STUDENTS DECLARATION

I am here declaring that this senior from my own work and effort and that it has not been
submitted for any word. In addition, senior to clarify that the following Student of , the
international relations and diplomacy department has successfully completed His dissertation
proposal titled “the relationship between good governance and electoral system, in
Mogadishu Somalia”. All other sources of information used have been acknowledged.

Name of the candidate: Yusra Omar Ali

Signature: ______________________________________

Date: ______/______/______

I
 SUPERVISOR APPROVAL
I confirm, to the best of my knowledge. The senior was carried out and prepared under my direct
supervision. I hereby also confirm that senior was conducted in accordance with degree
regulations and university research project manual (RPM).

Name of the supervision: AVV.Abdifitah Farah Naleye

Signature: ____________________

Date: ______/______/_____

EXAMINING PANEL APPROVAL

II
This senior entitled of “the relationship between good governance and electoral system, in
Mogadishu Somalia”. Prepared and submitted by Yusra Omar Ali in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of international relations and diplomacy has
been examined and accepted by examining panel with a grade of bachelor degree.

Name and Signature of Chairman of Examining Panel

_________________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of Panelist

_________________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of Panelist

_________________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of dean of faculty of education and Humanities

_________________________________________________________________

Date: __________/_________/________________

Grade: ________________________

DEDICATION
Many thanks to Allah, who made possible for me writing, publishing and bring out this study and
also peace of Allah and blessing, be upon our prophet Mohamed who guided us to the right way.

III
I hereby dedicate this book to my congenial and gracious my dear lovely kindly mother Deka
Ahmed Mohamed who kept me her stomach approximate 9 month and also she encouraged and
supported me to achieve one of my goals, father Omar Ali Without their valuable support and
contribution, my educational background and this book may not have been achieved. I always
remember all the people who have kindly supported me to achieve education. I request them to
keep encouraging many young people to acquire good educational background like me.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am first thanking to Allah the almighty then I would like to take this opportunity to pay my
gratitude to few people who was closely associated with my dissertation throughout. Firstly I
would like to thank AVV. Abdifitah Farah Naleye my supervisor, whose insightful comments

IV
and path direction has greatly enhanced the value that I put in my dissertation which otherwise
would have not been possible his valuable words will surely be a great help in my professional
life as well. I also like to acknowledge the invaluable help that I received from my lecture during
the past year, which helped us my dissertation as well. I also would like to thank my
grandmother Fatim Mohamed Ahmed. Finally I would like to acknowledge the encouragement
and support of my parents (may Allah for give them and reward them Janna) without which it
would not be possible to be part of this reputed university. It’s truly just beyond dissertation. I
grateful to them for every bit of contribution in helping us shape up my dreams.

My special thanks go to my father and my mother Omar Ali and Deka Ahmed Mohamed the
financial and moral support they rendered to see me get education.
I also have many sincere thanks my best friend Fatima Ahmed Nuur, Maandeeq Ahmed
Mohamed and Xamdi Ahmed Mohamed for his invaluable advice and constructive comments
which he made at each stage of this study.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study was to establish the determinants of good governance on electoral
system in Mogadishu, Somalia. Specifically, the study was necessary to address the following

V
specific objectives that is, to determine the effect of accountability on electoral system in
Mogadishu –Somalia ,to examine the role of transparency on electoral system in Mogadishu
Somalia. Also to examine the impact of rule of law on electoral system in Mogadishu-
Somalia .In Somalia, the good governance have not considered the electoral system as an
integral part of organizational performance. This is seen in the fact thatso, if this continuous
was cause the a number of problems to not only the clients who depend so much on this services,
but also the various stakeholders in the ministries of interior affairs . For departments to
remain competitive, emphasis should be made on customer satisfaction and marketing strategies
with regards to how their services should be provided to the satisfaction of these customers. The
study research gap is demonstrated by the scarcity of empirical studies on determinants of
leadership style. Methodology – The study design was used is descriptive survey, the target
population of the study was 100 employees of ministries of interior affairs in Mogadishu. A
sample size of 80 respondents was selected using Slog van’s formula. The study used primary
data. Data collection methods used included use of questionnaires. The selection sample
technique was purposive or judgmental approach. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 for
productions of tables, descriptive statistics. E.g. means, standard deviation, frequencies.. The
conclusions were based on the objectives of the study that good governance drivers had a
strongly agree influence on electoral system at ministries of interior affairs . The study results
support the view that good governance drivers have a significant effect on electoral system.
However the influence of each driver varies from one depart to another It is recommended that
managers should study and select the driver that best suits their departments in order to achieve
maximum electoral system .

TABLE OF CONTENTS
STUDENTS DECLARATION....................................................................................................................I
SUPERVISOR APPROVAL.......................................................................................................................II

VI
EXAMINING PANEL APPROVAL.........................................................................................................III
DEDICATION...........................................................................................................................................IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................V
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................VI
CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................1
1.0: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY......................................................................................................1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.....................................................................................................7
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................................8
1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................8
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS...................................................................................................................8
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY......................................................................................................................8
1.6.1 Content scope.....................................................................................................................................8
1.6.2 Geographical Scope............................................................................................................................8
1.6.3 Time Scope.........................................................................................................................................8
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................8
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS..........................................................................................................9
1.9 conceptual frameworks........................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................................................................11
LITERATURE REIVEW.................................................................................................................11
2.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................11
2.1 CONCEPT OF GOOD GOVERNANCE............................................................................................11
2.1.1 CONCEPT OF ACCOUNTABILITY..............................................................................................16
2.1.2 CONCEPT OF TRANSPARENCY..................................................................................................18
2.1.3.: CONCEPT OF RULE OF LAW.....................................................................................................20
2.2 CONCEPT OF ELECTORAL SYSTEM............................................................................................26
2.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOOD GOVERNANCE AND ELECTORAL SYSTEM..................28
2.4: SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................31
METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................................32
3.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................32
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN.........................................................................................................................32
3.2 TARGET POPULATION...................................................................................................................33

VII
3.3 SAMPLE SIZES..................................................................................................................................33
3.4 SAMPLE PROCEDURE....................................................................................................................34
3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS............................................................................................................34
3.6 RESEARCH QUALITY......................................................................................................................35
3.6.1 RELIABILITY.................................................................................................................................35
3.6.2 VALIDITY.......................................................................................................................................35
3.7 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE.................................................................................................35
3.8 DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS...................................................................................................36
3.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY.........................................................................................................36
3.10 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION.........................................................................................................36
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................................37
DATA. ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION................................................37
4.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................37
4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENT..................................................37
Table: 4.1.1 Gender of the respondents.....................................................................................................37
Table 4.1.2 Age of the respondents...........................................................................................................37
. 4.1.3 Table level of marital status............................................................................................................38
Table: 4.1.4 occupation of the respondents................................................................................................38
Table 4.1.5 education of the respondents...................................................................................................38
4.2 DATE ANALAYSIS...........................................................................................................................39
TABLE 4.2.1: DESCRIBTIVE ANALYZE OF ACCOUNTABILITY....................................................39
4.2.1: Descriptive analyze of accountability..............................................................................................39
TABLE 4.2.2: DESCRIBTIVE ANAYLZE OF TRANSPARENCY........................................................40
TABLE 4.2.3: DESCRIPTIVE ANALYZE OF RULE OF LAW.............................................................41
TABLE 4.2.4: Descriptive analyze of electoral system.............................................................................42
4.2.4: Descriptive analyze of electoral system...........................................................................................42
4.3 CORRELATION ANALYZE AMONG THE VARIABLES..............................................................42
CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................................................................................44
MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................44
5.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................44
5.1: MAJOR FINDINGS...........................................................................................................................44
5.2 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................45
5.3: RECOMMENDATION......................................................................................................................46
Areas for Further Research........................................................................................................................47
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................48

VIII
QUESTIONNAIRE.......................................................................................................................54

IX
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.0: INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers the following sections, Background of the study, problem of the study,
purpose of the study, objectives, scope of the study, research questions, significance of the study
operational key terms and conceptual framework.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Good governance is an indeterminate term used in the electoral system literature to describe how
public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources. Governance is "the
process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not
implemented)". The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local
governance or to the interactions between other sectors of society. (Kanie, 2010) .

As globally the academic literature on governance, good governance and electoral system has
grown rapidly. However, apart from the universal acceptance of its importance, differences
prevail in respect of theoretical formulations, policy prescriptions and conceptualization of the
subject itself and no one can claim ownership of the Governance however modern theories have
expanded the connotation, focusing on a large variety of instruments designed to alter and
channel the behavior of individual and collective actors (Loorbach, 2007; Pierre and Peters,
2000; Adger and Jordan, 2009).
Good governance means accountability in all its ramifications. It also means transparency, equity
and honesty in public office. Indeed, effective democratic reforms of good governance rely on
accountability and transparency.
The role of the leadership is particularly important in the governance project. The primacy of
leadershipin the governance project (Chikendu, 1987) rests on the ability of the leadership to see
beyond the perceptual vista of the people, appreciate their needs and inspire and motivate them
to cherish and desire these needs as goals that should be achieved. Indeed, ensuring good
governance for achieving peace, security and sustainable development rests with the leadership.
This is dependent on the ability and capacity of leadership to allocate scarce resources,
determine policy choices and outcomes that affect the direction and nature of development in the

1
society. In other words, the survival of the society is dependent on how its leadership and people
are committed to the ideals of good governance where the atmosphere of peace, rule of law,
accountability and transparency prevails.
In essence, a responsible and accountable leadership that would characterize good governance in
Nigeria is patently absent. Nigerian political elites, almost without exception, have an insatiable
capacity to steal from the commonwealth and leave the people more impoverished. Unrestrained
by any real accountability to the electorate, many of those elected officials who came to power
in fraudulent elections have committed abuses against their constituents and engaged in large-
scale looting of public resources (Human Right Whach, 2007).
The legislative arm of government that would have provided adequate checks on abuses of
power by theexecutives and recklessness of the opportunistic politicians is inefficient and
ineffective because of unbraided romance with Executive Arm. Effective legislature contributes
to good governance. To perform its oversight function effectively, every legislature needs power
to shape the budget and means of overseeing or checking the executive power beyond the
ultimate power of impeachment. A legislature that is capable of oversight function is more likely
to manage the available funds to achieve the objectives of the state with minimal or no wastages,
and this engenders transparency, openness, accountability which represent the tripod of good
governance. The failure of the legislature to perform this important function in Nigeria has
denied the people the gains of democratic governance. Hence, the national assemblies have
failed to provide selfless, purposeful and democratic legislative leadership.
Corruption has long been as a hindrance to socio-economic development. The United Nations
(2008) hasrecognized the significance of government accountability and transparency through its
convention againstcorruption. Among its many articles, the convention outlines key areas in
which to promote transparency and openness through policy and legislation, the development of
anti-corruption bodies, public sector guidelines in a range of areas (e.g. personnel, hiring,
elections, funding), codes of conduct for public officials, and procurement.
The failure of good governance in Nigeria is political and bureaucratic corruption. Corruption is
an aspect of poor governance and is defined as the abuse of public office for private gain in
Nigeria, Corruption has assumed eccentric and ludicrous proportions; what Gunnar Myrdal
calls “Folklore of corruption” (Amuwo, 2005).

2
Accountability and transparency is illusion in a state where corruption is endemic and persistent.
Corruption is rampant at all levels of government, crippling basic health and education services
and other social infrastructures Ogundiya, 2010).
When corruption is prevalent as witnessed in the last decade, instructions of governance are
abused by illicit and self-serving behaviours of political leaders (Ogundiya, 2010).
As stated by Lafferty (2004), governance has currently come to indicate the totality of
mechanisms and instruments available for influencing social change in preordained directions.
The United Nations Development Program (1997) understands institutions through which
citizens and groups articulate their interests exercise their legal rights, meet their participation,
rule of law, responsiveness, consensus orientation, equity, effectiveness and efficiency,
accountability and strategic vision. The concept of governance has also been interpreted in
connection with regional eletarol system policy making (Berger, 2003) or in connection with the
rule of law (Sachiko and Durwood, 2005).
The European Union (2001) defines principles of good governance by stating that the following
elements are crucial to a complete understanding of governance: openness, participation,
accountability, effectiveness and coherence. According to The World Bank (1992) governance
work of Kaufmann,
Kraay and Mastruzzi (2006), operates a set of aggregate governance indicators based on: access
to voice and accountability; lack of political instability and violence; minimum government
effectiveness; existing regulatory burden, the rule of law, concrete and visible efforts to eliminate
bribery and corruption. No matter its approach and interpretation, there is an international
consensus on the need to promote sound governance as a foundation for development. The
challenge facing all societies is to strengthen institutions, processes
And mechanisms that enable full participation of citizens in setting an agenda for sustainable
development. Diversity interests to be peacefully resolved (Wijkman, 1998).
For the citizens of North African region (MENA), the events of the past year have been amongst
the most turbulent, bloody and treacherous in recent memory. They have, collectively, entered a
period of unrest, whereby people living under previously dictatorial regimes stood up for their
rights, and fought for more democratic states. This is a fundamental component of good
governance; the development of human rights, legitimacy, and equity, and, most importantly for
MENA countries, sustainability. This article was analyses the relationship between electoral

3
system and good governance, the parameters of this relationship and what it can achieve, by
analyzing the efforts of countries in the MENA region and the impact of their policies for
electoral system and good governance. The article considers arguments by scholars across the
globe around the issue of good governance, while referring to a multitude of facts and figures on
each country within the MENA region. (Moldova,2009)
Theoretically a host of studies from a variety of perspectives have converged on the importance
of institutions and agents at the level of localities and regions for carrying out all manner of
public ends (Ostrom 1990; Putnam 1993; Savitch and Kantor 2002; Sellers 2002). In the face of
this trend it seems all the more remarkable that local government itself, one of the most
consistent institutional features of democracies around the world, has received such scant
systematic attention. Constitutional protections for local government have now spread to many
more countries than provide for federalism itself. Yet even systematic comparative studies of
decentralization have remained confined to differences in federal or other institutions above the
local level (e.g., Elazar 1995; Rodden 2004; Schneider 2003; Treisman 2000) or ignored local
institutions altogether (Lijphart 1999). Despite several theoretical or inductive typologies (Hesse
and Sharpe 1991; Lidström 2003; Mouritzen 2003; Page and Goldsmith 1987; Vetter 2002) and a
growing number of comparative case studies (e.g., Savitch and Kantor 2002; Sellers 2002), this
field still lacks the sort of deductive, encompassing international classifications that have grown
to dominate comparative accounts of party systems, interest intermediation, and executive–
legislative relations. (LIDSTRÖM, 2007) .

Conceptually “good governance” into proper perspective, it is appropriate to first examine the
meaning of governance. Governance has been defined as the exercise of political, economic and
social authority to regulate human interactions for the wellbeing of society. In this sense,
governance can be seen as an attempt by the state machinery (government or constituted
authority) to translate into concrete realities, the objectives for which a political society is
established which in the main consists of maintenance of law and order and the promotion of the
welfare of the members of the political society in all ramifications. (Sikander, 2015)

Electoral reform for national elections in the UK has attracted considerable political and public
attention. A report commissioned by the Labour government after its election in 1997 (reflecting
a manifesto commitment) recommended change from the current system, but no action was

4
taken. In February 2010, Prime Minister Gordon Brown promised to hold a referendum on
changing the system for elections to the Commons to the AlternativeVote and committed his
party to support for an elected upper house, a policy that was in the 2005 manifestoes of both
other main parties.The documents accompanying the 2009 Queen’s Speech included an outline
arrangement for an elected upper house, with elections taking place by proportional
representation in large regional constituencies (i.e. the regions used in European Parliament
elections). In 2009, also, the leader of the Liberal Democrats proposed a referendum on changing
the Commons electoral system to one called AV+ (recommended by the Independent
Commission on the Electoral System in 1998 and discussed below.)
This report is intended to advise commentators, policymakers and a wider readership on the
characteristics of the main types of electoral system and the issues affecting electors, political
parties and system designers should they be implemented for elections to the House of
Commons, the House of Lords, or any other elected body in the UK. The authors of this report
have no axe to grind. Nor has the British Academy.There is no such thing as a perfect electoral
system. Each has virtues and defects. Each has features which are virtues to some observers and
defects to others. For 200 years scholars have explored the properties of electoral systems.A
great deal is known about them in the academy. But public discussion is usually poorly
informed. Interest groups, and political parties, have an incentive to highlight the advantages and
to hide the disadvantages of the systems they favour. Politicians tend to favour the electoral
system(s) under which they think they would win the most seats.
Electoral periods are widely defined as a time of party candidate selection, campaigning,
mobilization and voting, and then the announcement of the results. Those who specialize in
elections, however, emphasize that an election is just a moment in a broader electoral cycle that
involves many rule changes, decisions and activities well before the actual balloting and
counting (see Figure 2.1). The voting, counting and proclamation of results
are critical but not isolated moments in the continuing practice of electoral democracy.
Inevitably, elections signal a moment in time in which either an old order or set of rulers is
confirmed, or there is circulation in ruling coalitions—either within or between parties—as new
leaders are brought into government. This makes them turning points .
in democracy. In many cases, they are quite dramatic. For example , the November 2015
elections in Myanmar were the first fully inclusive multiparty elections in the country since

5
1990. While the Myanmar military had organized elections in 2012, they were boycotted by the
opposition. Despite the achievement of the 2015 elections, which brought a civilian government
into power, democracy in Myanmar is still limited: some observers note that the military—
through reserved seats—still controls considerable power in the country (Huang 2016).
Whether and to what extent they are conducted with integrity is the crux of the question when
evaluating the overall process of any election (Norris 2004). Initiatives such as the Electoral
Integrity Project engage in systematic analyses of electoral processes and score each major
global contest against a wide range of indicators. Multilateral organizations such as the
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Commonwealth, the European Union
and the Southern African Development Community regularly monitor and observe the elections
in their member states.
In more established or long-standing democracies, electoral processes are typically routinized
and held in a regular, periodic fashion. Modern democracies are increasingly holding
referendums to ascertain ‘the was of the people’. In the context of democratization, each
electoral cycle—beginning with founding elections, the first after a transition to democracy, and
continuing with successive electoral cycles thereafter—is about institutionalizing and
systematizing electoral processes. For example, scholars have evaluated trends in electoral
cycles over time in sub-Saharan Africa to evaluate the effects of the second and third rounds of
elections, as research has shown that in electoral processes there is the possibility of increasing
integrity through learning by doing (Lindberg 2006).
Others are less optimistic. Bogaards argues that electoral processes in Africa lack meaning
because of the ubiquity of personality-driven or clientelistic appeals. On this point, see the
exchange between Lindberg (2013) and Bogaards (2013) in the Journal of Democracy. Because
elections are widely held even by regimes that restrict democracy and control their outcomes—
sometimes referred to as ‘competitive authoritarian regimes’ (Levitsky and Way 2010)—they
should be closely evaluated for the ways in which they confer legitimacy on those who control
government. References to the was of the people have become central to process legitimacy or
justifying governmental authority, and elections or referendums are often the means of
providing that legitimacy (OECD 2010). It is for this reason that even in tightly controlled
authoritarian systems, there is often an attempt to hold elections, even if they lack integrity and
are not officially monitored or observed by outsiders who can attest to their integrity

6
In Somalia there is lack of funds to execute eletarol system programmers, lack of employment
opportunities, bribery and corruption of incompetence, lack of transparency and accountability,
lack of planning for good governance and public objectives, non-government co-operation on
socio- economic issues for the citizenry decisions poor capacity utilization. Indeed, there is still
loud yearning for good governance at the local government level. From this study it is evident
and conclusive that: good governance promotes eletarol system in emohua local government
area, good governance encourages the economic empowerment of the people in local
government areas. The study therefore recommends that: instead of direct sharing or transfer of
cash, local government should embark on programmers that can empower local citizenry.
Equally, the controlling state governments should show good example in transparency and
accountability to local political leaders.(Jordan, 2009) .

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In order to bring the term “good governance” into proper perspective, it is appropriate to first
examine the meaning of governance. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly
those of minorities. In a good governance the rules and regulations implies should be clear and
friendly enough to general public and should also motivate the nation to follow the implied laws
of the country.Anddevelopment is about putting people at the center of development. This means
a commitment that development processes need to benefit people, particularly but not only the
poor, but also a recognition that people, and the way they interact in groups and society, and the
norms that facilitates such interaction, (Anowar, 2010)

In Somalia there is Lack offunds to execute electoral system programmers, Lack of employment
opportunities, Bribery an dcorruption of incompetence, lack of transparency and accountability,
lack of planning for Good governance and public objectives, non-government co-operation on
socio- economic issues for thecitizenry decisions poor capacity utilization. Indeed, there is still
loud yearning for good governance at the local government level. From this study it is evident
and conclusive that: Good governance promotes eletarol system in Emohua local government
area, good governance encourages the economic empowerment of the people in local
government areas. The study therefore recommends that: instead of direct sharing or transfer of
cash, local government should embark on programmers that can empower local citizenry.

7
Equally, the controlling state governments should show good example in transparency and
accountability to local political leaders.(Jordan, 2009) .

Therefore gap that is more about research to investigate relationship between good governance
and electoral system t, in Mogadishu Somalia that focus respondents from local government in
banadir region..

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between good governance and
electoral system, in Mogadishu Somalia that focus respondents from local government in
Benadir region.

1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. To identify the impact of accountability on electoral system in Mogadishu Somalia
2. To find out impact of transparency and electoral system in Mogadishu -Somalia
3. to determine the impact of rule of low on electoral system in Mogadishu-Somalia

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the influence of accountability on electoral system in Mogadishu Somalia?
2. How does transparency relate to electoral system in Mogadishu-Somalia?
3. What is the impact of rule of law on electoral system in Mogadishu –Somalia?

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.6.1 Content scope

The researcher was focus to explain deeply the relationship good governance domestic
development.

1.6.2 Geographical Scope

This study was be conducted in Mogadishu Somalia.

1.6.3 Time Scope

The study was be conducted from April 2022 to July 2022

8
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study provides the information of good governance to electoral system the situation of
community and tries to lighten up the current relationship between the role good
governance on development The findings and recommendation of the study would be useful
for academic institution and public and which deal with the role good governance to
national developmental through reading this thesis which was be available in public
libraries and a printed copy would be available for those participants that contributed in.
The study helps future researchers in this discipline to get father information that is useful for
understanding the relationship between the impact good governance to eletorall system while it
attempts to create solid better relationship between the two sides.

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Good governance is an indeterminate term used in the electoral system literature to describe
how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources. Governance is "the
process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not
implemented)". The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local
governance [ or to the interactions between other sectors of society. (Kanie, 2010) .

An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and
referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Political electoral systems are
organized by governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit
organizations and informal organizations.

Rule of law: the exercise of state power using, and guided by, published written standards that
embody widely-supported social values, avoid particularism, and enjoy broad-based public
support.

Transparency: official business conducted in such a way that substantive and procedural
information is available to, and broadly understandable by, people and groups in society, subject
to reasonable limits protecting security and privacy
Accountability: procedures requiring officials and those who seek to influence them to follow
established rules defining acceptable processes and outcomes, and to demonstrate that they have
followed those procedures

9
1.9 conceptual frameworks
1.9.1 Figure

Independent variable

GOOD GOVERNANCE

ACCOUNTABILITY Dependent variable

ELECTORAL SYSTEM

TRANSPARENCY

RULE OF LAW

Primary Source 2022

10
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REIVEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is dedicated to review the main theoretical and empirical literature related to the
good governance on national development on local government. It is clear that a large number of
Researchers in different disciplines such as sociology politics democracy; leadership style, etc
have studied leadership and good governance and provided a range of new ideas.

2.1 CONCEPT OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international
governance, national governance and local governance. Since governance is the process of
decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented, an analysis of governance
focuses on the formal and informal actors involved in decision-making and implementing the
decisions made and the formal and informal structures that have been set in place to arrive at and
implement the decision. Government is one of the actors in governance. Other actors involved in
governance vary depending on the level of government that is under discussion. In rural areas,
for example, other actors may include influential land lords, associations of peasant farmers,
cooperatives, NGOs, research institutes, religious leaders, finance institutions political parties,
the military etc. The situation in urban areas is much more complex. Figure 1 provides the
interconnections between actors involved in urban governance. At the national level, in addition
to the above actors, media, lobbyists, international donors, multi-national corporations, etc. may
play a role in decision-making or in influencing the decision-making process. (Sheng, 2009)

All actors other than government and the military are grouped together as part of the "civil
society." In some countries in addition to the civil society, organized crime syndicates also
influence decision-making, particularly in urban areas and at the national level. Similarly formal
government structures are one means by which decisions are arrived at and implemented. At the

11
national level, informal decision-making structures, such as "kitchen cabinets" or informal
advisors may exist. In urban areas, organized crime syndicates such as the "land Mafia" may
influence decision-making. In some rural areas locally powerful families may make or influence
decision-making. Such, informal decision-making is often the result of corrupt practices or leads
to corrupt practices. (Sheng, 2009)

According to Enounce Manguella: The terms governance and good governance has been defined
in many way but it lacks uniformity. These definitions are based on normative assumptions
about new decision should be made within organization and the functioning of formal and
informal structure for implementing such decision. The Governance is complex and multi-
faceted concept that is difficult to define in precise ways. There is still no clear-cut unanimity as
to its meaning among them. Scholars have defined the term governance from different
approaches However, simply speaking, governance is the process of decision making and the
process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). Tahir Naveed, defines
governance as the management of resources, and organization of individuals and groups into
formal and informal bodies and institutions and businesses, through social, political,
administrative and economic mechanisms. The World Bank sees governance in two related
slightly different ways. Primarily the emphasis is on ‘how political power is exercised to manage
a nation’s affairs’. In the second instance, World Bank defines the term in a broader sense. It sees
governance as the “use of power in the management of a country’s economic and social
resources for development”. Human development report 2002 of United Nations has given a new
perspective to governance by terming it as democratic governance; which is essential for better
human development. The democratic governance encompasses the respecting people’s human
rights and freedom, say in decision making, which effect their lives and holding decisions
makers accountable. It attempts at making the economic and social policies more responsive to
the people’s needs. (Manguella:, 1998)

Good governance is about the processes for making and implementing decisions. It’s not about
making ‘correct’ decisions, but about the best possible process for making those decisions. It is
in this context, the study of good governance has become very important in the literature of
political science, Administrative Sciences and development studies. Good governance is
important for several benefits. First and foremost, quality of governance has to be judged by the

12
performance of the relevant institution. Therefore, the goal of the institution has to be clearly
defined as a matter of priority. Then, steering towards that goal requires defining decision rights
and processes, as well as establishing a feedback loop to verify and control performance.
Governance is how an institution is ruled; it is how the authority, responsibility, and controls are
required in the institution. Governance is relevant to any institution, small or large; for profit or
not; extending from a single family all the way to global institutions that have an impact on our
lives. Hence, governance is relevant for humanity for quality of life now and for its sustainability
in the future. (Al, 1998)

Good governance is about the processes for making and implementing decisions. It’s not about
making ‘correct’ decisions, but about the best possible process for making those decisions. It is
in this context, the study of good governance has become very important in the literature of
political science, Administrative Sciences and development studies. Good governance is
important for several benefits. First and foremost, quality of governance has to be judged by the
performance of the relevant institution. Therefore, the goal of the institution has to be clearly
defined as a matter of priority. Then, steering towards that goal requires defining decision rights
and processes, as well as establishing a feedback loop to verify and control performance.
Governance is how an institution is ruled; it is how the authority, responsibility, and controls are
required in the institution. Governance is relevant to any institution, small or large; for profit or
not; extending from a single family all the way to global institutions that have an impact on our
lives. Hence, governance is relevant for humanity for quality of life now and for its sustainability
in the future. (Al, 1998)

The theory is very relevant as its principles was aid the understanding of this study and was also
be used as indices to measure or assess governance in Nigeria from the first to the fourth
republic. Therefore, a proper understanding of the theory of good governance and its principles is
sine qua non to a proper understanding and assessment of governance in Nigeria. This is very
necessary with a view to making far-reaching suggestions for improvement as well as the likely
implications for policy and practice on governance in Nigeria. Unfortunately, when it comes to
good governance practice in the contemporary world, it is observed that Nigeria, like most
African states, is seriously lagging behind when compared to the advanced democratic countries
in Europe and America, using the principles of good governance or democracy as yardsticks or

13
indices. It was therefore be emphasized here that good governance theory like the democratic
governance theory espouses such ideas and principles as civil society, decentralization, peaceful
conflict management and accountability. Both theories of governance enunciate virtually the
same or similar principles, where they are not totally the same. Hence, they are often inter-
changeably used when the two types of governance are analyzed. No wonder why they are
interchangeably used as they reinforce each other. While the theory of good governance seeks to
promote effectiveness and efficiency as well as stable and predictable economic growth through
public service institutions, the theory of democracy or democratic governance deals with
political freedom, equal right and justice as main focus. Nevertheless, democracy is the
philosophical foundation of good governance and they are therefore synonymous (Idada and
Uhunwuangho, 2012).

In the final analysis, the question of how to create or ensure good governance is normative and it
remains central when the issue of governance is considered. It has been pointed out that
governance as a minimal state is based on democratic governance and on the assumption that the
quality of governance and democracy can be increased through a reduction in the role of the state
in governing. It is also a common knowledge that many new thoughts in the area of governance
have been aimed at modifying and re-modifying democratic governance in order to achieve
enhanced democratization and good governance (Khan, 2008; Peter, 2010). Therefore, in view of
the similarities in their principles, democratic governance theory is synonymous with good
governance theory because most countries with good governance practice in the contemporary
world are liberal democratic states concentrated in the West, particularly, in Europe and
America. In summary, democratic governance is synonymous and interchangeably used with
good governance, both in theory and practice, as most successful countries in the contemporary
world in Europe and America practise good governance and run democratic governments. It is
therefore not surprising that those countries set the standards for other countries to follow based
on the principles of good governance theory.

Participation is an essential element of good governance theory. It entails the involvement of

every adult in the politics of his or her society. It could be either direct participation by
individual citizens or indirect participation by their accredited representatives. Kaufman, Kraay
and Mastruzzi (2006) echoes the World Bank’s view on the principle of participation as a

14
principle of good governance theory. According to them, participation is the degree of
involvement of the citizens of a country in the election of their political leaders and ultimately
their representatives in government. Participation, as a core characteristic of good governance,
stipulates every adult must have a say in the process of making decisions either by him or her
directly or by his or her accredited representatives (Osmani, 2007; Rotberg, 2004; Weiss, 2000).

In addition, IMF (2012) declares that good governance, in all its aspects, is by ensuring the rule
of law, improving efficiency and accountability of the public sector, and tackling corruption as
essential elements of a framework within which economies can prosper. Adding to the essential
elements of the good governance perspective, UNDP (2007) also espouses eight attributes:
political participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus, equity and
inclusiveness, efficiency and effectiveness, and accountability. From the various principles, ideas
and conditions enunciated by the above-mentioned international organisations, the theory of
good governance originated. Today, the theory is very relevant in that the normative question of
how to create or ensure good governance remains a central concern in considering governance.
This is based on the assumption that the quality of governance can be enhanced by adopting the
principles of good governance as enunciated above and by reducing the role of the state in
governing. It is also important to note here that several of the strands of thinking in governance
have been deliberately introduced in order to achieve enhanced good governance (Khan, 2008;
Peter, 2010). As a result of the World Bank policy, all ideas enunciated by the IMF, UNDP and
scholars, some of which have been referred to earlier, constitute the principles of good
governance theory in addition to independent judiciary, accountability, transparency, rule of law,
human rights, among others. Therefore, good governance theory is aimed at achieving efficiency
in public service delivery, encouraging competition, privatization, civil service reforms,
decentralization, out-sourcing of services to key private suppliers among others (Wasiams and
Young, 1994). Furthermore, it was be duly emphasized that good governance theory is geared
towards enhancing ways and means by which state bureaucracies carry-out state activities and
utilise state resources so as to protect individual and personal liberties (Sheng, 2008).

The theory is very relevant as its principles was aid the understanding of this study and was also
be used as indices to measure or assess governance in Nigeria from the first to the fourth
republic. Therefore, a proper understanding of the theory of good governance and its principles is

15
sine qua non to a proper understanding and assessment of governance in Nigeria. This is very
necessary with a view to making far-reaching suggestions for improvement as well as the likely
implications for policy and practice on governance in Nigeria. Unfortunately, when it comes to
good governance practice in the contemporary world, it is observed that Nigeria, like most
African states, is seriously lagging behind when compared to the advanced democratic countries
in Europe and America, using the principles of good governance or democracy as yardsticks or
indices. It was therefore be emphasized here that good governance theory like the democratic
governance theory espouses such ideas and principles as civil society, decentralization, peaceful
conflict management and accountability. Both theories of governance enunciate virtually the
same or similar principles, where they are not totally the same. Hence, they are often inter-
changeably used when the two types of governance are analyzed. No wonder why they are
interchangeably used as they reinforce each other. While the theory of good governance seeks to
promote effectiveness and efficiency as well as stable and predictable economic growth through
public service institutions, the theory of democracy or democratic governance deals with
political freedom, equal right and justice as main focus. Nevertheless, democracy is the
philosophical foundation of good governance and they are therefore synonymous (Idada and
Uhunwuangho, 2012).

In the final analysis, the question of how to create or ensure good governance is normative and it
remains central when the issue of governance is considered. It has been pointed out that
governance as a minimal state is based on democratic governance and on the assumption that the
quality of governance and democracy can be increased through a reduction in the role of the state
in governing. It is also a common knowledge that many new thoughts in the area of governance
have been aimed at modifying and re-modifying democratic governance in order to achieve
enhanced democratization and good governance (Khan, 2008; Peter, 2010).

Therefore, in view of the similarities in their principles, democratic governance theory is

synonymous with good governance theory because most countries with good governance
practice in the contemporary world are liberal democratic states concentrated in the West,
particularly, in Europe and America. In summary, democratic governance is synonymous and
interchangeably used with good governance, both in theory and practice, as most successful
countries in the contemporary world in Europe and America practise good governance and run

16
democratic governments. It is therefore not surprising that those countries set the standards for
other countries to follow based on the principles of good governance theory

2.1.1 CONCEPT OF ACCOUNTABILITY

Accountability is a complex and multi-faceted concept (Sinclair, 1995) that is made operational
through relationships between individuals and organisations (Ebrahim 2003). While
accountability may be difficult to define (Ebrahim, 2003; Goddard, 2005) there is a consensus
that it involves a rendering of an account and therefore the provision of information.
Underpinning the concept of accountability is the notion that one person is responsible to
another, and is obliged to render an account of their decisions and actions to another party.
Barton (2006), in keeping with Gray and Jenkins (1986), is of the opinion that accountability is
an obligation to present an account of and answer for the execution of responsibilities to those
who entrusted those responsibilities.
Accountability is thus established when an agent accepts resources and responsibilities entrusted
by the principal. With the adoption of the New Public Management (NPM) (Hood, 1995) a
private-sector version of accountability has been imported into the public sector, resulting in a
more managerial-style accountability. The “new” accountability has also been cast in terms of
the principal/agent relationship, but in which the agent is accountable exclusively to the principal
in terms of meeting the information demands of that party (Parker and Gould 1999).
However, it is our contention that accountability is more than compliance. Historically,
accountability has emphasized stewardship as well; it considered the interests of all relevant
parties, not just those of the principal.
Funnell (2001, 2003) argues that this has changed – that the focus of the “new” accountability is
managerial, with a strong emphasis on compliance. Managerial accountability has replaced
stewardship as the core of accountability. Contemporary democracies reaffirm, as a core
principle, the idea that rulers should be held accountable by the people, and should be held
responsible for their actions and omissions in the exercise of power. The definition of
accountability used in this paper follows the ideas of Mark Philp (2009), for whom "A is
accountable with respect to M when some individual, body or institution, Y, can require A to
inform and explain/justify his or her conduct with respect to M" (PHILP, 2009, p. 32).
In this paper, the usage of this definition runs as follows: some federal institutions (Y) impose
accountability on the municipal government (A), when considering the application of federal

17
funds in some areas of public policy (M). One of the most controversial points in the definition
of accountability concerns the sanction theme (MAINWARING, 2003). For some authors,
accountability calls for mechanisms of direct and credible sanctions in order to be effective
(KENNEY, 2003; MORENO et al., 2003; SCHEDLER et al., 1999).
As a rebuttal to this point, it might be (convincingly) argued that accountability can be divided
between direct and indirect power of sanction, for certain accountability institutions have only
the ability to transfer their findings to other actors that may establish punishments
(MAINWARING, 2003; MANZETTI and MORGENSTERN, 2003). What this means is that
institutions with indirect sanction power must rely heavily on a close relationship with the
institutions that can pronounce judgments so that the cycle of accountability may come to a
close.The accountability institutions studied here are part of what O'Donnell (2001) has called
'horizontal accountability'. While vertical accountability is associated with electoral or societal
control, horizontal accountability requires state agencies with legal authority to take action (from
routine checks to criminal sanctions) in relation to actions or omissions by other state agencies
(O'DONNELL, 2001).
The “Local government accountability” tool is a strategic process of heating up local
communities – a way of increasing their awareness of and expectations for local government
authorities. We have designed this tool from work with forest dependent communities and forest
authorities – but its basic steps are more widely applicable. The tool is used in situations of
decentralization where new powers have been delegated without adequate thought to the roles,
responsibilities and capacities of the authorities at local level. Traditions of centralized power
often leave marginalized rural communities,
Accountability is the management of relationships between state officials and citizens by
disclosing vital and valuable information about government actions to the citizens. Government
officials must feel obliged to give and receive feedback regarding any action that is likely to
cause change in the welfare of society. Hence, without transparency, accountability was not be
achievable. Government officials can inform citizens through the media (public notice boards,
public meetings, newspapers, radio, television, the internet etc.).
Citizens have the right to know how the government is implementing the election campaign
promises made by politicians as well as those made by government bureaucrats. Citizens

18
have the right to find out which decisions are being implemented and to what extent
programmer execution is on course.
2.1.2 CONCEPT OF TRANSPARENCY
Transparency and accountability of public officials is also possible if key information about
government decisions is given to the public through the media, or is physically posted in a
public place accessible by citizens. Such information can also be announced verbally in
public meetings at the hamlet, village/neighborhood (mtaa), or ward levels. Therefore, the
extent to which local governments in Tanzania are transparent and accountable to their
citizens is a policy concern. The question then is, to what extent are citizens in their localities
informed by their local authorities about how public services are financed? Results from the
Citizen Survey should shed some light and inform policy makers on what can be done.
Political decentralization critically alters the power structures by transferring political
authority to the local government through the establishment of elected local governments.
Political decentralization reforms vary the size of municipalities, reformulate local electoral
legislation and redefine therelationship between elected local authorities and local executives
and administrators (Lankina, 2008;
Openness and transparency are essential to achieve sustainable development. There is evidence
that informed citizens and the private sector are better able to engage in developing policy; they
are better collaborators and partners with government on service delivery, and also better able to
hold governments to account, leading to improved development outcomes.
Transparency in government behavior sends strong signals to citizens and investors, and
evidence shows that the more information a government releases, the greater the investment and
subsequent effect on growth.8 There is also evidence that transparency in budget, expenditure
and procurement processes lead to increases in service delivery.9 Transparency also has an
intrinsic value (endorsed in various international conventions), namely, that citizens have a right
to know how revenue and resources are being used in their name. As seen in the commitment
from a number of governments who have signed up to the Open Government Partnership (OGP)
and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), there is a degree of consensus
emerging on the importance of openness and transparency, and a number of proposals for goals
and targets for post-2015 have been made in this regard. In particular, the extractive industries
and disclosure of budgetary information by both state and private sectors have been a focus of

19
attention. The HLP suggested a target: “Guarantee the public’s right to information and access to
government data.” This could include information on the use of natural resources requiring
corporate disclosure. Participation is both a right, and a means to more sustainable development.
When communities are actively engaged in their own development processes, project outcomes
was be better targeted to local needs and results was be more sustainable. One study, for
example, found that participatory budgeting in Brazilian municipalities between 1990-2004 led
to greater spending on health and sanitation and reduced infant mortality rates.15 Socio-
economic well-being was be improved, and so too was the legitimacy of the development
process itself. Participation in policy development and the design of development interventions
by communities and the society at large, in any society or community, enhances trust between
those who decide, those who implement the decisions, and the population at large. Furthermore,
inclusive participation through consensus and dialogue facilitate and galvanize the development
and implementation of policies and reforms, and are crucial for promoting equity and
strengthening the cohesiveness of societies. One of the major findings of various national and
thematic consultations on the post-2015 development agenda is the need for strong participatory
monitoring mechanisms by non-state actors (e.g. communities, youth and women’s networks,
civil society networks, etc.) to hold government accountable. Political participation, freedom of
association, freedom of speech and freedom of the press, are also fundamental human rights and
are widely seen as development objectives. Strengthening the rule of law (formal and informal)
and the justice sector is key to ensuring that women’s indivisible human rights are protected and
that they have access to justice. National parliaments and assemblies have played critical roles in
many countries in support of the MDGs, and, in light of their law-making, budgeting and
oversight functions, could play an even greater role in ensuring accountability of governments
post-2015, and the shift to sustainable development. Ombudsman offices and national audit
agencies could further contribute to sound governance and administrative accountability systems.
There have been many calls, not least from parliamentarians, for a governance goal to include
targets on political and civil rights including, freedom of expression and access to information
2.1.3.: CONCEPT OF RULE OF LAW
Despite its prominence and the frequency of appeals to it in contemporary legal and political
discourse, there is no short answer to this question. There is a serious lack of consensus with
respect to the state of affairs that 'the Rule of Law' denotes, and I think this is the case for two

20
reasons: first, virtually every scholar who has taken it upon him or herself to comment on the
Rule of Law in the last fifty years has stipulated yet another definition and developed another
theory of the term. OlufemiTaiwo points out that "[it] is very difficult to talk about the 'rule of
law'. There are almost as many conceptions of the Rule of Law as there are people defending
it.,,13 At fIrst glance, this may not seem in any way extraordinary; scholars are constantly
stipulating definitions about the concepts that they use. However, it is usually the case that when
this occurs, especially if the concept to be clarifIed is not the focal concept of the work in
question, scholars was tum to the account of another who has already analyzed the subject in
depth. For instance, if one were going to briefly discuss distributive justice in the context of a
larger work, one might make use of John Rawls's understanding of distributive justice as he
worked with the concept in great detail.14 In Rule of Law discourse, however, this has not been
the pattern of behaviour. Most scholars have dealt with the Rule of Law as a footnote to a
largcrprojcct on topics such as law, politics or democracy. 15 Yet most have insisted upon
stipulating a defInitionand developing a theory that, while usually possessing some features of a
previous understanding of the Rule of Law, is ultimately distinct. The second reason
contributing to the cluttered state of Rule of Law discourse is that disagreement in the form of
unique stipulativedefInitions and disparate theories is not limited to the work of a few scholars:
there are a lot of scholars who have commented on the Rule of Law in the last fIfty years.
Therefore, anyone who seeks to gain a comprehensive understanding of what the Rule of Law is
has a significant amount of work to do. First and foremost they must be able to sift through the
large number of varied definitions of and theories on the subject.
Every concept is evaluative insofar as it picks out a set of things that are contained within it and
excludes everything that does not claim membership in that set and every act of selection
presupposes some criterion or other and is in some sense, therefore, evaluative. Consider some of
the suggestions that scholars have made as to what the Rule of Law evaluates: On some
accounts, the Rule of Law merely evaluates whether or not there is law in a given society. On
other accounts, it is the merits of law that are evaluated. Some scholars think that to claim that
the Rule of Law exists in a society says nothing of the moral worth of law in that society. Some
think that it is a value, though not a moral value, while others regard it as among the highest
political ideals? In other words, there is no consensus as to what state of affairs constitutes the
Rule of Law.

21
Thus, it seems appropriate that Jeremy Waldron has called the Rule of Law an "essentially
contested concept. , In fact, the only thing that seems to consistently gamer agreement within
Rule of Law discourse is that there is pervasive dis-agreement within Rule of Law discourse. As
a result of the current number of incommensurable theories on the Rule of Law and the
confusion that results, it seems, as Joseph Raz aptly points out, that "we have reached the stage
[in Rule of Law discourse] in which no purist can claim that truth is on his side and blame the
others for distorting the notion of the rule oflaw.,,The aim of this chapter is to acquaint the reader
with some of the better known, contemporary positions on the Rule of Law in order to
demonstrate the variance that pervades the discourse. By examining a few different theories,
specifically those of Joseph Raz, John Finnis, Matthew Kramer and Jeremy Waldron, it was
become apparent that understandings of the Rule of Law in contemporary legal and political
theory are diverse and sometimes even contradictory, and as a result seem to be more of a
hindrance than a help ill answering the question "What is the Rule of Law?"
Before delineating the positions of our four contemporary scholars on the Rule of Law, it is
necessary to summarize some of the work of Lon. L. Fuller, whose discussion of the inner
morality of law has become a starting point for many engaged in Rule of Law discourse,
including Raz, Finnis, Kramer and Waldron, whose work is considered in the rest of the
chapterJoseph Raz, a pre-eminent, contemporary legal philosopher, provides an account of the
Rule of Law in The Authority of Law. Raz begins his discussion of the Rule of Law with a
"basic idea" which is similar to Fuller's: he suggests that "the law must be capable of guiding the
behaviour of its subjects, and that the doctrine of the Rule of Law derives from this basic point.
His doctrine of the Rule of Law comprises a number of principles that obtain when a system is
accurately characterized as being under the Rule of Law. The enumerated principles are similar
in some ways to Fuller's eight criteria of legality. However, unlike Fuller, who appears to be
making universal claims about what must obtain for law to exist, Raz insists that his principles
are context dependant, insofar as they "depend There is one exception in footnote 1 on page 39
where he refers the reader to Georg Sinnnel's account of the Rule of Law. for their validity or
importance on the particular circumstances of different societies.,, According to Raz, the
principles that he outlines are not exhaustive; they are simply some of the important ones that
come to mind upon initial reflection:
1. All laws should be prospective, open, and clear.

22
2. Laws should be relatively stable.
3. The making of particular laws (particular legal orders) should be guided by open, stable, clear,
and general rules.
4. The independence of the judiciary must be guaranteed.
5. The principles of natural justice must be observed.
6. The courts should have review powers over the implementation of the other principles.
7. The courts should be easily accessible.
8. The discretion of the crime-preventing agencies should not be allowed to pervert the law.
Fuller's influence is evident here, especially in the first two principles. Razacknowledges this,
and comments that "his [Fuller's] discussion of many of the principles is full of good sense,"
however he cites "a difference of views on conflicts between the laws of one system" as his
reason for abandoning Fuller's articulation of them.
Ibid The difference of views that Raz alludes to is that according to his own theory, many laws
are of prima facie force only. Conflicts do not represent inconsistencies: it is
Philosophydesiderata: prospectivity, publicity or promulgation, and clarity of laws.
The second of Raz's principles suggests that the laws ought to be relatively stable over time. By
understanding Fuller's reason for incorporating each ofthe eight criteria of legality, it is evident
why Raz would choose to incorporate at least some of these principles into his own account:
they provide a basis for law's ability to guide conduct. The last six of Raz's principles do not, at
first, seem to coincide with any of Fuller's. However, I think that some of them can be
understood as attempting to articulate something similar to Fuller's eighth criterion: that there
must be congruence between the law and its application. For instance, one of the reasons Raz
suggests that the judiciary must be independent - his fourth principle - is that if judges are free
from "extraneous pressures" then they was only be subject to the law, and so they was be more
likely to act in accordance with it. Essentially this point can be expressed in terms of the
necessity of having congruence between the law and its application: the requirement of an
independent judiciary might be dependent on a particular context, which Razmentions pertains to
all of the principles he derives from the basic idea. The same can be said of the fifth principle,
which requires the observation of principles of possible that two laws conflict, though they then
need to be balanced against one another to determine which has conclusive force in the situation
in question.

23
Finally, like Fuller, Raz recognizes that conformity with the principles of
legality is a matter of degree, and that complete conformity is impossible and that
maximal possible conformity is undesirable:
Conformity to it makes the law a good instrument for achieving certain goals, but conformity to
the rule of law is not itself an ultimate goal ... After all, the rule of law is meant to enable the law
to promote social good, and should not be lightly used to show that it should not do so.
Sacrificing too many social goals on the altar of the rule oflaw may make the law barren and
empty.
While Raz believes that the Rule of Law is a social goal, he does not think it is the ultimate goal
or the only social goal worth pursuing, and suggests that it must be balanced against other social
goals.
The most infamous part of Raz's discussion of the Rule of Law is the analogy he draws to a
sharp knife. What Raz attempts to demonstrate with the sharp knife analogy is that the Rule of
Law can be used for both good and evil ends, but that it is still a value. Consider the following:
Raz explains that the Rule of Law is designed to minimize the harm that might exist because of
the existence of the legal system. "The law inevitably creates a great danger of arbitrary power -
the rule of law is designed to minimize the danger created by the law itself ... Thus the rule of
law is a negative virtue in two senses: conformity to it does not cause good except through
avoiding evil and the evil which is avoided is evil which could only have been caused by the law
itself."
Ibid Of course, conformity to the rule of law also enables the law to serve bad purposes. That
does not show that it is not a virtue, just as the fact that a sharp knife can be used to harm does
not show that being sharp is not a good-making characteristic for knives. At most it shows that
from the point of view of the present consideration it is not a moral good. Being sharp is an
inherent good-making characteristic of knives. A good knife is, among other things, a sharp
knife. Similarly, conformity to the rule of law is an inherent value of laws, indeed it is their most
important inherent value. It is of the essence of law to guide behaviour through rules and courts
in charge of their application. Therefore, the rule oflaw is the specific excellence ofthe law.
For Raz, a society which succeeds in having the Rule of Law, insofar as it has a system of rules,
which are promulgated, prospective and clear, is not automatically a morally good society: a

24
society may fail with respect to any other enumerated social and political ideals, but it may
succeed in having the rule of law.
In this sense, the Rule of Law is a tool which can be used to guide the behaviour and actions of
citizens, and as a tool, it can be used for morally good, evil, or neutral ends. So, if we evaluate
the Rule of Law with respect to the ends which it brings about, it is not necessarily a morally
good thing.
However, Raz suggests that law cannot be good law without the Rule of Law, just as a knife
cannot be a good knife unless it is also sharp. Therefore, though the Rule of Law is not
sufficient for good law, is necessary for it; and therefore it is morally relevant, and not
completely neutral.
The special status of the rule of law does not mean that conformity with it is of no moral
importance. Quite apart from the fact that conformity to the rule of law is also a moral virtue, it
is a moral requirement when necessary to enable the law to perform useful social functions; just
as it may be of moral importance to produce a sharp knife when it is required for a moral
purpose. In the case of the rule of law this means that it is virtually always of great moral value.
The Rule of Law and protection from arbitrary power
Raz thinks that arbitrary power is broader in scope than the Rule of Law. In other words, when
the Rule of Law is characterized as being opposed to arbitrary rule, Raz interprets this as being
opposed to only part of what might constitute arbitrary rule.
The Rule of Law entails the existence of rules, which provide a frame work for what may and
may not be done without penalty, but it does not restrict the content of those rules. Therefore,
Raz notes that "many forms of arbitrary rule are compatible with the Rule of Law.,, For instance,
a sovereign can be motivated
by "whim or self-interest" in his creation of the general rules governing society, or may institute
slavery without violating the Rule of Law.
Though the Rule of Law does not restrict the content of laws, Raz, following F.A. Hayek, thinks
it is nevertheless a valuable thing insofar as it allows subjects to plan their lives. It does this by
providing the parameters within which subjects may plan, and assures them that these was not
change without notice. By allowing subjects the ability to plan, Razthinks that protecting against
the formal abuse of power contributes to their well-being, autonomy and dignity as human
beings. He claims that observance of the Rule of Law is "necessary if the law is to respect

25
human dignity.,,43 "It is clear," he continues, "that deliberate disregard for the Rule of Law
violates human dignity." In other words, violations of dignity by law are not necessarily contra
the Rule of Law for Raz, but violations of the Rule of Law are necessarily violations of dignity:
in this way the rule of Law is necessarily linked to moral goodness.
Providing a degree of certainty for citizens is a central concern of the Rule of Law according to
Raz, and he sees this Hayekian formulation as one of the clearest and most powerful. Hayek
defmes the Rule of Law in this way:
Stripped of all technicalities this means that government in all its actions is bound by rules fixed
and announced beforehand - rules which make it possible to foresee with fair certainty how the
authority was use its coercive powers in given circumstances, and to plan one's individual affairs
on the basis of this knowledge.
In summary, Raz understands the Rule of Law to be neutral with respect to the ends that it
achieves, yet necessary for achieving good ends. He suggests there is value in this. Further, he
argues that as it is always valuable have a framework of rules to function within, the Rule of
Law contributes to human dignity, and is also good in this sense.
2.2 CONCEPT OF ELECTORAL SYSTEM
Electoral reform for national elections in the UK has attracted considerable political and public
attention. A report commissioned by the Labour government after its election in 1997 (reflecting
a manifesto commitment) recommended change from the current system, but no action was
taken. In February 2010, Prime Minister Gordon Brown promised to hold a referendum on
changing the system for elections to the Commons to the AlternativeVote and committed his
party to support for an elected upper house, a policy that was in the 2005 manifestoes of both
other main parties. The documents accompanying the 2009 Queen’s Speech included an outline
arrangement for an elected upper house, with elections taking place by proportional
representation in large regional constituencies (i.e. the regions used in European Parliament
elections). In 2009, also, the leader of the Liberal Democrats proposed a referendum on changing
the Commons electoral system to one called AV+ (recommended by the Independent
Commission on the Electoral System in 1998 and discussed below.)
This report is intended to advise commentators, policymakers and a wider readership on the
characteristics of the main types of electoral system and the issues affecting electors, political
parties and system designers should they be implemented for elections to the House of

26
Commons, the House of Lords, or any other elected body in the UK. The authors of this report
have no axe to grind. Nor has the British Academy.There is no such thing as a perfect electoral
system. Each has virtues and defects. Each has features which are virtues to some observers and
defects to others. For 200 years scholars have explored the properties of electoral systems.A
great deal is known about them in the academy. But public discussion is usually poorly
informed. Interest groups, and political parties, have an incentive to highlight the advantages and
to hide the disadvantages of the systems they favour. Politicians tend to favour the electoral
system(s) under which they think they would win the most seats.
Electoral periods are widely defined as a time of party candidate selection, campaigning,
mobilization and voting, and then the announcement of the results. Those who specialize in
elections, however, emphasize that an election is just a moment in a broader electoral cycle that
involves many rule changes, decisions and activities well before the actual balloting and
counting (see Figure 2.1). The voting, counting and proclamation of results
are critical but not isolated moments in the continuing practice of electoral democracy.
Inevitably, elections signal a moment in time in which either an old order or set of rulers is
confirmed, or there is circulation in ruling coalitions—either within or between parties—as new
leaders are brought into government. This makes them turning points .
in democracy. In many cases, they are quite dramatic. For example , the November 2015
elections in Myanmar were the first fully inclusive multiparty elections in the country since
1990. While the Myanmar military had organized elections in 2012, they were boycotted by the
opposition. Despite the achievement of the 2015 elections, which brought a civilian government
into power, democracy in Myanmar is still limited: some
observers note that the military—through reserved seats—still controls considerable power in
the country (Huang 2016).
Whether and to what extent they are conducted with integrity is the crux of the question when
evaluating the overall process of any election (Norris 2004). Initiatives such as the Electoral
Integrity Project engage in systematic analyses of electoral processes and score each major
global contest against a wide range of indicators. Multilateral organizations such as the
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Commonwealth, the European Union
and the Southern African Development Community regularly monitor and observe the elections
in their member states.

27
In more established or long-standing democracies, electoral processes are typically routinized
and held in a regular, periodic fashion. Modern democracies are increasingly holding
referendums to ascertain ‘the was of the people’. In the context of democratization, each
electoral cycle—beginning with founding elections, the first after a transition to democracy, and
continuing with successive electoral cycles thereafter—is about institutionalizing and
systematizing electoral processes. For example, scholars have evaluated trends in electoral
cycles over time in sub-Saharan Africa to evaluate the effects of the second and third rounds of
elections, as research has shown that in electoral processes there is the possibility of increasing
integrity through learning by doing (Lindberg 2006).
Others are less optimistic. Bogaards argues that electoral processes in Africa lack meaning
because of the ubiquity of personality-driven or clientelistic appeals. On this point, see the
exchange between Lindberg (2013) and Bogaards (2013) in the Journal of Democracy. Because
elections are widely held even by regimes that restrict democracy and control their outcomes—
sometimes referred to as ‘competitive authoritarian regimes’ (Levitsky and Way 2010)—they
should be closely evaluated for the ways in which they confer legitimacy on those who control
government. References to the was of the people have become central to process legitimacy or
justifying governmental authority, and elections or referendums are often the means of
providing that legitimacy (OECD 2010).
2.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOOD GOVERNANCE AND ELECTORAL SYSTEM
The governance concept is similarly elusive as SD. Since both concepts are conceptual
containers for different ideologies, assumptions, and principles, they are hard to pin down.
However, in both cases the inherent ambiguity is a challenge as much as it is a success factor (for
SD, see Baker et al 1997a; for governance, see Pierre 2000, 3). Yet, what does the governance
concept stand for, in particular in the context of SD?
For the purpose of this paper, it was be sufficient to distinguish between a broad and a narrow
notion of governance. The broad notion of governance addresses the ways in which policy
decisions are developed and implemented, taking into account all kinds of governance modes
and administrative narratives, no matter whether they are state- or society-centred, or whether
they rely on hierarchies, markets or networks as the three key modes of governance (Thompson
et al 1991; Gamble 2000; European Commission 2001; Considine& Lewis 2003; Kooiman 2003;
Donahue 2004).

28
In contrast, the narrow notion of governance, the so-called “Anglo-Governance School”, which
played an important role in making governance a popular topic in the first place (Marinetto
2003), restricts governance mainly to networks. In other words, while the broad notion of
governance “denotes the steering capacities of a political system, the ways in which governing is
carried out, without making any assumption as to which institutions or agents do the steering”
(Gamble 2000, 110), the narrow notion equates governance often with the transfer of power from
the (hierarchical) state to autonomous, non-hierarchical and self-organizing policy networks,
both upwards to the international and downwards to the sub-national level (Börzel 1998; Rhodes
2000).
Since the full scope of political decision-making in hierarchies, market-like or network-like
arrangements is relevant in the context of SD, this paper applies the broad notion of governance
and refers to the narrow one as “new governance” (Kooiman 1993; Pierre 2000; Salamon
2002b).
Although the broad notion of governance also separates governing as a policy-making process
from government as one of many political agents (Gamble 2000, 110), it acknowledges
governments still as key political actors (Davies 2002;Ling 2002; Marinetto 2003; Kooiman
2003).
Of course, linking the discourses on SD and governance does not start with this paper. The
remainder of this section summarizes how the two threads have been intertwined so far and what
value this paper adds in this respect. Like for the modern SD discourse in general, a milestone
was the Brundtland Report, saying that “Those responsible for managing natural resources and
protecting the environment are institutionally separated from those responsible for managing the
economy. The real world of interlocked economic and ecological systems was not change; the
policies and institutions concerned must” (WCED 1987, 9).
Among the first to explore the governance aspects of SD more in depth was the UN (UNDP
1996; 1997a, b), followed by the OECD (2001b; 2002a). Since new, often network-like
(although not state-independent) forms of governance play an increasingly important role in the
context of relatively new policy fields such as environmental politics, genetics, biotechnology, or
SD (Meadowcroft 1997, 443; Hajer 2003, 177), and because “Governance for Sustainable
Development” was one of the key issues discussed at the Johannesburg World Summit in late
2002 (see, for example, WHAT et al 2001), it became a popular discourse and research strand in

29
the first half of the 2000s. Since the SD governance topic joins two elusive concepts, it consists
of many different perspectives and approaches. One way of categorizing them is by looking at
the spatial scale applied.
In this respect, scholars explore governance for SD extensively on a global or international scale
(WHAT et al 2001; Gupta 2002; Young 2003; Rosenau 2003; Oberthür&Gehring 2004;
Ayre&Callway 2005) and to a similar degree on the national level (OECD 2002a; Lafferty 2004;
Jänicke&Jörgens 2004; Steurer&Martinuzzi 2005; Steurer&Martinuzzi 2007). In recent years,
the sub-national levels of sustainability governance have also gained increasing attention (Berger
2003; Lafferty &Narodoslawsky 2003; Berger &Steurer 2005).
Another way of categorizing governance for SD research approaches is to distinguish the
predominant heuristic pattern applied. Independent of the spatial scale applied, scholars often
follow one or more of thefollowing three heuristic approaches (for a summarising overview, see
Table 1). First, many scholars study empirically the governance practices applied in the context
of SD. The OECD country studies on “Governance for Sustainable Development” are a good
example for this descriptive approach at the national level (OECD 2002a).
As this paper recapitulates, the wicked issue of SD does not match well with predominant
governance and administrative practices. It does not fit into the ministerial boxes within
governments, nor does it adhere to the jurisdictional boundaries between governments, nor to the
limited (and perhaps even shrinking) scope of the state altogether. Moreover, its time scale goes
well beyond that of the electoral cycle, and its complexity exceeds the knowledge base of single
actors (Wasiams 2002, 104).
Consequently, SD is essentially a governance reform agenda that is composed of the following
five integrative principles (for a summary, see Table 2): (i) The principle of horizontal
integration requires integrating economic, social and environmental policies, and (ii) vertical
integration means integrating local, national and supra-national levels of policy-making. (iii) By
requiring the integration of stakeholders in decision-making processes on an ongoing basis, the
principle of participation also facilitates a closer integration of all three societal domains. (iv)
Regarding reflexivity, SD asks for an integration of knowledge and experience coming from
differentactors into decision-making processes. Finally, (v) intergenerational equity aims for
integrating long-term time scales in electoral cycles with a short- to medium-term focus. Overall,

30
SD is obviously a narrative of integration (Meadowcroft 1997, 451; Minsch et al 1998, 16;
Liberatore 1997; Wijkman 1999).
Consequently, it seems that both the SD agenda and the governance discourse push institutional
reforms in similar directions – i.e. towards better integrated (both horizontally and vertically),
knowledge-based and more open policy-making. This impression is confirmed when the concept
of ‘good governance’ comes into play – at least in a European context. Like SD, good
governance is a normative concept that prescribes how policies should be made. Another
similarity is that both concepts emerged in the context of development assistance. On the one
hand, SD was initially promoted by the UN as concept that addressed equity issues (both
between North and South, and between present and future generations) and the role of nature in
development processes (WCED 1987; Steurer 2002, 241ff).
Developing countries (Adam 2000). In this context, good governance embraces foremost some
basic features of functioning democracies, such as voice and representation, political stability
and absence of violence, rule of law and control of corruption as preconditions for development
(Kaufmann et al 2007). Yet, what about good governance in the European context? For EU
Member States, the European Commission’s (2001, 10) White Paper on “European Governance”
distinguishes openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence (both in terms
of sectorial and spatial fragmentation) as five principles of good governance. As Table 3 shows,
these principles match quite well with the ones aggregated in this paper.
2.4: SUMMARY
Various literatuers showed that good governance is inteneded for reducing corruption
And also facus on tranparency and financial reporting so accountability of selacted local
governments and effective anticorruption strategies at the local level are essential to promote and
sustain political and economic devolution in Somalia the soft has a poor record of confronting
financial accountability since the collapse of Somali government in 1991 there was no financial
institutions and for the moment the federal government has no strong financial control and
accountability and it relies on external source of funding with widespread misuse of public
resource , in best of our knowledge a study about good governance and reducing corruption in
context of Somalia has not been researched. Study discovers the impact of financial
accountability on reducing corruption in federal institutions in Mogadishu Somalia

31
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the research methods that were used in the study. It comprises of research
design, the target population, sample size determination, sampling technique, data collection
procedure and instruments that were used in data collection and their pre-testing in order to
establish their validity and reliability, data processing and data analysis techniques also
Limitation of the studies and the last one was be ethical consideration .

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

According to Kothari (2004) a research design stands for advance planning of the methods to be
adopted for collecting the relevant data and the techniques to be used in their analysis, keeping
in view the objective of the research and availability of staff, time and money. The research
design adopted in this study was descriptive survey research. Creswell (2014) argue that a
flexible research design which provides opportunity for considering many different aspects of a

32
problem is considered if the purpose of the research study is that of exploratory. When the
purpose happens to be an acute description of a situation or of an association between variables,
the suitable design was be one that minimizes bias and maximizes the reliability of the data
collected and analyzed.
A descriptive survey design will adopted to capture the categorical description of attitudes of
the study population (Sekaran, 2003). Descriptive studies are not only 58 restricted to fact
findings but often results in the formulation of principles of knowledge and solution to
significant problems (Orodho, 2003). Kombo and Tromp (2007) further observed that
descriptive approach is designed to obtain the current phenomenon and whenever possible to
draw varied conclusions from the facts discussed.

3.2 TARGET POPULATION

The target population of this study will be conducted employee of three department s of ministry
of interior affairs , Policy and planning department , Civic and Social affairs department and r
Regional & local government department, because our study is more related for good governance
and electoral system and they are a good source of information to analyze the topic. Burns &
Grove (2003) states that population includes all elements that meet certain criteria for inclusion
in a study.
Table 3,1: target population
Three ministry departments Target Population

Policy and planning department 28

Civic and Social affairs department 20

Regional & local government department 17

33
 Total 65

3.3 SAMPLE SIZES

Sampling is the process of selecting a number of individuals for a study. A sampling design is a
defined plan determined before any data is collected for obtaining a sample from a given
population. The selected number of individuals was be as a representative of the whole
population under study. The formula which was used this study was Slog van’s formula which is
states the sample size of employee in three department of ministry yin Mogadishu. The main
objective of using this sample was to obtain accurate and reliable information within minimum
cost, time and energy.
The sample consists of 55 employees of, ministry of interior affairs, good governance and
reconciliation in Mogadishu according the slog van's formula, which states:
n = N÷ [1+N (e2)]
n = 100÷ [1+65 (o.oo5)2] = 55 as sample size
Where:
n= sample size
N= target population
e =marginal error (femandes, 2009)\
The sample is as follows:
Table 3.2 sample size
Three ministry departments Target Population Sample Size

Policy and planning department 28 24

Civic and Social affairs department 20 17

Regional & local government department 17 14

Total 65 55

3.4 SAMPLE PROCEDURE

34
probability sampling (or non-random sampling) provides a range of alternative techniques to
select samples based on your subjective judgment (Saunders, &et al, 2009). The researchers was
use judgmental sampling techniques of non-probability sampling because the researchers cannot
obtain the list private bank companies' employee. Therefore, data was be collected from those
people who are conveniently available and wasing to co-operate. Purposive sampling was also
convenient because the sample selected was be small and the ideas of the population were
needed in a shorter period.

3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

Data collection methods used included questionnaire. Data was be analyzed quantitatively and
presented descriptively and illustrated by using of tables and charts. The selection of these tools
have been guided by the nature of data to be collected, the time available as well as by the
objectives of the study. Kothari (2004) defines a questionnaire as a document that consists of a
number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms. And according
to Dawson (2002), there are two basic types of questionnaires; closed ended, open-ended.Closed
ended questionnaires are used to generate statistics in quantitative research while open-ended
questionnaires are used in qualitative research, although some researchers quantify the answers
during the analysis stage.

3.6 RESEARCH QUALITY

3.6.1 RELIABILITY

The measurement of the reliability and the validity of a data instrument help the researcher to
gauge the goodness of the variables of measurement (Sekaran and Bougie, 2010). According to
Polite and et al, (2003), a pilot study is a small scale version, or trial run, done in preparation for
a major study. Polite and et al, (2003) states that the purpose of a pilot study is not so much to
test research hypotheses, but rather to testprotocols, data collection instruments, sample
recruitment strategies, and other aspects of a study in preparation for a larger study. For this
study the researcher used 2 subjectsin the pilot study drawn in proportional numbers from the
strata on categories and star rating.

35
3.6.2 VALIDITY

According to Joppe (2000) validity determines whether the research truly examines what it was
intended to measure to assure the truthfulness of the study results. As suggested by Amin (2005)
the instrument item with validity coefficient of at least 0.7 or 70% is accepted as valid in
research. So, in order to enhance the quality of the study and make sure any effort to reach
validity with coefficient of at least 0.7, the researcher applied Content Valid Index (CVI) by
distributing 2 pilot tests of the questionnaire to 2 experts who then voted for validity genuinely.

3.7 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

In development of a survey questionnaire, the variables for which information needs to be

collected have to be identified followed by their operational definition. Primary data was be
collected through self-administrator of questionnaires to three private banks employees.This
study was use questionnaires to obtain quantitative data for analysis. Yang (2008) states that the
questions in a study are directly was relate to the research questions. Burns and Grove (2003)
define data collection as the precise, systematic gathering of information relevant to the research
problem, using methods such as participant observations, distribution of questionnaire, narratives
and case histories. Kothari (2004) describes primary data as those which was be collected afresh
and for the first time, and thus was happen to be original in character. Morrison et,al. (2007).

3.8 DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS

Data analysis is a process of analyzing all the information and evaluating the relevant
information that can be helpful in better decision making, Silvia and Skilling (2006). The data
collected was be analyzed using the software called Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS) and results shown in terms of frequency distribution and percentages. The data was be
tabulated and classified according to their common characteristics.

3.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study was adopt cross sectional design for data collection. Further research should adopt
longitudinal research design. Some managers of department may be reluctant to release

36
confidential information. For instant, the research was be more explanations about the reality of
the researcher project. Security challenges: the researcher was difficult to travel where he can get
information for the sake of explorations hit information for the sake of explorations hit this city.
So that the researcher was be ask to help some individuals who can help to travel where he can
get information.

3.10 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

In this study the researchers should keep on the ethical issues through the research project by
keeping the privacy, confidentiality and anonymity of respondents. To maintain ethical issue the
researcher was request the company’s administration to permit to distribute questionnaire to their
employees and also tell them that the information use only for academic purpose and kept the
privacy, confidentiality and anonymity of respondents.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA. ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter Was Focused on Presentation and Data Analysis Interpretation of The Stud, the
researcher investigated the role of good governance on electoral system in Mogadishu
Somalia. Also, this chapter covers three parts. Of Research the first part is introduction, the
second parts are Demographic of the respondents while, third part is Research questions
interpretation. And date Presentation.

4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENT

Table: 4.1.1 Gender of the respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Male 36 65 .0 65 .0 65 .0
Female 19 35.0 35.0 100.0

37
 Total 55 100.0 100.0
Source: primary data: 2022
From the table above (36) 65% of the respondents were male, (19) 35% of them were female

Table 4.1.2 Age of the respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
20-24 23 40.0 40.0 20.0
25-34 20 30.0 30.0 70.0
35-44 7 17.5 17.5 87.5
Valid
45-54 4 10.0 10.0 97.5
55-64 1 25.0 25 100.0
Total 55 100.0 100.0
Source: primary data: 2022

38
 . 4.1.3 Table level of marital status

Frequency Percent valid percent cumulative percent

Valid Single 28 58.8 58.8 58.8

Married 17 31.2 31.2 100.0

Divorce 10 1.0
Total 55 100.0 100.0

Source: primary data: 2022

From the above table was indicated marital status of respondent the single was consist (58.8)
while married was consist (31.2%) and the divorce was consisting (10%)

Table: 4.1.4 occupation of the respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Employed 36 65 .0 65 .0 65 .0
Self 19 35.0 35.0 100.0
employed
Total 55 100.0 100.0
Source: primary data:2022
From the table above (36) 65% of the respondents were employed , (19) 35% of them were self-
employed

Table 4.1.5 education of the respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
secondary level 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Diploma 6 15.0 15.0 17.5
Bachelor degree 25 52.5 52.5 35.0
Valid
master holder 15 17.5 17.5 97.5
PHD 1 2.5 22 100.0
Total 55 100.0 100.0
Source: primary data: 2022

39
From the table above 2.5% of the respondents were secondary,15.0% were diploma, 52.5% were
bachelor, 17.5% were master, and 2.5% were PHD

4.2 DATE ANALAYSIS

TABLE 4.2.1: DESCRIBTIVE ANALYZE OF ACCOUNTABILITY

No Statement Mean S
deviation
1 Accountability is a complex and multi-faceted 3.81 1.039
concept that is made operational through
relationships between individuals and institutions
2 Ethical accountability of the institutions can 3.92 .997
influence the smooth running of the activities of the
electoral system .
3 Internal and external audit are kind of 3.57 1.217
accountability to used for election periods.
4 Accountability is influenced by the rules and 3.57 1.217
regulations of political accountability of the
government.
Total mean index 3.71 4.420

4.2.1: Descriptive analyze of accountability

Table 4.2.1 shows descriptive analyze of reward There is opportunity for me to advance at the
company. The first question of this dimension. Accountability is a complex and multi-faceted
concept that is made operational through relationships between individuals and institutions. The
respondents’ answer was high mean (3.81) and standard deviation (1.039). The second question
of this dimension Ethical accountability of the institutions can influence the smooth running of
the activities of the electoral system . The respondents’ answer was high mean ( 3.92) and
standard deviation (.997). The third question of this dimension. Internal and external audit are
kind of accountability to used for election periods... The respondents’ answer was high mean
(3.57) and standard deviation (1.217). The fourth question of this dimension is Accountability is
influenced by the rules and regulations of political accountability of the government.. The

40
respondents’ answer was high mean (3.57) and standard deviation (1.217). This table obviously
shows that the most participants of that research were positive.

TABLE 4.2.2: DESCRIBTIVE ANAYLZE OF TRANSPARENCY

No Statement Mean S
deviation
1 3.77 .974
All transparency measurement is done before starting the
coming year.
2 strategic transparency of the benadir region is fully stronger 4.44 1.065

according to other departments

3 Ministry of finance is assigned to make financial transparency 3.57 1.185
of the organization
4 Operational transparency is undertaken during the activities 3.77 .993
within government institutions .
Total mean index 3.93 4.217

Table4.2.2 shows descriptive analyze of transparency It is the second dimension of independent

variable of this study. The first question of this .The Transparency of educational institutions
can lead highly education quality .. The respondents’ answer was the high mean (3.77) and
standard deviation (.974). The second question of this dimension. the strategic transparencies
of the local government may lead high educational deliver service. The respondents’ answer was
the high mean (4.44) and standard deviation (1.065). The third question of this dimension. It is
possible if the Ministry of education is assigned to make educational transparency , can cause
the electoral system . The respondents’ answer was the high mean (3.57) and standard deviation
(1.185). The fourth question of this dimension is Operational transparency is undertaken during
the activities related to education to increase physical facilities. The respondents’ answer was
with the high mean (3.77) and standard deviation (.993).
This table obviously shows that the most participants of that research were positive.

41
TABLE 4.2.3: DESCRIPTIVE ANALYZE OF RULE OF LAW
No Statement Mean Standard deviation

1 3.62 1.228
It is important to keep rules and regulations of the
institutions.
2 Rule of law is the only character that can be reach 3.60 1.190
justice and governmental objectives and goals.
3 The courts and executive branches are responsible 3.74 1.003
to implement criminal law
4 4.23 1.058
Civic law and constitutional law are important to
establish because of the citizens and policy.
Total mean index 3.72 4.4.08

Table 4.2.1 shows descriptive analyze of rule of law It is the first dimension of independent
variable of this study. The first question of this dimension is It is important to keep rules and
regulations of the institutions . The respondents’ answer was with high mean (3.62) and standard
deviation (1.228). The second question of this dimension in Rule of law is the only character that
can be reach justice and governmental objectives and goals .,The respondents’ answer was with
high mean (3.60) and standard deviation (1.190). The third question of this dimension is The
courts and executive branches are responsible to implement criminal law. The respondents’
answer was high the mean (3.74) and standard deviation (1.003). The fourth question of this
dimension Civic law and constitutional law are important to establish because of the citizens and
policy., The respondents’ answer was the with high mean (4.23) and standard deviation (1.058).

This table obviously shows that the most participants of that research were positive .

42
TABLE 4.2.4: Descriptive analyze of electoral system
No Statement Mean S deviation

1 3.60 1.24
Effective Electoral system is responsible for the
development of any aspect of the country.
2 Justice starts from the implementation of good 3.55 1.136
electoral system from the country.
3 There is a strong relationship between the good 3.77 1.103
governance and electoral system
4 Good governance and peace building starts after 3.77 1.103

gaining good electoral system

Total mean index 3.6725 4.585

4.2.4: Descriptive analyze of electoral system

Table 4.2.4 shows descriptive analyze of electoral system It is the dependent variable of this
study. The first question of this variable. Effective Electoral system is responsible for the
development of any aspect of the country. . The respondents’ answer was high with mean (3.60)
and standard deviation (1.246).the second question of this variable. Justice starts from the
implementation of good electoral system from the country.. The respondents’ answer was high
with mean (3.55) and standard deviation (1.136). The third question of this dimension is There
is a strong relationship between the good governance and electoral system.The respondents’
answer was high with mean (3.77) and standard deviation (1.103).
The fourth question of this dimension is Good governance and peace building starts after
gaining good electoral system. The respondents’ answer was high with mean (3.77) and standard
deviation (1.103).
This table obviously shows that the most participants of that research were positive..

4.3 CORRELATION ANALYZE AMONG THE VARIABLES

Table 4.3.1below shows correlation analyze among the variable. The first objective of this study
was rule of law on electoral system The study found positive relationship between good
governance on electoral system. at (r=.570 and p>0.01).

43
 The second objective of this study was to transparency on electoral system. The study indicated
positive relationship at (r=.616 and p>0.01).

The third objective of this study was to investigate accountability on e electoral system. The
result showed positive relationship at (r=.642 and p>0.01) Correlation.

Fourth objective of this study was to analyze relationship between good governance on
electoral system. The study indicated positive relationship at good governance on electoral
system. (r=.6334 and p>0.01).

Rule of law Transparency Accountability electoral system

Pearson
1 .860 * .902 .570
Correlation
Rule of law
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.0001 .0002 .0004 .0005
N 55 55 55 55
Pearson
.860* .880 .616
Correlation
Transparency
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.0005
N 55 55 55 55
Pearson
.902 .880 .780 .642**
Correlation
Accountability
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.0001 0.002 0.003 0.0004
N 55 55 55 55
Pearson
. 570 .616 1.000** 1
Correlation
electoral system
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.0001 0.002 0.003 0.0004
N 55 55 55 55

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

44
 CHAPTER FIVE

MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter focuses on summarizing of the research findings, major challenges met during the
study and as well as the corrections of what have been found during the gathering of the research
data. In simple words, this chapter covers the conclusion of the research and its
recommendations.

5.1: MAJOR FINDINGS

The general objective of the study was to establish the variables of rule of law , transparency ,
and accountability , an selected local government employee in Mogadishu- Somalia. One of
the key findings was that employees at public sector were concerned about good governance in
Somalia. This was demonstrated by the extent of agreement with the statements in the
questionnaire in support of good governance an selected local government employee in
Mogadishu- Somalia.

The study found positive relationship between good governance on electoral system in terms of
have become one of the necessary functions in most organizations, because they lead to high
productivity in the same field .

Objective one: Rule of law on electoral system

The first objective of this study was the study found positive relationship between accountability
on electoral system . at (r=.570 and p>0.01).

Objective two Transparency on electoral system

The second objective of this study was to transparency on electoral system the study indicated
positive relationship at (r=.616 and p>0.01).

Objective three Accountability on electoral system

45
The third objective of this study was to investigate rule of law on electoral system . The result
showed positive relationship at (r=.642 and p>0.01)

Finally, the study found has positive relationship with all dimensions of independent variables in
terms of Proper equipment and skills.

These two are negatively related, as it’s clear by the findings of the tests of SPSS. The findings
provide evidence that largely confirm the hypothesis as well as raising questions that invite
further research. In the term of

good governance on electoral system within the findings clearly indicating that all indicators of
both parts performing on a same scale of the four points of the liker scale, the average mean
indices of the two variables which means disagree, furthermore the tests of all two objectives of
this study was unsuccessfully achieved, the data presents tables that identifies the means and
standard deviations of each question of the question of the questionnaire, These results are
expected reflection of peoples contribution in any Somalia which tends to have no bias at all.

5.2 CONCLUSION
This study investigates the role of good governance on electoral system at selected local
government in Mogadishu-Somalia,

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of good governance on electoral
system, this study focus on three objectives. Employees in our country Somalia are characterized
by low productivity and most of employees require to get more trainings and orientations in
order to increase their organizational citizens hipness, in addition employees are experienced to
be absent from their job and that declines their task performance and this may lead a lot of
problems which can collapse the organization collectively .turnover and absenteeism is a
common practice in Mogadishu organizations because all employees didn’t has job security , so
every employee was neglect its responsibility . most of employees are complaining to lack of
good organizational citizenship and lack motivation . all these problems may cause low
production of the organization’s reputation and positive image, and also decrease the
innovation ,entrepreneur and competitive culture of the organization .

The main objectives are :

46
To find out the impact of rule of law on electoral system in Mogadishu – Somalia
To explore the role of transparency on electoral system in Mogadishu Somalia
To examine the impact of accountability on educational delivery service in Mogadishu –
Somalia

5.3: RECOMMENDATION
1. There is a need to establish good governance on electoral system that can make Somalia
country great again for all Somalia country.
2. good governance on should provide, maintain and building the institutions of governments
and make developments also to make new changes to make serve for all institutions of
government, such as legislative, executive and judicial
3. It was found that management policies influenced good governance on It is recommended to
the public sector institution’s management to ensure that the local government have put in
place of policies and procedures to be adhered to during electoral system . The ministry
management is also urged to ensure that there are standardized and written manuals with the
policies regarding transformational of good governance rganizational culture according to its
management. From the findings and conclusion, the study further recommends that there is
need for good governance on electoral system in Mogadishu about employee affiliation and
identity is strongly influenced and formed by cultural values, social interaction and family.
4. There is need for the public sector institutions in Mogadishu to establish a good
organizational behavior from current culture in environmental area as it was founded that
transactional organizational culture positively affects on electoral system local government
in Mogadishu- Somalia .
5. -There is need for the regulator to introduce good governance that was be applied across all
the employee of public sector institutions . This was go way further towards increasing
good relationship in the sector and contributes towards better organizational behavior in the
sector. The study further recommends that there is need for public sector in Mogadishu to
improve their operating laissez –fair leadership which effect employee behavior

47
Areas for Further Research

From the general objective of the study and the research findings, the researcher suggests further
studies be done on the very same topic but to cover a wider scope such as the private sector in
order to confirm if the research findings of this study was be the same.

The study sought to explore the role of good governance on electoral system in Mogadishu-
Somalia, the study recommends a further study to be done on the role of good governance on
educational delivery service in Mogadishu- Somalia .A similar study can be done on other
working public institutions and see whether the findings hold true. Future studies should apply
different research instruments like secondary data, focus group discussions to involve
respondents in discussions in order to generate detailed information which would help improve
organizational culture in public sector in Mogadishu- Somalia.

48
 REFERENCE
Abigail Barr, Frederick Mugisha, Pieter Serneels, and Andrew Zeitlin, “Information and
Collective Action in Community-Based Monitoring of Schools: Field and Lab Experimental
Evidence From Uganda,” Working Paper, January 2012, www.
tilburguniversity.edu/upload/397359d2-09a0-40d5-9502-8c3592aaae40_zeitlin.pdf.

Accra Agenda for Action, 3rd High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, September 2–4, 2008,
Ghana; and “The Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation,” July 2012,
www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/Busan%20partnership.pdf.

Alina Rocha Menocal and Bhavna Sharma, Joint Evaluation of Citizens’ Voice and
Accountability: Synthesis Report, Overseas Development Institute Evaluation Report EV692
(London: DFID, November 2008). 20 GhazalaMansuri and VijayendraRao, Localizing
Development: Does Participation Work? (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2013).

Al-Rodhan, Nayef R. F., Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man: A Philosophy of History
and Civilisational Triumph, LIT, 2009.

Anuradha Joshi, “Review of Impact and Effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability

Initiatives: Annex 1 Service Delivery,” prepared for the Transparency and Accountability
Initiative Workshop, October 14–15, 2010, Institute of Development Studies, October 2010;
World Bank, “Empowerment Case Studies: Participatory Budgeting in Brazil,”

Bovens, Mark. The Quest for Responsibility: Accountability and Citizenship in Complex
Organisations (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
.
Brian Levy, Working With the Grain: Integrating Governance and Growth in Development
Strategies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

Centre for the Future State, An Upside Down View of Governance (Brighton: Institute of
Development Studies, April 2010). 37 As of May 2014, 26 countries were considered compliant,
25 had already

49
DaronAcemoglu and James Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and
Poverty (New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2012).

David Booth, Development as a Collective Action Problem: Addressing the Real Challenges of
African Governance, Synthesis Report (London: Overseas Development Institute, Africa Power
and Politics Programme, 2012); and David Booth, “Governance for Development in Africa:
Building on What Works,” Policy Brief 1, Overseas Development Institute, Africa Power and
Politics Programme, April 2011.

David Cameron, “Combating Poverty at Its Roots,” Wall Street Journal, November 1, 2014,

David Luban, Alan Strudler, and David Wasserman, "Moral Responsibility in the Age of
Bureaucracy," Michigan Law Review 90 (1992), 2348-2392.

Dennis Thompson, "The Responsibility of Advisers" in Restoring Responsibility: Ethics in

Government, Business and Healthcare (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 33–
49. ISBN 978-0521547222
Douglass C. North, John Wallis, and Barry Weingast, Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual
Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2009).

Eaton, Tim V., and Michael D. Akers."Whistleblowing and Good Governance". CPA
Journal 77, no. 6 (June 2007): 66-71. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost(accessed March
22, 2016).
Foresti and Wild 2010. S "Support to political parties: a missing piece of the governance
puzzle". London: Overseas Development Institute

Fukuyama, Francis (January 2013). "What Is Governance?". Center for Global

Development.Working paper 314.
Grindle, Merilee (2007). "Good Enough Governance Revisited". Development Policy
Review. 25 (5): 533–74. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2007.00385.x.

50
Grindle, Merilee (October 2004). "Good Enough Governance: Poverty Reduction and Reform in
Developing Countries". Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and
Institutions. 17 (4): 525–48. doi:10.1111/j.0952-1895.2004.00256.x.
Harlan Yu and David G. Robinson, “The New Ambiguity of ‘Open Government,’” 58 UCLA
Law Review Disc. 178 (2012).

Hickey and Mohan, “Relocating Participation Within a Radical Politics of Development:

Citizenship and Critical Modernism.”

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEMPOWERMENT/ Resources/14657_Partic-Budg-
Brazil-web.pdf; and Celina Souza, “Participatory Budgeting in Brazilian Cities: Limits and
Possibilities in Building Democratic Institutions,” Environment and Urbanization 13, no. 1
(April 2001).

Jamie P. Horsley, “Public Participation in the People’s Republic: Developing a More

Participatory Governance Model in China,” Yale Law School, 2009, 4, www.law.yale
.edu/documents/pdf/intellectual_life/cl-pp-pp_in_the__prc_final_91609.pdf.

Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W.
Norton, 1999); and Jeffrey Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time
(London: Penguin Press, 2005). –

Jonathan Fox, “Social Accountability: What Does the Evidence Really Say?” Global Partnership
for Social Accountability, March 3, 2014.

Kaufmann, Daniel and Kraay, Aart, "Growth Without Governance" (November 2002). World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2928.
Kaufmann, Daniel; Kraay, Aart (November 2002). "Growth Without Governance". Policy
Research Working Paper, the World Bank, World Bank Institute and Development Research
Group.No. 2928.
KunalSen, “The Political Dynamics of Economic Growth,” ESID Working Paper 5, University
of Manchester, Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre, April 2012.

51
Lawson, Robert (2012). "Book Review of Bo Rothstein: The quality of government: corruption,
social trust, and inequality in international perspective". Public Choice. 150(3–4): 793–
795. doi:10.1007/s11127-011-9903-y.

Macnaghten, Phil; Owen, Richard (2011-11-17). "Environmental science: Good governance for
geoengineering". Nature. 479 (7373): 293. doi:10.1038/479293a. ISSN 0028-
0836. PMID 22094673.
Mark Bovens, "Two concepts of accountability: accountability as a virtue and as a
mechanism," West European Politics 33 (2010), 946–967.

Martina Björkman and JakobSvensson, “Power to the People: Evidence From a Randomized
Field Experiment on Community-Based Monitoring in Uganda,” Quarterly Journal of Economics
124, no. 42 (May 2009).

Mastop, Rosja. "Characterising Responsibility in Organisational Structures: The Problem of

Many Hands" in Deontic Logic in Computer Science, eds. G. Governatori and G. Sartor (Berlin:
Springer-Verlag, 2010). pp. 274–287. ISBN 978-3-540-70524-6
Menocal, A. (2011) "Analysing the relationship between democracy and development", Overseas
Development Institute
Merilee Grindle, “Good Enough Governance: Poverty Reduction and Reform in Developing
Countries,” Governance 17, no. 4 (2004): 525–48.

Munshi, Surendra; Abraham, Biju Paul; Chaudhuri, Soma (2009-03-12). The intelligent
person's guide to good governance. New Delhi, India: Sage
Publications. ISBN 9788178299310.

Mushtaq Khan, “Governance, Economic Growth and Development Since the 1960s: Background
Paper for World Economic and Social Survey 2006,” UN Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, 2006.

New Directions for Evaluation, American Evaluation Association, no. 67 (Fall).

52
OECD DAC, DAC Action-Oriented Policy Paper on Human Rights and Development (Paris:
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2007),

OECD, “The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action,”
Organization for International Development and Cooperation, 2005, 2008, 8.

OHCHR, “Frequently Asked Questions on a Human-Rights Based Approach to Development

Cooperation,” Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2006.

Painter-Morland Mollie, GhislainDeslandes, (2015), "Authentic leading as relational

accountability: Facing up to the conflicting expectations of media leaders", Leadership, online
available April 2, DOI:1742715015578307..
Poluha, Eva; Rosendahl, Mona (2002). Contesting 'good' governance:crosscultural perspectives
on representation, accountability and public space. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1494-0.
Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies. Boulder, CO: Lynne
Roberts, Clayton. 1966. The Growth of Responsible Government in Stuart England.
Rosemary McGee, Josh Levene, and Alexandra Hughes, “Assessing Participation in Poverty
Reduction Strategy Papers: A Desk-Based Synthesis of Experience in SubSaharan Africa,”
Research Report 52, Institute of Development, February 2002, 7.

Rotberg, Robert (July 2014). "Good Governance Means Performance and

Results". Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and
Institutions. 27 (3): 511–518. doi:10.1111/gove.12084.
Rothstein, Bo (2011). The quality of government: corruption, social trust, and inequality in
international perspective. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Sam Hickey and Giles Mohan, “Relocating Participation Within a Radical Politics of
Development: Citizenship and Critical Modernism,” in Participation: From Tyranny to
Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development, ed. Sam Hickey
and Giles Mohan (London: Zed Books, 2004).

Schedler, Andreas, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner (eds.). 1999. The Self-
See, for example, DaniRodrik, ArvindSubramaniam, and Francesco Trebbi, “Institutions Rule:
The Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration in Economic Development,”

53
Working Paper 9305 (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, October
2002).

See, for example, Daniel Kaufmann and AartKraay, “Growth Without Governance,” Economia
3, no. 1 (fall 2002): 169–229; and Daniel Kaufmann, AartKraay, and Pablo Zoido-Lobatón,
“Governance Matters,” Policy Research Working Paper 2196, World Bank, October 1999.

See, for example, UNDP, “Indicators for Human Rights Based Approaches to Development in
UNDP Programming: A Users’ Guide,” United Nations Development Programme, March 2006;
and UNDP, “Applying a Human RightsBased Approach to Development Cooperation and
Programming: A UNDP Capacity Resource,” United Nations Development Programme,
September 2006.

SIDA, “Aid Policy Framework: The Direction of Swedish Aid,” Government Communication
2013/14:131 (Stockholm: Government Offices of Sweden, March 2014), 11–12. .

Sterling Harwood, "Accountability," in John K. Roth, ed., Ethics: Ready Reference (Salem
Press, 1994), reprinted in Sterling Harwood, ed., Business as Ethical and Business as Usual
(Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996).
Thompson, Dennis F. "Responsibility for Failures of Government: The Problem of Many
Hands," American Review of Public Administration 44:3 (2014), 259-273.
Thompson, Dennis F. "The Responsibility of Advisers" in Restoring Responsibility: Ethics in
Government, Business and Healthcare (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 33–
49. ISBN 978-0521547222
USAID, USAID Strategy on Democracy, Human Rights and Governance (Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Agency for International Development, June 2013), 5, 7, www.usaid
.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/USAID%20DRG_%20final%20final%20 6-
24%203%20(1).pdf.

Wasiams, Christopher (2006) Leadership accountability in a globalizing world. London:

Palgrave Macmillan.

54
World Bank, “Social Accountability: What Does It Mean for the World Bank?” in Social
Accountability Sourcebook (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2007), 8, www.
worldbank.org/socialaccountability_sourcebook/PrintVersions/Conceptual%20 06.22.07.pdf

QUESTIONNAIRE

I am a student researching on the topic “The role of Good Governance And electoral system
in Mogadishu Somalia.

You have been selected as one of the respondents in this study I would like to request you to
complete the questionnaire. The information supplied was be used strictly for academic purpose
only and was be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Your cooperation was be highly appreciated.

Thanks,

PART ONE

Please tick (√) the following question

1. Gender

1. Male 2. Female

2. Age

1.20-25 2 .26-30 3 .31-36 4 .40 above

3. Marital status

A. single B. married c) divorce d) widower

4- OCCUPATION:

A. employed B. unemployed c) self employed

4. Educational Level

A. secondary B. diploma C. bachelor D. master

55
 PART TWO
Please indicate your level agreement of the following statements by using this scale

Direction: indicate your best choice by using the rate system below:

 1= strongly disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= Neutral, 4=Agree, 5= strongly agree


Strongly Agre Strongly
Disagree Neutral
NO Statement disagree e agree

Section B : accountability 1 2 3 4 5
Accountability is a complex and multi-
faceted concept that is made operational
through relationships between individuals
1 and institutions
Ethical accountability of the institutions can
influenc e the smooth running of the
2 activities of the electoral system .
Internal and external audit are kind of
3 accountability to used for election periods .
Accountability is influenced by the rules and
regulations of political accountability of the
4 government.

56
 Section C : transparency
All transparency measurement is done before
1 starting the coming year.
strategic transparency of the benadir region is
2 fully stronger according to other departments
Ministry of finance is assigned to make
3 financial transparency of the organization
Operational transparency is undertaken
during the activities within government
4 institutions.

Section D: rule of law

It is important to keep rules and regulations of
1 the institutions .
Rule of law is the only character that can be
reach justice and governmental objectives
2 and goals .
The courts and executive branches are
3 responsible to implement criminal law
Civic law and constitutional law are important
4 to establish because of the citizens and policy.
Section E: electoral system
Effective Electoral system is responsible for
1 the development of any aspect of the country.
Justice starts from the implementation of good
2 electoral system from the country.
There is a strong relationship between the
3 good governance and electoral system
Good governance and peace building starts
4 after gaining good electoral system

57
58