi A^Æ cÉwò×qvKiY| KwÁ·DUvGii
mvnvGhÅ eYÆgvjv, msLÅv, wPn× ev kõ eÅenvi KGi WKzGg´Ÿ ev wjwc ŠZwi Kiv Dî× WKzGg´ŸGK
mÁ·v`bvB nGjv IqvWÆ cÉGmwms| eZÆgvGb KwÁ·DUvi cÉhywî×GK eÅenvi KGi PgrKvifvGe IqvWÆ
cÉGmwmsGqi KvR Kiv hvq| A^Ævr WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi I cÉGmwmsGqi RbÅ eÅen…Z ‰K weGkl aiGbi
KwÁ·DUvGii eÅeÕ©vGK IqvWÆ cÉGmmi eGj| gƒjZ ˆjLvGjwLi KvR Kivi RbÅ eÅen…Z AÅvwcÐGKkb
ˆcÉvMÉvgGKB IqvWÆ cÉGmmi ev IqvWÆ cÉGmwms ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| AvaywbK WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwii ˆÞGò wewf®²
aiGbi cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg iGqGQ| DGjÐLGhvMÅ IqvWÆ cÉGmmi ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒn nGjv@ gvBGò×vmdU IqvWÆ
(Microsoft Word), IqvWÆÕ¡vi (Wordstar), IqvWÆcviGdÙ (Wordperfect), jÅvGUÝ (Latex),
ˆbvW cÅvW (Note Pad), gÅvKivBU (Mac Write), IqvWÆ cÅvW (Word Pad), IGcb Awdm ivBUvi
BZÅvw`| ZGe eZÆgvGb wcwmGZ MÉvwdKÅvj BDRvi B´ŸviGdm cwiGeGk gvBGò×vmdU IqvWÆ (Microsoft
Word) nGœQ eüj eÅen…Z ‰es eÅvcKfvGe RbwcÉq IqvWÆ cÉGmmi ˆcÉvMÉvg| IqvWÆ cÉGmmi cÅvGKR
w`Gq Õ¼qswò×qfvGe WKzGg´Ÿ cÉÕ§ZKiGY AGbK myweav cvIqv hvq| Zvi gGaÅ DGjÐLGhvMÅ myweavmgƒn
nGjv@
1. IqvWÆ cÉGmmi ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi KGi mnGR I wbLuyZfvGe wPwVcò, wiGcvUÆ I WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi Kiv hvq
‰es msiÞY Kiv hvq|
2. cÉGqvRGb msiwÞZ WKzGgG´Ÿi AGbK Abywjwc ev Kwc ŠZwi Kiv hvq|
3. wcÉ´ŸvGii mvnvGhÅ WKzGgG´Ÿi wcÉ´Ÿ ev gy`ËY ˆbqv hvq|
4. ˆgGgvwiGZ msiwÞZ WKzGg´Ÿ cybivq eÅenvi Kiv hvq ev cÉGqvRGb AbÅ gvaÅGg ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq|
5. ‰KB mvG^ ‰KvwaK WKzGg´Ÿ wbGq KvR Kiv hvq|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 75

6. WKzGgG´Ÿ wewf®² aiGbi d´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv hvq|

7. WKzGgG´Ÿi AcÉGqvRbxq ˆKvGbv ˆjLv ev Ask gyGQ ˆ`Iqv hvq|
8. WKzGgG´Ÿi Ask weGkl ev mÁ·ƒYÆ Ask ‰K WKzGg´Ÿ ˆ^GK AbÅ WKzGgG´Ÿ Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv hvq|
9. WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆhGKvGbv Ask eÐK KGi ˆevΣ, Av´£vi jvBb, BUvwjK BZÅvw` Kiv hvq|
10. WKzGgG´Ÿi evbvb I eÅvKiYMZ fzj wbYÆq ‰es msGkvab Kiv hvq|
11. WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vGb Qwe, MÉvd ev PvUÆ msGhvRb KGi WKzGg´ŸGK AvKlÆYxq Kiv hvq|
12. BœQvgGZv ˆUwej ŠZwi Kiv hvq ‰es ˆUweGji diGgwUs KvR Kiv hvq|
13. Find-Replace Kgv´£ eÅenvi KGi eo ˆKvGbv WKzGgG´Ÿ A͸ mgGq kõ ˆLuvRv hvq ‰es cÉwZÕ©vcb
Kiv hvq|
14. AGbK mgq ‰KB WKzGg´Ÿ evievi eÅenvGii cÉGqvRb nq ZLb ˆmwUGK ˆUgGµÏU AvKvGi msiÞY
KGi ivLv hvq| ˆhgb@ jÅve wiGcÆvU cÉÕ§Z KiGZ ˆUgGµÏU eÅenvi Kiv nq|
15. wbivcîvi RbÅ WKzGgG´Ÿ cvmIqvWÆ eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
 ˆÕ·ËWwkU (Spread Sheet)
AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅviàGjvi gGaÅ ˆÕ·ÉWwkU mdUIqÅvi ‰KwU AbÅZg mdUIqÅvi| Spread Sheet
kõwUi AvwfavwbK A^Æ nGjv QovGbv cvZv| MÉvd KvMGRi bÅvq X AÞ ‰es Y AÞ eivei ˆQvU NGii
bÅvq AGbK Ni mÁ¼wjZ eo wkUGK ˆÕ·ÉWwkU eGj| ˆh cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ ˆiv ‰es Kjvg
eÅenvi KGi wnmve-wbKvGki KvR Kiv nq ZvGK ˆÕ·ÉWwkU weGkÐlY cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj|
DBG´£vRwfwîK ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ RwUj MvwYwZK wnmve-wbKvk, A^Æ‹bwZK I cwimsLÅvwbK
wnmve-wbKvk ‰es hywî×gƒjK KvhÆò×gmn Z^Å eÅeÕ©vcbvi KvRI Kiv hvq| ˆÕ·ÉWwkU mdUIqÅviGK
BGjKUÇwbK ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ˆcÉvMÉvgI eGj| DGjÐLGhvMÅ ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒn nGjv@ gvBGò×vmdU ‰GÝj
(MS-Excel), ˆjvUvm 1-2-3 (Lotus 1-2-3), ˆKvqvGUÇvGcÉv (Quatro Pro), gvwΟcÐÅvb (Multiplan),
mycvi KÅvj&K (Super Calc) BZÅvw`|
cÉ^g evwYwRÅK ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ˆcÉvMÉvg nGjv wfwmKÅvjK (Visicalc), hv 1978 mvGj evRvGi AvGm| ‰ici
AviI AwaK myweav wbGq 1983 mvGj evRvGi AvGm ˆjvUvm 1-2- 3 (Lotus 1-2-3)| ˆjvUvGmi ˆPGq
AvGiv D®²ZgvGbi myweav wbGq 1985 mvGj AvwefÆve nq gvBGò×vmdU ‰GÝj| ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm
ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ‰KwU eüj eÅen…Z AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvi nGjv gvBGò×vmdU ‰GÝj| ‰GÝGji wewf®²
msÕ•iY evRvGi ‰GmGQ| ZvigGaÅ Excel 5.0 ‰es Excel 7.0 ˆek RbwcÉqZv ARÆb KGiGQ| ‰GÝj
’97-‰i cGii fvmÆb nGjv ‰GÝj 2000| 2001 mvGj Awdm XP-‰i AaxGbi XP ‰GÝj nGjv
‰GÝGji meÆGkl fvmÆb| ‰KwU Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ BGjKUÇwbK ˆÕ·ÉWwkU weGkÐlY ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn I myweav
wbÁ²i…c@
1. mnGRB MvwYwZK, cwimsLÅvbMZ I A^ÆMZ wnmve-wbKvk Kiv hvq|
2. ‰KwU ˆmGji mvG^ AbÅ ‰K ev ‰KvwaK ˆmGji mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcb Kiv hvq|
76 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

3. Õ¼qswò×qfvGe dgÆyjv eÅenvi KGi KvR Kiv hvq|

4. ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU ‰KwU IqvKÆwkGUi mvG^ Aci ‰K ev ‰KvwaK IqvKÆwkGUi mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcb Kiv hvq|
5. ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU cÉGqvRb AbymvGi gÅvGò×v ŠZwi Kiv hvq I mnGRB eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
6. ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU ˆiv I Kjvg-‰i Š`NÆÅ cÉGqvRb AbymvGi evovGbv ev KgvGbv hvq|
7. ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU wewf®² aiGbi ˆWUv eÅenvi KGi wewf®² aiGbi MÉvd ev PvUÆ eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
8. ˆjLvi AvKvi-AvK‡wZ cwieZÆb Kiv hvq ‰es cÉGqvRb AbymvGi ˆjLvGK ˆmGji WvGb ev evGg ev
gvSLvGb mvRvGbv hvq|
9. cÉGqvRb AbymvGi wewf®² Qwe msGhvRb Kiv hvq| AwWI/wfwWI msGhvRb Kiv hvq|
11. wewf®² aiGbi dvskb eÅenvGii myweav cvIqv hvq|
12. ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆWUvGeR ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen…Z dvBj wbGq KvR Kiv hvq|
 ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g (Database Management System)
DBMS-‰i cƒYÆ A^Æ nGjv Database Management System| ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g nGœQ
ciÕ·i mÁ·KÆhyî× Z^Å ‰es ˆm Z^Å chÆvGjvPbv Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mgwÓ¡| A^Ævr
ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi, msiÞY, cwieZÆb, wbq¯¨Y I cwiPvjbvi KvGR eÅen…Z mdUIqÅviB nGjv ˆWUvGeR
gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g| ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g ˆWUvGeR I ˆWUvGeR eÅenviKvixi gGaÅ
mg¯¼qKvix mdUIqÅvi wnGmGe KvR KGi| mvaviYZ ˆWUvGeRGK wewf®²fvGe wbq¯¨Y Kivi RbÅ
DBMS eÅen…Z nq| Avevi DBMS-‰i A¯¦MÆZ ˆcÉvMÉvgmgƒn ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi, ˆWUv cÉGek KivGbv,
ˆWUvi AvaywbKxKiY, ˆWUv ‰wWwUs BZÅvw` KvR Kivi RbÅ DBMS eÅenvi Kiv nq| eZÆgvGb wewf®²
aiGbi ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb@ gvBGò×vmdU AÅvKGmm (Microsoft
Accsess), gvBGò×vmdU wfRyqvj ˆewmK (Microsoft Visual Basic), gvBGò×vmdU dÝGcÉv (Microsoft
Foxpro), ‰mwKD‰j (SQL), Rvfv (Java), cÅvivWÝ (Paradox), wWGeR (Dbase), cvIqvi weΣvi
(Power Builder), ˆWjwd (Delphi), BbdiwgÝ (Informix), IivKj (Oracle) BZÅvw` DGjÐLGhvMÅ|
ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGgG´Ÿi myweav
1. ˆWUvi evüjÅZv Kgvq|
2. ˆiKGWÆi wfwîGZ AvaywbKxKiY Kiv hvq|
3. wewf®² aiGbi wiGcvUÆ ŠZwi Kiv hvq|
4. wewf®² aiGbi eÅenvGii RbÅ ˆWUv msiÞY Kiv hvq|
5. mnGR ˆWUvGeR ˆ^GK wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆiKWÆ Abym®¬vb Kiv hvq |
6. ˆWUvi mwVKZvi wbøqZv cÉ`vb Kiv hvq |
7. cÉGqvRbxq ˆWUv msMÉn KGi wiGcvUÆ ŠZwi Kiv hvq |
8. ˆWUvi AbbyGgvw`Z eÅenvi ˆiva Kiv hvq BZÅvw`|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 77

ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡Ggi KvR

1. cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx ˆWUvGeR ŠZwi Kiv|
2. Z^Å AvniY Rgv I AvcGWU Kiv|
3. eÅenviKvix wbq¯¨Y Kiv|
4. bZzb ˆiKWÆ A¯¦fÆîz × Kiv|
5. cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx ˆiKWÆ gyGQ ˆdjv|
6. ˆWUvi evbvb I msLÅvi fzj Abym®¬vb I msGkvab Kiv|
7. cÉGqvRbxq ˆWUv ev ˆiKWÆ Abym®¬vb I eÅenvi Kiv|
8. ˆiKWÆmgƒnGK wbw`ÆÓ¡ wbqGg mvRvGbv|
9. ˆWUvi wbivcîv weavb Kiv|
10. dgÆ I wiGcvUÆ ŠZwi Kiv ‰es cÉGqvRbxq ˆWUvGeGRi wcÉ´Ÿ ˆbIqv|
11. ˆWUvi Redundancy (AcÉGqvRbxqZv) KgvGbv|
 MÉvwdÝ wWRvBb ˆcÉvMÉvg (Graphics Design Program)
eZÆgvGb MÉvwdÝ wWRvBb Lye ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰KwU ˆckvMZ KvR| ‰B KvGRi gvaÅGg nvRvi nvRvi ˆjvK
ZvG`i KgÆmsÕ©vGbi eÅeÕ©v KGiGQ| MÉvwdÝ nGjv `†kÅgvb BGgR ev Qwe, hv wewf®² gvaÅg eÅenvi KGi
`†kÅgvb KGi ˆZvjv nq| A^Ævr MÉvwdÝ wWRvBb nGjv ‘‰KwU m†wÓ¡kxj cÉGmm ev c«¬wZ, hv wk͸ I
cÉhywî×i mg¯¼Gq wbRÕ¼ AvBwWqvàGjv cÉKvk KGi’| weLÅvZ wWRvBbvi Neville Brody-‰i gGZ,
‘wWRvBb cÉGqvRbmgƒn, Z^Å ‰es KvjvGii ‰gb ‰KwU msGkÐlY, hv ‰i AskmgƒGni mgwÓ¡i ˆ^GKI
ˆewk wKQz ŠZwi KGi’| wewf®² mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi KGi KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅg MÉvwdÝ wWRvBGbi KvR
Kiv nq| ˆhgb@ ‰GWvwe dGUvkc, ‰GWvwe BjvGÕ¡UÈ i, ‰GWvwe dÑvk BZÅvw`|
MÉvwdÝ wWRvBGbi gvaÅGg còcwòKv ŠZwi, eBGqi Kfvi, dGUv ‰wWwUs, ˆcvÕ¡vi ŠZwi, wewf®² aiGbi
Qwe ŠZwi Kiv, Qwe cwieZÆb Kiv, cwieaÆb Kiv, Qwe msGhvRb Kiv, Qwei Ici wewf®² ˆjLv emvGbv,
Qwe ˆQvU Kiv, Qwei AcÉGqvRbxq Ask ˆKGU ˆdjv, KGqKwU QweGK ‰KGò KGi ‰KwU QweGZ i…cv¯¦i
Kiv BZÅvw` hveZxq KvR Kiv hvq| ZvQvov QweGZ wewf®² aiGbi BGdÙ cÉGqvM Kiv I wbGRi
AvBwWqv ˆ^GK QweGK cwieZÆb I cwieaÆb Kiv mÁ¿e|
 gvBGò×vmdU cvIqvi cGq´Ÿ (MS-Power Point)
gvBGò×vmdU cvIqvi cGq´Ÿ nGjv ‰KwU ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ˆcÉvMÉvg| ‰wU ‰KwU MÉvwdÝ cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg|
DBG´£vRwfwîK ‰B ˆcÉvMÉvg Drcwî mgq ˆ^GK KwZcq msÕ•iY (Version) AwZò×g KGi eZÆgvGb
`uvwoGqGQ Powerpoint 2019| Powerpoint-‰i mvnvGhÅ cGYÅi weævcb, wgwUsGqi AvGjvPÅ welq,
Drcv`b cÉwZGe`b, ˆWUv DcÕ©vcbv, MÉvdPvUÆ DcÕ©vcb BZÅvw` KvR Kiv hvq| gƒjZ Powerpoint-‰i
AvMgGb ˆUwjwfkGbi weævcb DcÕ©vcbvq Af„ZcƒeÆ PgK m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| ˆUwjwfkGbi c`Ævq ˆ`Lv hvq
weævcGbi ˆKvGbv Ask ˆhb AvKvk ˆ^GK DGo AvmGQ, c`Ævi KbÆvi ˆ^GK ˆfGm ˆfGm AvmGQ, Avevi
c`Æv ˆf` KGi AvmGQ| Avevi ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv ˆjLv UvBc Kivi gGZv KGi AvGm|
‰ meB cvIqvi cGq´Ÿ ‰i Ae`vb|
78 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

cvIqvi cGqG´Ÿi eÅenvi ev myweav

KwÁ·DUvi ˆhme mnGhvwMZv cÉ`vb KGi Zvi gGaÅ MÉvwdÝ msò×v¯¦ mnGhvwMZv AbÅZg| MÉvwdÝ ˆcÉvMÉvg
wnGmGe Powerpoint-‰i wbGÁ²vî× myweavw` DGjÐLGhvMÅ@
1. cvIqvi cGqG´Ÿi ŠZwiK‡Z ÕÏvBWmgƒnGK KwÁ·DUvGii ˆQvU c`Æv ˆ^GK eo c`Ævq `kÆKe†±`GK
ˆ`LvGbv hvq|
2. ÕÏvBWmgƒGn ‰wbGgkb BGdÙ (cÉvY mçviY) ŠZwi KGi ˆUwjwfkGbi bÅvq eüj cÉPvi gvaÅGg
weævcbmn AbÅvbÅ me wKQz cÉ`kÆb KivGbv hvq|
3. wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆWUvi wfwîGZ mnGR PvUÆ DcÕ©vcbv mÁ¿e nq|
4. AbÅ cÅvGKR Excel, MS-Word-‰i dvBGji welqeÕ§GK wjsK KGi cvIqvi cGq´Ÿ ÕÏvBW wnGmGe
eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
5. wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆUÝU, UvBGUj ‰es MÉvwdÝ mÁ¼wjZ ÕÏvBW evbvGbv hvq|
6. ÕÏvBGW Movie, Sound I Qwe msGhvRb Kiv hvq|
7. wgwUs wigvB´£vi (reminder) mvnvGhÅ wgwUsGqi AvGjvPÅ welq cÉYqb, mgq wbaÆviY BZÅvw`i KvR
Kiv hvq|
8. ‰Qvov Excel, MS-Word-‰i cÉPwjZ AGbK myGhvM-myweav Powerpoint-‰ we`Ågvb|

wbGR Ki: QGK evgcvGki NGi wewf®² aiGbi AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv|
ˆKvbwU ˆKvb aiGbi AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg Zvi bvg WvbcvGki NGi wjGLv|
wewf®² aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg
Microsoft Word, Mac Writer, Note Pad, Word Star
Latex, PFS: Writer
Quatro Pro, Multiplan, Super Calc
Delphi, Informix, Oracle

1.5.3 IqvWÆ cÉGmwms mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj (Word Processing

Sofware and its Basic Functions)
KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ kõ cÉwò×qvKiY Kiv nq eGj ‰GK IqvWÆ cÉGmmi ev kõ cÉwò×qvKviK eGj|
IqvWÆ cÉGmwms ‰i RbÅ eZÆgvGb wewf®² aiGbi cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg cvIqv hvq| KwÁ·DUvGii eüj eÅen…Z
KGqKwU IqvWÆ cÉGmmi cÅvGKGRi bvg nGjv@
1. gvBGò×vmd&U IqvWÆ (Microsoft Word) 5. gÅvKivBU (Mac Write)
2. IqvWÆ cviGdÙ (Word Perfect) 6. ˆbvU cÅvW (Note Pad)
3. IqvWÆ Õ¡vi (Word Star) 7. IqvWÆ cÅvW (Word Pad)
4. jÅvGUÝ (Latex) 8. wc‰d‰m: ivBU (PFS: Write) BZÅvw`|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 79

cÉavbZ ˆjLvGjwLi KvR Kivi RbÅ eÅen…Z AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvgGKB IqvWÆ cÉGmmi ev IqvWÆ cÉGmwms
ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ IqvWÆ cÉGmmi wnGmGe ˆKvGbv Õ¼xK‡wZ IqvWÆ cÉGmmi ˆbB| IqvWÆ cÉGmwms ˆcÉvMÉvg
wnGmGe 1981 mvGj hyî×ivGÓ¡Çi gvBGò×v ˆcÉv B´ŸvibÅvkbvj ‰i ŠZwi Word Star wQj KwÁ·DUvi
eÅenviKvixG`i RbÅ ‰K PgKcÉ` Dcnvi| Word Star w`Gq KwÁ·DUvGi ‰Z mnGR, Õ¼vœQG±`
ˆjLvGjwLi KvR Kiv hvq KwÁ·DUvi eÅenviKvixiv KLbI Zv fveGZB cvGiwb| ZLb ÷ay Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ
bq, Word Star-B wQj ‰Kgvò IqvWÆ cÉGmwms ˆcÉvMÉvg|
eZÆgvGb Microsoft word nGjv eüj eÅen…Z ‰es eÅvcKfvGe mgv`†Z IqvWÆ cÉGmwms ˆcÉvMÉvg|
Microsoft word-‰i RbwcÉqZvi KvGQ Windows ev Mac ˆKvGbv µÏvUdGgÆ word Perfect
wUKGZ cvGiwb| Microsoft word AvBwe‰g wcwm, Windows I Mac AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g Dfq
µÏvUdGgÆ AZů¦ RbwcÉq ‰es eüj eÅen…Z IqvWÆ cÉGmwms ˆcÉvMÉvg| Avwki `kGKi gvSvgvwS mgGq
gÅvwKbUk KwÁ·DUvGi Microsoft word cÉ^Gg Pvjy nq| ‰ici AvBwe‰g wcwm, DBG´£vR cwiGeGk
Microsoft word ‰i eÅenvi ÷i‚ nq| ‰Lb AvBwe‰g wcwm, Windows, Windows
95/98/2000/Me/XP/Vesta ‰es Windows NT AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg I gÅvwKbUk KwÁ·DUvGii
IqvWÆ cÉGmwms ˆcÉvMÉvg wnGmGe Microsoft Word ‰i eÅvcK eÅenvi| KvGRB Microsoft Word
ˆcÉvMÉvgGK eZÆgvGbi Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ IqvWÆ cÉGmwms ˆcÉvMÉvg eGj| wK¯§ A`ƒi fwelÅGZ ˆ`Lv hvGe ˆh,
Microsoft Word ‰i ˆPGq AvGiv D®²Z mdUIqÅvi PGj AvmGe|
Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ IqvWÆ cÉGmmi cÅvGKR nGZ cÉvµ¦ myGhvM-myweav
1. IqvWÆ cÉGmmi cÅvGKR eÅenvi KGi mnGR ˆKvGbv WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi Kiv hvq|
2. ˆgGgvwiGZ wjwc msiÞY (save) ‰es cÉGqvRGb msiwÞZ wjwci Abywjwc (copy) cÉÕ§Z Kiv hvq|
3. ˆgGgvwiGZ msiwÞZ WKzGg´Ÿ ev dvBj wcÉ´ŸvGii gvaÅGg KvMGR wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv hvq A^ev AbÅ ˆKvGbv
gvaÅGg ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq|
4. ˆjLvi gvSLvGb bZzb ˆKvGbv ˆjLv mw®²GewkZ Kiv hvq ‰es AcÉGqvRbxq ˆKvGbv ˆjLv gyGQ ˆ`qv hvq|
5. ˆKvGbv dvBGj ˆjLvi ˆh ˆKvGbv Ask AbÅ ˆh ˆKvGbv AsGk Kwc ev Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv hvq|
6. ‰K dvBGji ˆjLv AbÅ dvBGj ˆh ˆKvGbv AsGk Kwc ev Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv hvq|
7. evbvb fzj I eÅvKiYMZ fzj wbYÆq I msGkvaY Kiv hvq|
8. WKzGgG´Ÿi gvGS ˆh ˆKvGbv kGõi cwieGZÆ bZzb kõ cÉwZÕ©vcb (Replace) Kiv hvq|
9. WKzGgG´Ÿi gvGS ˆh ˆKvGbv Ask eÐK KGi Bold, Underline, Italic, Shadow BZÅvw` Kiv hvq|
10. WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆh ˆKvGbv kõ, evKÅ I AsGki d´Ÿ cwieZÆb Kiv hvq|
11. ‰GÞGò mwUÆs, mvwPÆs, ˆgBjgvRÆ, kUÆ nÅv´£ I MvwYwZK myweav A¯¦fƒî
Æ × iGqGQ|
12. cÉGqvRGb WKzGg´ŸGK KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwiGZ msiÞY Kiv hvq|
13. ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvGii gvaÅGg ˆjLvi evbvb fzj msGkvab Kiv hvq|
14. wcÉ´ŸvGii mvnvGhÅ cÉGqvRbxq msLÅK Kwc QvcvGbv hvq|
DwjÐwLZ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi RbÅ weGk¼i AbÅvbÅ ˆ`Gki bÅvq AvgvG`i ˆ`GkI IqvWÆcÉGmmi cÅvGKGRi eÅenvi I
RbwcÉqZv AGbK| eZÆgvGb AvgvG`i ˆ`Gk mvaviY UvBc ivBUvGii e`Gj IqvWÆ cÉGmmi ‰i eÅenviI
w`b w`b evoGQ| weGkl KGi AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki gy`ËY wkG͸ ‰i eÅenvi eÅvcK iGqGQ|
80 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1.5.4 ˆÕ·ËWwkU mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvR (Spreadsheet Software and

its Basic Function)
ˆÕ·ÉWwkU (Spread Sheet) kõwUi AvwfavwbK A^Æ nGjv QovGbv cvZv (Spread A^Æ QovGbv ‰es
Sheet A^Æ cvZv)| mywekvj ˆÕ·ËWwkGUi ˆh AsGk KvR Kiv nq ZvGK IqvKÆwkU ejv nq| gƒjZ: ‰K
ev ‰KvwaK IqvKÆwkU wbGqB ŠZwi nq ‰KwU IqvKÆeyK| ‰KwU LvZvq ˆhgb KGqKwU c†Ó¤vq ˆjLv hvq
ˆZgwb wf®² wf®² IqvKÆwkU LyGj ˆmLvGb KvR Kiv hvq| IqvKÆeyGK ˆWUv I BbdiGgkb msiÞY I
cÉGqvM Kiv nq|
 ˆÕ·ÉWwkU/IqvKÆwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ŠewkÓ¡Å
1. ˆmGji gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcb: ˆÕ·ÉWwkGUi ‰KwU ˆmjGK Aci ‰KwU ˆmGji mvG^ mÁ·KÆhyî× Kiv
hvq| A^vÆr ‰KwU NGii gvb cwiewZÆZ nGj H NGii mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ AbÅvbÅ NGii gvbI Õ¼qswò×q
fvGe cwiewZÆZ nq|
2. wkGUi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcb: ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU ‰KwU IqvKÆwkGUi mvG^ Aci ‰KwU IqvKÆwkGUi mÁ·KÆ
Õ©vcb Kiv hvq| ‰GÞGò ‰KwUGZ cwieZÆb nGj H IqvKÆwkGUi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ AbÅvbÅ wkGUi
gvbI Õ¼qswò×q fvGe cwiewZÆZ nq|
3. Õ¼qswò×q dgyÆjvi eÅenvi: ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU AGbK AvaywbK ‰es ‰GZ Õ¼qswò×q dgyÆjv eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
4. dvskGbi eÅenvi: wewf®² mgmÅv mgvavGbi RbÅ ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ˆcÉvMÉvGg 9wU KÅvUvMwiGZ ˆgvU 485wU
dvskb iGqGQ| ‰G`i mvnvGhÅ wewf®² aiGbi mgmÅvGK Lye mnGR mgvavb Kiv hvq| ZvQvov
eÅenviKvixiv BœQv KiGj cÉGqvRbxq dvskb ŠZwi KGi wbGZ cvGi|
5. gÅvGò×v ‰i eÅenvi: ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU iGqGQ gÅvGò×v eÅenvGii myweav ‰es eÅenviGhvMÅ gÅvGò×v| ‰KB
KvR evievi KiGZ nq ‰gb me KvGRi mgwÓ¡GK Macro ŠZwii gvaÅGg ‰KwU Single Action-
‰ i…cv¯¦i KGi cieZÆxGZ hZevi BœQv eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
6. kGZÆi mnR weGkÐlY: mwVK wm«¬v¯¦ evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ AGbK mgq MvwYwZK weGkÐlGYi cvkvcvwk
hywî×MZ wm«¬vG¯¦i cÉGqvRb nq| ˆÕ·ÉWwkU ‰LvGb AMÉYx f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
7. ˆmGji mvBR cwieZÆb: ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU BœQvgGZv ˆmGji Š`NÆÅ I cÉÕ© cwieZÆb Kiv hvq|
8. MÉvd ev PvGUÆi eÅenvi: ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU MÉvd ev PvUÆ eÅenvGii gvaÅGg Lye AvKlÆYxqfvGe Z^ÅGK
DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvq|
9. ˆWUvGeGRi eÅenvi: ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU AbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆWUvGeR ˆcÉvMÉvGg eÅen…Z dvBj wbGq KvR Kiv
hvq| dGj `Þ ˆWUvGeR eÅenvGii gaÅ w`Gq ZG^Åi `Ë‚Z wbfzj Æ ‰es Kvw›ÞZ djvdj cvIqv
hvq|
10. wewf®² iKg dG´Ÿi eÅenvi: WKzGgG´Ÿi AvKlÆYxqZv ‰es ŠewPòZv evovGbvi RbÅ ‰LvGb bvbv
iKg d´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
11. Qwe I kGõi msGhvRb: Z^ÅGK mnGR ˆevSvGbvi RbÅ ‰LvGb bvbviKg Qwe I kõ msGhvRb Kiv
hvq|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 81

 ˆÕ·ÉWwkU DcÕ©vcbvi ŠewkÓ¡Å

1. kGõi wewf®² aiGbi AvKvi AvK‡wZ I isGqi RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi d´Ÿ eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
2. ˆmGji mvBR cwieZÆb KGi kõ ev msLÅvGK ˆmGji ˆh ˆKvGbv Õ©vGb Õ©vcb Kiv hvq|
3. ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆmj ev ˆKvGbv Drawing wKsev ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ Topic ‰i Dci mvZ (7) iKg eWÆvi
eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
4. ˆmj, ˆié, Kjvg ev mvwi wKsev ˆKvGbv Topic ˆK wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰wiqvGZ Õ©vcb KGi ‰GZ wewf®²
Shade ˆ`Iqv hvq|
5. wbGRi BœQvgGZv wcKPvi ŠZwi KGi eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
6. wewf®² aiGbi PvUÆ ŠZwi KGi ‰GZ wjGR´£, ˆjLv, Zxi, cÅvUvbÆ I wewf®² aiGbi Symbol eÅenvi
Kiv hvq|
7. ˆÕ·ÉWwkGUi mvG^ AwWI/wfwWI, hyî× Kiv hvq|
8. ‰KwU cƒYÆvã ˆWUvGK wewf®² Sub-data ˆZ fvM Kiv hvq|
9. ZvrÞwYKfvGe PvGUÆi wfD ˆ`GL cwieZÆb Kiv hvq|
10. mswÞµ¦ ev IqvKÆwkGUi wbw`ÆÓ¡ AsGki Ryg ˆbIqv hvq|
 ˆÕ·ÉWwkGUi wewf®² aiGbi eÅenvi
KwÁ·DUvGii KxGevWÆGK KjGgi gGZv eÅenvi KGi ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU wewf®² AvÞwiK I MvwYwZK Z^Å ˆjLv
hvq| MvwYwZK Z^ÅàGjvGK wewf®² dgyÆjv I dvskb eÅenvi KGi wnmve-wbKvk Kiv hvq| ‰K K^vq
wnmve msò×v¯¦ cÉvq mgÕ¦ KvRB ˆÕ·ÉWwkGU Kiv hvq| ZGe ˆgvUvgywUfvGe ˆÕ·ÉWwkGUi mvnvGhÅ Avgiv
mvaviYZ ˆh KvRàGjv KGi ^vwK Zv nGjv@
1. Š`bw±`b wnmve msiÞY ŠZwi Kiv;
2. ˆWUv msiÞY I eÅeÕ©vcbvi hveZxq KvR mÁ·®² Kiv;
3. evwlÆK cÉwZGe`b cÉYqb I evGRU cÉYqb Kiv;
4. eÅvswKs eÅeÕ©vcbvq hveZxq wnmve welqK weGkÐlY Kiv;
5. AvqKi I AbÅvbÅ wnmve ŠZwiKiY Kiv;
6. ŠeævwbK KÅvjKzGjkb Kiv;
7. ˆeZGbi wnmve ŠZwiKiY Kiv;
8. gRy` cwigvY I wbq¯¨Y Kiv;
9. KgÆKZÆv-KgÆPvixG`i ˆeZb msKÌv¯¦ wnmve Kiv;
10. ‰qvijvB´Ö wiRvGfÆkb ŠZwi Kiv;
11. wbeÆvPGbi ˆfvU MYbvq;
12. ˆLGjvqvGoi cÉ`wkÆZ KÌxovGKŒkj gƒjÅvqGb;
13. MvwYwZK, wòGKvbwgwZK ‰es cwimsLÅvwbK dvskb eÅenvi Kiv;
14. wewf®² aiGbi Avw^ÆK eÅeÕ©vcbv;
15. Z^ÅGK AvKÆlYxq KGi DcÕ©vcGbi RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi PvUÆ ev MÉvd ŠZwi Kiv;
16. gÅvGò×v eÅenvi KGi ˆKvGbv KvR ˆiKWÆ KGi cieZxÆGZ Zv evievi eÅenvi Kiv BZÅvw`|
82 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

1.5.5 ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvi I Zvi ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj (Presentation

Software and its Basic Function)
gvBGò×vmdU cvIqvi cGq´Ÿ nGjv ‰KwU ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ˆcÉvMÉvg| ‰wU ‰KwU MÉvwdÝ cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg|
mfv, ˆmwgbvi-wmGÁ·vwRqvg, KgÆkvjv BZÅvw`GZ KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ AvKlÆYxq ‰es KvhÆKifvGe
Z^Å DcÕ©vcb Kivi RbÅ cÉavbZ ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb@ cvIqvi cGq´Ÿ,
wcKvmv, BgGcÉm BZÅvw`| cvIqvi cGq´Ÿ nGœQ gvBGKÌvmdU AwdGmi A¯¦fÆÚ z ‰KwU RbwcÉq mdUIqÅvi
ev AÅvwµÏGKkb| ‰B mdUIqÅviwUGK ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvi eGj| ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvi wnGmGe
cvIqvi cGqG´Ÿi myweav wbGÁ² DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv@ MÉvwdÝ ˆcÉvMÉvg wnGmGe Powerpoint-‰i wbGÁ²vî×
myweavw` DGjÐLGhvMÅ@
 cvIqvi cGqG´Ÿi mvnvGhÅ ˆjLv, Qwe, AwWI/wfwWI MÉvd BZÅvw` mg®¼Gq AvKlÆYxqfvGe Z^Åvw`
DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvq|
 mfv, ˆmwgbvi-wmGÁ·vwRqvg KgÆkvjv BZÅvw`GZ KvhÆKifvGe Z^Å DcÕ©vcb Kivi RbÅ cvIqvi
cGq´Ÿ mdUIqÅviwU Lye mnGR ‰es PgrKvifvGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
 ÕÏvBWmgƒGn ‰wbGgkb BGdÙ ŠZwi KGi ˆUwjwfkGbi bÅvq eüj cÉPvi gvaÅGg weævcbmn me wKQz
cÉ`kÆb KivGbv hvq|
 wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆWUvi wfwîGZ mnGR PvUÆ DcÕ©vcbv mÁ¿e nq|
 AbÅ cÅvGKR Excel, MS-Word-‰i dvBGji welqeÕ§GK wjsK KGi cvIqvi cGq´Ÿ ÕÏvBW
wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq |
 wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆUÝU, UvBGUj ‰es MÉvwdÝ mÁ¼wjZ ÕÏvBW evbvGbv hvq|
 ÕÏvBGW Movie ‰es Sound I Qwe msGhvRb Kiv hvq|

`jMZ KvR: wkÞv^xÆiv (2wU) `Gj wefî× nGe| cÉ^g `j: ˆÕ·ËWwkU I ˆWUvGeR ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gGaÅ
ZzjbvgƒjK cv^ÆKÅ ‰es w«¼Zxq `j: IqvWÆ cÉGmwms I ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK
cv^ÆKÅ wjLGe| cÉGZÅK `j ˆ^GK ‰KRb `Gji eÚeÅ ZzGj aGiv|

Dc-AaÅvqwUi gƒjÅvqb
1. `yBwU IqvWÆ cÉGmmi ˆcÉvMÉvGgi bvg ej|
2. wnmve-wbKvGki RbÅ ˆKvb ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi nq?
3. Paradox, dbase ˆKvb aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvg?
4. ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvGii bvg ej|
5. ŠeævwbK KÅvjKzGjkGb ˆKvb ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi Kiv nq?
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 83

1.6 KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjm

Computer Peripherials
wgwWqv wÕ˜b IGqe KÅvGgiv
wmGÕ¡g BDwbU
wcÉ´Ÿvi
gwbUi

wÕ·Kvi
wmwW/wWwfwW WÈvBf

nvWÆwWÕ• WÈvBf

KxGevWÆ gvDm

wWwRUvj KÅvGgiv gvBGKÌvGdvb

Õ•Åvbvi
KvWÆ wiWvi/ivBUvi
BD‰mwe
dÑÅvk WÈvBf

gGWg

‰ÝUvbÆvj nvWÆwWÕ• ˆgGgvwi KvWÆ

KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg wewf®² KvhÆvewj mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² wWfvBm ev nvWÆIqÅvimgƒn
mywbw`ÆÓ¡ wbqg Abyhvqx ciÕ·Gii mvG^ hyî× ^vGK| ‰ aiGbi nvWÆIqÅvimgƒGni gGaÅ iGqGQ wewf®²
aiGbi BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBm| BbcyU wWfvBmmgƒn KwÁ·DUvGii cÉwò×qvKiGYi KvhÆvw`
mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq ˆWUv mieivn KGi| cÞv¯¦Gi AvDUcyU wWfvBmmgƒn KwÁ·DUvGii
cÉwò×qvKiGYi djvdj cÉ`kÆGbi ev cÉ`vGbi KvGR wbGqvwRZ ^vGK|

‰ Dc-AaÅvq cvV ˆkGl hv wkLe

1.6.1 KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjGmi ˆkÉwYwefvM
1.6.2 mvaviY ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm ˆhgb: Kx-ˆevWÆ, gvDm, wcÉ´Ÿvi I gwbUGii ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb
ŠZwi
1.6.3 mvaviY ˆcwiGdivjm wWfvBmmgƒGni KvhÆvewj eYÆbv
1.6.4 wewf®² aiGYi wcÉ´ŸvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å eYÆbv
1.6.5 wewf®² aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGii ZzjbvgƒjK eÅenvwiK myweav-Amyweav eYÆbv KiGZ cvie
1.6.6 ˆÕ·kvj ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm ˆhgb: Scanner, OMR, OCR, MICR, Digitizer,
Light Pen, Spech Recognizer BZÅvw`i wdPvimgƒn wPwn×Z
1.6.7 ˆÕ·kvj ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBmmgƒGni eÅenvwiK KvhÆvewj eYÆbv
84 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjm (Computer Peripharals)

Peripharal kGõi kvwõK A^Æ nGjv mxgv¯¦eZÆx ev cÉvw¯¦K| ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBmmgƒn KwÁ·DUvGii
wmwcBD-‰i mxgv¯¦eZÆx (wbKUZg) Õ©vGb AeÕ©vb KGi wbGRG`i gGaÅ Z^Å Av`vb-cÉ`vb ‰es Z^Å
msiÞY KGi ^vGK| gvBGò×vcÉGmmi ‰KKfvGe ˆKvGbv KvR mÁ·v`b KiGZ cvGi bv|
gvBGò×vcÉGmmGii KvGR mnvqZv cÉ`vGbi RbÅ wKQzmsLÅK BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBGmi cÉGqvRb nq|
ˆcwiGdivj ejGZ gƒjZ KwÁ·DUvGii wmwcBD-‰i mvG^ mshyî× hveZxq BbcyU/AvDUcyU
wWfvBmmgƒnGK ˆevSvq|
KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ wewf®² aiGbi KvhÆvw` myÓ¤zfvGe mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ wmwcBD‰i mvG^ wdwRKÅvwj
(Physically) ev jwRKÅvwj (Logically) mshyî× hveZxq BbcyU AvDUcyU I ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBmGK
KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjm eGj|

Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiY Ask

(wmwcBD) ˆgGgvwi (ÕÆwZ)

BUcyU wWfvBm AvDUcyU wWfvBm ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBm

ˆcwiGdqvjm

1.6.1 KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjGmi ˆkÉwYwefvM (Classification of Computer

Peripharals)
KwÁ·DUvGii mGã mshyî× BbcyU/AvDUcyU wWfvBmàGjvGK KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjm eGj| ˆhgb@
KxGevWÆ, gvDm, wcÉ´Ÿvi, Õ•Åvbvi, cÐUvi, IwmAvi, I‰gAvi BZÅvw`| Z^ÅcÉevGni w`K weGePbv KGi
KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjGK mvaviYZ wZbwU fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v@
1. BbcyU ˆcwiGdivj (Input Peripheral)
2. AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdivj (Output Peripheral) ‰es
3. ˆÕ¡vGiR/ BbcyU I AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdivj (Storage /Input and Output Peripheral)
1. BbcyU ˆcwiGdivj (Input Peripheral)
KwÁ·DUvi wewf®² aiGbi nvWÆIqÅvGii ev wWfvBGmi gvaÅGg eÅenviKvixi KvQ ˆ^GK Z^Å
cÉwò×qvKiGYi RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi ˆWUv MÉnY KGi| KwÁ·DUvGi Z^Å cÉwò×qvKiGYi KvGR ˆWUv cÉ`vGb
wbGqvwRZ nvWÆIqÅvimgƒnB nGjv BbcyU ˆcwiGdqvj| KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡Gg wewf®² aiGbi BbcyU
ˆcwiGdqvj eÅen…Z nq| Zvi gGaÅ DGjÐLGhvMÅ BbcyU ˆcwiGdqvjmgƒn nGjv
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 85

1| Kx-ˆevWÆ 6| evi ˆKvW wiWvi 11| wWwRUvBRvi

2| gvDm 7| cGq´Ÿ Ad ˆmj 12| jvBUGcb
3| UÇÅvKej 8| I‰gAvi 13| MÉvwdÝ cÅvW
4| RqwÕ¡K 9| IwmAvi 14| wWwRUvj KÅvGgiv BZÅvw`|
5| UvPwÕ˜b 10| Õ•Åvbvi
2. AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdivj (Output Peripheral)
KwÁ·DUvGii djvdj cÉ`ÆkGbi KvGR wewf®² aiGbi nvWÆIqÅvi mshyÚ ^vGK| ‰ mKj nvWÆIqÅvi
AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdqvj bvGg cwiwPZ| A^Ævr KwÁ·DUvGii BbcyU nvWÆIqÅvimgƒGni gvaÅGg cÉvµ¦
ˆWUvmgƒn cÉwò×qvKiY AsGk cÉwò×qvRvZ nGq ˆh mKj nvWÆIqÅvGii mvnvGhÅ djvdj cÉ`Ækb KGi
ˆmàGjvGK AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdqvj ejv nq| DGjÐLGhvMÅ AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdqvjmgƒn wbÁ²i…c@
1| gwbUi 4| wÕ·Kvi 7| wdÍÂ ˆiKWÆvi
2| wcÉ´Ÿvi 5| gvwΟwgwWqv cÉGRÙi 8| ˆnWGdvb BZÅvw`|
3| cÐUvi 6| BGgR ˆmUvi
3. ˆÕ¡vGiR/ BbcyU I AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdivj (Storage/ Input and Output Peripheral)
KwÁ·DUvGii mGã mshyî× ˆh mKj wWfvBmàGjv BbcyU I AvDUcyU h¯¨ wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq
ZvG`iGK BbcyU I AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdivj ejv nq| KGqKwU DGjÐLGhvMÅ BbcyU I AvDUcyU
ˆcwiGdivj nGœQ
1| nvWÆwWÕ• 3| ˆcbWÈvBf
2| wmwW ev wWwfwW 4| UvPwÕ˜b BZÅvw`|

1.6.2 mvaviY ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm ˆhgb: Kx-ˆevWÆ, gvDm, wcÉ´Ÿvi I gwbUi

BZÅvw`i ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb ŠZwi Kiv (Creating Specifications for
Common Peripheral Devices such as Keyboards, Mouse,
Printer and Monitor)
‰KwU cƒYÆvã KwÁ·DUvi ˆmU wWRvBb KiGZ AGbK aiGbi h¯¨vsGki cÉGqvRb nq| Avevi ‰KB h¯¨vsk
KGqK aiGbi nGq ^vGK| ZvB KvGRi aib eyGGS I cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx AvgvG`i h¯¨vsk wbeÆvPb KiGZ
nGe| ˆhgb@ h¯¨vsk wewf®² aiGbi nq wVK ˆZgwb ‰i `vGgiI wf®²Zv iGqGQ| ZvB AvgvG`i
cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb ŠZwi KiGZ nGe| ‰Lb mvaviY KvGRi DGóGkÅ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGii
h¯¨vsGki ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb ŠZwi KiGev| wbGÁ² ‰KwU Kx-ˆevWÆ ‰i ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb ŠZwi KGi ˆ`LvGbv
nGjv|
86 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

Kx-ˆevWÆ-‰i ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb@
Features Specifications
Keyboard Layout English
Keyboard height Adjustable height with 2 different
positions
USB 2.4GHz USB wireless receiver
Keys Touch panel multi media keys
Spill Resistant Yes
gvDm-‰i ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb@
Features Specifications
Sensor Optical, 1000 DPI sensitivity
Buttons  Two primary buttons
 Clickable scroll wheel
USB Yes
wcÉ´Ÿvi ‰i ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb@
ò×wgK bs gvjvgvGj bvg weeiY
1 Print Technology LASER
2 Speed Upto 33 ppm (Minium ) in A4
3 Print Resulation Black (best): Upto 12001200bpi; (minimum
4 Duty Cycle Up to 50,000 Pages (minium) per Month
5 Memory 256 MB (Minium)
6 Processor Speed 800MHz (Minimum)
7 Print Language PCL 5e, PCL 6, Postscript Level emulation
8 Paper handling input 50-sheet multipurpose tray, 250-sheet input tray,
automatic duplexer for two sided printing.
9 Duplex Printing Auto
10 Media supported A4; Legal, Letter
11 Mobile Printing Yes
capability
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 87

ò×wgK bs gvjvgvGj bvg weeiY

12 Wireless Capability Optional
13 Power supply Impact Voltage: 220 VAC, 50/60Hz
14 Connectivity 1 Hi Spead USB2.0, 1 Host USB; 1 Ethernet
10/100/1000, Base-TX network, 1 Walk-up usb
(MINIUM)
15 Energy Star Qualified Yes
16 Cable included Yes
17 Warranty One year full comprehensive warranty with
spare parts and labourr on site.
gwbUi-‰i ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb
Features Specifications
Screen Resolution 1024 x 768
Colors 256,000
Screen Size 15 inches
Dot Pitch .27
Refresh Rate >50hz

1.6.3 mvaviY ˆcwiGdivjm wWfvBmmgƒGni KvhÆvewj (Functions of Common

Peripherals Devices)
KxGevWÆ (Keyboard)
Input Device ‰i gGaÅ meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰es eÅvcK eÅen…Z wWfvBm nGœQ Keyboard| ˆKvGbv
ˆjLvi KvGR ‰wU Qvov KwÁ·DUvGi Z^Å cÉGek Kiv cÉvq AmÁ¿e| Keyboard cÉavbZ `yB aiGbi|
ˆhgb@ Standard Keyboard(84 keys) ‰es Enhanced keyboard(101/102/104 keys)|

wPò: wewf®² cÉKvi Keyboard

88 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

Keyboard ‰i ˆcvUÆ ˆgvU wZb cÉKvi| h^v: PS/2 Port, USB Port ‰es Serial Port|

PS/2 USB 2.0 Ports

Keyboard Port Serial Ports

gvDm (Mouse)
Mouse nGœQ Kx-ˆevGWÆi cvkvcvwk AvGiKwU eüj eÅen…Z BbcyU wWfvBm| gvDm w`Gq Kx-GevGWÆi
ˆPGq AGbK `Ë‚Z KvR Kiv hvq| gvDm `yB aiGbi nq| ˆhgb@
 ˆgKvwbKÅvj (Mechanical) gvDm: gvDGmi wbGPi w`GK ‰KwU ej ^vGK; ‰RbÅ gvDm gyf
KiGj ˆWÕ•UGc KvmÆiI Dci/wbP/Wvb/evg gyf KGi|
 AcwUKÅvj (Optical) gvDm: gvDGmi wbGPi w`GK eGji cwieGZÆ ‰KwU Ray «¼viv gyf nq| ‰B
gvDm KÅvejmn nGZ cvGi, Avevi ZviwenxbI (Wireless) nGZ cvGi|
wcÉ´Ÿvi (Printer)
wcÉ´Ÿvi nGœQ AvGiKwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AvDUcyU wWfvBm| mvaviYZ wcÉ´Ÿ ev nvWÆKwc ˆbIqvi RbÅ ‰wU
eÅen…Z nq| mvaviYZ wZb aiGbi wcÉ´Ÿvi eÅen…Z nq| h^v-
 Dot matrix,
 Inkjet ev Bubble jet I
 Laser Jet
gwbUi (Monitor)
gwbUi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AvDUcyU wWfvBm| ‰wU nGœQ Z^Å cÉ`ÆkGbi ‰KwU gvaÅg hv wfwWI KG´ŸÈvjvi
KvWÆ ev ‰Wv¶Ÿvi ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ msGKZGK h^vh^ i…cv¯¦Gii ci wbRÕ¼ Õ˜xb ev c`vÆq ˆ`Lvq|
`jMZ KvR: ˆkÉwY KGÞ `yBwU `Gj wefî× nGe| cÉ^g `Gji bvg nGe BbcyU ˆcwiGdivjm ‰es
w«¼Zxq `Gji bvg AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdivjm| `yB `Gji m`mÅG`i bvg ˆcwiGdivjm bvg AbymvGi
1wU KGi ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆkÉwY wkÞGKi KvGQ DcÕ©vcb KiGe|

1.6.4 wewf®² aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å (Characteristics of Different Types

of Printer)
evRvGi wewf®² aiGbi wcÉ´Ÿvi iGqGQ ZvG`i gGaÅ meGPGq cÉPwjZ wcÉ´ŸvGii àGjvi ŠewkÓ¡Å wbGP ZzGj
aiv nGjv-
 WU gÅvwUÇÝ wcÉ´Ÿvi (Dot matrix Printer)
‰wU ‰KwU avØv wcÉ´Ÿvi| wewf®² WU cÅvUvGbÆi mvnvGhÅ WU gÅvwUÇÝ wcÉ´Ÿvimgƒn ZvG`i KvhÆvewj mÁ·v`b
KGi ^vGK| A^Ævr AGbKàGjv WU mgw¯¼Z nGqB KÅvGiÙvi MwVZ nGq ^vGK| eZÆgvb mgGq eÅen…Z
AGbK MwZ mÁ·®² ‰es DœPàY mÁ·®² WU gÅvwUÇÝ wcÉ´Ÿvi evRvGi cvIqv hvq| ˆhgb-9 wcb, 24 wcb
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 89

BZÅvw`| wcÉ´Ÿ ˆnWGK Še`yÅwZK ˆgvUGii mvnvGhÅ bovQov Kivi eÅeÕ©v AvGQ| ‰KwU eYÆ Qvcv nIqvi
ci wcÉ´ŸGnW ‰KUz mGi hvq dGj ‰KB jvBGbi cGii eYÆ Qvcv nq| ‰KwU cyGiv jvBb Qvcv nGq ˆMGj
KvMR ‰KUz mGi wMGq cGii jvBb PGj AvGm Avi wcÉ´ŸGnWI ˆmB mGã euvw`GKi ˆkl cÉvG¯¦ mGi wMGq
Avevi QvcvGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ZGe wKQz WU gÅvwUÇÝ wcÉ´Ÿvi DfqgyLx (Bidirectional) A^Ævr, ‰àGjv euvg
w`K ˆ^GK Wvb I Wvb ˆ^GK euvgw`K Dfq w`GKB QvcvGZ cvGi| ‰GÞGò ‰KwU jvBb euvgw`K ˆ^GK I
cGii jvBb Wvbw`K ˆ^GK, ‰fvGe Qvcv nq| ‰GZ Qvcv AGcÞvK‡Z `Ë‚ZZi nq| WU gÅvwUÇÝ wcÉ´ŸvGi
ˆmGKG´£ 50 ˆ^GK 500wU eYÆ Qvcv hvq| ‰i ‰KwU myweav nGjv WU gÅvwUÇÝ mvwi I Õ¦GÁ¼i msLÅv
cwiewZÆZ KGi eGYÆi mvBR ev Mob cvΟvGbv hvq|
WU gÅvwUÇÝ wcÉ´ŸvGi ˆjLv QvovI Qwe ev MÉvd QvcvGbv hvq| ‰ aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGi eYÆàGjv KwZcq we±`y
«¼viv Qvcv nIqvq ˆjLv my`†kÅ nq bv| ZGe AwaK wcb msewjZ WU gÅvwUÇÝ eÅenvi KiGj ˆjLv cÉvq
mvaviYZ Qvcvi ˆjLvi gGZvB nq| ˆh aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGi fvGjv Qvcvi AÞGii gGZv ˆjLv nq ZvG`i
ˆjUvi ˆKvqvwjwU (Letter quality) wcÉ´Ÿvi eGj| eYÆàGjv wewœQ®² we±`y bv ‰uGK AwewœQ®² ˆiLv «¼viv
AvuKGj ZGeB ˆjUvi ˆKvqvwjwU QvcvGbv mÁ¿e|
1g avØv 2q avØv 3q avØv 4^Æ avØv 5g avØv 6Ó¤ avØv

wcÉ´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ

ˆnW ˆnW ˆnW ˆnW ˆnW ˆnW
wPò: 5 x 7 ˆgwUÇÝ I 5 evi avØv w`Gq BsGiRx 7 ˆjLvi cÉwKÌqv
WU-ˆgwUÇÝ wcÉ´ŸvGii ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn
1. ‰ aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGii gvaÅGg wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi ˆÞGò cÉwZwU KÅvGiÙviGK ˆRbvGiU KiGZ WU eÅenvi Kiv
nq|
2. ‰Z mvaviYZ 7, 9 A^ev 24 wcb ^vGK|
3. ‰Z eÅen…Z cÉPwjZ WU-gÅvwUÇÝàGjv nGœQ 75, 97, 129, 249, 4018 BZÅvw`|
4. cÉwZ ˆmGKG´£ 50-500 wU KÅvGiÙvi QvcvGbv hvq|
5. WU-ˆgwUÇGÝi mvwi &I Kjvg msLÅv cwieZÆb KGi eGYÆi mvBR ev MVb cvΟvGbv hvq|
6. ‰i MwZ AbÅvbÅ wcÉ´ŸvGii ˆPGq ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg|
7. wcÉ´Ÿ ˆKvqvwjwU ˆZgb fvGjv bq|
8. wcÉw´ŸsGqi mgq kõ nq|
9. wcÉw´Ÿs LiP Kg|
10. wKQz wKQz WU-ˆgwUÇÝ wcÉ´Ÿvi DfqgyLx A^Ævr Dfq w`K nGZB wcÉ´Ÿ KiGZ cvGi|
90 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

 Bâ-ˆRU wcÉ´Ÿvi (Ink-Jet Printer): ˆh wcÉ´Ÿvi Kvwj QwoGq ev ˆÕ·É KGi KwÁ·DUvGii djvdj
wcÉ´Ÿ KGi ^vGK ZvGK Bâ-ˆRU wcÉ´Ÿvi eGj| ‰B wcÉ´ŸvGi Zij Kvwj eÅen…Z nq| ZvGci «¼viv ‰
PvRÆhyî× Kvwj Þz`ËvK‡wZ bGRj w`Gq cwiwgZfvGe KvMGRi Dci wbGÞwcZ nq| ‰ wcÉ´Ÿvi B`vwbs ˆek
RbwcÉq nGq DGVGQ| KviY mv`v-KvGjv ev iwOb Dfq cÉKvi Qwe gy`ËY Kiv hvq| ZGe ‰i Kvwji
KvwUÆGRi `vg ˆewk eGj, MocoZv c†Ó¤v cÉwZ LiP ˆewk cGo| wcÉw´Ÿs ˆcÉGm iwOb Qwe Qvcvi AvGM,
cÉ‚d wkGU iwOb Qwei gvb hvPvB Kivi RbÅ ‰B wcÉ´Ÿvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| e®¬z-ev®¬eG`i iwOb KvWÆ,
Qwe ŠZwii RbÅI BâGRU wcÉ´Ÿvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
BâGRU wcÉ´ŸvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å
1. BâGRU wcÉ´ŸvGii MwZ 1-20 wcwc‰g nGq ^vGK|
2. wcÉ´ŸvGii mvnvGhÅ mÁ·vw`Z ˆjLvmgƒn KvMGR Kx AvK‡wZGZ DcwÕ©Z nq, Zv wcÉ´Ÿ ˆKvqvwjwUi
gvaÅGg wbYÆq Kiv nq| BâGRU wcÉ´ŸvGii wcÉ´Ÿ ˆKvqvwjwU ZzjbvgƒjK fvGjv|
3. BâGRU wcÉ´ŸvGii `yB aiGbi KvwUÆR ^vGK| h^v- eÐvK KvwUÆR ‰es Kvjvi KvwUÆR|
4. dÌ´Ÿ cÅvGbj ˆ^GK ‰es wcÉw´Ÿs mdUIqÅvi «¼viv wcÉ´Ÿ ˆgvW ˆmU Kiv hvq|
5. ‰wU ˆccvi mvBR kbvî× KiGZ cvGi ‰es wcÉw´Ÿs ˆgvW ˆmU Kivi ÞgZv ivGL|
6. BâGRU wcÉ´ŸvGii `vg ˆjRvi wcÉ´ŸvGii ˆPGq Kg wK¯§ wcÉw´Ÿs LiP ˆjRvi wcÉ´ŸvGii ˆPGq ˆewk|
 ˆjRvi wcÉ´Ÿvi
ˆjRvi iwkÄ eÅenvi KGi KvMGR ˆjLv dzwUGq ˆZvjv nq eGj ‰GK ˆjRvi wcÉ´Ÿvi eGj| ‰wU ‰KwU
BGjKGUÇvÕ¡ÅvwUK wcÉ´Ÿvi| ˆjRvi iwkÄi cÉhywî×i Dci wfwî KGi cÉwZ ‰KK mgGq ‰KmvG^ ‰KwU c†Ó¤v
wcÉ´Ÿ KGi| DœPMwZ, meÆvaywbK, my±`iZg I wbfÆikxj nIqvq ˆjRvi wcÉ´ŸvGii eÅenvi AGbK ˆewk|
ˆKŒkjMZ w`K ˆ^GK ‰wU AGbKvsGk dGUvKwcqvGii (Photocopier) gGZv| ‰KwU ˆjRvi wcÉ´ŸvGii
meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ask nGjv AvGjvK mwò×q (Photosensitive) WÈvg| ‰B WÈvGgi MvGq ˆmGjwbqvg
RvZxq c`vG^Æi AveiY ^vGK hv AvGjvK mwò×q KGi| ˆjRvi wcÉ´ŸvGii gy`ËY gvb AZů¦ gm†Y nGq
^vGK| ‰Qvov ‰i gy`ËY MwZI ˆek `Ë‚Z| ZGe c†Ó¤v cÉwZ ‰i LiP AGcÞvK‡Z ˆewk| mvaviYZ ˆUÇwms
ˆccvGi wgii BGgGR WKzGg´Ÿ QvcvGbvi RbÅ eÅen…Z nq| ˆek KGqKwU ˆKvÁ·vwb ˆjRvi wcÉ´Ÿvi ŠZwi
KGi| ˆhgb-KÅvbb (Cannon), ‰BPwc ˆjRvi-ˆRU (HP Laser jet), AÅvGcj ivBUvi (Apple
Writer) BZÅvw`| ‰B wcÉ´ŸvGii Kvwji bvg ˆUvbvi KvwUÆR| ˆjRvi wcÉ´Ÿvi w`Gq wgwbGU 4 ˆ^GK 20
c†Ó¤vi AwaK QvcvGbv mÁ¿e| mvaviY Qvcvi Zzjbvq 50 àY `Ë‚ZZvi mGã KvR KGi ^vGK| 600 DPI
wcÉ´ŸvGii Zzjbvq 1200 DPI wcÉ´ŸvGii gy`ËY gvb fvGjv| DPI hZ ˆewk nGe Qvcvi gvbI ZZ ˆewk
D®²Z nGe| DPI ‰i cƒYÆ bvg nGœQ Dot Per Inch.|
ˆjRvi wcÉ´ŸvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å
1. wcÉw´Ÿs ˆKvqvwjwU LyeB D®²ZgvGbi|
2. wcÉw´Ÿs ‰i mgq ˆKvGbv kõ nq bv|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 91

3. cÉwZ wgwbGU 4-20 Zvi ˆewk c†Ó¤v wcÉ´Ÿ nq|

4. wcÉw´Ÿs ˆiRyGjkb 300-1200 ev ZviI AwaK|
5. gvwΟcj ev AwaK Kwc wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv hvq|
6. wcÉw´Ÿs KG´ŸÈvj jÅvsàGqR eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
7. ˆUvbvi wiwdj Kiv hvq|
8. ˆWÕ•Uc cvewjwks ‰i KvGR ˆjRvi wcÉ´Ÿvi eÅvcKfvGe eÅen…Z nq|

‰KK KvR: WUGgw´ŸÈÝ I ˆjRvi wcÉ´ŸvGii gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi wcÉw´Ÿs ˆKvqvwjwU fvGjv? Zvi 5wU
ŠewkÓ¡Å wjGLv|
1.6.5 wewf®² aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGii ZzjbvgƒjK eÅenvwiK myweav-Amyweav
(Different Types of Printers for Comparative Practical
Advantages-Disadvantages)
eüj eÅen…Z wcÉ´Ÿvimgƒn nGjv WU ˆgwUÇÝ wcÉ´Ÿvi, BâGRU wcÉ´Ÿvi ‰es ˆjRvi wcÉ´Ÿvi| wbGÁ² ZvG`i
myweav I Amyweav ˆ`Iqv nGjv
 WU ˆgwUÇÝ wcÉ´Ÿvi
WU ˆgwUÇÝ wcÉ´Ÿvi ˆQvU wcb eÅenvi KGi wcÉ´Ÿ KGi| hw`I ‰B cÉhywî×wU cyivGbv ZeyI WU gÅvwUÌÝ
wcÉ´ŸviàGjv AvRI eüj eÅen…Z| ˆhGnZz AcvGikGbi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆÞGò ZvG`i AGbK myweav iGqGQ|
WU gÅvwUÇÝ wcÉ´ŸvGii myweav I Amyweav wbÁ²i…c@
WU ˆgwUÇÝ wcÉ´ŸvGii cÉavb myweav@
 meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ myweav nGjv eÅq Kg| ‰B miévgàGjvi `vg BâGRU ev ˆjRvi wcÉ´ŸviàGjvi
wecixGZ `kàY Kg|
 AcvGiwUs mgq AbÅvbÅ wcÉ´ŸvGii Zzjbvq DGjÐLGhvMÅfvGe ˆewk| is Kvwj wdZvwU nVvr ÷wKGq
hvq bv, ‰wU meÆ`v AvMvg ˆ`Lv hvq, KviY gyw`ËZ cvGVÅi gvbwU wKQyUv weeYÆ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi|
KvwUÆR PvRÆ Kivi mgq bv ^vKGj AbÅ aiGbi wWfvBmàGjv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ gyüGZÆ e®¬ nGq ˆhGZ cvGi|
 ˆh ˆKvGbv cÉKvi KvMGR wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv hvq|
 wWfvBmwU KveÆb Abywjwc wcÉw´Ÿs mieivn KGi, hv ‰KB aiGbi cvGVÅi `Ë‚Z bKj KiGZ ˆ`q|
WU ˆgwUÇÝ wcÉ´ŸvGii cÉavb Amyweav
 ‰B miévgàGjv dGUv wcÉ´Ÿ KiGZ cvGi bv|
 wcÉ´Ÿ ˆKvqvwjwU ˆZgb fvGjv bq|
 ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe MwZ Kg|
 wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi mgq DœP kõ nq|
92 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

 BâGRU wcÉ´Ÿvi
BâGRU wcÉ´Ÿvi KvMGRi Dci BâGbvRj w`Gq Zij Kvwj ˆÕ·Ë ‰i gvaÅGg wcÉ´Ÿ KGi| ‰B wcÉ´ŸvGii
myweav I Amyweav wbÁ²i…c@
BâGRU wcÉ´ŸvGii myweavmgƒn@
 Kg LiGP iwOb wPò ‰es dGUvMÉvd wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi ÞgZv AvGQ| is-ˆK ˆjRvi gGWGji ˆPGq AviI
fvjfvGe wgwkÉZ KGi|
 PKPGK ‰es ‰gbwK wKQy aiGbi Kvcomn wewf®² c†GÓ¤i gy`ËY ˆbIqv hvq|
 KvR ÷i‚ Kivi AvGM Mig Kivi `iKvi ˆbB|
 KvwUÆRàGjv wiwdj Kiv hvq dGj LiP DGjÐLGhvMÅ fvGe KgvGbv mÁ¿e|
 eÅenvi mnR, ˆQvU AvKvi ‰es IRb Kg|
BâGRU wcÉ´ŸvGii Amyweavmgƒn
 Kvwj eÅqeüj|
 Kvwj Zij ^vGK dGj wcÉ´Ÿ Kivi ci KvMGRi Dci cvwb coGj Zv bÓ¡ nGq hvq|
 KvGRi MwZ Kg|
 wcÉw´Ÿs ˆnW Nb Nb cwiÓ•vi Kiv cÉGqvRb|
 `xNÆmgq eÅenvi bv KiGj Kvwj ÷wKGq wcÉw´Ÿs ˆnW eÐK nGq hvq dGj Avi wcÉ´Ÿ nq bv|
 ˆjRvi wcÉ´Ÿvi
ˆjRvi iwkÄi mvnvGhÅ KvMGR ˆjLv Qvcv nq| ˆjRvi wcÉ´ŸvGii gy`ËGYi MwZ ‰es DcGfvMGhvMÅ mvkÉqx
eÅGqi RbÅ eÅenviKvixG`i gGaÅ RbwcÉqZv ARÆb KGiGQ| wbGÁ²i myweav I Amyweav ˆ`Iqv nGjv-
ˆjRvi wcÉ´Ÿvi myweav wbÁ²i…c ˆjRvi wcÉ´Ÿvi Amyweav wbÁ²i…c@
 wcÉw´Ÿs ˆKvqvwjwU D®²Z gvGbi|  DœP `vg| iwOb wcÉw´Ÿs wWfvBGmi `vg
 KvGRi MwZ DœPgvGbi| weGklZ ˆewk|
 wcÉ´ŸvGii `vg ˆewk nGjI wcÉw´Ÿs LiP Kg|  ˆUvbvi wbGR wiwdj Kiv mÁ¿e bq|

wbGR KGiv: wbGÁ² wewf®² aiGbi wcÉ´ŸvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å evgcvGki NGi DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv| WvbcvGki NGi ˆmB
wcÉ´ŸvGii bvg wjLGZ nGe| ‰KwU KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
ŠewkÓ¡Å wcÉ´ŸvGii bvg
cÉwZ ˆmGKG´£ 50-500wU KÅvGiÙvi QvcvGbv hvq WU gÅvwUÇÝ wcÉ´Ÿvi
Zij Kvwj eÅen…Z nq
wcÉw´Ÿs ˆKvqvwjwU LyeB fvGjv
ˆUvbvi wiwdj Kiv hvq
wbGRB ˆUvbvi wiwdj Kiv mÁ¿e bq
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 93

1.6.6 ˆÕ·kvj ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm-‰i wdPvimgƒn (Features of Special

Peripheral Devices such as Scanner, OMR, OCR, MICR,
Digitizer, Light Pen, Speech Ricognizer Status etc.)
 Õ•Åvbvi (Scanner)
cÉKvkbv RMGZ ‰wU ‰KwU AZÅvekÅKxq RbwcÉq BbcyU
wWfvBm| ‰wUi gvaÅGg KÅvGgivq ˆZvjv Qwe, ˆiLv, ˆjLv
BZÅvw` üeü KwÁ·DUvGi ˆbIqv hvq| Õ•ÅvbvGii mvnvGhÅ
KwÁ·DUvGi ˆbqv Qwe, ˆiLv, ˆjLv BZÅvw` BGœQgGZv
mÁ·v`bv KGi ˆhGKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvGgi welqeÕ§i gGaÅ ewmGq
wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv hvq| ˆjLvGK Õ•Åvb KGi KwÁ·DUvGi `Ë‚Z XzKvGbv wPò : Õ•Åvbvi
hvq|
Kx-ˆevWÆ ˆ^GK KGÁ·vR KiGZ ˆek mgq jvGM| WKzGg´ŸmgƒnGK ZvovZvwo cvIqvi RbÅ Õ•Åvb KGi
KwÁ·DUvGi XzwKGq ivLv ˆhGZ cvGi| AwaKvsk Õ•ÅvbvGii Optical Character Recognition
(Reader) (OCR) mdUIqÅviI AvGQ| hvi gvaÅGg Õ•Åvb Kiv ˆUÝU wPòGK WzKGg´Ÿ ˆUÝGU i…cv¯¦i
Kiv hvq| cieZxÆGZ IqvWÆ cÉGmmGi mÁ·v`bv Kiv hvq| Õ•Åvbvi ˆKvGbv Qwe ev ˆUÝUGK BGjKUÇwbK
wmMbÅvGj i…cv¯¦i (Convert) KGi, MÉvwdÝ mdUIqÅvGii gvaÅGg BGgR-‰ i…cv¯¦wiZ nq|
Õ•ÅvbvGii cÉKviGf`: Õ•Åvbvi mvaviYZ wZb aiGbi nGq ^vGK| h^v@
1. dÑvUGeW Õ•Åvbvi (Flatbed Scanner) ev AcwUKÅvj Õ•Åvbvi
2. WÈvg Õ•Åvbvi (Drum Scanner)
3. nÅv´£ ˆnΣ Õ•Åvbvi (Hand Held Scanner)
KvhÆcÉYvjx
mvaviYZ KÅvGgivq ˆZvjv KvMGR gyw`ËZ Qwe Õ•ÅvbvGii mvnvGhÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq| Õ•ÅvbvGii
mvnvGhÅ KwÁ·DUvGi Qwe MÉnY ‰es KwÁ·DUvGi Qwe mÁ·v`bvi RbÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK|
AcwUKÅvj Õ•Åvbvi AvGjvK iwkÄ ‰es AvGjvK msGe`bkxj hG¯¨i mvnvGhÅ Photo Impact ŠZwi KGi|
AcwUKÅvj Õ•ÅvbviàGjv wf®² wf®² KvGR eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb- KwÁ·DUvGi BbcyU IwmAvi (O.C.R)
‰es I‰gAvi (O.M.R) BZÅvw`|
dÑÅvUGeW AcwUKÅvj Õ•Åvbvi (Flatbed Optical Scanner)
‰ Õ•ÅvbvGi ˆ`LGZ AGbKUv dGUvKwc ˆgwkGbi gGZv| ‰wU dGUvKwc ˆgwkGbi gGZv KvR KGi|
KwÁ·DUvGi Qwe ˆcÉiGYi RbÅ ‰B Õ•Åvbvi eÅen…Z nq| ‰B Õ•ÅvbvGi KuvP RvZxq ‰K aiGbi mgZj
Õ¼œQ ˆcÐU eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆh QweGK Õ•Åvb KiGZ nGe Zv ‰B ˆcÐGUi Dci Õ©vcb Kiv nq| Õ•ÅvwbsGqi
KvR ÷i‚ KiGj Õ•Åvbvi ˆnW mgZj Õ¼œQ ˆcÐGUi Dci iwÞZ Qwei wbP w`Gq mçvwjZ nq| ‰i AvGjvK
Drm ˆ^GK ZxeË AvGjv Qwei Dci cwZZ nq| Zvici Qwe ˆ^GK cÉwZdwjZ AvGjvK wiWvi ˆnW «¼viv
M†wnZ nq| cGi ‰B Õ•ÅvbvGii mnGhvMx mdUIqÅvi QweGK wWmGcÐ BDwbGUi wÕ˜GY dzwUGq ˆZvGj|
94 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

WÈvg Õ•Åvbvi (Drum Scanner)

WÈvg Õ•ÅvbvGii `vg ˆewk ‰es AvK‡wZGZI ˆek eo| D®²Z gvGbi Qwei RbÅ ‰B aiGbi Õ•Åvbvi
eÅenvi Kiv nq| gy`ËGYi KvGR WÈvg Õ•Åvbvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
nÅv´£ ˆnΣ Õ•Åvbvi (Hand Held Scanner)
‰wU AvK‡wZGZ ˆQvU| ‰ aiGbi Õ•ÅvbvGi ‰K cÉKvi nÕ¦PvwjZ Õ•Åvb ˆnW eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰B Õ•Åvb
ˆnWGK nvGZ aGi Qwe ev ˆjLvi Dci w`Gq Pvjbv Kiv nq| Awdm-Av`vjGZ weGkl KvGRi RbÅ ‰
aiGbi Õ•Åvbvi eÅen…Z nq|
 AcwUKÅvj gvKÆ wiWvi (Optical Mark Reader-OMR)
AcwUKÅvj gvKÆ wiWvi (Optical Mark Reader) ‰i mswÞµ¦ i…c
nGœQ I.‰g.Avi (OMR)| OMR ˆ`LGZ dGUvKwc ˆgwkGbi
gGZv| OMR-‰ eÅen…Z KvMR mvaviY KvMR bq, ZvB ‰wU Lye
`vgx| OMR Kvwji ev ˆcw´ÖGji `vM ˆevSGZ cvGi| weGkl
eÅeÕ©vi mvnvGhÅ `vMàGjv Zwor cÉevGni cwieZÆb NUvq| ZLb
KwÁ·DUvi `vGMi AwÕ¦Z½ eySGZ cvGi| Kvwji `vGMi AvGjvi wPò : OMR
cÉwZdjGbi aib Abyhvqx Kvwji `vM ˆevSv hvq|
ˆcw´ÖGji `vM eyGS ˆcw´ÖGji mxGm eÅen…Z MÉvdvBGUi Še`yÅwZK cwievwnZv wePvi KGi| KwÁ·DUvGii
mGã OMR eÅenvi KGi eüwbeÆvPwb cÉGk²i DîGii djvdj ˆei Kiv hvq| AvgvG`i ˆ`Gk eZÆgvGb
gvaÅwgK, DœP gvaÅwgK I wWMÉx cixÞvq cixÞv^Æxi bvg, wVKvbv, ˆivj bÁ¼i BZÅvw` welGq ˆMvcbxqZv
iÞvi RbÅ Dîi cGòi mswkÐÓ¡ Ask wbw`ÆÓ¡ QGKi ˆÞGò ˆMvj wPn× cƒiY KiGZ nq| cGi H Ask
OMR c«¬wZGZ cvV I eÅenvi Kiv nq| OMR (AcwUKÅvj gvKÆ wiWvi) cƒiY Kiv wPGn×i msGKZ
KwÁ·DUvGi BbcyU wnmvGe ˆcÉiY KGi| gvKÆ wiWvi AvGjvi cÉwZdjGbi mvnvGhÅ wPn× cvV KGi| ˆh
NGii wPn× cƒiY Kiv nq ˆmB NGi AvGjvi cÉwZdjb NGU bv, ˆh NGii wPn× cƒiY Kiv nq bv ˆmB
NGii AvGjv cÉwZdwjZ nq| KwÁ·DUvi ˆmB mKj `vGMi AwÕ¦Z½ eySGZ ˆcGi KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwiGZ
iwÞZ Rvbv DîGii mvG^ Zzjbv KGi mwVK Dîi wbYÆq KGi| wbfÆyjZv, `Ë‚ZZv, ˆMvcbxZv mGeÆvcix
gvbexq fzGji cybive†wî nIqvi ˆKvb myGhvM ^vGK bv|
I‰gAvi-‰i cÉavb myweav nGœQ ‰wUi mvnvGhÅ Dîicò ev ˆKvb WKzGg´Ÿ cixÞv KiGj fzj ev
cÞcvwZZ½i mÁ¿vebv ^vGK bv| AGbK myweav ^vKGjI ‰i wKQz wKQz Amyweav iGqGQ| ˆhgb@ mvaviY
gvGbi KvMGRi cwieGZÆ I‰gAvi wWfvBGm weGkl aiGbi KvMR eÅenvi Kiv nq| Avevi fzjò×Gg
hw` mwVK wPGn×i cwieGZÆ fzj wPn×wU Kiv nq, ZGe cieZÆxGZ Zv mwVK Kivi ˆKvb Dcvq ^vGK bv
(eÅwZò×g ˆcw´ÖGji `vGMi ˆÞGò)|
 AcwUKÅvj KÅvGiÙvi wiWvi ev IwmAvi (Optical Character Reader-OCR)
ˆh hG¯¨i mvnvGhÅ KwÁ·DUvi mvaviY KvMGR mvaviY KvwjGZ Qvcv eYÆ ev AÞi coGZ cvGi ZvGK
I.wm.Avi (OCR) eGj|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 95

AcwUKÅvj KÅvGiÙvi wiWvi (Optical Character

Reader) ‰i mswÞµ¦ i…c nGœQ-OCR| ‰K mgGq ˆRGb ivGLv
I.wm.Avi bvGg ‰KwU BbcyU h¯¨ KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^
eÅen…Z nGZv| OCR ‰i mvnvGhÅ KwÁ·DUvi mvaviY gGb ivLGZ nGe BsGiwR ev
KvMGR mvaviY KvwjGZ Qvcv eYÆ ev AÞi coGZ cvGi| eüj cÉ P wjZ ˆjLvGK I.wm.Avi-‰
eGYÆi MVb Abyhvqx OCR Še`yÅwZK msGKZ m†wÓ¡ KGi H ˆhfvGe eGYÆ i…cv¯¦i Kiv hvq Zv evsjv
eYÆ coGZ cvGi| cƒeÆ ˆ^GKB wewf®² eGYÆi Še`yÅwZK msGKZ ev AbÅvbÅ fvlv ‰es nvGZi ˆjLvi
OCR- ‰ ivLv nq| Zvici OCR ˆmB eGYÆi mGã wgwjGq ˆÞGò me mgq mÁ¿e nq bv| ‰LvGb
ˆ`GL ˆh ˆKvb eYÆ cov nGœQ| ‰icGi H eYÆ KwÁ·DUvGi evsjv eYÆGK I.wm.Avi mdUIqÅvi
Rgv ivGL| exgvi ˆbvwUk, Še`yÅwZK wej BZÅvw` covi RbÅ eÅenvi KGi mÁ·v`bGhvMÅ ˆUÝU-‰
OCR eÅen…Z nq| Õ·Ó¡ nvGZi ˆjLvI OCR coGZ i…cv¯¦i Kiv hvGœQ bv|
cvGi| KÅvGiÙvi wiWvi cÉ^Gg ˆjLvGK Õ•Åvb KGi ˆbq|
cieZÆx Õ•ÅvbK‡Z ˆjLvi Dci AvGjvi cÉwZdjb NUvq| ‰B cÉwZdwjZ AvGjv dGUv BGjKwUÇK
wWfvBGmi gvaÅGg BGjKwUÇK msGKGZ H cÅvUvGbÆi mvG^ jwRK mvwKÆU ˆ^GK ˆcÉwiZ msGKGZi cÅvUvbÆ
wgwjGq ˆ`Lv nq| mÁ¿veÅ wgGj hvIqv cÅvUvbÆàGjv cieZÆxGZ eYÆ nGq wmwcBDGZ hvq| hw`I nvGZi
ˆjLv covi RbÅ nÅv´£ ivBwUs wiKMwbkb bvGg ‰K aiGbi weGkl wWfvBm iGqGQ| eZÆgvGb IwmAvi
BbcyU wWfvBm wnGmGeB eÅen…Z nq bv| mvaviY gvGbi Õ•ÅvbviB ‰B KvR KiGZ cvGi| ZGe ‰i RbÅ
‰K aiGbi IwmAvi mdUIqÅvGii cÉGqvRb|

OMR I OCR ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ Kx?

OMR OCR
OMR ‰i cƒYÆ bvg Optical Mark Reader| OCR ‰i cƒYÆ bvg Optical Character
Reader|
Kvwji `vM ˆevSvi RbÅ Kvwji `vGMi AvGjvi ˆKvGbv eYÆ covi mgq ˆmB eGYÆi MVb
cÉwZdjb| ˆcw´ÖGj `vM ˆevSvi RbÅ ˆcw´ÖGji mxGmi Abyhvqx KZKàGjv Še`yÅwZK msGKZ ŠZwi
Dcv`vb MÉvdvBGUi Še`yÅwZK cwievwnZv wePvi KGi| KGi|
OMR ˆcw´Öj ev Kvwji `vM ˆevSGZ cvGi| ˆcw´Öj ev Kvwji `vM QvovI wewf®² aiGbi
wPn× ev eYÆ ˆevSGZ cvGi|
ŠbeÅÆwî×K Dîicò cixÞGY OMR eÅenvi Kiv nq| wPwVi wcbGKvW, BGjKUÇwbK wej evRvi
mgxÞv BZÅvw` ˆÞGò OCR eÅenvi Kiv nq|

 gÅvMGbwUK Bâ KÅvGiÙvi wiWvi ev ‰g AvB wm Avi (MICR)

gÅvMGbwUK Bâ KÅvGiÙvi wiWvi (Magnetic Ink Character
Reader) ‰i mswÞµ¦ i…c nGœQ MICR| gÅvMGbwUK Bâ nGœQ ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq
Kvwj| Avi ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq Kvwj w`Gq ˆjLv AÞi cvV Kivi h¯¨GKB
gÅvMGbwUK Bâ KÅvGiÙvi wiWvi eGj| ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq Kvwj ejGZ weGkl
aiGbi Kvwj ˆevSvq| ‰ KvwjGZ ^vGK Avqib AÝvBW KYv| mvaviYZ
eÅvsK ˆPK, Rgv eB BZÅvw`GZ ‰ aiGbi Kvwj eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰B
aiGbi Kvwj w`Gq ˆjLv ‰g.AvB.wm.Avi cvV (read) KiGZ cvGi| wPò: MICR
96 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

‰g.AvB.wm.Avi wjwLZ AÞGii ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq AvK‡wZ (Pattern) cvV KGi| AÞi kbvî× Kivi RbÅ
KwÁ·DUvGii ˆgGgvwiGZ msiwÞZ weGkl AvK‡wZi mGã cwVZ AvK‡wZi Zzjbv KGi wgwjGq ˆ`GL|
MÉvnKGK ˆPK eB cÉ`vGbi mgq ˆPK eBGqi wbGPi w`GK eÅvsGKi kbvî×KiY msLÅv (Identification
Number) ‰es MÉvnGKi wnmve bÁ¼i ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq Kvwj w`Gq gyw`ËZ KGi ˆ`Iqv nq| MÉvnK hLb UvKv
ˆZvjvi RbÅ ˆPK eB Rgv ˆ`b ZLb eÅvsK KgÆPvix ˆPGKi wbGPi w`GK ‰KB Kvwj w`Gq UvKvi
cwigvY wjGL ˆ`b| ˆPKwU ‰g.AvB.wm.Avi-‰ cÉGek KivGbvi ci Zv ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq ˆÞGò (Magnetic
field) ˆfZi w`Gq PGj hvq| ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq ˆÞGòi ˆfZGi Avqib AÝvBW KYv ˆPŒÁ¼KZ½ cÉvµ¦ nq| ZLb
wiW ˆnW (Read head) ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq Kvwj w`Gq ˆjLv AÞi cvV KGi| Zvici i…cv¯¦wiZ fvlv¯¦i KGi
mswkÐÓ¡ ˆWUv ev Z^Å mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGii cÉGmmGi ˆcÉiY KGi| ‰g.AvB.wm.Avi cÉwZ wgwbGU AvovB
nvRvGii ˆewk ˆPK cvV KGi KwÁ·DUvGii cÉGmmGi ˆcÉiY KiGZ cvGi|
‰g AvB wm Avi eÅenvGii ˆek wKQz myweav iGqGQ
 ˆPKwU ˆKvb KviGY bÓ¡ nGjI wiWvGii covi mGeÆvœP ÞgZv ‰es mƒßZv ^vGK|
 cÉwò×qvKiY `Ë‚ZMwZGZ nq|
 AGbK mgq nvGZi ˆjLv bv ˆevSGZ cviGjI ‰gAvBwmAvi ‰ eÅen…Z ˆjLv mnGRB cov hvq|
 ‰B c«¬wZGZ mGeÆvœP wbivcîv ^vGK|
‰Z ˆewk myweav ^vKGjI ‰gAvBwmAvi (MICR) eÅenvGi wKQz wKQz welGq mxgve«¬Zv iGqGQ| ˆhgb
eÅvsGKi cÉGmwms ‰i RbÅ ˆPGK 10wU wWwRU ‰es 4wU weGkl wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK| ˆKvb cÉKvi
eYÆ eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv|
Amyweav
 ‰wUi RbÅ wcÉw´Ÿs ‰i àYMZ gvb D®²Z nGZ nq, hv eÅq eüj|
 ‰wUi eÅenvi ÷aygvò weGkl aiGbi wcÉG´Ÿi I nvGZi ˆjLv covi gGaÅ mxgve«¬|
 ‰wUi KÅvGiÙviàGjv 10 wWwRU I 4Uv weGkl KÅvGiÙvGii gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ^vGK|
 wWwRUvBRvi (Digitizer)
KwÁ·DUvGii MÉnY gyL h¯¨vsk ˆkÐGUi AvK‡wZ wewkÓ¡ hG¯¨i mvnvGhÅ wewf®² aiGbi Qwe Aâb Kiv hvq|
‰B h¯¨ w`Gq KwÁ·DUvGii c`Ævq Qwe AuvKv nGq hvq| ‰LvGb ‰KwU AvqZvKvi PÅv¶Ÿv eÐK (Block)
^vGK hvGK eGj wWwRUvBRvi ˆevWÆ (Board) ev wWwRUvBwRs ˆUwej (Digitizing Table) ev MÉvwdK
ˆUwej (Grapic Table)| ‰wU wewf®² AvKvGii nGZ cvGi| ˆevGWÆi wfZGi Dchyî× Še`yÅwZK eÅeÕ©v
^vGK|
‰KwU Õ¡vBjvGmi (Stylus KjGgi gGZv) mvnvGhÅ ˆevGWÆ hv wKQz ˆjLv ev AvuKv hvq ZvB gwbUGii
c`Ævq ˆfGm IGV| ‰KB msGM wewf®² mgGq Õ¡vBjvGmi AeÕ©vGbi x I y Õ©vbvâ KwÁ·DUvi ˆgGgvwiGZ
PGj hvq| KvMGR ˆKvGbv MÉvd Qwe ‰uGK Zv wWwRUvBRvi ˆevGWÆ ˆiGL ˆmB MÉvd ev Qwei Dci Õ¡vBjvm
^vKGj, VDU (Visual Display Unit) ‰i c`vÆq ˆ`LvGbv hvq| Zvi Õ©vbvâ KwÁ·DUvGi BbcyU Kiv
hvq| ‰fvGe wWwRUvBRvGii mvnvGhÅ wewf®² MÉvd, gÅvc, evwo BZÅvw` cÐÅvb mnGRB KwÁ·DUvGi BbcyU
Kiv hvq|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 97

 jvBUGcb (Light Pen)

Kg cÉPwjZ ‰KwU BbcyU wWfvBm nGœQ jvBUGcb| ‰wUGK BGjKUÇwbK KjgI ejv ˆhGZ cvGi| ‰wU
‰KwU AvGjvK msGe`bkxj Kjg| ‰B aiGbi wWfvBm mvaviYZ Awdwmqvj KvGR eÅen…Z nGq ^vGK|
jvBUGcb ‰K aiGbi BGjKUÇwbK Kjg weGkl hvi ‰K cÉv¯¦ ‰KwU ZvGii gvaÅGg wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi
mvG^ mshyî× ^vGK| ‰B wWfvBm «¼viv hLb gwbUGii c`vÆq ˆKvGbv wKQz AvuKv nq ZLb ˆmB AsKbwU
mivmwi wmwcBDGZ hvq| jvBUGcb ˆ`LGZ AGbKUv KjGgi gGZv gGb nGjI ‰i mvgGb ‰K aiGbi
dGUvGmj ^vGK| hLb eÅenviKvix ˆmB wWfvBm «¼viv gwbUi c`Ævq wKQz AvuGK ZLb gwbUi ˆ^GK ˆei
nGq Avmv AvGjv dGUvGmGj AvNvZ KGi| AvGjvi DcwÕ©wZi Dci wfwî KGi ‰K aiGbi Še`yÅwZK
msGKZ wmGÕ¡Gg cvVvq| Õ©vcZÅ WÈwqs, cÉGKŒkj WÈwqs ‰es wewf®² aiGbi bKkvi ˆÞGò ‰wU meGPGq
ˆewk eÅen…Z nq|
 Õ·xP wiKMbvBRvi (Speech Ricognizer)
gyGL ejv kõGK ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvGg BbcyU wnGmGe MÉnGYi cÉwò×qv nGjv fGqm wiKMwbkb|
fvPÆqy vj wiGjwjwUi RbÅ ‰B cÉwò×qv AwZ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ, KviY ‰wU AwZ my±`i cÉvK‡wZK I Õ¼ævZ DcvGq
wmgyGjkbGK wbq¯¨Y Kivi myweav ˆ`q| Avi ˆh BGjKUÇwbK h¯¨ gvbyGli K´¤Õ¼iGK mivmwi i…cv¯¦i KGi
KwÁ·DUvGi ‰w´ŸÈ Kivi DcGhvMx KGi ˆZvGj ZvGK ejv nq fGqm wiKMbvBRvi|
1.6.7 ˆÕ·kvj ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBmmgƒGni eÅenvwiK KvhÆvewj (Praectical
Functions of Special Peripheral Devices)
 Õ•Åvbvi (Scanner)
Õ•Åvbvi ‰KwU AvaywbK BbcyU h¯¨| AvgvG`i ˆ`Gk wewf®² AvK‡wZi Õ•Åvbvi eÅen…Z nGq ^vGK| ‰
aiGbi Õ•Åvbvi ˆ`LGZ AGbKUv dGUvKwc ˆgwkGbi gGZv| Õ•ÅvbvGii gvaÅGg Qwe, ˆjLv BZÅvw` mivmwi
KwÁ·DUvGi ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq| Õ•ÅvbvGii mvnvGhÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆcÉwiZ Qwe cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx mÁ·v`bv Kiv
hvq| ‰KvwaK Qwei mg¯¼Gq QweGZ bZzb gvòv ˆhvM Kiv hvq, BœQvgGZv iGOi eÅenvi Kiv hvq I
wewf®² ŠewkGÓ¡Åi ˆjLv msGhvRb Kiv hvq| mvaviY KÅvGgivq ˆZvjv Qwe ‰es KvMGR gyw`ËZ Qwe
Õ•ÅvbvGii mvnvGhÅ KwÁ·DUvGi ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq| Õ•ÅvbvGii mvnvGhÅ KwÁ·DUvGi Qwe MÉnY ‰es
KwÁ·DUvGi Qwe mÁ·v`bvi RbÅ cÉavbZ ‰GWvwe dGUvkc ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK| AcwUKÅvj
Õ•Åvbvi AvGjvKiwkÄ I AvGjvKmsGe`bkxj hG¯¨i mvnvGhÅ Qwe, ˆjLv BZÅvw` Z^Å cvV KGi ^vGK|
Õ•Åvbvi wewf®² aiGbi nGZ cvGi| h^v
(i) nÅv´£ ˆnΣ Õ•Åvbvi (Hand Held Scanner)
(ii) dÑÅvU ˆeW AcwUKÅvj Õ•Åvbvi (Flat Bed Optical Scanner)
(iii) WÈvg Õ•Åvbvi (Drum Scanner)|
nÅv´£ ˆnΣ Õ•Åvbvi (Hand Held Scanner): ‰ aiGbi Õ•Åvbvi AvK‡wZGZ ˆQvU ‰es mnGR
enbGhvMÅ| Awdm-Av`vjGZ weGkl KvR Kivi RbÅ ‰ Õ•Åvbvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
dÑÅvU ˆeW AcwUKÅvj Õ•Åvbvi (Flat Bed Optical Scanner): ‰wU AGbKUv dGUvKwc ˆgwkGbi
gGZv| KwÁ·DUvGi Qwe ˆcÉiGYi RbÅ ‰ Õ•Åvbvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 4(K)
98 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

WÈvg Õ•Åvbvi (Drum Scanner): gy`ËY KvGR WÈvg Õ•Åvbvi eÅenvi Kiv nq|

nÅv´£ Õ•Åvbvi dÑÅvU ˆeW Õ•Åvbvi

wPò: wewf®² aiGbi Õ•Åvbvi
Õ•ÅvbvGii eÅenvi ev KvR
(i) ‰i gvaÅGg KÅvGgivi Qwe, ˆjLv BZÅvw` üeyü KwÁ·DUvGi ˆ`Lv hvq|
(ii) ‰wU «¼viv mÁ·v`bv I wcÉG´Ÿi KvR Kiv hvq|
(iii) ‰wU cÉGdkbvj cÉKvkbvi KvGR eÅen…Z nq|
(iv) ‰i mvnvGhÅ ‰KvwaK Qwei mg¯¼Gq QweGZ bZzb gvòv ˆhvM ‰es BœQvgGZv iGOi eÅenvi Kiv
hvq|
(v) AvGjvKiwkÄ ‰es AvGjvKmsGe`bkxj hG¯¨i mvnvGhÅ Qwe, ˆjLv BZÅvw` ‰i mvnvGhÅ cvV Kiv
hvq|
 I‰gAvi (OMR)
OMR ‰i cƒYÆbvg Optical Mark Reader ev AvGjvKxq wPn×
wiWvi| ‰wU ‰gb ‰KwU h¯¨, hv ˆcw´Öj ev Kvwji `vM (Mark)
ˆevSGZ cvGi| KvMGRi Dci Kvwji `vM ˆevSvi RbÅ I‰gAvi
eÅenvi Kiv nq| KvMGRi `vGMi DcwÕ©wZ I AbycwÕ©wZi dGj
AvGjvi cÉwZdjGbi cv^ÆKÅ nq|
cÉwZdwjZ AvGjvKiwkÄi mvnvGhÅ `vMàGjv Zwor-cÉevGni cwieZÆb
NUvq ‰es KwÁ·DUvi ZLb `vGMi AwÕ¦Z½ eySGZ cvGi| cieZÆxGZ wPò: I‰gAvi
`vGMi AwÕ¦Z½ ev `vM ^vKv bv ^vKvi Dci wfwî KGi KwÁ·DUvi
djvdj cÉÕ§Z KiGZ cvGi| ˆcw´ÖGji `vM ˆevSv hvq ˆcw´ÖGji
wkGl eÅen…Z MÉvdvBGUi Še`yÅwZK cwievwnZv wePvi KGi|
KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ OMR eÅenvi KGi AeGRKwUf UvBc cÉGk²i DîGii djvdj ˆei Kiv hvq| ‰
eÅeÕ©vq KvMGRi Dci mywbw`ÆÓ¡ wbqGg ŠZwi QGKi wewf®² ˆMvjvKvi ev eMÆvKvi Ni Kjg w`Gq cƒiY
KiGZ nq| ŠbeÆÅwî×K cixÞvi Dîicò, cGYÅi evRvi Rwic, RbgZ Rwic BZÅvw` ˆÞGò I‰gAvi
eÅenvi Kiv nq|
OMR-‰i cÉ avb myweav nj ‰i mvnvGhÅ Dîicò ev ˆKvb WKzG g´Ÿ cixÞv KiGj fz j ev
cÞcvwZGZ½i ˆKvb mÁ¿vebv ^vGK bv ‰es ZvovZvwo cixÞv Kiv hvq| ‰i Amyweav nj ‰GZ
weGkl aiGbi `vwg KvMR cÉGqvRb nq ‰es DîicòàGjv ˆgwkGbi cÉGqvRbgGZv nGZ nq| ‰GZ
LiP ˆewk cGo|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 4(L)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 99

 IwmAvi (OCR)
OCR ‰i cƒYÆbvg Optical Character Reader
ev AvGjvKxq eYÆ wiWvi| KvMGRi wewf®² aiGbi
eYÆ, msLÅv ev weGkl aiGbi wKQy wPn× ^vKGj Zv
covi RbÅ IwmAvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| IwmAvi
ˆKvb eYÆ covi mgq ˆmB eGYÆi MVb Abyhvqx
KZàGjv Še`yÅwZK msGKZ ŠZwi KGi |
wPò: IwmAvi
IwmAvi AvGM ˆ^GKB cÉGZÅK eGYÆi Še`yÅwZK msGKZ KwÁ·DUvGi Rgv ivGL| ‰i mvG^ wgwjGq ˆKvb&
eYÆ cov nGœQ, IwmAvi Zv ˆevSGZ cvGi| wPwVi wcbGKvW, BGjKUÇwbK wej, B´ÖyGiG´Ö wcÉwgqvi ˆbvwUk
BZÅvw` covi RbÅ IwmAvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| nvGZi ˆjLv Õ·Ó¡ nGj IwmAvi coGZ cvGi|
 ‰gAvBwmAvi (MICR)
MICR-‰i cƒYÆ bvg Magnetic Ink Character Reader| gÅvMGbwUK Bâ nGœQ PzÁ¼Kxq Kvwj| PzÁ¼Kxq
Kvwj w`Gq ˆjLv AÞi cvV Kiv h¯¨GKB gÅvMGbwUK Bâ wiWvi ejv nq| ‰wU ‰K weGkl aiGbi
Kvwj| ‰ KvwjGZ Avqib AÝvBW ^vGK| ˆKvb KvMGR ‰ aiGbi Kvwj w`Gq ˆjLv nGj gÅvMGbwUK Bâ
KÅvGiÙvi wiWvi w`Gq ˆm ˆjLv cov hvq| mvaviYZ eÅvsK ˆPK, Rgv eBGq ‰ aiGbi Kvwj eÅenvi
Kiv nq|
MICR-‰i myweav

(i) ‰wU KÅvGiÙviMyGjvGK mnGRB wPbGZ cvGi|

(ii) ‰i `ÞZv ˆewk|

(iii) ‰i `vg ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg|

MICR-‰i Amyweav

(i) ‰i RbÅ wcÉw´Ÿs-‰i gvb D®²Z nGZ cvGi, hv eÅqeüj|

(ii) ‰i eÅenvi ÷aygvò weGkl aiGbi wcÉG´ŸW I nvGZi ˆjLvi gGaÅ mxgve«¬|
(iii) ‰i KÅvGiÙviàGjv 10 wWwRU I 8wU weGkl KÅvGiÙvGii gGaÅ mxgve«¬ ^vGK|

 wWwRUvBRvi (Digitizer)
wWwRUvBRvi ‰K aiGbi wWfvBm, hvGZ ‰KwU AvqZvKvi PÅv¶Ÿv eÐK ^vGK, hvGK wWwRUvBRvi ˆevWÆ
(Board) ev MÉvwdÝ ˆUwej eGj| ‰i AvKvi 912 ˆ^GK 4812 chƯ¦ nGZ cvGi| ˆevGWÆi wfZi
Dchyî× Še`yÅwZK eÅeÕ©v ^vGK|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 4(M)
100 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

‰KwU Õ¡vBjvGmi (KjGgi gGZv) mvnvGhÅ ˆevGWÆ hv wKQy ˆjLv

ev AuvKv hvq, ZvB gwbUGii c`Ævq ˆfGm DGV| KvMGR ˆKvb
MÉvd ev Qwe ‰uGK Zv wWwRUvBRvi ˆevGWÆ ˆiGL ˆmB MÉvd ev
Qwei Dci Õ¡vBjvm eywjGq ZvGK VDU ‰i c`Ævq ˆ`LvGbv
hvq| ‰fvGe wWwRUvBRvGii mvnvGhÅ wewÆf®² MÉvd, gÅvc, evwo
BZÅvw` mnGRB KwÁ·DUvGi BbcyU Kiv hvq| evsjvG`Gki
f„wg Rwic Awa`µ¦i wWwRUvBRvi eÅenvi KGi ZvG`i wPò: wWwRUvBRvi
ˆgŒRvàGjv msiÞY I mÁ·v`bv KGi|
 jvBU ˆcb (Light Pen)
Kg cÉPwjZ ‰KwU BbcyU wWfvBm nGœQ jvBU ˆcb| ‰UvGK BGjKUÇwbK
KjgI ejv nGq ^vGK| ‰wU ‰KwU AvGjvKmsGe`bkxj Kjg| ‰wU ˆ`LGZ
AGbKUv KjGgi gGZv| ‰RbÅ ‰i bvg nGœQ jvBU ˆcb| ‰i gv^vq ‰gb
‰KwU eÅeÕ©v ^vGK, hvGK jvBU ˆm´Öi eGj|
CRT c`Ævi Dci ‰ KjGgi AMÉfvM w`Gq Õ·kÆ KiGj KjGgi AeÕ©vb wPò: jvBU ˆcb
CPU ˆevSGZ cvGi| jvBU ˆcGbi `ywU cÉavb Dcv`vb nGjv dGUvGmj I
ˆj´Ö| ‰ `ywU Dcv`vbGK Kjg AvK‡wZi evGÝ Õ©vcb Kiv nq|
 wÕ·P wiKMwbkb (Speech Recognition)
K^v, kõ ev DœPvwiZ ˆKvb kõ KwÁ·DUvGi kbvî× Kivi ÞgZvGK wÕ·P wiKMwbkb eGj| ‰ RvZxq
KwÁ·DUvi «¼viv KvR Kivi RbÅ myÕ·Ó¡ DœPviGY Kgv´£ cÉGqvM Kiv nq|

‰KK KvR: OMR, MICR, Scanner, OCR BZÅvw` ˆcwiGdivjm wWfvBmmgƒGni 2wU KGi
eÅenvwiK ˆÞò wjGLv|

Dc-AaÅvqwUi gƒjÅvqb

1. `yBwU BbcyU ˆcwiGdivjm ‰i bvg ej| 5. `yB aiGbi Õ•ÅvbvGii bvg ej|
2. `yBwU BbcyU I AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdivjm ‰i 6. eüwbeÆvPwb cÉGk²i Dîicò hvPvGq ˆKvbwU
bvg ej| eÅen†Z nq?
3. meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ BbcyU wWfvBGmi bvg ej| 7. MICR cÉhywÚ ˆKvb ˆÞGò eÅen†Z nq?
4. DPI Kx? 8. ˆKvbwUGK BGjKUÇwbK Kjg ejv nq?
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 4(N)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 101

gwWDj 01: eÅenvwiK Ask

KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi

‰ gwWDGji ReàGjv mÁ·®² KGi Avgiv@

1.1 DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡j KiGZ cviGev;
1.2 KwÁ·DUvGi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j KiGZ cviGev;
1.3 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´Ÿvi msGhvM KiGZ cviGev;
1.4 wcÉ´Ÿvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j KGi WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ KiGZ cviGev;
1.5 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ Õ•Åvbvi msGhvM KiGZ cviGev;
1.6 Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j KGi WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb KiGZ cviGev|

Re 1.1: DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡j Kiv|

cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK (Performance Criteria)
 DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g wPwn×Z Kiv;
 BbÕ¡GjkGbi RbÅ DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi fvmÆb wbeÆvPb Kiv;
 DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡GjkGbi hveZxq DcKiY msMÉn Kiv;
 ˆWÕ•Uc ev jÅvcUc KwÁ·DUvGi h^vh^ c«¬wZ I avivevwnKZv eRvq ˆiGL DBG´£vR
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡j Kiv;
 DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg BbÕ¡GjkGbi mwVKZv hvPvB Kiv|
K. Zî½:
DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰KwU wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi| ‰B mdUIqÅviwU KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆIqÅvi
I AÅvwµÏGKkbmgƒnGK wbq¯¨Y KGi ^vGK| wKfvGe ‰KwU AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi KwÁ·DUvGi
BbÕ¡j KiGZ nq Zv ‰B eÅenvwiGKi gvaÅGg RvbGZ cviGev|
102 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

L. cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ I gvjvgvj

eÅwî×MZ myiÞv miévg (PPE)
ò×wgK bs bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 ‰ÅvGcÉvb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wewa Abyhvqx 1 wU
2 gvÕ• ayjvevwj I RxevYy cÉwZGivaK 1 wU
3 ivevGii mÅvG´£j/RyZv mvaviY 1 wU
4 nÅv´£ mÅvwbUvBRvi/ evRvGii Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ Abyhvqx 1 wU
nÅv´£Iqvk/mvevb
cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ (Uzjm, BKzBcGg´Ÿ I ˆgwkb)
ò×wgK bs h¯¨cvwZi bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 KwÁ·DUvi ˆWÕ•Uc / jÅvcUc, ˆKvi AvB-3/5/7 01 wU
wWwfwWig WÈvBf A^ev ˆcvGUÆej wWwfwWig WÈvBf A^ev 01 wU
2
dÑÅvk WÈvBf 64wRwe ˆcb/dÑÅvk WÈvBf (USB 3.0)
3 BDwc‰m 500VA ev Z`ya»Æ 1wU
mdUIqÅvi (Software)
ò×wgK bs bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 AcvGiwUs DBG´£vR-10 / Avcvi fvmÆb
wmGÕ¡g 01 wU
mdUIqÅvi
2 eyUAÅvej dÑÅvk DBG´£vR-10 / Avcvi fvmÆb eyUAÅvej
01 wU
WÈvBf

M. KvGRi aviv
cÉ^Gg ˆh AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡gwU B´ÖUj KiGev Zvi wmwW wKsev wWwfwW wWÕ• A^ev AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g
eyGUej dÑÅvk WÈvBf msMÉn KiGZ nGe| Avgiv AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi wWÕ• wbKUÕ© ˆhGKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi
gvGKÆU ˆ^GK wKbGZ cviGev| Aciw`GK B´ŸviGbU ˆ^GK Avgiv AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi mdUKwc A^Ævr
AvB‰mI (ISO) dvBj WvDbGjvW KGi wewf®² mdUIqÅvGii mvnvGhÅ eyGUej dÑÅvk WÈvBf evbvGZ
cviGev| wKfvGe mnGR eyGUej dÑÅvk WÈvBf evbvGbv hvq wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 103

ˆcbWÈvBf eyGUej evbvGbvi RbÅ AvgvG`i jvMGe,

 ‰KwU wjbvÝ mdUIqÅvGii update ISO dvBj hv
Avgiv IGqemvBU ˆ^GK WvDbGjvW KGi wbGZ cvwi|
 eyU ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU mdUIqÅvi hv Avgiv
https://rufus.ie.en/ IGqemvBU ˆ^GK WvDbGjvW KGi
wbGZ cvwi|
eyGUej ˆcbWÈvBf ŠZwi
DBG´£vR ˆ^GK Avgiv DBG´£vR eyGUej ˆcbWÈvBf ŠZwi KGi
wbGZ cvwi| wbGP avivevwnKfvGe ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
1. WvDbGjvW Kiv dvBj A^Ævr rufus-3.14 ˆcÉvMÉvg AvBKGbi
Dci Wvej wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ivb nGe|
hLb ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ivb nGe ZLb ˆ`LGZ wPò-1 ‰i gGZv ˆ`LvGe|
wPò: 1

‰evGi ˆcbWÈvBfwU KwÁ·DUvGii BD‰mwe

ˆcvGUÆ cÉGek KivB ‰es Device WÈc WvDb
wjÓ¡ nGZ ˆcb WÈvBf wmGjÙ KGi w`B| Windows10.iso

Select evUGb wKÑK KGi ˆh AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g

(DBG´£vR-7,8,10) B´ÖUj KiGev Zvi .iso
dvBjwU wmGjÙ KGi Open ‰i Dci wKÑK
Kwi (wPò-2)| (.iso dvBj bv ^vKGj àMj
ˆ^GK WvDbGjvW KGi wbB)|
wPò: 2

ISOHybrid image detected

The image you have selected is an ISOHybrid, but its creators have
not made it compatible with ISO/File copy made.
As a result, DD image writing mode will be enforced.

OK ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi (wPò-3)|

wPò: 3
104 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

Start ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi (wPò-4)|

wPò: 4

OK ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi (wPò-5)|

wPò: 5

‰evGi wKQzÞY AGcÞv KiGev| KvR mÁ·ƒYÆ nGq ˆMGj Close ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡j
aGi wbwœQ AvgvG`i KvGQ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi eyGUej wWÕ• ev ˆcbWÈvBf AvGQ| ZvB Avgiv DBG´£vR
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g B´ÖUj KiGZ cvwi| DBG´£vR 10 AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g B´ÖUj Kivi avcmgƒn wbÁ²i‚c

avc-1
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰i eyGUej wWÕ• CD ev DVD
WÈvBGf cÉGek KwiGq KwÁ·DUvi Restart Kwi|
A^ev, USB Port ‰ eyGUej ˆcbWÈvBf
(Bootable Pendrive)wU cÉGek KwiGq KwÁ·DUvi
wiÕ¡vUÆ (Restart) Kwi (wPò-1)| wPò-1
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 105

avc-2
AvgvG`i KvR nGjv AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g B´ÖUj Kiv
Avi ˆmRbÅ AvgvG`i BIOS ˆgbyGZ ˆhGZ nGe|
BIOS ˆgbyGZ hvIqvi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi Pvjy
nIqvi mgq Kx-ˆevGWÆi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ evUb ev
Key PvcGZ nq ‰B Key wU mvaviYZ ‰K ‰K
gv`viGevGWÆ ‰K ‰K iKg| ZGe mvaviYZ ˆh
Key àGjv meGPGq ˆewk eÅen…Z nq ˆmàGjv
Delete Key PvcGZ eGjGQ ZvB ˆ`wi bv KGi
nGjv F2, Delete, F1, F9, F10, Enter wKGevWÆ ˆ^GK Delete Key Pvwc|
AvgvG`i gv`viGevGWÆi RbÅ ˆKvb Key wU PvcGZ
nGe Zv RvbGZ KwÁ·DUvi Pvjy nIqvi mgq
gwbUGii wÕ˜Gbi wbGPi w`GK jÞÅ ivwL| hLbB
wÕ˜Gb ˆjLvwU ˆ`LGev, mvG^ mvG^ wbaÆvwiZ evUbwU wPò-2
ò×gvMZ PvcGZ ^vKGev| hw` ˆ`wi KGi ˆdwj,
ZvnGj KvR nGe bv| AvgvG`iGK AvevGiv
KwÁ·DUvi wiÕ¡vUÆ KiGZ nGe (wPò-2)|
Boot Memu wmGjÙ KiGZ
nGe|

avc-3
AvgvG`i ‰evi eyU AWÆvi (Boot Order) ˆmU KiGZ
nGe| ZvB Avgiv eyU (Boot) ˆgbyGZ hvGev (wPò-3)|

wPò-3

Boot Device Priority wmGjÙ

KGi ‰´Ÿvi Pvwc|

KwÁ·DUvGii evGqvm ˆgbywU nqGZv ‰B wUi ˆPGq

mÁ·ƒYÆ wf®²| ˆhiKgB ˆ`LGZ ˆnvK bv ˆKb,
AvgvG`i KvR nGjv eyU kõwU LyuGR ˆei Kiv|
‰LvGb ˆhGnZz gvDm KvR KiGe bv, ZvB
Zvici ‰iKg fvGe Set Kwi| AvgvG`iGK wKGevWÆ w`Gq KvR KiGZ nGe|
wKGevWÆ wKfvGe eÅenvi KiGZ nGe Zvi
wGbG`ÆwkKv

wPò-4
106 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

Bootable Pendrive ‰i RbÅ ˆmwUs

1st Boot Device = Removable Device
/ USB HDD/ USB CD
2nd Boot Device = Hard Disk
3rd Boot Device = Disabled

Bootable CD/DVD Disk ‰i RbÅ ˆmwUs ˆhGnZz Avwg ˆcbWÈvBf ˆ^GK OS BbÓ¡j KiGev,
ZvB Avwg ˆLvGb Removable Dev ivLwQ|
1st Boot Device = CD/DVD Drive
2nd Boot Device = Hard Disk
3rd Boot Device = Disabled

Zvici Avgiv Secure Boot/Fast

Boot/Quick Boot = Disable Kwi Quick Boot
Disable KGi ivLGZ nGe|

F10 evUb ˆPGc Save KGi BIOS ˆ^GK

ˆewiGq hvB, KwÁ·DUvi Restart nGe|

F10 evUb ˆPGc Save Kwi ‰es

BIOS ˆ^GK ˆewiGq hvB|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 107

avc-4
Screen KvGjv ^vKv AeÕ©vB Kx-
ˆevWÆ ˆ^GK ò×gvMZ ˆhGKvGbv Key
ˆhgb@ Space Button PvcGZ
^vwK, Operating System Load
nIqvi cÉwò×qv cvGki wPGòi bÅvq
wKGevWÆ ˆ^GK ˆhGKvGbv Kx ˆhgb
ˆ`LGZ cvGev| Space Bar Pvwc|

avc-5
Language To Install =
English,
Language to install: English (United Stages)
Time & Currency format =
English (United States) ‰es
Time and currecncy format: English (United Stages)

Keyboard or input method: US

Keyboard or Input Method =

US English wmGjÙ KGi Next Enter your language and other preferences and click 'Next' to continue.

evUb Pvwc| 2015 Microsoft Corporation All rights reserved.

avc-6
Install Now evUb ‰ Click Kwi|
108 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

avc-7
I accept ‰i cvGk ^vKv eÝwU ˆZ
Click Ki‚b, Next evUb Pvwc|

Which type of installation do you want?

Upgrade: Install Windows and keep files, settings, and applicaitons

The files, settings, and applicaitons are moved to Windows with this option. This option is only

avc-8
available when a supported version of WIndows is already running on the computer.

Custom: Install Windows Custom: Install Windows only (advanced)

The files, settings, and applications aren't moved to Windows with this option. If you want to

Only (Advanced) eÝwU ˆZ make changes to partitions and dives, start the computer using the installation disc. We
recommend backing up our files before you continue.

Click Kwi|
Help me decide

avc-9
AvgvG`i bZzb nvWÆwWÕ• wU ˆ`LvGe,
‰wU wmGjÙ KGi New evUb Pvwc|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 109

Size ‰i cvGki eGÝ ˆh msLÅv

^vKGe ˆmwUGK 4(Pvi) w`Gq fvM
Kwi| hv cvGev Zv eÝwUGZ UvBc
Kwi| Apply evUb Pvwc, bZzb
‰KwU window AvmGe, OK evUb
Pvwc|
‰LvGb ˆh msLÅv AvGQ Zv 8 w`Gq fvM Kwi

‰fvGe ˆgvU 4 wU cvwUÆkb

(Partition) ŠZwi Kwi| Windows
10 ‰i Bootable Disk
AvgvG`iGK 4 wUi ˆewk Partition
ŠZwi KiGZ w`Ge bv|
Drive 0 Partition 2 wmGjÙ KGi
Next evUb Pvwc|
‰evi KwÁ·DUvi wbGRB KvR KiGe
Avgiv ˆKej AGcÞv Kie| fq ev
nZvk nIqvi wKQyB ˆbB KwÁ·DUvi
KGqKevi restart nGe|

avc-10
Use Express Settings evUb-‰
Click Kwi|
110 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

avc-11 bvg wjwL PvBGj

cvmIqvWÆI w`GZ cvwi|
bvg ˆjwL, PvBGj Password w`GZ
cvwi, Next evUb@‰ Click Kwi|

ˆkl avc
AvgvG`i KvR ˆkl, 5-10 wgwbU AGcÞv Kwi ˆWÕ•Uc PGj AvmGe|

ˆWÕ•Uc PGj Avmvi ci, AvgvG`i KwÁ·DUvi KvR Kivi RbÅ cÉÕ¦Z
y | Avgiv ‰evi BGœQgGZv KvR
KiGZ cviGev|
N. weGkl wbG`Ækbv
AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi (DBG´£vR) BbÕ¡Gjkb ÷i‚ Kivi cƒGeÆ wbiewœQ®² we`yÅr mieivn
wbwøZ KiGZ nGe| BbÕ¡Gjkb PjvKvjxb KwÁ·DUvi e®¬ Kiv hvGe bv|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 111

O. djvdj
DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Gg BbÕ¡GjkGbi mwVKZv hvPvBGqi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi wiÕ¡vUÆ ev cƒbivq Pvjy
Kwi ˆ`Lv hvGe DBG´£vR-10 mdjfvGe Pvjy nGqGQ ‰es ‰i wdPvimgƒn eÅenvi Kiv hvGœQ|

P. mZKÆZv
 AcÉGqvRGb Še`yÅwZK jvBGb nvZ ˆ`qv ˆ^GK weiZ ^vKGe| KwÁ·DUvGii h¯¨cvwZàGjv mwVK
wbqGg msGhvM w`GZ nGe| Še`yÅwZK msGhvGMi mgq Acwievnx ivevi AekÅB eÅenvi KiGZ
nGe|
 KwÁ·DUvi mwVK wbqGg Pvjy-e®¬ ‰es cwiPvjbv KiGZ nGe|
 KwÁ·DUvGi AcÉGqvRbxq ev fzj Kgv´£ cÉGqvM Kiv hvGe bv|
 mwVKfvGe gGbvGhvM I mZKÆZvi mvG^ KvGRi meàGjv avc AejÁ¼b KiGZ nGe|

Q. AvñcÉwZdjb
 Zî½xq AsGki ci eÅenvwiK KvR KGi Avgvi Lye fvGjv nGqGQ| ‰fvGe nvGZ KjGg KvR
KiGj wkLb Avb±``vqK nq|
 DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g BbÕ¡j Kiv| RewU mÁ·®² KGi `ÞZv ARÆGbi cÉwZ Avgvi AvMÉn
ˆeGoGQ|
 evÕ¦Ge KvR bv KiGj KLGbv eySZvgB bv ˆh mvgvbÅ fzGj DBG´£vR BbÕ¡GjkGb eÅvNvZ NUGZ
cvGi|

Re 1.2: KwÁ·DUvGi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j Kiv |

cvi`wkÆZvi wbYÆvqK:
 BbÕ¡GjkGbi RbÅ DBG´£vR ˆeBRW AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi wbeÆvPb KiGe;
 DBG´£vR ˆeBRW AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡GjkGbi hveZxq DcKiY msMÉn KiGe;
 ˆWÕ•Uc ev jÅvcUc KwÁ·DUvGi h^vh^ c«¬wZ I avivevwnKZv eRvq ˆiGL DBG´£vR
ˆeBRW AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j KiGe;
 BbÕ¡GjkGbi mwVKZv hvPvB KiGe;
 ‰w´ŸfvBivm mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j KiGe;
 ‰w´ŸfvBivm mdUIqÅvGii ˆWUvGeR AvcGWU KiGe|

K. Zî½
ˆKvGbv weGkl aiGbi KvR mÁ·v`b KiGZ ˆh weGkl KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆmwUB
AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg| ‰KwU AÅvwµÏGKkb ˆcÉvMÉvg KwÁ·DUvGi BbÕ¡j KiGZ ˆh cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ,
mdUIqÅvi jvGM Zv ‰B eÅenvwiGKi gvaÅGg RvbGZ cviGev|
112 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

L. cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ I gvjvgvj

eÅwî×MZ myiÞv miévg (PPE)
ò×wgK bs bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 ‰ÅvGcÉvb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wewa Abyhvqx 1 wU
2 gvÕ• ayjvevwj I RxevYy cÉwZGivaK 1 wU
3 ivevGii mÅvG´£j/RyZv mvaviY 1 wU
4 nÅv´£ mÅvwbUvBRvi/ evRvGii Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ Abyhvqx 1 wU
nÅv´£Iqvk/mvevb

cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ (Uzjm, BKzBcGg´Ÿ I ˆgwkb)

ò×wgK bs h¯¨cvwZi bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 KwÁ·DUvi ˆWÕ•Uc / jÅvcUc, ˆKvi AvB-3/5/7 01 wU
wWwfwWig WÈvBf ˆcvGUÆej wWwfwWig WÈvBf A^ev 64wRwe 01 wU
2 A^ev ˆcb/dÑÅvk ˆcb/dÑÅvk WÈvBf (USB 3.0)
WÈvBf
3 BDwc‰m (UPS) 500VA ev Zvi ˆewk 1wU

mdUIqÅvi
ò×wgK bs bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvb
1 gvBGò×vmdU Awdm-2016, weRq evqv®²
AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi I ‰w´ŸfvBivm mdUIqÅvi Microsoft 01 wU
security Essentials

M. KvGRi aviv
‰ RewUGZ wZbwU KvR iGqGQ| h^v- (K) gvBGò×vmdU Awdm 2016 BbÕ¡j Kiv (L) weRq evqv®²
BbÕ¡j Kiv ‰es (M) ‰w´Ÿ fvBivm mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j Kiv| Avgiv chÆvqò×Gg wZbwU KvR mÁ·®²
KiGev|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 113

(K) gvBGò×vmdU Awdm 2016 BbÕ¡j Kiv

Avgiv gvBGò×vmdU Awdm 2016 BbÕ¡j KiGev ZvB hw` KwÁ·DUvGi ‰i cyivGbv msÕ•iY BbÕ¡j Kiv
^vGK, ZvnGj Microsoft Office 2016 BbÕ¡j Kivi AvGM AvgvG`iGK ‰wU AvbBbÕ¡j KiGZ nGe|
gvBGò×vmdU Awdm 2016 BbÕ¡j Kivi RbÅ wbÁ³wjwLZ avc AbymiY KiGZ nGe|

1. cÉ^Gg wWwfwW ev WvDbGjvW Kiv

mdUIqÅvGii Setup dvBj LyuGR ˆei
Kwi ‰es Setup dvBGji Dci Wvej
wKÑK Kwi|

dGj cvGki wPGòi gGZv WvqjM eÝ

AvmGe|
2. ‰evi Yes ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
ZvnGj cvGki wPGòi gGZv WvqjM eÝ
AvmGe|

3. I accept the terms of this

agreement ‰i ˆPK eÝ ‰i Dci
wKÑK Kwi| ‰i ci Continue ‰i
Dci wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj wbGPi gGZv
WvqjM eÝ AvmGe|
114 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

4. ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Install Now ‰i Dci

wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj BbÕ¡Gjkb ÷i‚
nGe ‰es wbGPi gGZv ˆ`LvGe|

wKQz mgq AGcÞv KiGZ nGe|

BbÕ¡Gjkb ˆkl Kivi ci wbGPi WvqjM eÝ AvmGe|

5. Close ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 115

6. ‰evGi License file AGcb KGi ‰Lvb ˆ^GK wmwiqvj bvÁ¼vi ev cÉWvÙ Kx Kwc Kwi|
7. ‰evGi Start Menu ˆ^GK Microsoft Word 2016 AGcb Kwi|
8. Open other Documents ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| Account I Options mn ‰KwU WvqjM eÝ
AvmGe|
9. Account ‰i Dci wKÑK
Kwi| Change Product
Key bvgmn ‰KwU
WvqjM eÝ AvmGe|
10. Change Product Key
‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
ZvnGj wbGPi gGZv
WvqjM eÝ AvmGe|
11. ‰LvGb Kwc Kiv wmwiqvj bÁ¼iwU ˆcÕ¡ Kwi ‰es Install ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj gvBGò×vmdU
IqvWÆ 2016 BbÕ¡j ˆkl nGq hvGe|

(L) weRq evqvG®²v mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j Kiv

weRq evqvG®²v mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡Gji RbÅ wbGPi avcàGjv AbymiY Kwi
weRq evqvG®²v mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j Kivi cƒGeÆ KwÁ·DUvGii DBG´£vR ‰es gvBGò×vmdU Awdm BbÕ¡j
KiGZ nGe| hw` weRq evqvG®²vi cƒeÆeZÆx fvmÆb BbÕ¡j Kiv ^vGK ZvnGj ˆmwU AvbBbÕ¡j ev wigyf
KiGZ nGe| weRq evGqvG®²vi mdUIqÅvi wmwW evRvi ˆ^GK msMÉn KiGZ nGe| weRq evqvG®²v
mdUIqÅviwU BbÕ¡j Kivi RbÅ wbÁ²wjwLZ avcmgƒn AbymiY KiGZ nGe@
 cÉ^Gg weRq evqvG®²vi mdUIqÅvi
wmwWwU KwÁ·DUvGii wmwW/ wWwfwW-ig
WÈvBGf cÉGek KivB|
 AZtci wmwWwU eËvDR KGi ‰Lvb ˆ^GK
weRq evqvG®²vi BijoyBayanno.exe
dvBGji Dci Wvej wKÑK Kwi| dGj
BbÕ¡jviwU IGcb nGe ‰es cvGki
gGZv ‰KwU WvqjM eÝ AvmGe|
116 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

 ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Next ‰i Dci wKÑK

KiGZ nGe| dGj cieZÆx DBRvGWÆ
cÉGek KiGe|

 mdUIqÅviwU ˆKv^vq BbÕ¡j nGe Zv

DBRvWÆ ˆ^GK wbaÆviY KGi w`GZ nGe|
ZGe evBwWdΟ hv AvGQ Zv ˆiGL
ˆ`IqvB Dîg| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Everyone
/ Just me Ackb wbeÆvPb KGi Next
‰i Dci wKÑK KiGZ nGe|

 jvBGm´Ö ‰wMÉGg´Ÿ ‰i DBRvWÆ AvmGj I

agree AckbwU wbeÆvPb KGi Next ‰i
Dci wKÑK KiGZ nGe|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 117

 ‰evi mdUIqÅviwU BbÕ¡Gji RbÅ cÉÕ§Z

nGe| Next ‰i Dci wKÑK KiGZ nGe|
BbÕ¡GjkGbi cÉwò×qv ÷i‚ nGe|

 wKQzÞY ci ‰KwU evZÆv cÉ`kÆb KiGe|

‰Lvb ˆ^GK Yes ‰i Dci wKÑK KiGZ
nGe|

 ‰evGi Close evUGbi Dci wKÑK KiGZ

nGe|

(M) ‰w´ŸfvBivm mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j Kiv

‰w´ŸfvBivm mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j Kivi RbÅ wbGPi avcàGjv AbymiY Kwi:
ˆhGKvGbv ‰w´ŸfvBivm BbÕ¡j Kivi RbÅ cÉ^Gg ‰wUGK msMÉn KiGZ nGe| eZÆgvGb wmwW ev wWwfwW
Qvov AbjvBGb WvDbGjvW KGi msMÉn Kiv hvq| ‰QvovI wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv WÈvBGf hw` ‰w´ŸfvBivm
mdUIqÅviwU ˆmf Kiv ^vGK ZvnGj Dî× WÈvBGfi ‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆdvΣviwUGZ Wvej wKÑK KGi wdvΣviwU
IGcb KGi ‰w´ŸfvBivGmi ˆmUAvc ev ‰wÝwKDGUej dvBjwUGZ Wvej wKÑK KGi BbÕ¡j KiGZ nGe|
me ‰w´Ÿ fvBivGmB BbÕ¡j Kivi wbqgvejx ˆ`Iqv ^vGK| gÅvbyqvj ˆ`GL A^ev AbjvBGbi ˆn͸ ˆ^GK
BbÕ¡j Kivi avcmgƒn Rvbv hvq| me ‰w´ŸfvBivm ‰KB wbqGg BbÕ¡j Kiv hvq bv| cÉGZÅGKi Avjv`v
Avjv`v wbqg AvGQ| ZGe me aiGYi ˆÞGò cÉvq ‰KB iKg wbG`Ækvejx ˆgGb BbÕ¡j KiGZ nq| wbGP
Microsoft Security Essentials mdUIqÅviwUi BbÕ¡Gjkb cÉwò×qv ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
1. cÉ^Gg evRvi ˆ^GK msM†nxZ ‰w´ŸfvBivm mdUIqÅvi wmwWwU KwÁ·DUvGii wmwW-ig WÈvBGf cÉGek
KivB|
118 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

2. hw` AGUvivb (Autorun) AÅvKwUf ^vGK ZvnGj wmwWwU AGUvivb nGe Avi bv ^vKGj wmwWwU
eËvDR KGi ˆmUAvc dvBGji Dci Wvej wKÑK KiGZ nGe|

3. ZvnGj wbGÁ²i bÅvq ‰KwU ˆgGmR eÝ AvmGe| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Yes ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj
Welcome to the Microsoft Security Essentials Instalation Wizard AvmGe|

4. Next ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj Microsoft Security Essentials Software Licence
Terms WvqjM eÝ AvmGe|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 119

5. ‰Lvb ˆ^GK I accept ‰i Dci wKÑK KiGZ nGe| ZvnGj wbGPi WvqjM eÝ AvmGe|

6. ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Join the Customer Experience Improvement Program ‰i Dci wKÑK KGi
AckbwU wmGjÙ KGi Next ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

7. Next ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj BbÕ¡Gjkb Process ˆ`LvGe|

120 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wKQzÞY ci wbGÁ²i eÝ AvmGe|

8. ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Install ‰i Dci

wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj ˆmUAvc
cÉwò×qv ÷i‚ nGe ‰es DBG´£v
cÉ`wkÆZ nGe|
KÁ·vwUwewjwU wVKVvK ^vKGj
wKQzÞGYi gGaÅ BbÕ¡j ˆkl
nGe ‰es DBG´£vGZ evZÆv
cÉ`wkÆZ nGe|
9. Restart now evUGb wKÑK
Kwi| ZvnGj KwÁ·DUvi
wiÕ¡vUÆ (Restart) nGe|
KwÁ·DUvi Pvjy nGj ‰es
gvBGò×vmdU wmwKDwiwU
‰Gmbwmqvj Pvjy KiGj wbÁ²i‚c
DBG´£v ˆ`LGZ cve|

‰evGi Update ‰i Dci wKÑK

Kie| ZvnGj ‰w´Ÿ fvBivm
mdUIqÅvGii ˆWUvGeR AvcGWU
nIqvi RbÅ mvwPÆs KiGe|
mvwPÆs ˆkl nGj ˆWUvGeR AvcGWU
nGZ ^vKGe|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 121

N. weGkl wbG`Ækbv
mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡Gjkb ÷i‚ Kivi cƒGeÆ wbiewœQ®² we`yÅr mieivn wbwøZ KiGZ nGe| BbÕ¡Gjkb
PjvKvjxb KwÁ·DUvi e®¬ Kiv hvGe bv wKsev BbÕ¡Gjkb e®¬ Kiv hvGe bv|
O. djvdj
AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvimgƒGni BbÕ¡GjkGbi mwVKZv hvPvBGqi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi wiÕ¡vUÆ ev cƒbivq
Pvjy Kwi| AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi mdjfvGe Pvjy nGj ‰es ‰i wdPvimgƒn eÅenvi Kiv ˆMGj
BbÕ¡Gjkb mwVKfvGe mÁ·®² nGqGQ|

P. mZKÆZv
 ˆKvb AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j Kivi cƒGeÆ KwÁ·DUvGi Dnvi cyiGbv fvmÆb BbÕ¡j Kiv
^vKGj Zv AekÅB AvbBbÕ¡j KGi KwÁ·DUvi wiÕ¡vUÆ KGi wbGZ nGe|
 mdUIqÅvGii jvBGm´Ö Kx ev wmwiqvj bÁ¼i mwVKfvGe cÉ`vb KiGZ nGe|
 KwÁ·DUvGi AcÉGqvRbxq ev fzj Kgv´£ cÉGqvM Kiv hvGe bv|
 mwVKfvGe gGbvGhvM I mZKÆZvi mvG^ KvGRi meàGjv avc mÁ·®² KiGZ nGe|

Q. AvñcÉwZdjb
 Zî½xq AsGki ci eÅenvwiK KvR KGi Avgvi Lye fvGjv ˆjGMGQ| ‰fvGe nvGZ KjGg KvR
KiGj wkLb Avb±``vqK nq|
 KwÁ·DUvGi AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvGii BbÕ¡j RewU mÁ·®² KGi `ÞZv ARÆGbi cÉwZ Avgvi
AvMÉn ˆeGoGQ|
 evÕ¦Ge KvR bv KiGj KLGbv eySZvgB bv ˆh mvgvbÅ fzGj mdUIqÅvi B´ÖUGjkGb eÅvNvZ
NUGZ cvGi|

Re 1.3: KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´Ÿvi msGhvM Kiv|

cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK:
 wewf®² eËÅvG´£i wcÉ´Ÿvi I wcÉ´ŸvGii ˆcvUÆmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe;
 wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi KWÆ msGhvM KiGe;
 wcÉ´ŸvGii ˆWUv KÅvej msGhvM KiGe;
 wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi mzBP Ab KGi msGhvM wbwøZ KiGe|
K. Zî½
KwÁ·DUvGi Z^v AvBwmwU wWfvBGm Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiGYi ci Zvi AvDUcyU WKzGg´Ÿ ˆei Kivi RbÅ
wcÉ´Ÿvi eÅenvi KiGZ nq| wcÉ´Ÿvi ‰KwU AvDUcyU ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm| ‰B wWfvBmwUGK KxfvGe
KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ h^vh^fvGe msGhvM w`GZ nq Zv ‰B eÅenvwiGKi gvaÅGg RvbGZ cviGev|
122 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

L. cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ I gvjvgvj

eÅwî×MZ myiÞv miévg (PPE)
ò×wgK bs bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 ‰ÅvGcÉvb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wewa Abyhvqx 1 wU
2 gvÕ• ayjvevwj I RxevYy cÉwZGivaK 1 wU
3 ivevGii mÅvG´£j/RyZv mvaviY 1 wU
4 nÅv´£ mÅvwbUvBRvi/ evRvGii Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ Abyhvqx 1 wU
nÅv´£Iqvk/mvevb

cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ (Uzjm, BKzBcGg´Ÿ I ˆgwkb)

ò×wgK bs h¯¨cvwZi bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvb
1 KwÁ·DUvi ˆWÕ•Uc / jÅvcUc, ˆKvi AvB-3/5/7 01 wU
2 BDwc‰m 500VA ev Z`yaÆ 1wU
3 wcÉ´Ÿvi ˆjRvi/BâGRU/WU gÅvwUÇÝ 1wU
4 cvIqvi KÅvej wcÉ´ŸvGii 01 wU
5 dvqviIqÅvi KÅvej wcÉ´ŸvGii 01 wU
M. KvGRi aviv
wcÉ´ŸvGii ewntÕ© KvGbÙimgƒn
cƒGeÆ wcÉ´ŸvGi mvaviYZ ‰jwUwc(LTP) wcÉ´Ÿvi ˆcvUÆ eÅenvi Kiv nGZv| eZÆgvGb BD‰mwe(USB) KvGbÙiI
eÅen…Z nGœQ|

wPò: wewf®² cÉKvi wcÉ´Ÿvi ˆcvUÆmgƒn

KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 123

wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi KWÆ msGhvM

cvIqvi KÅveGji wcbhyî× gv^vwU Iqvj mGKGUi mvG^ cÐvMBb KiGZ nGe ‰es AbÅ gv^vwU wcÉ´ŸvGii
mvG^ mshyî× KiGZ nGe|

wPò: wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi KÅvej msGhvM

wcÉ´ŸvGii ˆWUv KÅvej msGhvM

wcÉ´ŸvGii mvG^ KwÁ·DUvGii/ jÅvcUGci msGhvM Õ©vcGbi RbÅ cvIqvi KÅvej ‰es ‰KwU ˆWUv KÅvej
cÉGqvRb| ˆWUv KÅveGji ‰K gv^vi (BD‰mwe) msGhvM w`GZ nGe KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ‰es AbÅ
gv^vwUi msGhvM ^vKGe wcÉ´ŸvGii mvG^|

wPò: wcÉ´ŸvGii ˆWUv KÅvej msGhvM

124 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi myBP Ab KGi msGhvM wbwøZ Kiv

wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi KÅvej ‰es ˆWUv KÅvej wVKgZ msGhvM mÁ·®² nGj ‰evi Avgiv wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi
myBP Ab Kwi|

wPò: wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi myBP Ab Kiv

N. weGkl wbG`Ækbv
nvWÆIqÅvi h¯¨vsk wbeÆvPb I ˆmàGjv BbÕ¡j Kivi cƒGeÆ AekÅB wbivcîv eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KiGZ nGe|
KwÁ·DUvi ev jÅvcUGci RbÅ cQ±` Abyhvqx wcÉ´Ÿvi wbeÆvPÆb KiGZ nGe ‰es Dchyî× RvqMvq
Õ©vcb KiGZ nGe| wcÉ´ŸviwU ˆhb ˆLvjvGgjv ‰es myiwÞZ Õ©vGb ivLv nq ˆmw`GK ˆLqvj ivLGZ
nGe| BDRvi gÅvbyqvj MvBW ˆ^GK ‰KwU wcÉ´ŸvGii wewf®² ‰ÝUvibvj KvGbÙi, ˆmwUsm ‰es
KG´ŸÈvjmgƒn kbvî× KGi wbGZ nGe|
O. djvdj
KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´Ÿvi msGhvGMi mwVKZv hvPvBGqi RbÅ wcÉ´ŸvGii cvIqvi evUb Pvwc ev myBP
Ab Kwi| wcÉ´ŸviwU Pvjy nGe ‰es cvIqvi jvBU R½jGe| KwÁ·DUvi Pvjy KiGj ev cƒeÆ ˆ^GK Pvjy
^vKGj New Hardware Found gÅvGmR AvmGe|

P. mZKÆZv
 wcÉ´Ÿvi mwVK wbqGg msGhvM w`GZ nGe|
 Še`yÅwZK msGhvGMi mgq Acwievnx ivevi AekÅB eÅenvi KiGZ nGe|
 mwVKfvGe gGbvGhvM I mZKÆZvi mvG^ KvGRi meàGjv avc AejÁ¼b KiGZ nGe|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 125

Q. AvñcÉwZdjb
 Zî½xq AsGki ci eÅenvwiK KvR KGi Avgvi Lye fvGjv ˆjGMGQ| ‰fvGe nvGZ KjGg KvR
KiGj wkLb Avb±``vqK nq|
 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´ŸvimsGhvM RewU mÁ·®² KGi `ÞZv ARÆGbi cÉwZ Avgvi AvMÉn ˆeGoGQ|
 evÕ¦Ge KvR bv KiGj KLGbv eySZvgB bv ˆh mvgvbÅ cvIqvi msGhvGMi fzGj eo `yNÆUbv NUGZ cvGi|

Re 1.4: wcÉ´Ÿvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j KGi WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv|

cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK:
 wcÉ´ŸvGii eËÅv´£ I gGWj wPwn×Z KiGe;
 eËÅv´£ I gGWj Abyhvqx WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅvi kbvî× KiGe;
 Dchyî× WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j KiGe;
 wcÉ´ŸvGii wWdΟ ˆmwUs wbwøZ KiGe;
 ˆUÕ¡ ˆcBR wcÉ´Ÿ KGi BbÕ¡Gjkb wbwøZ KiGe;
 KwÁ·DUvi nGZ ˆhGKvb WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ KiGe|

K. Zî½:
wcÉ´Ÿvi ‰KwU AvDUcyU wWfvBm| ‰B wWfvBmGK h^vh^fvGe KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ msGhvM cÉ`vb
KiGZ mdUIqÅvi ev ˆcÉvMÉvg cÉGqvRb nq| hv wcÉ´Ÿvi WÈvBfvi bvGg cwiwPZ| wKfvGe ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡
wcÉ´ŸvGii RbÅ ‰KwU WÈvBfvi ˆcÉvMÉvg BbÕ¡j KiGZ nq Zv ‰B eÅenvwiGKi gvaÅGg RvbGZ cviGev|
L. cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ I gvjvgvj
eÅwî×MZ myiÞv miévg (PPE)
ò×wgK bs bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 ‰ÅvGcÉvb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wewa Abyhvqx 1 wU
2 gvÕ• ayjvevwj I RxevYy cÉwZGivaK 1 wU
3 ivevGii mÅvG´£j/RyZv mvaviY 1 wU
4 nÅv´£ mÅvwbUvBRvi/ nÅv´£Iqvk/mvevb evRvGii Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ Abyhvqx 1 wU

cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ (Uzjm, BKzBcGg´Ÿ I ˆgwkb)

ò×wgK bs h¯¨cvwZi bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 KwÁ·DUvi ˆWÕ•Uc / jÅvcUc, ˆKvi AvB-3/5/7 01 wU
2 BDwc‰m 500VA ev Zvi ˆewk 1wU
3 wcÉ´Ÿvi ˆjRvi/BâGRU/WU gÅvwUÇÝ 1wU
126 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

mdUIqÅvi (Software)
ò×wgK bs bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 wcÉ´Ÿvi WÈvBfvi 32/64 weU AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰es wcÉ´ŸvGii
01 wU
mdUIqÅvi eËÅv´£ I gGWj Abyhvqx

DcKiY/KuvPvgvj
h¯¨cvwZ I AbÅvbÅ gvjvgvGji
ò×wgK bs mswÞµ¦ weeiY cwigvY
bvg
1 AdGmU ˆccvi ‰4 mvBR, 80 MÉvg 5wU
2 ˆUvbvi/Bâ KvwUÆR/wieb wcÉ´ŸvGii eËÅv´£ I gGWj Abyhvqx 1wU

M. KvGRi aviv
wcÉ´ŸvGii WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j Kivi RbÅ wbGPi c«¬wZ AbymiY Kwi-
1. wcÉ´ŸvGii mvG^ ˆ`Iqv BbÕ¡Gjkb MvBW fvGjvfvGe cGo wbGZ nGe| wcÉ´ŸvGii WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅvi
BbÕ¡GjkGbi cƒGeÆ KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ wcÉ´Ÿvi msGhvM cÉ`vb KiGZ nGe|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 127

2. ‰evi wcÉ´Ÿvi Pvjy Kwi|

3. Start menu ˆ^GK Settings Dci wKÑK Kwi ‰es Devices ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

ZvnGj wWfvBm ‰i wjÓ¡ cvIqv hvGe| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK printer & scanner ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| Zvici
Add a printer or scanner ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

hw` DBG´£vR wcÉ´Ÿvi wWGUÙ KGi ZvnGj wcÉ´ŸvGii bvg ˆ`LvGe| ‰evi wcÉ´ŸvGii bvGgi Dci wKÑK
KiGZ nGe ‰es Õ˜xGY cÉ`wkÆZ BbÕ¡ÈvKkb Abyhvqx BbÕ¡Gjkb ˆkl KiGZ nGe|
Avi hw` DBG´£vR mshyî× wcÉ´ŸviwU wPbGZ ev wWGUÙ KiGZ bv cvGi| ZvnGj "The printer that I
want isn't listed" ‰i Dci wKÑK KiGZ nGe|
128 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

ZvnGj wbGPi WvqjM eÝ AvmGe| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Select a shared printer by name AckbwU wmGjÙ
KGi ‰i Dci wKÑK KiGZ nGe|

‰evGi KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² WÈvBf nGZ mdUIqÅviwU wPwbGq w`GZ nGe ‰es Õ˜xGY cÉ`wkÆZ BbÕ¡ËvKkb
Abyhvqx BbÕ¡Gjkb ˆkl KiGZ nGe|
hw` nvWÆwWGÕ• WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅviwU bv ^vGK ZvnGj wcÉ´ŸvGii mvG^ cÉ`î wWÕ•wU KwÁ·DUvGii wWwfwW
iGg cÉGek KivGZ nGe ‰es ‰Lvb ˆ^GK WÈvBfviwU wPwbGq w`GZ nGe|
wcÉ´ŸvGii wWdΟ ˆmwUs (DBG´£vR 10/11 ‰i RbÅ)
DBG´£vR 10/11 ‰i RbÅ ˆUÕ¡ wcÉ´Ÿ Kgv´£ wbÁ²i‚c
1. ˆWÕ•UGci Start ˆgby nGZ Setting ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
2. Devices ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
Find a setting

System Devices Phone Network & Internet Personalization

Display, sound, notifications, Bluetooth, printers, mouse Link your Android iPhone Wi-Fi, airplane mode, VPN Background, lock screen, colors
power
Apps Accounts Time & Language Gaming Ease of Access
Uninstall, defaults, optional Your accounts, email, sync, Speech, region, date Game bar, captures, Narrator, magnifier, high
features work, other people broadcasting Game Mode contrast

Privacy Update & Security Search

Location, Camera Windows, Update, recovery, Language, permissions,
backup history
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 129

3. Printers and Scannar ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

4. BbÕ¡jK‡Z printer AvBKGbi Dci ivBU evUGb wKÑK Kwi|

5. Manage ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| Zvici Set as default ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 5(K)
130 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

wcÉ´ŸvGii wWdΟ ˆmwUs (DBG´£vR 7 ‰i RbÅ)

Start ˆgby ˆ^GK Devices and printer

‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj ‰LvGb
BbÕ¡jK‡Z wcÉ´Ÿvi ‰i AvBKb àGjv
ˆ`LvGe|

‰Lvb ˆ^GK AvgvG`i Kvw›ÞZ

wcÉ´ŸvGii Dci ivBU evUGb wKÑK Kwi|
ZvnGj ‰KwU ccAvc ˆgby AvmGe|
‰Lvb ˆ^GK Set as default Printer ‰i
Dci wKÑK Kwi|

DBG´£vR 8/8.1 ‰i RbÅ ˆUÕ¡ wcÉ´Ÿ Kgv´£ wbÁ²i‚c

1. KG´ŸÈvj cÅvGbj nGZ View Devices and Printers ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
2. BbÕ¡jK‡Z Printer ‰i AvBKGbi Dci ivBU evUGb wKÑK Kwi ‰es ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Printer
Properties ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
3. Print a Test Page ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
4. ˆUÕ¡GcR wcÉ´Ÿ nIqvi ci OK ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 5(L)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 131

DBG´£vR 7 ‰i RbÅ ˆUÕ¡ wcÉ´Ÿ Kgv´£ wbÁ²i‚c

1. Start Button ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

2. Control Panel ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

3. Devices and Printers ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 5(M)

132 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

4. BbÕ¡jK‡Z Printer ‰i AvBKGbi Dci ivBU evUGb wKÑK

Kwi ‰es ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Printer Properties ‰i Dci wKÑK
Kwi|

5. Print a Test Page ‰i Dci

wKÑK Kwi|

6. ˆUÕ¡GcR wcÉ´Ÿ nIqvi ci

OK ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

N. weGkl wbG`Ækbv
BbÕ¡j ÷i‚ Kivi cƒGeÆ wcwcB cGo wbGZ nGe ‰es wbiewœQ®² we`yÅr eÅeÕ©v wbwøZ KiGZ nGe|
O. djvdj
BbÕ¡jK‡Z wcÉ´Ÿvi eÅenvi KGi wcÉ´Ÿ Kgv´£ cÉGqvM KGi ‰KwU WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv ˆMj|

P. mZKÆZv
 wcÉ´Ÿvi WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅvi wcÉ´ŸvGii eËÅv´£ I gGWj Abyhvqx wbeÆvPb KiGZ nGe| WÈvBfvi
mdUIqÅvGii fvmÆb KwÁ·DUvGii fvmÆGbi mvG^ (32weU/64weU) mvgémÅcƒYÆ nGZ nGe|
KwÁ·DUvGi AcÉGqvRbxq ev fzj Kgv´£ cÉGqvM Kiv hvGe bv|
 mwVKfvGe gGbvGhvM I mZKÆZvi mvG^ KvGRi meàGjv avc AejÁ¼b KiGZ nGe|
KwÁ·. Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1 (we‰gwU) 5(N)
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 133

Q. AvñcÉwZdjb
 Zî½xq AsGki ˆh eÅenvwiK KvR KGi Avgvi Lye fvGjv ˆjMGQ| ‰fvGe nvGZ KjGg KvR
KiGj wkLb Avb±``vqK nq|
 wcÉ´Ÿvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j I WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ Kiv RewU mÁ·®² KGi `ÞZv ARÆGbi cÉwZ Avgvi
AvMÉn ˆeGoGQ|
 evÕ¦Ge KvR bv KiGj KLGbv eySZvgB bv ˆh mvgvbÅ fzj WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j I WKzGg´Ÿ wcÉ´Ÿ
KiGZ KvGRi eÅvNvZ NUGZ cvGi|

Re 1.5: KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ Õ•Åvbvi msGhvM Kiv|

cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK:
 wewf®² eËÅvG´£i Õ•ÅvbvGii ˆcvUÆmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe;
 Õ•ÅvbvGii cvIqvi KWÆ msGhvM KiGe;
 Õ•ÅvbvGii ˆWUv KÅvej msGhvM KiGe;
 Õ•Åvbvi cvIqvi myBP Ab KGi msGhvM wbwøZ KiGe|

K. Zî½
wcÉG´ŸW Kwc ˆhgb- Qwe, wPwVcò ev WKzGg´Ÿ BZÅvw` mivmwi KwÁ·DUvGi mdUKwc wnGmGe MÉnY
KiGZ ‰KwU BbcyU wWfvBGmi cÉGqvRb nq| ˆmwUi bvg nGjv Õ•Åvbvi| wKfvGe KwÁ·DUvGi
Õ•Åvbvi msGhvM w`GZ nq Zv ‰B eÅenvwiGKi gvaÅGg RvbGZ cviGev|
L. cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ I gvjvgvj
eÅwî×MZ myiÞv miévg (PPE)
ò×wgK bs bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 ‰ÅvGcÉvb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wewa Abyhvqx 1 wU
2 gvÕ• ayjvevwj I RxevYy cÉwZGivaK 1 wU
3 ivevGii mÅvG´£j/RyZv mvaviY 1 wU
4 nÅv´£ mÅvwbUvBRvi/ evRvGii Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ Abyhvqx 1 wU
nÅv´£Iqvk/mvevb
cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ (Uzjm, BKzBcGg´Ÿ I ˆgwkb)
ò×wgK bs h¯¨cvwZi bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 KwÁ·DUvi ˆWÕ•Uc / jÅvcUc, ˆKvi AvB-3/5/7 1 wU
2 BDwc‰m 500VA ev Z`yaÆ 1wU
3 Õ•Åvbvi Gh ˆKvGbv eËÅv´£ I gGWGji 1wU
134 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

M. KvGRi aviv
KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ Õ•ÅvbvGii msGhvM Kivi RbÅ ˆWUv KÅvej cÉGqvRb| eZÆgvGb AwaKvsk Õ•ÅvbvGi
BD‰mwe KÅvej eÅenvi Kiv nq|

Õ•ÅvbvGii cvIqvi KWÆ msGhvM

cvIqvi KÅvej ‰i wcb hyî× gv^vwU msGhvM ^vKGe Iqvj mGKGU ‰es AbÅ gv^vwU ^vKGe Õ•ÅvbvGii
mvG^|

Õ•ÅvbvGii ˆWUv KÅvej msGhvM

ˆWUv KÅveGj BD‰mwe gv^vwU ^vKGe KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ msGhvM ‰es AbÅ gv^vwUi msGhvM ^vKGe
Õ•ÅvbvGii mvG^|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 135

Õ•ÅvbvGii cvIqvi myBP Ab KGi msGhvM

Õ•ÅvbvGii cvIqvi KÅvej ‰es ˆWUv KÅvej wVKVvK gZ msGhvM ˆ`Iqv nGj, cvIqvi myBP Ab Kwi|

N. weGkl wbG`Ækbv
nvWÆIqÅvi h¯¨vsk hLb wbeÆvPb ‰es ˆmàGjv BbÕ¡j Kivi cƒGeÆ AekÅB wbivcîv eÅeÕ©v MÉnY
KiGZ nGe| KwÁ·DUvi ev jÅvcUGci RbÅ cQ±` Abyhvqx Õ•Åvbvi wbeÆvPÆb KiGZ nGe ‰es Dchyî×
RvqMvq Õ©vcb KiGZ nGe| Õ•ÅvbviwU ˆhb ˆLvjvGgjv ‰es myiwÞZ Õ©vGb ivLv nq ˆmw`GK ˆLqvj
ivLGZ nGe| BDRvi gÅvbyqvj MvBW ˆ^GK ‰KwU Õ•ÅvbvGii wewf®² ‰ÝUvibvj KvGbÙi, ˆmwUsm
‰es KG´ŸÈvjmgƒn mbvî× KGi wbGZ nGe|
O. djvdj
KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ Õ•Åvbvi msGhvGMi mwVKZv hvPvBGqi RbÅ Õ•ÅvbvGii cvIqvi evUb Pvwc ev
myBP Ab Kwi| Õ•ÅvbviwU Pvjy nGe ‰es cvIqvi jvBU R½jGe| KwÁ·DUvi Pvjy KiGj ev cƒeÆ ˆ^GK
Pvjy ^vKGj New Hardware Found gÅvGmR AvmGe|

P. mZKÆZv
 Õ•Åvbvi ‰KwU KuvP mÁ¼wjZ wWfvBm Zv ‰wU mveavGb bovPov KiGZ nGe|
 KÅvej msGhvGMi mgq BD‰mwe ˆcvUÆ I Õ•Åvbvi ˆcvUÆ jÞÅ ivLGZ nGe|
 mwVKfvGe gGbvGhvM I mZKÆZvi mvG^ KvGRi meàGjv avc AejÁ¼b KiGZ nGe|

Q. AvñcÉwZdjb
 Zî½xq AsGki ˆh eÅenvwiK KvR KGi Avgvi Lye fvGjv ˆjGMGQ| ‰fvGe nvGZ KjGg KvR
KiGj wkLb Avb±``vqK nq|
 KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ Õ•Åvbvi msGhvM RewU mÁ·®² KGi `ÞZv ARÆGbi cÉwZ Avgvi AvMÉn
ˆeGoGQ|
 evÕ¦Ge KvR bv KiGj KLGbv eySZvgB bv ˆh mvgvbÅ fzGj Še`yÅwZK `yNÆUbv NUGZ cvGi|
136 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

Re 1.6: Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j KGi WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb Kiv|

cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK:
 Õ•ÅvbvGii eËÅv´£ I gGWj wPwn×Z KiGe;
 eËÅv´£ I gGWj Abyhvqx WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅvi kbvî× KiGe;
 Dchyî× WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j KiGe;
 WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb KGi wf®² wf®² ˆdvΣvi I WÈvBGf ˆmf KiGe;
 ‰KvwaK ˆcBRhyî× WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb KGi ‰KwU dvBGj ˆmf KiGe|

K. Zî½:
Õ•Åvbvi bvgK ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBmwU ‰KwU BbcyU h¯¨| ‰B h¯¨wUGK KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^
h^vh^fvGe msGhvM I KvGRi DcGhvMx KiGZ Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi (mdUIqÅvi) BbÕ¡j KiGZ nq|
wKfvGe Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j KiGZ nq Zv ‰B eÅenvwiGKi gvaÅGg RvbGZ cviGev|
L. cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ I gvjvgvj
eÅwî×MZ myiÞv miévg (PPE)
ò×wgK bs bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
1 ‰ÅvGcÉvb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi wewa Abyhvqx 1 wU
2 gvÕ• ayjvevwj I RxevYy cÉwZGivaK 1 wU
3 ivevGii mÅvG´£j/RyZv mvaviY 1 wU
4 nÅv´£ mÅvwbUvBRvi/ evRvGii Õ¡Åv´£vWÆ Abyhvqx 1 wU
nÅv´£Iqvk/mvevb
cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ (Uzjm, BKzBcGg´Ÿ I ˆgwkb)
ò×g h¯¨cvwZi bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
01 KwÁ·DUvi ˆWÕ•Uc / jÅvcUc, ˆKvi AvB-3/5/7 01 wU
wWwfwWig GcvGUÆej wWwfwWig WÈvBf A^ev 64wRwe ˆcb/dÑÅvk 01 wU
02 WÈvBf A^ev WÈvBf (USB 3.0)
dÑÅvk WÈvBf
03 BDwc‰m 500VA ev Z`yaÆ 1wU
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 137

mdUIqÅvi
ò×wgK bs bvg ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb cwigvY
01 Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi 32/64 weU AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g ‰es Õ•ÅvbvGii
01 wU
mdUIqÅvi eËÅv´£ I gGWj Abyhvqx
DcKiY/KuvPvgvj
ò×wgK bs h¯¨cvwZ I AbÅvbÅ gvjvgvGji bvg mswÞµ¦ weeiY cwigvY
1 Õ•Åvb Kivi RbÅ ‰K c†Ó¤v WKzGg´Ÿ A4 mvBR, 80 MÉvg 1wU

M. KvGRi aviv
Õ•ÅvbvGii WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j Kivi RbÅ wbGPi c«¬wZ AbymiY Kwi-
cÉ^Gg KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ Õ•ÅvbviwU ˆWUv KÅvej ‰es cvIqvi KÅvej mshyî× Kwi| Zvici Õ•ÅvbvGii
cvIqvi myBP Ab Kwi| WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡GjkGbi RbÅ wbÁ²i…c avc AbymiY Kwi|
1. WÈvBGf KÅvGbvÕ•Åvb ˆmUAvc wmwW-iGg ivwL|
CanoScan ˆmUAvGci cÉavb ˆgby cÉ`wkÆZ
nGe|
2. Install ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| mdUIqÅvi
BbÕ¡GjkGbi ˆbvUàwj cÉ`wkÆZ nGe|

3. mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡GjkGbi ˆbvUàwj cwo ‰es

Next ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
138 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

4. Install wÕ˜Gb Install ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

5. hLb Licence Agreement Õ˜xbwU DcwÕ©Z nGe

ZLb ‰wU mveavGb cwo ‰es Yes wKÑK Kwi|

6. wÕ˜Gb wbG`Ækbv AbymiY Kwi, wbeÆvwPZ

mdUIqÅviàGjv BbÕ¡j KiGZ Install ev Next
‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

wbg³wjwLZ WvqjM eÝ cÉ`wkÆZ nGj Cancel ‰i Dci wKÑK KiGev bv|

KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 139

Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j Kivi cGi,

cÉwZwU AÅvwcÐGKkGbi BbÕ¡Gjkb ÷i‚
nGe|
cÉwZwU AÅvwcÐGKkGbi BbÕ¡jvi ev
BbÕ¡Gjkb Wizard ò×gvbymvGi ÷i‚
nq| BbÕ¡Gjkb PvwjGq ˆhGZ Yes ev
Next wKÑK Kwi|

7. “mÁ·ƒYÆ” evZÆvwU DcwÕ©Z nGj, cieZÆx

mdUIqÅviwU BbÕ¡j KiGZ Next ‰i
Dci wKÑK Kwi|

8. hLb “mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡Gjkb mÁ·ƒYÆ

nGqGQ” evZÆvwU cÉ`wkÆZ nGe, OK ‰i
Dci wKÑK Kwi|
140 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

9. KwÁ·DUvi wiÕ¡vUÆ Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU evZÆv cÉ`wkÆZ nGe|

‰evi Restart wKÑK Kwi| KwÁ·DUvi wiÕ¡vUÆ bv Kiv
chƯ¦ Õ•Åvbvi eÅenvi KiGZ cviGev bv|

10. KwÁ·DUvi cybivq Pvjy nIqvi cGi, WÈvBf ˆ^GK

KÅvGbvÕ•Åvb ˆmUAvc wmwW-ig mivGZ nGe| Avi hw`
ˆgby Õ˜xb cÉ`wkÆZ nq, Exit wKÑK Kwi ‰es Zvici
CD-ROM ˆ^GK wWÕ•wU mivB|

WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb Kiv

 Start ˆgby ˆ^GK Õ•ÅvbvGii mdUIqÅviwU AGcb

Kwi|

‰evGi ˆh WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb KiGZ nGe Zv Õ•ÅvbvGii DcGii

Kfvi LyGj WKzGgG´Ÿi ‰KwU ˆcR Õ•ÅvbvGii MÐvGmi Dci
ivwL|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 141

WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb KGi BGgR dvBj A^ev

wcwW‰d dvBj ŠZwi Kivi c«¬wZ ‰KB
iKg| ˆhGnZz Avgiv ‰KvwaK ˆcRhyî×
WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb KGi ‰KwU dvBGj ˆmBf KiGev
ZvB Avgiv PDF ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|

ZvnGj cvGki gGZv ‰KwU WvqjM eÝ

AvmGe| ˆhGnZz Avgiv ‰KvwaK ˆcR Õ•Åvb
KGi ‰KwU dvBGj msiÞY KiGev ZvB Save
as Type ‰i WÈcWvDb wjGÕ¡ wKÑK KGi PDF
(Multiple Pages) wmGjÙ KGi wbB|
142 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

‰evGi Õ•ÅvbK‡Z WKzGg´ŸwU ˆKv^vq msiÞY KiGev Zv wbaÆviY Kivi RbÅ Save in Wvb wbGÁ² Browse
‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj wbGPi gGZv ‰KwU Browse for Folder ‰i WvqjM eÝ AvmGe|

‰Lvb ˆ^GK BœQvgZ ˆdvΣvi wmGjÙ Kiv hvq ev bZzb ˆdvΣvi ŠZwi KGi Pvwn`v ˆgvZvGeK ˆdvΣvi
wmGjÙ Kiv hvq | ˆdvΣvi wmGjÙ Kiv nGj OK ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 143

‰evGi Scan ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj Õ•Åvb ÷i‚ nGe ‰es wbGPi gGZv ˆ`LvGe|

Dî× WKzGg´ŸwU Õ•Åvb Kiv nGj wbGPi gGZv ‰KwU ˆgGmR AvmGe| ‰evi Õ•ÅvbvGii Kfvi LyGj bZzb
AvGiKwU ˆcR Õ•Åvbvi MÐvGmi Dci ewmGq ˆXGK w`B ‰es Õ•Åvb ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi|
144 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

‰fvGe hZàGjv BœQv ZZàGjv ˆcR Õ•Åvb Kwi|

AeGkGl Exit ‰i Dci wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj hZàGjv ˆcR Õ•Åvb Kiv nGqGQ meàGjv ‰KwU dvBGj
msiwÞZ nGe|
N. weGkl wbG`Ækbv
BbÕ¡j ÷i‚ Kivi cƒGeÆ wcwcB cGo wbGZ nGe ‰es wbiewœQ®² we`yÅr eÅeÕ©v wbwøZ KiGZ nGe|
O. djvdj
Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡GjkGbi mwVKZv hvPvBGhi RbÅ BbÕ¡jK‡Z Õ•Åvbvi eÅenvi KGi
Õ•Åvb evUb ˆcÉm KGi ev Õ•Åvb Kgv´£ cÉGqvM KGi ‰KwU WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb Kwi|

P. mZKÆZv
 Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi mdUIqÅvi Õ•ÅvbvGii eËÅv´£ I gGWj Abyhvqx wbeÆvPb KiGZ nGe| WÈvBfvi
mdUIqÅvGii fvmÆb KwÁ·DUvGii fvmÆGbi mvG^ (32weU/64weU) mvgémÅcƒYÆ nGZ nGe|
 KwÁ·DUvGi AcÉGqvRbxq ev fzj Kgv´£ cÉGqvM Kiv hvGe bv|
 mwVKfvGe gGbvGhvM I mZKÆZvi mvG^ KvGRi meàGjv avc AejÁ¼b KiGZ nGe|

Q. AvñcÉwZdjb
 Zî½xq AsGki ci eÅenvwiK KvR KGi Avgvi Lye fvGjv ˆjGMGQ| ‰fvGe nvGZ KjGg KvR
KiGj wkLb Avb±``vqK nq|
 Õ•Åvbvi WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j KGi WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb RewU mÁ·®² KGi `ÞZv ARÆGbi cÉwZ Avgvi
AvMÉn ˆeGoGQ|
 evÕ¦e KvR bv KiGj KLGbv eySZvgB bv ˆh mvgvbÅ fzGj WÈvBfvi BbÕ¡j I WKzGg´Ÿ Õ•Åvb
KiGZ eÅvNvZ NUGZ cvGi|
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 145

‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc

KwÁ·DUvGii cÉR¯Ã KwÁ·DUvGii weeZÆGbi BwZnvmGK KGqKwU avGc fvM Kiv hvq| ‰K
‰KwU avcGK KwÁ·DUvGii ˆRbvGikb ev cÉR¯Ã eGj| AvBwe‰g
KwÁ·DUvGii ‰KwU weævcb ˆ^GK cÉR¯Ã wnmve Kivi cÉ^v Pvjy nq|
AÅvbvjM KwÁ·DUvi eÕ§i àYMZ ev AeÕ©vbMZ ˆfŒZ cwieZÆGbi Dci wbfÆi KGi ˆh
KwÁ·DUvi ŠZwi Kiv nq ZvGK Analog KwÁ·DUvi eGj|
wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi Digital Computer ‰i Digital K^vwU Digit kõ ˆ^GK ‰GmGQ hvi
A^Æ AsK| ˆh KwÁ·DUvi wWwRUvj c«¬wZi (evBbvwi msLÅv 0 ‰es 1)
Dci wfwî KGi wWRvBb I ŠZwi Kiv nGqGQ ZvGK wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi
eGj|

nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi AÅvbvjM I wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii KvhÆbxwZi mg¯¼Gq ˆh KwÁ·DUvi ŠZwi

Kiv nq ZvGK nvBweËW KwÁ·DUvi eGj
gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvi ˆh KwÁ·DUvi wgwb KwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq ˆQvU ‰es hvi gGaÅ ˆK±`Ëxq
cÉwò×qvKiY Ask wnmvGe gvBGò×vcÉGmmi we`Ågvb ZvGK gvBGò×vKwÁ·DUvi
eGj|
wgwb KwÁ·DUvi ˆh KwÁ·DUvi gvBGò×v KwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq eo ‰es ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvGii
ˆPGq ˆQvU ZvGK wgwb KwÁ·DUvi eGj|
ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvi ˆh KwÁ·DUviwU wgwb I gvBGò×v KwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq eo ‰es mycvi
KwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq ˆQvU wK¯§ ռ͸ mgGq AwaK KvR KiGZ mÞg ZvGK
ˆgBbGdÌg KwÁ·DUvi eGj|
mycvi KwÁ·DUvi ˆh KwÁ·DUvi AvKvi AvK‡wZi w`K ˆ^GK AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii ˆPGq
AZÅvwaK eo ‰es kwî×kvjx I `Ë‚ZMwZ mÁ·®² ZvGK mycvi KwÁ·DUvi
eGj|
nvWÆIqÅvi KwÁ·DUvGii ˆÞGò ‰B nvWÆIqÅvi nGœQ h¯¨ ev h¯¨ miévg| hvGK
KwÁ·DUvGii AeKvVvGgv ejv hvq| KwÁ·DUvGii evwnÅK AeKvVvGgv ev
evwnÅK AvK‡wZ mÁ·®² mKj h¯¨, h¯¨vsk wWfvBm mgƒnGK nvWÆIqÅvi eGj|
146 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

dvgÆIqÅvi dvgÆIqÅviI ‰K aiGbi mdUIqÅvi| dvgÆIqÅviGK nvWÆIqÅvi I

mdUIqÅvGii gvSvgvwS MvVwbK AeÕ©vb eGj gGb Kiv hvq| ‰
ˆcÉvMÉvgàGjv Õ©vqxfvGe ˆgGgvwiGZ msiwÞZ ^vGK ‰es mvaviYfvGe
cwieZÆb KivI mÁ¿e bq|
CPU ˆK±`Ëxq cÉwò×qvKiY Ask (wmwcBD) KwÁ·DUvGii meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ask
hv KwÁ·DUvGii gwÕ¦Ó• Õ¼i…c| Arithmetic Logic unit, Control unit
I Memory unit ˆK ‰KGò Central Processing Unit ev CPU eGj
gv`viGevWÆ gv`viGevWÆB nGœQ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGii gƒj Ask, hv wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi
Afů¦Gi mshyî× ^vGK| mvaviYZ KwÁ·DUvGii mgÕ¦ h¯¨vsGki msGhvM
ˆevWÆGK ejv nq gv`viGevWÆ|
mnvqK ˆgGgvwi KwÁ·DUvGii ˆh ˆgGgvwiGZ wewf®² Z^Å, wbG`Ækvewj, AwWI, wfwWI, BGgR
Õ©vqxfvGe msiÞY Kiv hvq ZvGK mnvqK ˆgGgvwi ejv nq|
KÅvk ˆgGgvwi KvGRi `Ë‚ZZv AvbqGbi RbÅ cÉGmmi I cÉavb ˆgGgvwii A¯¦ieZÆx Õ©vGb
Õ©vwcZ weGkl aiGbi ˆgGgvwiGK KÅvk ˆgGgvwi (Cache Memory) ejv
nq|
ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR KwÁ·DUvGii Z^Å Õ©vqxfvGe msiÞY Kivi RbÅ ˆh ˆgGgvwi eÅenvi Kiv
wgwWqv nq ZvGK mnvqK ev ˆMŒY ˆgGgvwi eGj|
nvWÆwWÕ• nvWÆwWÕ• nGjv cvZjv ˆMvjvKvi avZe cvGZi mg¯¼Gq MwVZ mnvqK ÕÆwZ|
KwÁ·DUvGii Z^Åvejx msiÞGYi RbÅ Bnv ‰KwU wbfÆiGhvMÅ ˆÓ¡vGiR
wWfvBm, ‰GZ iwÞZ Z^Åmgƒn mnGR bÓ¡ nq bv eGj cÉGqvRbxq mKj
cÅvGKR ‰es ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Z^Å nvWÆwWGÕ• msiÞY Kiv nq|
AcwUKÅvj ˆgGgvwi ˆh mgÕ¦ wWGÕ• Optical Storage Technology-‰i gvaÅGg ˆWUv
msiÞY Kiv nq, ZvGK Optical Disk ev AcwUKÅvj ˆgGgvwi ejv nq|
ˆhgb@ CD-ROM Disk ev CD Disk, DVD BZÅvw`|
KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR nGjv AbjvBb ˆÕ¡vGiR| KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR ‰KwU AbjvBb
mvwfÆm hvi gvaÅGg AbjvBGbi AmsLÅ eÅenviKvix ZvG`i cÉGqvRbxq
dvBj àGjv wbivcG` msiÞY KiGZ cvGi| KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR nGjv- Google
Drive, One Drive, Dropbox, Mega, pCloud
KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g I nvWÆIqÅvi 147

Abykxjbx

K. AwZ mswÞµ¦ Dîi cÉk²

1. wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvi Kx? 16. dÑÅvk ˆgGgvwi Kx?

2. nvBweËW (Hybrid) KwÁ·DUvi Kx? 17. AcwUKÅvj ˆgGgvwi Kx?
3. mdUIqÅvi Kx? 18. KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR Kx?
4. dvgÆIqÅvi Kx? 19. wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi Kx?
5. wnDgÅvbIqÅvi Kx? 20. AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi Kx?
6. wmwcBD Kx? 21. wdÌIqÅvi ev AGcb ˆmvmÆ Kx?
7. mnvqK ev ˆmGK´£vwi ˆggwi Kx? 22. ˆkqviIqÅvi Kx?
8. gvBGKÌvcÉGmmi Kx? [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2009] 23. ‰w´ŸfvBivm Kx?
9. iÅvg Kx? 24. wWGiÙwi Kx?
10. nvWÆwWÕ• Kx? 25. dvBj Kx?
11. ˆgGgvwi Kx? 26. ˆkqviIqÅvi Kx?
12. cÉavb ˆggwi KvGK eGj? 27. ˆÕ·ËWwkU KvGK eGj?
13. KÅvk ˆgGgvwi 28. ˆWUvGeR gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g Kx?
14. PROM Kx? 29. MÉvwdÝ wWRvBb ˆcÉvMÉvg
15. wiW ivBU ˆgGgvwi Kx? 30. gvBGò×vmdU cvIqvi cGq´Ÿ Kx?

L. mswÞµ¦ Dîi cÉk²

1. KwÁ·DUvGii cÉR¯Ã KqwU I Kx Kx? [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2018]
2. PZz^Æ cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGii ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv Kx Kx?
3. cçg cÉRG¯Ãi KwÁ·DUvGii ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv Kx Kx?
4. AÅvbvjM I wWwRUvj KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅàGjv ˆjGLv| [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2011, 2015]
5. cÉvBgvwi I ˆmGK´£vwi ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv Kx Kx?
6. Õ¡ÅvwUK iÅvGgi Zzjbvq WvBbvwgK iÅvGgi myweav I Amyweav Kx Kx?
7. ig (ROM) ‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å eYÆbv KGiv|
8. Bwcig I BBwciGgi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ Kx? [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2011]
9. iÅvg I iGgi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wjGLv| [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2009, 2010, 2013]
10. cÅvGKR ˆcÉvMÉvg ‰es KvÕ¡gvBRW ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gaÅKvi cv^ÆKÅàGjv Kx Kx?
11. wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvi I AÅvwµÏGKkb mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅàGjv Kx Kx?
12. RbwcÉq 10wU ‰w´ŸfvBivm ˆcÉvMvGgi bvg ˆjGLv|
13. ‰w´Ÿ fvBivm ˆcÉvMvGgi cÉGqvRbxqZv Kx?
14. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g Kx? PviwU AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi bvg wjGLv| [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2009, 2015]
15. AcvGiwUs wmGÓ¡Ggi ài‚Z½mgƒn Kx Kx?
16. ‰KK cÉGmwms I gvwΟ cÉGmwms AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjGLv|
148 KwÁ·DUvi Awdm AÅvwµÏGKkb-1

17. ˆÕ·ÉWwkU/IqvKÆwkU ‰ÅvbvjvBwmm ˆcÉvMÉvGgi ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv Kx Kx?

18. ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb mdUIqÅvGii myweavw`àGjv Kx Kx?
19. OMR I OCR ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wjGLv| [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2014, 2019]
20. BâGRU wcÉ´ŸvGii myweavmgƒn Kx Kx?
21. ˆjRvi wcÉ´ŸvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å Kx Kx?

M. iPbvgƒjK cÉk²
1. KwÁ·DUvGii wewf®² cÉR¯Ã eYÆbv KGiv| [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2010, 2013]
2. KwÁ·DUvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM eYÆbv KGiv| [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2009, 2012, 2019]
3. KwÁ·DUvGii Afů¦ixY msMVb I KvhÆvewj eYÆbv KGiv| [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2009, 2012, 2017]
4. ‰KwU wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY nvWÆIqÅvGii ZvwjKv ŠZwi KGiv|
5. wmGÕ¡g BDwbGUi Afů¦ixY nvWÆIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvhÆvewj eYÆbv KGiv|
6. ˆÕ¡vGiR wgwWqvi ˆkÉwYwefvM eYÆbv KGiv|
7. nvWÆwWGÕ•i myweav I AmyweaàGjvv Kx Kx?
8. KÑvDW ˆÕ¡vGiR eÅenvGii myweavàGjv Kx Kx?
9. mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM eYÆbv KGiv|
10. wewf®² cÉKvi AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆgŒwjK KvR eYÆbv KGiv|
11. AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvi I nvWÆIqÅvGii mvG^ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi mÁ·KÆ eYÆbv KGiv|
12. wmGÕ¡g mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM eYÆbv KGiv|
13. wewf®² aiGYi AcvGiwUs mdUIqÅvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å eYÆbv KGiv|
14. AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi KvR eYÆbv KGiv|
15. wPòwfwîK I eYÆwfwîK AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi gvGS cv^ÆKÅ ˆjGLv| [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2009, 2010, 2011, 2013]
16. AÅvwcÐGKkb mdUIqÅvGii ˆkÉwYwefvM eYÆbv KGiv|
17. KwÁ·DUvi ˆcwiGdivjGmi ˆkÉwYwefvM eYÆbv KGiv|
18. Õ•Åvbvi Kx? eÅenvi wjGLv| [ˆevWÆ cixÞv-2009, 2012]

N. MvwYwZK mgmÅv
1. `ywU ˆgGgvwi wPc nGjv 5M8 ˆgGgvwi I 16 weU kõ Š`GNÆÅi (Word Length) 1M evBU
ˆgGgvwi| ‰G`i gGaÅ ˆKvGbv ˆgGgvwi wPGc ˆewk weU aviY KiGe?
2. ‰KwU 2k 8 ÕÆwZi RbÅ wbÁ²wjwLZ welqàGjv wbYÆq KGiv|
K) Z^Å BbcyU I Z^Å AvDUcyU msLÅv|
L) wVKvbv ˆiLvi msLÅv|
M) evBU I weU msLÅvq aviYÞgZv|
3. ‰KwU gÅvMGbwUK wWGÕ•i MvGq 120 GB gyw`ËZ AvGQ| ‰B wWGÕ• ˆgvU aviYÞg weGUi msLÅv
KZ? 500 c†Ó¤vwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU eBGqi cÉwZ c†Ó¤vq 30wU jvBGbi cÉwZ jvBGb 50wU eYÆ iGqGQ| ‰KwU
eYÆ msiÞY Kivi RbÅ 1 evBU cwigvY ˆgGgvwi jvMGj 780 ˆgMvevBU aviY ÞgZvwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU
wmwWGZ ‰ iKg KqwU eBGqi ˆjLv msiÞY Kiv hvGe?